1
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Karami AM, Duan Y, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Responses towards eyefluke (Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) in different genetic lineages of rainbow trout. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276895. [PMID: 36301982 PMCID: PMC9612474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marker-assisted selective breeding of fish with higher levels of resistance towards specific pathogens may improve fish health, but the impact of host genotype on susceptibility to multiple pathogen infections is still poorly investigated. This study examined the resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss towards infection with the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We used genetically selected rainbow trout, carrying SNPs associated with resistance towards the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and exposed the fish to eye fluke cercariae. We showed that fish partly resistant to I. multifiliis were more susceptible to eye fluke invasion. The expression of immune relevant genes (encoding innate and adaptive factors) was also affected as these genotypes responded less strongly to a secondary fluke infection. The complexity of genome architecture in disease resistance towards multiple pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma M. Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Yajiao Duan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per W. Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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2
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Alarcón M, Moldal T, Dverdal Jansen M, Aamelfot M, Sindre H, Lyngstad TM, Falk K. Infectious salmon anaemia virus detected by RT-qPCR in Norwegian farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:479-481. [PMID: 33284992 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alarcón
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Vet Group, Benchmark Norway AS, Norway
| | | | | | - Maria Aamelfot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Trude M Lyngstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- AkvaMed Consulting AS, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Fraslin C, Quillet E, Rochat T, Dechamp N, Bernardet JF, Collet B, Lallias D, Boudinot P. Combining Multiple Approaches and Models to Dissect the Genetic Architecture of Resistance to Infections in Fish. Front Genet 2020; 11:677. [PMID: 32754193 PMCID: PMC7365936 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a major threat for the sustainable development of fish farming. Efficient vaccines are not available against all diseases, and growing antibiotics resistance limits the use of antimicrobial drugs in aquaculture. It is therefore important to understand the basis of fish natural resistance to infections to help genetic selection and to develop new approaches against infectious diseases. However, the identification of the main mechanisms determining the resistance or susceptibility of a host to a pathogenic microbe is challenging, integrating the complexity of the variation of host genetics, the variability of pathogens, and their capacity of fast evolution and adaptation. Multiple approaches have been used for this purpose: (i) genetic approaches, QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping or GWAS (genome-wide association study) analysis, to dissect the genetic architecture of disease resistance, and (ii) transcriptomics and functional assays to link the genetic constitution of a fish to the molecular mechanisms involved in its interactions with pathogens. To date, many studies in a wide range of fish species have investigated the genetic determinism of resistance to many diseases using QTL mapping or GWAS analyses. A few of these studies pointed mainly toward adaptive mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to infections; others pointed toward innate or intrinsic mechanisms. However, in the majority of studies, underlying mechanisms remain unknown. By comparing gene expression profiles between resistant and susceptible genetic backgrounds, transcriptomics studies have contributed to build a framework of gene pathways determining fish responsiveness to a number of pathogens. Adding functional assays to expression and genetic approaches has led to a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in some cases. The development of knock-out approaches will complement these analyses and help to validate putative candidate genes critical for resistance to infections. In this review, we highlight fish isogenic lines as a unique biological material to unravel the complexity of host response to different pathogens. In the future, combining multiple approaches will lead to a better understanding of the dynamics of interaction between the pathogen and the host immune response, and contribute to the identification of potential targets of selection for improved resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fraslin
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Bertrand Collet
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphine Lallias
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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4
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Hansen TJ, Penman D, Glover KA, Fraser TWK, Vågseth T, Thorsen A, Sørvik AGE, Fjelldal PG. Production and verification of the first Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) clonal lines. BMC Genet 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 32641046 PMCID: PMC7346428 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In several fish species homozygous and heterozygous clonal lines have been produced using gynogenetic and androgenetic techniques. These lines are standardized and can be reproduced over generations. In rainbow trout such lines have existed for decades and has become important research tools in genome studies as well as in studies of commercially important traits. The Atlantic salmon is one of the best studied fish species globally, but all experiments are done on fish of wild or domesticated origin and access to standardized immortal fish lines would be of great benefit. Here, we describe the protocols developed to produce mitotic gynogenes, and from these the first clonal lines in Atlantic salmon. Results Atlantic salmon eggs fertilized with UV irradiated sperm combined with a pressure shock applied at 4700–4800 minC at 8 °C gave all homozygous (doubled haploid) gynogenetic progeny with high survival. From the six first maturing females, five all homozygous clonal lines were produced by meiotic gynogenesis and were verified as clonal and identical to their mother with microsatellite markers. Conclusions We have now produced the first documented cloned Atlantic salmon lines. This work demonstrates the potential for production of further Atlantic salmon clonal lines, potentially with distinct characteristics. Such lines will provide an important resource for further elucidation of phenotypic and genetic traits in this globally important species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Penman
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin Alan Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tone Vågseth
- Institute of Marine Research, 5984, Matredal, Norway
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5
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Cárdenas C, Ojeda N, Labra Á, Marshall SH. Molecular features associated with the adaptive evolution of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV) in Chile. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:203-211. [PMID: 30592977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an Orthomyxovirus challenging salmon production, with a particular impact in Chile. During 2007-2010 a devastating and of unexpected consequences epizootic event almost destroyed a blooming industry in the country. The event was caused by an aggressive variant with a distinctive deletion in Segment 6, one of the eight genomic segments of the virus. After the outburst, although the infective viral variant seemed to have disappeared, a non-infective variant, not previously reported, was discovered and is characterized by a complete, non-deleted coding segment 6, which has prevailed in the fish population until now. This variant, known as HPR0, appears to be the ancestor strain of ISAV from which novel infective variants are generated. Additional variations in segment 5 have also been associated with the virulence observed in the field, an analysis of the differences in these two protein coding segments has been performed. It appears to us that a combinatorial effect exists between the features displayed by segments 5 and 6 which modulate the intensity of viral outbursts. As a result, a theoretical integrative model is presented which explains the different degree of virulence observed in the field based only on molecular data, this could help estimating the intensity of damage a given variant might exert over a productive farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Cárdenas
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Nicolás Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Álvaro Labra
- Laboratorio de referencia ISAV - OIE- Sernapesca, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Sergio H Marshall
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Laboratorio de referencia ISAV - OIE- Sernapesca, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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6
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Fraslin C, Dechamp N, Bernard M, Krieg F, Hervet C, Guyomard R, Esquerré D, Barbieri J, Kuchly C, Duchaud E, Boudinot P, Rochat T, Bernardet JF, Quillet E. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout: effect of the mode of infection and evidence of epistatic interactions. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:60. [PMID: 30445909 PMCID: PMC6240304 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial cold-water disease, which is caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is one of the major diseases that affect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a primary concern for trout farming. Better knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to F. psychrophilum would help to implement this trait in selection schemes and to investigate the immune mechanisms associated with resistance. Various studies have revealed that skin and mucus may contribute to response to infection. However, previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies were conducted by using injection as the route of infection. Immersion challenge, which is assumed to mimic natural infection by F. psychrophilum more closely, may reveal different defence mechanisms. Results Two isogenic lines of rainbow trout with contrasting susceptibilities to F. psychrophilum were crossed to produce doubled haploid F2 progeny. Fish were infected with F. psychrophilum either by intramuscular injection (115 individuals) or by immersion (195 individuals), and genotyped for 9654 markers using RAD-sequencing. Fifteen QTL associated with resistance traits were detected and only three QTL were common between the injection and immersion. Using a model that accounted for epistatic interactions between QTL, two main types of interactions were revealed. A “compensation-like” effect was detected between several pairs of QTL for the two modes of infection. An “enhancing-like” interaction effect was detected between four pairs of QTL. Integration of the QTL results with results of a previous transcriptomic analysis of response to F. psychrophilum infection resulted in a list of potential candidate immune genes that belong to four relevant functional categories (bacterial sensors, effectors of antibacterial immunity, inflammatory factors and interferon-stimulated genes). Conclusions These results provide new insights into the genetic determinism of rainbow trout resistance to F. psychrophilum and confirm that some QTL with large effects are involved in this trait. For the first time, the role of epistatic interactions between resistance-associated QTL was evidenced. We found that the infection protocol used had an effect on the modulation of defence mechanisms and also identified relevant immune functional candidate genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fraslin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Bernard
- GABI, SIGENAE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francine Krieg
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Hervet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - René Guyomard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Diane Esquerré
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Johanna Barbieri
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Claire Kuchly
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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7
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Gustafson LL, Creekmore LH, Snekvik KR, Ferguson JA, Warg JV, Blair M, Meyers TR, Stewart B, Warheit KI, Kerwin J, Goodwin AE, Rhodes LD, Whaley JE, Purcell MK, Bentz C, Shasa D, Bader J, Winton JR. A systematic surveillance programme for infectious salmon anaemia virus supports its absence in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:337-346. [PMID: 29159889 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to reported findings of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in 2011, U.S. national, state and tribal fisheries managers and fish health specialists developed and implemented a collaborative ISAV surveillance plan for the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Accordingly, over a 3-1/2-year period, 4,962 salmonids were sampled and successfully tested by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. The sample set included multiple tissues from free-ranging Pacific salmonids from coastal regions of Alaska and Washington and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from Washington, all representing fish exposed to marine environments. The survey design targeted physiologically compromised or moribund animals more vulnerable to infection as well as species considered susceptible to ISAV. Samples were handled with a documented chain of custody and testing protocols, and criteria for interpretation of test results were defined in advance. All 4,962 completed tests were negative for ISAV RNA. Results of this surveillance effort provide sound evidence to support the absence of ISAV in represented populations of free-ranging and marine-farmed salmonids on the northwest coast of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K R Snekvik
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J A Ferguson
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - M Blair
- USFWS Idaho Fish Health Center, Orofino, ID, USA
| | - T R Meyers
- Twin Lakes Fish Pathology Laboratory, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - B Stewart
- Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - K I Warheit
- Fish Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - J Kerwin
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - A E Goodwin
- Pacific Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR, USA
| | - L D Rhodes
- National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J E Whaley
- National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M K Purcell
- USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Bentz
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - D Shasa
- USDA, APHIS, VS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Bader
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - J R Winton
- USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Kabuusu RM, Aire AT, Stroup DF, Macpherson CNL, Ferguson HW. Production-level risk factors for syncytial hepatitis in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:61-66. [PMID: 28921572 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Syncytial hepatitis (SHT) is an emerging viral disease of tilapia characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to establish the production-level risk factors associated with presence and severity of SHT. Production factors were analysed during multiple outbreaks of SHT that occurred between 2011 and 2013 on a single tilapia farm in Ecuador and compared with the year 2010 before the SHT outbreaks. Relative risks, t tests, modified Poisson and forward stepwise linear regression analyses were performed using EPIINFO™. Compared to other strains, Chitralada had an elevated risk of SHT [RR = 2.1 (95%CI 1.8-2.4)]. Excessive mortality associated with the presence (and severity) of SHT increased by 611 (365), 6,814 (5,768) and 388 (340) deaths per 100,000 fry when stocking density, dissolved oxygen and pond production cycles were raised by 1 fish/m2 , 1 mg/L and 1 cycle, respectively. Excessive mortality associated with the presence (and severity) of SHT decreased by 337 (258) and 1,354 (1,025) deaths per 100,000 when stocking weight and water temperature increased by 1 g and 1°C, respectively. Time (season and stocking year) was not significantly associated with SHT. This study shows that some production factors increase the risk incidence and severity of SHTon a farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kabuusu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - A T Aire
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - D F Stroup
- Data for Solutions, Inc., Decatur, GA, USA
| | - C N L Macpherson
- School of Graduate Studies, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - H W Ferguson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
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9
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Kibenge F, Kibenge M. Orthomyxoviruses of Fish. AQUACULTURE VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801573-5.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The family Orthomyxoviridae is well known for containing influenza viruses with a segmented RNA genome that is prone to gene reassortment in mixed infections (known as antigenic shift) resulting in new virus subtypes that cause pandemics, and cumulative mutations (known as antigenic drift), resulting in new virus strains that cause epidemics. This family also contains infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) and tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which are a unique orthomyxoviruses that infect fish and is unable to replicate above room temperature (24°C). This chapter describes the comparative virology of members in the family Orthomyxoviridae in general, helping to understand the emergent teleost orthomyxoviruses, ISAV and TiLV. The most current information on virus–host interactions of the fish orthomyxoviruses, particularly ISAV, as they relate to variations in virus structure, virulence, persistence, host range and immunological aspects is presented in detail.
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10
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Aamelfot M, Dale OB, McBeath A, Falk K. Host tropism of infectious salmon anaemia virus in marine and freshwater fish species. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:687-694. [PMID: 25048819 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) causes a severe disease in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Although some ISA outbreaks are caused by horizontal transmission of virus between farms, the source and reservoir of the virus is largely unknown and a wild host has been hypothesized. Atlantic salmon are farmed in open net-pens, allowing transmission of pathogens from wild fish and the surrounding environment to the farmed fish. In this study, a large number of fish species were investigated for ISAV host potential. For orthomyxoviruses, a specific receptor binding is the first requirement for infection; thus, the fish species were investigated for the presence of the ISAV receptor. The receptor was found to be widely distributed across the fish species. All salmonids expressed the receptor. However, only some of the cod-like and perch-like fish did, and all flat fish were negative. In the majority of the positive species, the receptor was found on endothelial cells and/or on red blood cells. The study forms a basis for further investigations and opens up the possibility for screening species to determine whether a wild host of ISAV exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aamelfot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - O B Dale
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - A McBeath
- Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | - K Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ito T, Oseko N, Ototake M. Susceptibility of Amago trout, Oncorhynchus masou macrostomus (Günther) to an isolate of infectious salmon anaemia virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:237-240. [PMID: 24397741 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Tamaki Laboratory, Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Tilapines are important for the sustainability of ecological systems and serve as the second most important group of farmed fish worldwide. Significant mortality of wild and cultured tilapia has been observed recently in Israel. The etiological agent of this disease, a novel RNA virus, is described here, and procedures allowing its isolation and detection are revealed. The virus, denominated tilapia lake virus (TiLV), was propagated in primary tilapia brain cells or in an E-11 cell line, and it induced a cytopathic effect at 5 to 10 days postinfection. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped icosahedral particles of 55 to 75 nm. Low-passage TiLV, injected intraperitoneally in tilapia, induced a disease resembling the natural disease, which typically presents with lethargy, ocular alterations, and skin erosions, with >80% mortality. Histological changes included congestion of the internal organs (kidneys and brain) with foci of gliosis and perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes in the brain cortex; ocular inflammation included endophthalmitis and cataractous changes of the lens. The cohabitation of healthy and diseased fish demonstrated that the disease is contagious and that mortalities (80 to 100%) occur within a few days. Fish surviving the initial mortality were immune to further TiLV infections, suggesting the mounting of a protective immune response. Screening cDNA libraries identified a TiLV-specific sequence, allowing the design of a PCR-based diagnostic test. This test enables the specific identification of TiLV in tilapines and should help control the spread of this virus worldwide.
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13
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Aamelfot M, Dale OB, Falk K. Infectious salmon anaemia - pathogenesis and tropism. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:291-307. [PMID: 24475971 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon caused by the aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISA was first detected in Norway in 1984 and was characterized by severe anaemia and circulatory disturbances. This review elucidates factors related to the pathogenesis of ISA in Atlantic salmon, the dissemination of the virus in the host and the general distribution of the 4-O-acetylated sialic acids ISAV receptor. The knowledge contributes to the understanding of this disease, and why, almost 30 years after the first detection, it is still causing problems for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aamelfot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Verrier ER, Ehanno A, Biacchesi S, Le Guillou S, Dechamp N, Boudinot P, Bremont M, Quillet E. Lack of correlation between the resistances to two rhabdovirus infections in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:9-17. [PMID: 23583726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) and the Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) are two rhabdoviruses responsible for serious outbreaks in salmonid farms. To date, little is known about the variability of host response to these viruses. Using gynogenetic clonal lines of rainbow trout exhibiting a wide range of resistance to viral infections, we showed that there was no correlation between the resistance to VHSV and IHNV. We also confirmed the importance of fish weight for its susceptibility to IHNV infection. Finally, using a chimeric recombinant IHNV expressing the VHSV glycoprotein, we showed that the glycoprotein plays a key role in the virulence and in the level of resistance observed in different genetic backgrounds. Taken together, our results provide new prospects for a better understanding of host responses to rhabdovirus infections in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Olsen CM, Braaen S, Falk K, Rimstad E. Multiple passage of infectious salmon anaemia virus in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), did not induce increased virus load. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:827-838. [PMID: 22804963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) has not been observed to cause natural disease in farmed rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but may cause high mortality in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. In this study, ISAV was passaged 10 times in succession by intraperitoneal injections of serum from previous passage into naïve rainbow trout. The serum viraemia was monitored by real-time qPCR. The rainbow trout in this study became infected but did not develop ISA. No clinical signs were observed in the rainbow trout in any passage, but replication of ISAV was detected from Day 4 post-infection (p.i.). Neither increased relative virus loads nor histopathological and immunohistochemical findings consistent with ISA were observed. However, the expression of interferon type I and Mx genes were slightly up-regulated in the hearts of some individual fish at day 17 p.i. Sequencing of all open reading frames in the ISAV genome of the 10th passage revealed two nucleotide mutations, one in segment 6 coding for the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) and one in segment 1 coding for the basic polymerase 2 (PB2). The mutation in HE resulted in an amino acid substitution T/K(312) .
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Olsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Verrier ER, Langevin C, Tohry C, Houel A, Ducrocq V, Benmansour A, Quillet E, Boudinot P. Genetic resistance to rhabdovirus infection in teleost fish is paralleled to the derived cell resistance status. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33935. [PMID: 22514610 PMCID: PMC3326022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors of resistance and predisposition to viral diseases explain a significant part of the clinical variability observed within host populations. Predisposition to viral diseases has been associated to MHC haplotypes and T cell immunity, but a growing repertoire of innate/intrinsic factors are implicated in the genetic determinism of the host susceptibility to viruses. In a long-term study of the genetics of host resistance to fish rhabdoviruses, we produced a collection of double-haploid rainbow trout clones showing a wide range of susceptibility to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) waterborne infection. The susceptibility of fibroblastic cell lines derived from these clonal fish was fully consistent with the susceptibility of the parental fish clones. The mechanisms determining the host resistance therefore did not associate with specific host immunity, but rather with innate or intrinsic factors. One cell line was resistant to rhabdovirus infection due to the combination of an early interferon IFN induction - that was not observed in the susceptible cells - and of yet unknown factors that hamper the first steps of the viral cycle. The implication of IFN was well consistent with the wide range of resistance of this genetic background to VSHV and IHNV, to the birnavirus IPNV and the orthomyxovirus ISAV. Another cell line was even more refractory to the VHSV infection through different antiviral mechanisms. This collection of clonal fish and isogenic cell lines provides an interesting model to analyze the relative contribution of antiviral pathways to the resistance to different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R. Verrier
- INRA, Molecular Virology and Immunology, Jouy en Josas, France
- INRA, GABI UMR 1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology, Jouy en Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | | | - Corinne Tohry
- INRA, Molecular Virology and Immunology, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Armel Houel
- INRA, Molecular Virology and Immunology, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Vincent Ducrocq
- INRA, GABI UMR 1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Edwige Quillet
- INRA, GABI UMR 1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Molecular Virology and Immunology, Jouy en Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Mérour E, LeBerre M, Lamoureux A, Bernard J, Brémont M, Biacchesi S. Completion of the full-length genome sequence of the infectious salmon anemia virus, an aquatic orthomyxovirus-like, and characterization of mAbs. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:528-33. [PMID: 21123552 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the first full-length sequence of the eight ssRNA genome segments of the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV, Glesvaer/2/90 isolate), a salmonid orthomyxovirus-like. Comparison of ISAV genome sequence with those of others orthomyxovirus reveals low identity values, and a remarkable feature is the extremely long 5' end UTR of ISAV segments, which all contain an additional conserved motif of unknown function. In addition to the genome nucleotide sequence determination, specific mAbs have been produced through mice immunization with sucrose-purified ISAV. Four mAbs directed against the haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein, the nucleoprotein and free or actin-associated forms of the matrix protein have been characterized by (i) indirect fluorescent antibody test; (ii) virus neutralization; (iii) radioimmunoprecipitation and (iv) Western blot assays. These mAbs will potentially be useful for the development of new diagnostic tests, and the nucleotide sequences will help to establish a reverse genetics system for ISAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mérour
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
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Workenhe ST, Hori TS, Rise ML, Kibenge MJT, Kibenge FSB. Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) isolates induce distinct gene expression responses in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) macrophage/dendritic-like cell line TO, assessed using genomic techniques. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2955-74. [PMID: 19616850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is a marine orthomyxovirus of significant interest not only as a cause of a fatal disease of farmed Atlantic salmon resulting in severe economic losses to the aquaculture industry, but also as the only poikilothermic orthomyxovirus. ISAV targets vascular endothelial cells and macrophages, and is known to influence the expression of both innate and adaptive immune response relevant genes. ISAV isolates from different geographic regions have been shown to vary considerably in their pathogenicity for Atlantic salmon. This study aimed to characterize the Atlantic salmon TO macrophage/dendritic-like cell responses to infection with a selection of ISAV isolates of different genotypes and pathogenicity phenotypes. The first TO infection trial used ISAV isolates NBISA01 and RPC/NB-04-085-1 of high and low pathogenicity, respectively, and global gene expression analyses were carried out using approximately 16,000 gene (16K) salmonid cDNA microarrays to compare RNA samples extracted from TO cells harvested 24 and 72h post-infection versus time-matched uninfected controls. Overall, the microarray experiment showed that RPC/NB-04-085-1-infected cells had a higher total number of reproducibly dysregulated genes (88 genes: the sum of genes greater than 2-fold up- or down-regulated in all four replicate microarrays of a given comparison) than the NBISA01-infected cells (10 genes) for the combined sampling points (i.e. 24 and 72h). This microarray experiment identified several salmon genes that were differentially regulated by NBISA01 and RPC/NB-04-085-1, and which may be useful as molecular biomarkers of ISAV infection. An initial quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) study involving 25 microarray-identified genes confirmed the differences in the level of dysregulation of host transcripts between the two ISAV isolates (i.e. NBISA01 and RPC/NB-04-085-1). A second TO infection trial was run using a selection of four clinical ISAV isolates (Norway-810/9/99, a high pathogenicity isolate of European genotype; RPC/NB-04-085-1, a low pathogenicity isolate of European genotype; NBISA01, a high pathogenicity isolate of North American genotype; and RPC/NB-01-0593-1, an intermediate pathogenicity isolate of North American genotype), and UV-inactivated RPC/NB-04-085-1, with sampling at 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120h post-infection. The microarray-identified, QRT-PCR validated suite of 24 molecular biomarkers of response to ISAV were used in a second QRT-PCR experiment to assess the TO cell gene expression responses to the four ISAV isolates at all six time points in the infection. The QRT-PCR data showed that RPC/NB-04-085-1 caused the highest fold changes of most immune-relevant genes [such as interferon-inducible protein Gig1, Mx1 protein, interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5, Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein (viperin), and several genes involved in the ISGylation pathway], followed by Norway-810/9/99. NBISA01 and RPC/NB-01-0593-01 (both of North American genotype) showed low fold up-regulation of transcripts that were highly induced by RPC/NB-04-085-1 isolate. These findings show that ISAV isolates have strain-specific variations in their ability to induce immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Canada C1A 4P3
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Advances in disease diagnosis, vaccine development and other emerging methods to control pathogens in aquaculture. NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN AQUACULTURE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7158578 DOI: 10.1533/9781845696474.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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