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De Marco G, Cappello T, Maisano M. Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut in Response to Prebiotics and Probiotics Treatment to Improve Their Health Status: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2860. [PMID: 37760260 PMCID: PMC10525268 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) promotes the digestion and absorption of feeds, in addition to the excretion of waste products of digestion. In fish, the GIT is divided into four regions, the headgut, foregut, midgut, and hindgut, to which glands and lymphoid tissues are associated to release digestive enzymes and molecules involved in the immune response and control of host-pathogens. The GIT is inhabited by different species of resident microorganisms, the microbiota, which have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship and are responsible for metabolic benefits and counteracting pathogen infection. There is a strict connection between a fish's gut microbiota and its health status. This review focuses on the modulation of fish microbiota by feed additives based on prebiotics and probiotics as a feasible strategy to improve fish health status and gut efficiency, mitigate emerging diseases, and maximize rearing and growth performance. Furthermore, the use of histological assays as a valid tool for fish welfare assessment is also discussed, and insights on nutrient absorptive capacity and responsiveness to pathogens in fish by gut morphological endpoints are provided. Overall, the literature reviewed emphasizes the complex interactions between microorganisms and host fish, shedding light on the beneficial use of prebiotics and probiotics in the aquaculture sector, with the potential to provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.M.)
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Semwal A, Kumar A, Kumar N. A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14088. [PMID: 36938468 PMCID: PMC10018484 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organoheterotrophic bacterium that distressed fishes with gastroenteritis, septicemia and causes a disease known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), which affects the aquatic environment. Haemolysin, aerolysin, cytosine, gelatinase, enterotoxin and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as virulence factors in A. hydrophila. Medicinal herbs/plants and their uses are the instant, easily available, cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly approach for socio-economic, sustainable development of modern aquaculture practice. Phytotherapy either through a dip or by incorporation into the diets is an alternative approach to synthetic pharmaceuticals to diminish the pathogenicity of aquatic environmental pathogens. Due to the presence of remarkable phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils, the medicinal plant exhibits anti-microbial, appetite-stimulating, anti-stress, growth-promoting and immunostimulatory activities. Aqua-industry preferred phytotherapy-based techniques/compounds to develop resistance against a variety of aquatic pathogens in culturable fishes because they are inexpensive and environment-friendly. As a result, this review elaborates on the diverse applications of phytotherapy as a promising tool for disease management in aquaculture and a major step toward organic aquaculture.
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Rohani MF, Islam SM, Hossain MK, Ferdous Z, Siddik MA, Nuruzzaman M, Padeniya U, Brown C, Shahjahan M. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:569-589. [PMID: 34963656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays an increasingly significant role in improving the sustainability of global fish production. This sector has been intensified with the advent of new husbandry practices and the development of new technology. However, the increasing intensification and indiscriminate commercialized farming has enhanced the vulnerability of cultivated aquatic species to damage from pathogens. In efforts to confront these various diseases, frequent use of drugs, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and agents for sterilization have unintentionally added to the risk of transmission of pathogens and harmful chemical compounds to consumers. Some natural dietary supplements are believed to have the potential to offset this setback in aquaculture. Application of bio-friendly feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are becoming popular dietary supplements with the potential to not only improve growth performance, but in some cases can also enhance immune competence and the overall well-being of fish and crustaceans. The present review discusses and summarizes the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics application on growth, stress mitigation, microbial composition of intestine, immune system and health condition of aquatic animals in association with existing constraints and future perspectives in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazle Rohani
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Majharul Islam
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kabir Hossain
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ab Siddik
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, BARC Complex, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Uthpala Padeniya
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Yukgehnaish K, Kumar P, Sivachandran P, Marimuthu K, Arshad A, Paray BA, Arockiaraj J. Gut microbiota metagenomics in aquaculture: factors influencing gut microbiome and its physiological role in fish. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2020; 12:1903-1927. [DOI: 10.1111/raq.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFish gut microbiome confers various effects to the host fish; this includes overall size, metabolism, feeding behaviour and immune response in the fish. The emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria and hard to cure fish diseases warrant the possible utilization of gut microbes that exhibits a positive effect on the fish and thus lead to the usage of these microbes as probiotics. The widespread and systematic use of antibiotics has led to severe biological and ecological problems, especially the development of antibiotic resistance that affects the gut microbiota of aquatic organisms. Probiotics are proposed as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics, known as beneficial microbes. At the same time, prebiotics are considered beneficial to the host's health and growth by decreasing the prevalence of intestinal pathogens and/or changing the development of bacterial metabolites related to health. Uprise of sequencing technology and the development of intricate bioinformatics tools has provided a way to study these gut microbes through metagenomic analysis. From various metagenomic studies, ample of information was obtained; such information includes the effect of the gut microbiome on the physiology of fish, gut microbe composition of different fish, factors affecting the gut microbial composition of the fish and the immunological effect of gut microbes in fish; such this information related to the fish gut microbiome, their function and their importance in aquaculture is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praveen Kumar
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Parimannan Sivachandran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (CO MBio) AIMST University Bedong Malaysia
- Faculty of Science School of Life and Environmental Sciences Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus Geelong Australia
| | - Kasi Marimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology AIMST University Semeling Kedah Darul Aman Malaysia
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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5
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Konkol D, Szmigiel I, Domżał-Kędzia M, Kułażyński M, Krasowska A, Opaliński S, Korczyński M, Łukaszewicz M. Biotransformation of rapeseed meal leading to production of polymers, biosurfactants, and fodder. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:102865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Marinho de Mello MM, de Fátima Pereira de Faria C, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-glucan modulates cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inoculated with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:1076-1083. [PMID: 31352115 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that β-glucan can modulate cortisol release in fish. We simulated a common situation in aquaculture: the transport of fish followed by contact with an opportunistic pathogen and observed what effect glucan had on the immune and stress response in these conditions. Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were fed with a diet containing β-glucan (0.1%) for 15 days prior to transport followed by an injection with heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila. We sampled fish before transport, at arrival and at 3 and 24 h after bacterial injection. β-Glucans are used in aquaculture and have a known immunostimulatory effect, which was observed in this study. The results showed that β-glucan modulated the plasma cortisol levels differently by increasing these levels up to 24 h after transport and preventing the increase caused by bacterial inoculum injection. In addition, β-glucan enhanced the activity of the complement system at 24 h and reduced the monocytes and lymphocytes number in peripheral blood at 3 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation. Our results suggest that β-glucan modulated a bidirectional interaction between the stress and the immune responses. The modulation of cortisol levels and the immunostimulation by β-glucan at different moments in our study suggest the compound has a protective effect by avoiding higher levels of the hormone and improving resistance against bacterial infection in pacu. These results add evidence to support the use of β-glucan as an immunomodulator in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Maluli Marinho de Mello
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Fátima Pereira de Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro de Aquicultura, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Sellegounder D, Gupta YR, Murugananthkumar R, Senthilkumaran B. Enterotoxic effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the catfish, Clarias gariepinus: Biochemical, histological and proteome analyses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:1-10. [PMID: 30596375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is considered as a potential risk to fish populations in the aquaculture industry and could also pose a serious threat to humans. In this study, the impact of A. hydrophila infection in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus was analyzed using a multidimensional approach. Aeromonas hydrophila (1 × 107 cells) was injected into C. gariepinus intraperitoneally and maintained at an ambient temperature and photoperiod with periodical monitoring for morphological changes. After 7 days post-infection, tissue samples of the gills, liver, intestine, and kidney were subjected to biochemical, histological, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and proteomic analyses. Observed results indicated distinct morphological changes with the significant increase of ROS and oxidative stress enzymes (CAT and SOD) in tissues of the infected group when compared to the control. Histological analysis in infected fish revealed the presence of pyknotic nuclei, early stages of necrosis in the liver, degradation of renal tubules and widened sinusoidal space in kidneys along with enlargement of the epithelial region in the intestine. TEM analysis of the infected intestine showed degeneration of villi and the presence of multinucleated erythrocytes. Two-dimensional proteomic and mass spectrometry analysis of intestine and liver displayed up-regulation of several immune regulatory proteins such as proteasome subunit 3 protein, prolactin and intermediated filament protein; and down-regulation of proteins including actin, serine/arginine-rich splicing factor and carbonic anhydrase. Taken together, these results suggest that the identified proteins may have a role in immune regulation against A. hydrophila infection in C. gariepinus and support further investigations of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durai Sellegounder
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Yugantak Raj Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Raju Murugananthkumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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8
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Kumar N, Krishnani KK, Kumar P, Jha AK, Gupta SK, Singh NP. Dietary zinc promotes immuno-biochemical plasticity and protects fish against multiple stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:184-194. [PMID: 28108338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The abiotic and biotic stress is an episode that effect on regulatory, neuro-endocrine and immune systems of animals including fish. The stress creates stimulatory and suppressive of immune system resulting in increases the incidence of infection. In view of these points, we have conducted an experiment to mitigate the stress through a nutritional approach through Zinc (Zn) supplementation in Pangasius hypophthalmus (initial weight-3.65 ± 0.75 g). Three isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with graded levels of zinc 0, 10 and 20 mg/kg were prepared and fed to seven different groups with each in triplicate. The experimental group as follows as normal water with control diet (Ctr/Ctr), lead (Pb) exposed and fed with control diet (Ctr/Pb), control diet and exposed to Pb and temperature (Ctr/Pb-T), Zn 10 mg/kg fed without stressors (Zn- 10 mg/kg), Zn 20 mg/kg fed without stressors (Zn-20 mg/kg), Zn 10 mg/kg fed and Pb and temperature exposed (Pb-T/Zn 10 mg/kg) and Zn 20 mg/kg fed and exposed to Pb and temperature (Pb-T/Zn 20 mg/kg). The Pb in treated water was maintained at the level of 1/20th of LC50 (4 ppm) and temperature at 34 °C in exposure groups. The neutraceuticals role of dietary Zn was studied in terms of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase), stress markers (Heat shock protein 70, cortisol, acetylcholine esterase, blood glucose, Vitamin C), immunological parameters (Total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio and NBT) and subsequent challenge with Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. The antioxidative enzymes, stress markers, albumin were significantly (p < 0.01) elevated, brain AChE and immuno-hematological parameters were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased due to lead (Pb) and temperature exposure. The relative survival (%) was reduced due to the concurrent effect of Pb, high temperature stress and bacterial challenge. Zinc at the rate of 10 and 20 mg/kg was found to be restore the biochemical and immunological parameters against concurrent exposure to lead (Pb), temperature and pathogenic infection. Results obtained in the present study indicate that supplementation of 10 and 20 mg/kg of Zn in the diet has a definitive role in the mitigation of lead (Pb) and temperature exposure along with pathogenic infection in P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India.
| | - K K Krishnani
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Paritosh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Jha
- ICAR- Veraval Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Veraval 362 269, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi 834 010, India
| | - N P Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
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Öner ET, Hernández L, Combie J. Review of Levan polysaccharide: From a century of past experiences to future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:827-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López F, Teles M, MacKenzie S. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:34-69. [PMID: 27389620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain fish health and to improve performance immunostimulants have been used as dietary additives to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and/or disease resistance in cultured fish. In aquaculture, non-specific immunostimulants have been widely used probably due to the limited knowledge of the immune response in fish and the ease of their application. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of dietary immunostimulants in fish including algal derivatives, herb and plant extract containing diets using a wide range of downstream analytical techniques. Many immunostimulants are based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations and specific to certain geographical regions rather than known biological properties. However, there are studies in which it is possible to observe a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the immune system. Other dietary supplements used contain PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) as immunostimulants whose recognition depends upon PRR (pathogen recognition receptor) interactions including the TLRs (Toll-like receptor). Despite the growing interest in the use of immunostimulants across the aquaculture industry the underlying mechanisms of ligand recognition, extract composition and activation of the fish immune response remains fragmented. In this review we focus upon the last 15 years of studies addressing the assessment of: (1) plant, herb and algae extracts; and (2) PAMPs, upon non-specific immune parameters of activation and immunostimulant diet efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK.
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Implications of Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrices of Microbial Habitats Associated with Coastal Aquaculture Systems. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8090369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Elgendy M, Hakim A, Ibrahim T, Soliman W, Ali S. Immunomodulatory Effects of Curcumin on Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and its Antimicrobial Properties against Vibrio alginolyticus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2016.206.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Gupta SK, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Jha AK, Akhtar MS, Mandal SC, Das P, Prusty AK. Supplementation of microbial levan in the diet of Cyprinus carpio fry (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sublethal toxicity of fipronil: effect on growth and metabolic responses. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1513-1524. [PMID: 23666372 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary microbial levan on growth performance and metabolic responses of Cyprinus carpio fry exposed to sublethal dose (1/10th LC₅₀) of fipronil [(±)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylpyrazole-3-carbonitrile]. Two hundred and twenty five fry were randomly distributed in five treatments in triplicates. Four purified diets were prepared with graded levels of microbial levan. Five different treatment groups were levan control L₀P₀ (basal feed + 0 % levan without exposure to pesticide); pesticide control L₀P₁ (basal feed + 0 % levan with exposure to pesticide); L₀.₂₅P₁ (basal feed + 0.25 % levan with exposure to pesticide); L₀.₅₀P₁ (basal feed + 0.50 % levan with exposure to pesticide); and L₀.₇₅P₁ (basal feed + 0.75 % levan with exposure to pesticide). Weight gain% and specific growth rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in levan fed groups compared to their non-levan fed counterpart. Highest (p < 0.05) content of ascorbic acid in muscle, liver and brain tissues was observed with higher level of dietary levan. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased with the increasing level of dietary levan in the liver and muscle. Aspartate aminotransferase activity exhibited a second order polynomial relationship with the dietary levan, both in liver (Y = -1.001x² + 5.366x + 5.812, r² = 0.887) and muscle (Y = -0.566x² + 2.833x + 6.506, r² = 0.858) while alanine aminotransferase activity showed third order polynomial relationship both in liver (Y = 1.195x³ - 12.30x² + 35.23x + 9.874, r² = 0.879) and muscle (Y = 0.527x³ - 8.429x² + 31.80x + 8.718, r² = 0.990). Highest (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity in gill was observed in the group fed with 0.75 % levan supplemented diet. Overall results indicated that dietary microbial levan at 0.75 % in C. carpio fry ameliorated the negative effects of fipronil and augmented the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gupta
- Division of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai-61, India,
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14
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Microbial levan from Pseudomonas fluorescens: Characterization and medium optimization for enhanced production. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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15
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de Melo FCBC, Zaia CTBV, Celligoi MAPC. Levan from Bacillus subtilis Natto: its effects in normal and in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1613-9. [PMID: 24031993 PMCID: PMC3769048 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Levan is an exopolysaccharide of fructose primarily linked by β-(2→6) glycosidic bonds with some β-(2→1) branched chains. Due to its chemical properties, levan has possible applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacillus subtilis is a promising industrial levan producer, as it ferments sucrose and has a high levan-formation capacity. A new strain of B. subtilis was recently isolated from Japanese food natto, and it has produced levan in large quantities. For future pharmaceutical applications, this study aimed to investigate the effects of levan produced by B. subtilis Natto, mainly as potential hypoglycemic agent, (previously optimized with a molecular weight equal to 72.37 and 4,146 kDa) in Wistar male rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin and non-diabetic rats and to monitor their plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. After 15 days of experimentation, the animals were sacrificed, and their blood samples were analyzed. The results, compared using analysis of variance, demonstrated that for this type of levan, a hypoglycemic effect was not observed, as there was no improvement of diabetes symptoms during the experiment. However, levan did not affect any studied parameters in normal rats, indicating that the exopolysaccharide can be used for other purposes.
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17
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Sinha AK, Kumar V, Makkar HP, De Boeck G, Becker K. Non-starch polysaccharides and their role in fish nutrition – A review. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bilen S, Bulut M, Bilen AM. Immunostimulant effects of Cotinus coggyria on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:451-455. [PMID: 21185942 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, non-specific immune effects of tetra (Cotinus coggyria) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by dietary intake were investigated. Fish were fed daily ad libitum with diets containing 0.5% and 1.0% tetra for 3 weeks. After this period, fish were switched back to the basal diet for additional 6 weeks. Extracellular and intracellular respiratory burst activities, phagocytosis in blood leukocytes, lysozyme activities, and total plasma protein levels were evaluated at the end of the tetra feeding period and every 3 weeks during the basal diet period. Extracellular and intracellular respiratory burst activities, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity and total protein level parameters of the groups containing 0.5% and 1.0% tetra were higher than the control group at the end of the 3rd, 6th and 9th weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). The highest values of the non-specific immune parameters were observed in the group fed with 1.0% tetra. Tetra groups did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) in terms of specific growth rate and average weight of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Bilen
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries, Canakkale, Turkey.
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