1
|
Khurana E, Orth J, Pletcher B, Turbin RE, Mazzola CA. Management of an older Marshall-Smith syndrome patient: a review of literature of MSS and craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:2609-2614. [PMID: 38647663 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Marshall-Smith Syndrome (MSS) is a rare progressive developmental disorder that severely impairs a patient's intellectual development and physical health. The only known cause for MSS is a mutation in the nuclear factor 1 X (NFIX) gene. This mutation affects neuronal development and protein transcription. Historically, most patients with MSS do not survive beyond 3 years of age. Reports of ocular findings are limited. We report a case of a 9-year-old MSS patient with progressive craniosynostosis, elevated intracranial pressure, and catastrophic ocular complications. A comprehensive PubMed literature search from 2018 to August 2022 updating a previous review of older literature produced 72 articles relating to MSS, which are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeshan Khurana
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, Morristown, NJ, USA.
| | - Jennifer Orth
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Beth Pletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Roger E Turbin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine A Mazzola
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, Morristown, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kooblall KG, Stevenson M, Heilig R, Stewart M, Wright B, Lockstone H, Buck D, Fischer R, Wells S, Lines KE, Teboul L, Hennekam RC, Thakker RV. Identification of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) as downstream target of nuclear factor I/X (NFIX): implications for skeletal dysplasia syndromes. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae060. [PMID: 38827116 PMCID: PMC11144382 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor I/X (NFIX) mutations are associated with 2 skeletal dysplasias, Marshall-Smith (MSS) and Malan (MAL) syndromes. NFIX encodes a transcription factor that regulates expression of genes, including Bobby sox (BBX) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in neural progenitor cells and astrocytes, respectively. To elucidate the role of NFIX mutations in MSS, we studied their effects in fibroblast cell lines obtained from 5 MSS unrelated patients and 3 unaffected individuals. The 5 MSS NFIX frameshift mutations in exons 6-8 comprised 3 deletions (c.819-732_1079-948del, c.819-471_1079-687del, c.819-592_1079-808del), an insertion (c.1037_1038insT), and a duplication (c.1090dupG). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses using MSS and unrelated control fibroblasts and in vitro expression studies in monkey kidney fibroblast (COS-7) cells showed that frameshift mutations in NFIX exons 6-8 generated mutant transcripts that were not cleared by nonsense-mediated-decay mechanisms and encoded truncated NFIX proteins. Moreover, BBX or GFAP expression was unaffected in the majority of MSS fibroblasts. To identify novel NFIX downstream target genes, RNA sequencing and proteomics analyses were performed on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells derived from control Nfix+/+, Nfix+/Del2, Nfix+/Del24, NfixDel24/Del24, Nfix+/Del140, and NfixDel140/Del140 mice, compared with NfixDel2/Del2 mice which had developmental, skeletal, and neural abnormalities. This identified 191 transcripts and 815 proteins misregulated in NfixDel2/Del2 MEFs with ≥2-fold-change (P <0 .05). Validation studies using qRT-PCR and western blot analyses confirmed that 2 genes, cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (Crabp2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam1), were misregulated at the RNA and protein levels in NfixDel2/Del2 MEFs, and that CRABP2 and VCAM1 expressions were altered in 60%-100% of MSS fibroblast cells. Furthermore, in vitro luciferase reporter assays confirmed that NFIX directly regulates CRABP2 promoter activity. Thus, these altered genes and pathways may represent possible targets for drugs as potential treatments and therapies for MSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kreepa G Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Target Discovery Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Stewart
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - David Buck
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kooblall KG, Stevenson M, Stewart M, Harris L, Zalucki O, Dewhurst H, Butterfield N, Leng H, Hough TA, Ma D, Siow B, Potter P, Cox RD, Brown SD, Horwood N, Wright B, Lockstone H, Buck D, Vincent TL, Hannan FM, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Lines KE, Piper M, Wells S, Teboul L, Hennekam RC, Thakker RV. A Mouse Model with a Frameshift Mutation in the Nuclear Factor I/X ( NFIX) Gene Has Phenotypic Features of Marshall-Smith Syndrome. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10739. [PMID: 37283649 PMCID: PMC10241085 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor I/X (NFIX) gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor whose mutations lead to two allelic disorders characterized by developmental, skeletal, and neural abnormalities, namely, Malan syndrome (MAL) and Marshall-Smith syndrome (MSS). NFIX mutations associated with MAL mainly cluster in exon 2 and are cleared by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) leading to NFIX haploinsufficiency, whereas NFIX mutations associated with MSS are clustered in exons 6-10 and escape NMD and result in the production of dominant-negative mutant NFIX proteins. Thus, different NFIX mutations have distinct consequences on NFIX expression. To elucidate the in vivo effects of MSS-associated NFIX exon 7 mutations, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate mouse models with exon 7 deletions that comprised: a frameshift deletion of two nucleotides (Nfix Del2); in-frame deletion of 24 nucleotides (Nfix Del24); and deletion of 140 nucleotides (Nfix Del140). Nfix +/Del2, Nfix +/Del24, Nfix +/Del140, Nfix Del24/Del24, and Nfix Del140/Del140 mice were viable, normal, and fertile, with no skeletal abnormalities, but Nfix Del2/Del2 mice had significantly reduced viability (p < 0.002) and died at 2-3 weeks of age. Nfix Del2 was not cleared by NMD, and NfixDel2/Del2 mice, when compared to Nfix +/+ and Nfix +/Del2 mice, had: growth retardation; short stature with kyphosis; reduced skull length; marked porosity of the vertebrae with decreased vertebral and femoral bone mineral content; and reduced caudal vertebrae height and femur length. Plasma biochemistry analysis revealed Nfix Del2/Del2 mice to have increased total alkaline phosphatase activity but decreased C-terminal telopeptide and procollagen-type-1-N-terminal propeptide concentrations compared to Nfix +/+ and Nfix +/Del2 mice. Nfix Del2/Del2 mice were also found to have enlarged cerebral cortices and ventricular areas but smaller dentate gyrus compared to Nfix +/+ mice. Thus, Nfix Del2/Del2 mice provide a model for studying the in vivo effects of NFIX mutants that escape NMD and result in developmental abnormalities of the skeletal and neural tissues that are associated with MSS. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kreepa G. Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | | | - Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and The Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hannah Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
| | - Natalie Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
| | - Houfu Leng
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)Medical Sciences Division University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tertius A. Hough
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Da Ma
- Department of Internal MedicineWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNCUSA
| | | | - Paul Potter
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Roger D. Cox
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Stephen D.M. Brown
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Nicole Horwood
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)Medical Sciences Division University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Buck
- Oxford Genomics Centre, The Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tonia L. Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS)Medical Sciences Division University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Fadil M. Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM)University of OxfordOxfordUK
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUK
| | - Kate E. Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and The Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell, Mary Lyon CentreHarwell Science and Innovation CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Raoul C. Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM)University of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alfieri P, Macchiaiolo M, Collotta M, Montanaro FAM, Caciolo C, Cumbo F, Galassi P, Panfili FM, Cortellessa F, Zollino M, Accadia M, Seri M, Tartaglia M, Bartuli A, Mammì C, Vicari S, Priolo M. Characterization of Cognitive, Language and Adaptive Profiles of Children and Adolescents with Malan Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144078. [PMID: 35887841 PMCID: PMC9316998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malan Syndrome (MS) is an ultra-rare overgrowth genetic syndrome due to heterozygous variants or deletions in the Nuclear Factor I X (NFIX) gene. It is characterized by an unusual facial phenotype, generalized overgrowth, intellectual disability (ID) and behavioral problems. Even though limitations in cognitive and adaptive functioning have been previously described, systematic studies on MS cohorts are still lacking. Here, we aim to define the cognitive and adaptive behavior profile of MS children and adolescents, providing quantitative data from standardized evaluations. Subjects included in this study were evaluated from October 2020 to January 2022 and the study is based on a retrospective data archive: fifteen MS individuals were recruited and underwent evaluation with Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Leiter International Performance Scales and Griffith Mental Development Scales for cognitive profiles and with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II Edition (VABS-II) for adaptive functioning. Language skills and visuomotor integration abilities were assessed too. Comparisons and correlations between scales and subtests were performed. All the assessed MS individuals showed both low cognitive and adaptive functioning. One subject presented with mild ID, five had moderate ID and eight showed severe ID. One female toddler received a diagnosis of psychomotor delay. Linguistic skills were impaired in all individuals, with language comprehension relatively more preserved. Results revealed significant differences between VABS-II subdomains and a strong relationship between cognitive and adaptive functioning. All subjects exhibited mild to moderate ID and adaptive behavior lower than normal, with communication skills being the most affected. Regarding the daily living skills domain, personal and community subscale scores were dramatically lower than for the domestic subdomain, highlighting the importance of considering behavior within developmental and environmental contexts. Our cognitive and adaptive MS characterization provides a more accurate quantitative MS profiling, which is expected to help clinicians to better understand the complexity of this rare disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Alfieri
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-668-594-721
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Martina Collotta
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Federica Alice Maria Montanaro
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Cristina Caciolo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Francesca Cumbo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Paolo Galassi
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Filippo Maria Panfili
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Cortellessa
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Accadia
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital “Cardinale G. Panico”, 73039 Tricase, Italy;
| | - Marco Seri
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, IRCCS, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Corrado Mammì
- Operative Unit of Medical Genetics Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Great Metropolitan Hospital, 89133 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (C.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (F.A.M.M.); (C.C.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (S.V.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- Operative Unit of Medical Genetics Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Great Metropolitan Hospital, 89133 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (C.M.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deconte D, dos Santos CBL, de Morais CO, Yonamine TM, Nogueira LT, Ferreira MAT, Franceschi VB, Longhi ALS, Villacis RAR, Rogatto SR, Ligabue-Braun R, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM, Fiegenbaum M. Unusual features in a child with Marshall-Smith syndrome due to a novel NFIX variant: Evidence for an abnormal protein function. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Mulder PA, van Balkom IDC, Landlust AM, Priolo M, Menke LA, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Kooblall K, Lapunzina P, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Schanze D, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Tatton-Brown K, Tenorio J, Thakker RV, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zenker M, Zollino M, Dunn WW, Piening S, Hennekam RC. Development, behaviour and sensory processing in Marshall-Smith syndrome and Malan syndrome: phenotype comparison in two related syndromes. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:956-969. [PMID: 33034087 PMCID: PMC8957705 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrarare Marshall-Smith and Malan syndromes, caused by changes of the gene nuclear factor I X (NFIX), are characterised by intellectual disability (ID) and behavioural problems, although questions remain. Here, development and behaviour are studied and compared in a cross-sectional study, and results are presented with genetic findings. METHODS Behavioural phenotypes are compared of eight individuals with Marshall-Smith syndrome (three male individuals) and seven with Malan syndrome (four male individuals). Long-term follow-up assessment of cognition and adaptive behaviour was possible in three individuals with Marshall-Smith syndrome. RESULTS Marshall-Smith syndrome individuals have more severe ID, less adaptive behaviour, more impaired speech and less reciprocal interaction compared with individuals with Malan syndrome. Sensory processing difficulties occur in both syndromes. Follow-up measurement of cognition and adaptive behaviour in Marshall-Smith syndrome shows different individual learning curves over time. CONCLUSIONS Results show significant between and within syndrome variability. Different NFIX variants underlie distinct clinical phenotypes leading to separate entities. Cognitive, adaptive and sensory impairments are common in both syndromes and increase the risk of challenging behaviour. This study highlights the value of considering behaviour within developmental and environmental context. To improve quality of life, adaptations to environment and treatment are suggested to create a better person-environment fit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Mulder
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - I D C van Balkom
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
- Rob Giel Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - A M Landlust
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M Priolo
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - L A Menke
- Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - I H Acero
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F S Alkuraya
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, and Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P Arias
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Bernardini
- Cytogenetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Foundation, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - E K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - T Cole
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Coubes
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - I Dapia
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - N H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul and Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - J A Fahrner
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Foster
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N G González
- Unit Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - I Huber
- Sørland Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - M Iascone
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - A-S Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Kamath
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Lapunzina
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Services, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - S A Lynch
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, and Clinical Genetics, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Mammì
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - I B Mathijssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - G M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Montgomery
- Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Neubauer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - T E Neumann
- Mitteldeutscher Praxisverbund Humangenetik, Halle, Germany
| | - L Pintomalli
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - M A Pisanti
- Medical Genetic and Laboratory Unit, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - A S Plomp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Price
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, UK
| | - C Salter
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Ann Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - F Santos-Simarro
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sarda
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - D Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Segovia
- CENAGEM, Centro Nacional de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Shaw-Smith
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - S Smithson
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - M Suri
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Tatton-Brown
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Tenorio
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R M Valdez
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Militar Central "Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J M Van Hagen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Zollino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - W W Dunn
- Department of Occupational Therapy Education, School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S Piening
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
- Rob Giel Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R C Hennekam
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of (Youth) Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zenker M, Bunt J, Schanze I, Schanze D, Piper M, Priolo M, Gerkes EH, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ, Vogt J, Wessels MW, Hennekam RC. Variants in nuclear factor I genes influence growth and development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 181:611-626. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital, Otto‐von‐Guericke‐University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Jens Bunt
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ina Schanze
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital, Otto‐von‐Guericke‐University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital, Otto‐von‐Guericke‐University Magdeburg Germany
| | - Michael Piper
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Manuela Priolo
- Operative Unit of Medical GeneticsGreat Metropolitan Hospital Bianchi‐Melacrino‐Morelli Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Erica H. Gerkes
- Department of Genetics, University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life SciencesState University of New York Buffalo NY
| | - Linda J. Richards
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Julie Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health PartnersWomen's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
| | - Marja W. Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Raoul C. Hennekam
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zalucki O, Harkins D, Harris L, Burne THJ, Gronostajski RM, Piper M. Analysis of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory behaviour in mice lacking Nfix from adult neural stem cells. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:564. [PMID: 30081965 PMCID: PMC6080370 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The active place avoidance task (APA) is a behavioural task used to assess learning and memory in rodents. This task relies on the hippocampus, a region of the cerebral cortex capable of generating new neurons from neural stem cells. In this study, to gain further insight into the behavioural phenotype of mice deficient in the transcription factor Nfix, a gene expressed by adult neural stem cells, we examined learning and memory parameters from the APA task that were not published in our original investigation. We analysed time to first and second shock, maximum path and time of shock avoidance, number of entries into the shock zone and time spent in the shock zone. We also assessed performance in the APA task based on sex. Results We found mice deficient in Nfix displayed decreased latency to second shock compared to the control mice. Nfix deficient mice entered the shock zone more frequently and also spent more time in the shock zone. Our data provides further insights into the memory deficits evident in Nfix mutant mice, indicating these mice have a memory retrieval problem and may employ a different navigation strategy in the APA task. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3652-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Danyon Harkins
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Priolo M, Schanze D, Tatton-Brown K, Mulder PA, Tenorio J, Kooblall K, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Menke LA, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zollino M, Lapunzina P, Thakker RV, Zenker M, Hennekam RC. Further delineation of Malan syndrome. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1226-1237. [PMID: 29897170 PMCID: PMC6175110 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malan syndrome is an overgrowth disorder described in a limited number of individuals. We aim to delineate the entity by studying a large group of affected individuals. We gathered data on 45 affected individuals with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis through an international collaboration and compared data to the 35 previously reported individuals. Results indicate that height is > 2 SDS in infancy and childhood but in only half of affected adults. Cardinal facial characteristics include long, triangular face, macrocephaly, prominent forehead, everted lower lip, and prominent chin. Intellectual disability is universally present, behaviorally anxiety is characteristic. Malan syndrome is caused by deletions or point mutations of NFIX clustered mostly in exon 2. There is no genotype‐phenotype correlation except for an increased risk for epilepsy with 19p13.2 microdeletions. Variants arose de novo, except in one family in which mother was mosaic. Variants causing Malan and Marshall‐Smith syndrome can be discerned by differences in the site of stop codon formation. We conclude that Malan syndrome has a well recognizable phenotype that usually can be discerned easily from Marshall–Smith syndrome but rarely there is some overlap. Differentiation from Sotos and Weaver syndrome can be made by clinical evaluation only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Priolo
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Tatton-Brown
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul A Mulder
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of Youth Mental Health, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jair Tenorio
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, and Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro Arias
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Cytogenetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Foundation, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Cole
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christine Coubes
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Irene Dapia
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sally Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Nursel H Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, and Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Jill A Fahrner
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison Foster
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ann-Sophie Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arveen Kamath
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Services, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, and Clinical Genetics, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrado Mammì
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Inge B Mathijssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shane McKee
- Belfast HSC Trust, Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Leonie A Menke
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Department of Human Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tara Montgomery
- Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dorothee Neubauer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Letizia Pintomalli
- Unità Operativa di Genetica Medica, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Astrid S Plomp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sue Price
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Northampton, UK
| | - Claire Salter
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Ann Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mabel Segovia
- CENAGEM, Centro Nacional de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mohnish Suri
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rita Maria Valdez
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Militar Central "Cirujano Mayor Dr. Cosme Argerich,", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arie Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Van Hagen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela Zollino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Casanova EL, Sharp JL, Chakraborty H, Sumi NS, Casanova MF. Genes with high penetrance for syndromic and non-syndromic autism typically function within the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Mol Autism 2016; 7:18. [PMID: 26985359 PMCID: PMC4793536 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID), autism, and epilepsy share frequent yet variable comorbidities with one another. In order to better understand potential genetic divergence underlying this variable risk, we studied genes responsible for monogenic IDs, grouped according to their autism and epilepsy comorbidities. METHODS Utilizing 465 different forms of ID with known molecular origins, we accessed available genetic databases in conjunction with gene ontology (GO) to determine whether the genetics underlying ID diverge according to its comorbidities with autism and epilepsy and if genes highly penetrant for autism or epilepsy share distinctive features that set them apart from genes that confer comparatively variable or no apparent risk. RESULTS The genetics of ID with autism are relatively enriched in terms associated with nervous system-specific processes and structural morphogenesis. In contrast, we find that ID with highly comorbid epilepsy (HCE) is modestly associated with lipid metabolic processes while ID without autism or epilepsy comorbidity (ID only) is enriched at the Golgi membrane. Highly comorbid autism (HCA) genes, on the other hand, are strongly enriched within the nucleus, are typically involved in regulation of gene expression, and, along with IDs with more variable autism, share strong ties with a core protein-protein interaction (PPI) network integral to basic patterning of the CNS. CONCLUSIONS According to GO terminology, autism-related gene products are integral to neural development. While it is difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding IDs unassociated with autism, it is clear that the majority of HCA genes are tightly linked with general dysregulation of gene expression, suggesting that disturbances to the chronology of neural maturation and patterning may be key in conferring susceptibility to autism spectrum conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Casanova
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Patewood Medical Campus, 200A Patewood Dr, Greenville, SC 29615 USA
| | - Julia L. Sharp
- />Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Chakraborty
- />Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nahid Sultana Sumi
- />Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Manuel F. Casanova
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, Greenville Health System, Patewood Medical Campus, 200A Patewood Dr, Greenville, SC 29615 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Perez-Soriano C, Adam V, Martinez-Costa C, Garcia-Garcia AB. Importancia de un diseño adecuado en los protocolos de diagnóstico genético. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 142:375-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Harris L, Dixon C, Cato K, Heng YHE, Kurniawan ND, Ullmann JFP, Janke AL, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ, Burne THJ, Piper M. Heterozygosity for nuclear factor one x affects hippocampal-dependent behaviour in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65478. [PMID: 23776487 PMCID: PMC3679126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the genes that regulate the development and subsequent functioning of the hippocampus is pivotal to understanding the role of this cortical structure in learning and memory. One group of genes that has been shown to be critical for the early development of the hippocampus is the Nuclear factor one (Nfi) family, which encodes four site-specific transcription factors, NFIA, NFIB, NFIC and NFIX. In mice lacking Nfia, Nfib or Nfix, aspects of early hippocampal development, including neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus, are delayed. However, due to the perinatal lethality of these mice, it is not clear whether this hippocampal phenotype persists to adulthood and affects hippocampal-dependent behaviour. To address this we examined the hippocampal phenotype of mice heterozygous for Nfix (Nfix (+/-)), which survive to adulthood. We found that Nfix (+/-) mice had reduced expression of NFIX throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, and that early hippocampal development in these mice was disrupted, producing a phenotype intermediate to that of wild-type mice and Nfix(-/-) mice. The abnormal hippocampal morphology of Nfix (+/-) mice persisted to adulthood, and these mice displayed a specific performance deficit in the Morris water maze learning and memory task. These findings demonstrate that the level of Nfix expression during development and within the adult is essential for the function of the hippocampus during learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chantelle Dixon
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kathleen Cato
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yee Hsieh Evelyn Heng
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nyoman D. Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Andrew L. Janke
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry and the Program in Neuroscience, Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Richards
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas H. J. Burne
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Balkom IDC, Vuijk PJ, Franssens M, Hoek HW, Hennekam RCM. Development, cognition, and behaviour in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012; 54:925-31. [PMID: 22712893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to collect detailed data on behavioural, adaptive, and psychological functioning in 10 individuals with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), with specific attention to manifestations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD The participants (four females, six males), residing in the Netherlands and Belgium, were ascertained through the Dutch national PTHS support group. Median age of participants was 10 years, the age range was between 32 and 289 months. They underwent psychiatric examinations and neuropsychological measurements using a comprehensive assessment battery. Additionally, parental information was gathered through standardized interviews and questionnaires. Findings were compared with those from the literature. RESULTS All participants showed profound intellectual disability, amiable demeanour with minimal maladaptive behaviours, severe impairments of communication and language, and intense, frequent motor stereotypies. Impairments in all participants were beyond what would be expected for cognitive abilities, fitting a classification of ASD. INTERPRETATION Patients with PTHS are characterized not only by specific physical and genetic manifestations but also by specific behavioural and cognitive characteristics. Studying behaviour and cognition may improve diagnosis and prognosis, allows recognition of comorbidities, and contributes to adequate counselling of families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D C Van Balkom
- Jonx Department of Youth Mental Health, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|