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Biradar S, Agarwal Y, Das A, Shu ST, Samal J, Ho S, Kelly N, Mahesh D, Teredesai S, Castronova I, Mussina L, Mailliard RB, Smithgall TE, Bility MT. Nef defect attenuates HIV viremia and immune dysregulation in the bone marrow-liver-thymus-spleen (BLTS) humanized mouse model. Virology 2024; 598:110192. [PMID: 39106585 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that deletion of nef and deleterious mutation in the Nef dimerization interface attenuates HIV replication and associated pathogenesis. Humanized rodents with human immune cells and lymphoid tissues are robust in vivo models for investigating the interactions between HIV and the human immune system. Here, we demonstrate that nef deletion impairs HIV replication and HIV-induced immune dysregulation in the blood and human secondary lymphoid tissue (human spleen) in bone marrow-liver-thymus-spleen (BLTS) humanized mice. Furthermore, we also show that nef defects (via deleterious mutations in the dimerization interface) impair HIV replication and HIV-induced immune dysregulation in the blood and human spleen in BLTS-humanized mice. We demonstrate that the reduced replication of nef-deleted and nef-defective HIV is associated with robust antiviral innate immune response, and T helper 1 response. Our results support the proposition that Nef may be a therapeutic target for adjuvants in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antu Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine Samal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sara Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nickolas Kelly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deepika Mahesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shreya Teredesai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Isabella Castronova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - London Mussina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7512. [PMID: 39062756 PMCID: PMC11276885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called "Kick and Kill" therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Dopkins N, Fei T, Michael S, Liotta N, Guo K, Mickens KL, Barrett BS, Bendall ML, Dillon SM, Wilson CC, Santiago ML, Nixon DF. Endogenous retroelement expression in the gut microenvironment of people living with HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105133. [PMID: 38677181 PMCID: PMC11061259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous retroelements (EREs), including human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), comprise almost half of the human genome. Our previous studies of the interferome in the gut suggest potential mechanisms regarding how IFNb may drive HIV-1 gut pathogenesis. As ERE activity is suggested to partake in type 1 immune responses and is incredibly sensitive to viral infections, we sought to elucidate underlying interactions between ERE expression and gut dynamics in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). METHODS ERE expression profiles from bulk RNA sequencing of colon biopsies and PBMC were compared between a cohort of PLWH not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and uninfected controls. FINDINGS 59 EREs were differentially expressed in the colon of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls (padj <0.05 and FC ≤ -1 or ≥ 1) [Wald's Test]. Of these 59, 12 EREs were downregulated in PLWH and 47 were upregulated. Colon expression of the ERE loci LTR19_12p13.31 and L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed significant correlations with certain gut immune cell subset frequencies in the colon. Furthermore L1FLnI_1q23.1s showed a significant upregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PLWH when compared to uninfected controls suggesting a common mechanism of differential ERE expression in the colon and PBMC. INTERPRETATION ERE activity has been largely understudied in genomic characterizations of human pathologies. We show that the activity of certain EREs in the colon of PLWH is deregulated, supporting our hypotheses that their underlying activity could function as (bio)markers and potential mediators of pathogenesis in HIV-1 reservoirs. FUNDING US NIH grants NCI CA260691 (DFN) and NIAID UM1AI164559 (DFN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dopkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tongyi Fei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Michael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Liotta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kaylee L Mickens
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brad S Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Arunachalam AB. Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:396. [PMID: 38675778 PMCID: PMC11053716 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. However, many vaccines generate an optimal immune response and protect against the consequences of pathogen-induced immunological aggressiveness, and from a small number of unrelated pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose an "immuno-wave" model describing a vaccine-induced "Goldilocks immunity", which leaves fine imprints of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory milieus, derived from both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system, in the body. The resulting balanced, 'quiet alert' state of the immune system may provide a jump-start in the defense against pathogens and any associated pathological inflammatory or allergic responses, allowing vaccines to go above and beyond their call of duty. In closing, we recommend formally investigating and reaping many of the secondary benefits of vaccines with appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun B Arunachalam
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Vaccines, 1 Discovery Dr., Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA
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Woottum M, Yan S, Sayettat S, Grinberg S, Cathelin D, Bekaddour N, Herbeuval JP, Benichou S. Macrophages: Key Cellular Players in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2024; 16:288. [PMID: 38400063 PMCID: PMC10893316 DOI: 10.3390/v16020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cells of the myeloid lineages, including tissue macrophages and conventional dendritic cells, were rapidly recognized, in addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, as target cells of HIV-1, their specific roles in the pathophysiology of infection were initially largely neglected. However, numerous studies performed over the past decade, both in vitro in cell culture systems and in vivo in monkey and humanized mouse animal models, led to growing evidence that macrophages play important direct and indirect roles as HIV-1 target cells and in pathogenesis. It has been recently proposed that macrophages are likely involved in all stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis, including virus transmission and dissemination, but above all, in viral persistence through the establishment, together with latently infected CD4+ T cells, of virus reservoirs in many host tissues, the major obstacle to virus eradication in people living with HIV. Infected macrophages are indeed found, very often as multinucleated giant cells expressing viral antigens, in almost all lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected patients, where they can probably persist for long period of time. In addition, macrophages also likely participate, directly as HIV-1 targets or indirectly as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation, in the chronic inflammation and associated clinical disorders observed in people living with HIV, even in patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. The main objective of this review is therefore to summarize the recent findings, and also to revisit older data, regarding the critical functions of tissue macrophages in the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection, both as major HIV-1-infected target cells likely found in almost all tissues, as well as regulators of innate immunity and inflammation during the different stages of HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Woottum
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sen Yan
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie Sayettat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Séverine Grinberg
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Dominique Cathelin
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (S.G.); (D.C.); (N.B.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Serge Benichou
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR-8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (M.W.); (S.Y.); (S.S.)
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kibirige D, Sekitoleko I, Owarwo N, Andia-Biraro I, Lumu W. HIV infection in adult Ugandans with new-onset type 2 diabetes: exploring its influence on the anthropometric and metabolic profile. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:56. [PMID: 37596620 PMCID: PMC10439581 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infection increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and may influence its phenotypic profile. In this study, we aimed to compare the anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of HIV-infected and uninfected adult Ugandans with new-onset type 2 diabetes to evaluate the influence of HIV infection on specific surrogate markers of adiposity, insulin resistance, and pancreatic beta-cell function. METHODS We consecutively recruited 500 HIV-infected and uninfected adult Ugandans with new-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed in < 3 months) from seven tertiary hospitals over a 20-month period and compared their anthropometric and metabolic characteristics to identify any significant differences. RESULTS Of the 500 participants with new-onset type 2 diabetes, 59 (11.8%) had a self-reported history of HIV infection. Compared with HIV-uninfected participants with type 2 diabetes, participants with HIV infection and type 2 diabetes had a lower median (IQR) hip circumference (97.8 [91.0-106.0] cm vs. 104.0 [96.0-112.0], p = 0.002) and visceral fat level (8 [6-11] vs. 10 [7-12], p < 0.001) assessed using bioimpedance analysis. No statistically significant difference was noted with the markers of pancreatic beta-cell function (fasting, 30-minute, and 120-minute C-peptide concentrations, oral insulinogenic index, and homeostatic model assessment 2-beta cell function) and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment 2-insulin resistance) between both groups. CONCLUSION In our study population, HIV infection was not associated with increased adiposity, pancreatic beta-cell function, and insulin resistance. Large prospective studies are needed to investigate the effect of HIV on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in adult Ugandans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Kibirige
- Department of Medicine, Uganda Martyrs Hospital Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda.
- Non-communicable Diseases Program, Medical Research Council, Research Unit, Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Isaac Sekitoleko
- Non-communicable Diseases Program, Medical Research Council, Research Unit, Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Noela Owarwo
- The Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia-Biraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Lumu
- Department of Medicine, Mengo Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
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Herd CL, Mellet J, Mashingaidze T, Durandt C, Pepper MS. Consequences of HIV infection in the bone marrow niche. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163012. [PMID: 37497228 PMCID: PMC10366613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the bone marrow niche resulting from the direct and indirect effects of HIV infection contributes to haematological abnormalities observed in HIV patients. The bone marrow niche is a complex, multicellular environment which functions primarily in the maintenance of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These adult stem cells are responsible for replacing blood and immune cells over the course of a lifetime. Cells of the bone marrow niche support HSPCs and help to orchestrate the quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation of HSPCs through chemical and molecular signals and cell-cell interactions. This narrative review discusses the HIV-associated dysregulation of the bone marrow niche, as well as the susceptibility of HSPCs to infection by HIV.
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Stojanovic BS, Stojanovic B, Milovanovic J, Arsenijević A, Dimitrijevic Stojanovic M, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. The Pivotal Role of Galectin-3 in Viral Infection: A Multifaceted Player in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119617. [PMID: 37298569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cancer progression. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the multifaceted functions of Gal-3, starting with its crucial involvement in viral entry through facilitating viral attachment and catalyzing internalization. Furthermore, Gal-3 assumes significant roles in modulating immune responses, encompassing the activation and recruitment of immune cells, regulation of immune signaling pathways, and orchestration of cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. The impact of Gal-3 extends to the viral life cycle, encompassing critical phases such as replication, assembly, and release. Notably, Gal-3 also contributes to viral pathogenesis, demonstrating involvement in tissue damage, inflammation, and viral persistence and latency elements. A detailed examination of specific viral diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and influenza A, underscores the intricate role of Gal-3 in modulating immune responses and facilitating viral adherence and entry. Moreover, the potential of Gal-3 as a biomarker for disease severity, particularly in COVID-19, is considered. Gaining further insight into the mechanisms and roles of Gal-3 in these infections could pave the way for the development of innovative treatment and prevention options for a wide range of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana S Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Escobar-Guevara EE, de Quesada-Martínez ME, Roldán-Dávila YB, Alarcón de Noya B, Alfonzo-Díaz MA. Defects in immune response to Toxoplasma gondii are associated with enhanced HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment in co-infected patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285976. [PMID: 37224128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and Toxoplasma gondii can invade the central nervous system and affect its functionality. Advanced HIV-1 infection has been associated with defects in immune response to T. gondii, leading to reactivation of latent infections and development of toxoplasmic encephalitis. This study evaluates relationship between changes in immune response to T. gondii and neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected patients, across different stages of HIV-1 infection. The study assessed the immune response to T. gondii by measuring cytokine production in response to parasite antigens, and also neurocognitive functions by performing auditory and visual P300 cognitive evoked potentials, short term memory (Sternberg) and executive function tasks (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST) in 4 groups of individuals: HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected (P2), HIV-1-infected/T. gondii-non-infected (P1), HIV-1-non-infected/T. gondii-infected (C2) and HIV-1-non-infected/T. gondii-non-infected (C1). Patients (P1 and P2) were grouped in early/asymptomatic (P1A and P2A) or late/symptomatic (P1B/C and P2B/C) according to peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (>350 or <350/μL, respectively). Groups were compared using T-student or U-Mann-Whitney tests as appropriate, p<0.05 was considered as significantly. For P300 waves, HIV-1-infected patients (P1) had significantly longer latencies and significantly smaller amplitudes than uninfected controls, but HIV-1/T. gondii co-infected patients (P2) had significantly longer latencies and smaller amplitude than P1. P1 patients had significantly poorer results than uninfected controls in Sternberg and WCST, but P2 had significantly worse results than P1. HIV-1 infection was associated with significantly lower production of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ in response to T. gondii from early/asymptomatic stages, when comparing P2 patients to C2 controls. These findings may indicate impairment in anti-parasitic response in co-infected patients, facilitating early limited reactivation of the parasitic latent infection, therefore creating cumulative damage in the brain and affecting neurocognitive functions from asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection, as suggested by defects in co-infected patients in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Eliel Escobar-Guevara
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunophysiology, José Maria Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Immunology, José Maria Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Yhajaira Beatriz Roldán-Dávila
- Service of Infectology, José Ignacio Baldó Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Microbiology, José Maria Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Miguel Antonio Alfonzo-Díaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunophysiology, José Maria Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Physiology, José Maria Vargas School of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Academic Department, Salvador Allende Latin-American School of Medicine, San Antonio de Los Altos, Miranda State, Venezuela
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Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV-Host Cell Interactions. Cells 2023; 12:1351. [PMID: 37408185 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus. A thorough understanding of the molecular interaction of HIV with the host cell is essential in the development of both preventive and curative therapies for HIV infection. This review highlights several inherent mechanisms of HIV that promote its survival and propagation, such as the targeting of CD4+ lymphocytes, the downregulation of MHC class I and II, antigenic variation and an envelope complex that minimizes antibody access, and how they collaboratively render the immune system unable to mount an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Bislom C Mweene
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Emmanuel Luwaya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Lweendo Muchaili
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Makondo Chona
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone Campus, Livingstone 10101, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Room 536 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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12
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Chimbetete T, Buck C, Choshi P, Selim R, Pedretti S, Divito SJ, Phillips EJ, Lehloenya R, Peter J. HIV-Associated Immune Dysregulation in the Skin: A Crucible for Exaggerated Inflammation and Hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:362-373. [PMID: 36549954 PMCID: PMC9974923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin diseases are hallmarks of progressive HIV-related immunosuppression, with severe noninfectious inflammatory and hypersensitivity conditions as common as opportunistic infections. Conditions such as papular pruritic eruption are AIDS defining, whereas delayed immune-mediated adverse reactions, mostly cutaneous, occur up to 100-fold more during HIV infection. The skin, constantly in contact with the external environment, has a complex immunity. A dense, tightly junctioned barrier with basal keratinocytes and epidermal Langerhans cells with antimicrobial, innate-activating, and antigen-presenting functions form the frontline. Resident dermal dendritic, mast, macrophage, and innate lymphoid cells play pivotal roles in directing and polarizing appropriate adaptive immune responses and directing effector immune cell trafficking. Sustained viral replication leads to progressive declines in CD4 T cells, whereas Langerhans and dermal dendritic cells serve as viral reservoirs and points of first viral contact in the mucosa. Cutaneous cytokine responses and diminished lymphoid populations create a crucible for exaggerated inflammation and hypersensitivity. However, beyond histopathological description, these manifestations are poorly characterized. This review details normal skin immunology, changes associated with progressive HIV-related immunosuppression, and the characteristic conditions of immune dysregulation increased with HIV. We highlight the main research gaps and several novel tissue-directed strategies to define mechanisms that will provide targeted approaches to prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Chimbetete
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chloe Buck
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phuti Choshi
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rose Selim
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Pedretti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sherrie Jill Divito
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rannakoe Lehloenya
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Combined Drug Allergy Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonny Peter
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa; Combined Drug Allergy Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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13
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Rosa DE, Sufiawati I. Case Series of HIV-Associated Oral Lesions Among Antiretroviral-Naive Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int Med Case Rep J 2023; 16:73-82. [PMID: 36743587 PMCID: PMC9897069 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s398736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a serious impact on HIV-infected individuals due to limited access to treatment services. This report aimed to describe four cases of oral lesions in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients found during the COVID-19 pandemic. Case Four patients, males, with an age ranged from 29 to 53 years, came to Oral Medicine Department with chief complaints of lesions on their mouth. They had postponed their visit to healthcare services due to limited access during pandemic. Three patients had just been diagnosed with HIV and had not yet received anti-retrovirus, while 1 patient had not yet been detected with HIV. From the clinical examination and laboratory findings, we diagnosed the lesions with mucous patches, chronic atrophic candidiasis, angular cheilitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, linear gingival erythema, cytomegalovirus-associated ulcers, and oral hairy leukoplakia. Case Management We gave chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% mouthwash for mucous patches, nystatin oral suspension for chronic atrophic candidiasis, miconazole cream 2% for angular cheilitis, debridement with hydrogen peroxide 1.5% and rinsed with normal saline for necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate for CMV ulcers. All patients showed good clinical improvement after the treatments. Conclusion Oral lesions are still commonly found in HIV-infected patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Dentists remain to have a crucial role in the early diagnosis and treatment of HIV-associated oral lesions during COVID-19 pandemic that will have an impact on HIV treatments, also in implementing the Bali Declaration on oral health in HIV/AIDS 2019 to support UNAIDS goal to end AIDS by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desi Elvhira Rosa
- Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Correspondence: Desi Elvhira Rosa, Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Sekeloa Selatan I, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia, Tel +62 852 6725 5596, Email
| | - Irna Sufiawati
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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14
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Tharakan S, Faqah O, Asghar W, Ilyas A. Microfluidic Devices for HIV Diagnosis and Monitoring at Point-of-Care (POC) Settings. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:949. [PMID: 36354458 PMCID: PMC9687700 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global epidemic; however, many individuals are able to obtain treatment and manage their condition. Progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs during late-stage HIV infection, which compromises the immune system, making it susceptible to infections. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy can be used provided that detection occurs, preferably during the early phase. However, the detection of HIV is expensive and resource-intensive when tested with conventional methods, such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Improving disease detection in resource-constrained areas requires equipment that is affordable, portable, and can deliver rapid results. Microfluidic devices have transformed many benchtop techniques to on-chip detection for portable and rapid point-of-care (POC) testing. These devices are cost-effective, sensitive, and rapid and can be used in areas lacking resources. Moreover, their functionality can rival their benchtop counterparts, making them efficient for disease detection. In this review, we discuss the limitations of currently used conventional HIV diagnostic assays and provide an overview of potential microfluidic technologies that can improve HIV testing in POC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebin Tharakan
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Omair Faqah
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Azhar Ilyas
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Biomaterials (BNB) Lab, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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15
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Svanberg C, Nyström S, Govender M, Bhattacharya P, Che KF, Ellegård R, Shankar EM, Larsson M. HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790276. [PMID: 36032117 PMCID: PMC9399885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection gives rise to a multi-layered immune impairment in most infected individuals. The chronic presence of HIV-1 during the priming and activation of T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) promotes the expansion of suppressive T cells in a contact-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the T cell side of this HIV-induced impairment is well studied, whereas little is known about the reverse effects exerted on the DCs. Herein we assessed the phenotype and transcriptome profile of mature DCs that have been in contact with suppressive T cells. The HIV exposed DCs from cocultures between DCs and T cells resulted in a more tolerogenic phenotype with increased expression of e.g., PDL1, Gal-9, HVEM, and B7H3, mediated by interaction with T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of the DCs separated from the DC-T cell coculture revealed a type I IFN response profile as well as an activation of pathways involved in T cell exhaustion. Taken together, our data indicate that the prolonged and strong type I IFN signaling in DCs, induced by the presence of HIV during DC-T cell cross talk, could play an important role in the induction of tolerogenic DCs and suppressed immune responses seen in HIV-1 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F. Che
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
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16
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Closing the Door with CRISPR: Genome Editing of CCR5 and CXCR4 as a Potential Curative Solution for HIV. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11030025. [PMID: 35892930 PMCID: PMC9326690 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral therapy. Suppressing viral replication relies on life-long medication, but anti-retroviral therapy is not without risks to the patient. Therefore, it is important that permanent cures for HIV infection are developed. Three patients have been described to be completely cured from HIV infection in recent years. In all cases, patients received a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation due to a hematological malignancy. The HSCs were sourced from autologous donors that expressed a homozygous mutation in the CCR5 gene. This mutation results in a non-functional receptor, and confers resistance to CCR5-tropic HIV strains that rely on CCR5 to enter host cells. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is one of the methods of choice for gene editing, and the CRISPR/Cas system has been employed to target loci of interest in the context of HIV. Here, the current literature regarding CRISPR-mediated genome editing to render cells resistant to HIV (re)-infection by knocking out the co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 is summarized, and an outlook is provided regarding future (research) directions.
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17
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Coutel M, Flamant R, El Sankari S, Belkhir L, Duprez T, Boschi A. Relapsing-remitting Optic Neuropathy in an HIV-infected Patient: Secondary Auto-immune Optic Neuropathy or Infectious Optic Neuropathy? A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 46:236-241. [DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2021.1933078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Coutel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roxane Flamant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Souraya El Sankari
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leila Belkhir
- Department of Infectiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Duprez
- Department of Radiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonella Boschi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Mahlobo B, Laher F, Smidt W, Ogunshola F, Khaba T, Nkosi T, Mbatha A, Ngubane T, Dong K, Jajbhay I, Pansegrouw J, Ndhlovu ZM. The impact of HIV infection on the frequencies, function, spatial localization and heterogeneity of T follicular regulatory cells (TFRs) within human lymph nodes. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:34. [PMID: 35778692 PMCID: PMC9250173 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV eradication efforts have been unsuccessful partly due to virus persistence in immune sanctuary sites such as germinal centres within lymph node (LN) tissues. Recent evidence suggests that LNs harbour a novel subset of regulatory T cells, termed follicular regulatory T cells (TFRs), but their role in HIV pathogenesis is not fully elucidated. RESULTS Paired excisional LN and peripheral blood samples obtained from 20 HIV-uninfected and 31 HIV-infected treated and 7 chronic untreated, were used to determine if and how HIV infection modulate frequencies, function and spatial localization of TFRs within LN tissues. Imaging studies showed that most TFRs are localized in extra-follicular regions. Co-culture assays showed TFRs suppression of TFH help to B cells. Importantly, epigenetic and transcriptional studies identified DPP4 and FCRL3 as novel phenotypic markers that define four functionally distinct TFR subpopulations in human LNs regardless of HIV status. Imaging studies confirmed the regulatory phenotype of DPP4+TFRs. CONCLUSION Together these studies describe TFRs dynamic changes during HIV infection and reveal previously underappreciated TFR heterogeneity within human LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongiwe Mahlobo
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Faatima Laher
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Werner Smidt
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Funsho Ogunshola
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anele Mbatha
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Ngubane
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ismail Jajbhay
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johan Pansegrouw
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Kumar Singh A, Padwal V, Palav H, Velhal S, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. Highly dampened HIV-specific cytolytic effector T cell responses define viremic non-progression. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152234. [PMID: 35671626 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on HIV-specific T cell responses in HIV-1 infected Viremic Non-Progressors (VNPs), a rare group of people living with HIV that exhibit asymptomatic infection over several years accompanied by stable CD4+ T cell counts in spite of ongoing viral replication. We attempted to identify key virus-specific functional attributes that could underlie the apparently paradoxical virus-host equilibrium observed in VNPs. Our results revealed modulation of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cell responses in VNPs towards a dominant non-cytolytic profile with concomitantly diminished degranulation (CD107a+) ability. Further, the HIV specific CD8+ effector T cell response was primarily enriched for MIP-1β producing cells. As expected, concordant with better viral suppression, VCs exhibit a robust cytolytic T cell response. Interestingly, PuPs shared features common to both these responses but did not exhibit a CD4+ central memory IFN-γ producing Gag-specific response that was shared by both non-progressor (VC and VNP) groups, suggesting CD4 helper response is critical for non-progression. Our study also revealed that cytolytic response in VNPs is primarily limited to polyfunctional cells while both monofunctional and polyfunctional cells significantly contribute to cytolytic responses in VCs. To further understand mechanisms underlying the unique HIV-specific effector T cell response described here in VNPs we also evaluated and demonstrated a possible role for altered gut homing in these individuals. Our findings inform immunotherapeutic interventions to achieve functional cures in the context of ART resistance and serious non AIDS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harsha Palav
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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20
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Ahmed S, Viode A, van Zalm P, Steen J, Mukerji SS, Steen H. Using plasma proteomics to investigate viral infections of the central nervous system including patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:341-354. [PMID: 35639337 PMCID: PMC9945916 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based proteomic technologies, using microliter amounts of patient plasma, can detect and quantify several hundred plasma proteins in a high throughput fashion, allowing for the discovery of clinically relevant protein biomarkers and insights into the underlying pathobiological processes. Using such an in-house developed high throughput plasma proteomics allowed us to identify and quantify > 400 plasmas proteins in 15 min per sample, i.e., a throughput of 100 samples/day. We demonstrated the clinical applicability of our method in this pilot study by mapping the plasma proteomes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or herpes virus, both groups with involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). We found significant disease-specific differences in the plasma proteomes. The most notable difference was a decrease in the levels of several coagulation-associated proteins in HIV vs. herpes virus, among other dysregulated biological pathways providing insight into the differential pathophysiology of HIV compared to herpes virus infection. In a subsequent analysis, we found several plasma proteins associated with immunity and metabolism to differentiate patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) compared to cognitively normal people with HIV (PWH), suggesting the presence of plasma-based biomarkers to distinguishing HAND from cognitively normal PWH. Overall, our high-throughput plasma proteomics pipeline enables the identification of distinct proteomic signatures of HIV and herpes virus, which may help illuminate divergent pathophysiology behind virus-associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur Viode
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick van Zalm
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Steen
- Neurobiology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MB, USA
| | - Shibani S Mukerji
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Neurobiology Program and Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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In silico evaluation of atazanavir as a potential HIV main protease inhibitor and its comparison with new designed analogs. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Chen Y. Single-Cell Sequencing Facilitates Elucidation of HIV Immunopathogenesis: A Review of Current Literature. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828860. [PMID: 35185920 PMCID: PMC8850777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge gaps remain in the understanding of HIV disease establishment and progression. Scientists continue to strive in their endeavor to elucidate the precise underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV-related disease, in order to identify possible preventive and therapeutic targets. A useful tool in the quest to reveal some of the enigmas related to HIV infection and disease is the single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique. With its proven capacity to elucidate critical processes in cell formation and differentiation, to decipher critical hematopoietic pathways, and to understand the regulatory gene networks that predict immune function, scRNA-seq is further considered to be a potentially useful tool to explore HIV immunopathogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of single-cell sequencing platforms, before delving into research findings gleaned from the use of single cell sequencing in HIV research, as published in recent literature. Finally, we describe two important avenues of research that we believe should be further investigated using the single-cell sequencing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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24
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Proulx J, Ghaly M, Park IW, Borgmann K. HIV-1-Mediated Acceleration of Oncovirus-Related Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040768. [PMID: 35453518 PMCID: PMC9024568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), overall survival has been improved, and the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers has also been remarkably reduced. However, non-AIDS-defining cancers among human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated malignancies have increased significantly so that cancer is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV in certain highly developed countries, such as France. However, it is currently unknown how HIV-1 infection raises oncogenic virus-mediated cancer risks in the HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infected patients, and thus elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for how HIV-1 expedites the oncogenic viruses-triggered tumorigenesis in the co-infected hosts is imperative for developing therapeutics to cure or impede the carcinogenesis. Hence, this review is focused on HIV-1 and oncogenic virus co-infection-mediated molecular processes in the acceleration of non-AIDS-defining cancers.
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Correia B, Fernandes J, Botica MJ, Ferreira C, Quintas A. Novel Psychoactive Substances: The Razor's Edge between Therapeutical Potential and Psychoactive Recreational Misuse. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:medicines9030019. [PMID: 35323718 PMCID: PMC8950629 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds of natural and synthetic origin, similar to traditional drugs of abuse. NPS are involved in a contemporary trend whose origin lies in a thinner balance between legitimate therapeutic drug research and legislative control. The contemporary NPS trend resulted from the replacement of MDMA by synthetic cathinones in 'ecstasy' during the 2000s. The most common NPS are synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. Interestingly, during the last 50 years, these two classes of NPS have been the object of scientific research for a set of health conditions. METHODS Searches were conducted in the online database PubMed using boolean equations. RESULTS Synthetic cannabinoids displayed protective and therapeutic effects for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and oncologic pathologies, activating the immune system and reducing inflammation. Synthetic cathinones act similarly to amphetamine-type stimulants and can be used for depression and chronic fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Despite the scientific advances in this field of research, pharmacological application of NPS is being jeopardized by fatalities associated with their recreational use. This review addresses the scientific achievements of these two classes of NPS and the toxicological data, ending with a reflection on Illicit and NPS control frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Correia
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria João Botica
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPO), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Sachdeva M, Sra HK, Agarwal A, Chauhan A, Pradhan P, Singh M, Singh M. Effect of Probiotics on the Frequency of CD4+ T-Cells in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Trop Pediatr 2022; 68:6523053. [PMID: 35137236 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of CD4+ T-cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue is the hallmark of HIV infection, with only partial restoration by potent antiretroviral therapy (ART). Gut dysbiosis, together with disruption of mucosal integrity contributes to chronic immune activation that further exacerbates the disease. Data from randomized controlled trials in pediatric HIV patients have indicated potential of probiotics in complementing routine ART in managing HIV-associated gastrointestinal complications. We have systematically extracted data from these trials and performed meta-analysis to quantify the effect of probiotics on CD4+ T-cell counts and any adverse events associated with their supplementation. METHODS A systematic search through multiple databases yielded three studies that were pooled using fixed-effect model. Risk of bias assessment was done by the Cochrane risk of bias tool and publication bias was assessed by Egger's test. RESULTS Included studies had moderate risk of bias and Egger's statistics revealed no publication bias (p > 0.05). Pooled analysis showed significant improvement in CD4+ T-cell counts, with mean difference, 123.92 (95% CI: 104.36-143.48), p < 0.0001, no heterogeneity (I2=0) among the included trials. Subgroup analysis also depicted improvement in CD4+ T-cell counts irrespective of treatment duration, in both ART naïve and treated patients. No adverse effects with probiotic consumption were reported. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics supplementation led to an improvement in CD4+ T-cell counts among HIV-infected children with no observed adverse effects. Despite the inherent limitations of included studies, our systematic review would justify more well-designed, large-scale trials in children, which may guide pediatricians on whether to incorporate probiotics as an adjunct therapy to routine ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sachdeva
- Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Harnoor K Sra
- Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of Telemedicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Department of Telemedicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pranita Pradhan
- Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manvi Singh
- Department of Telemedicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Advanced Pediatric Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Department of Telemedicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Enterocytozoon schreckii n. sp. Infects the Enterocytes of Adult Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and May Be a Sentinel of Immunosenescence. mSphere 2022; 7:e0090821. [PMID: 34986317 PMCID: PMC8730814 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00908-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Enterocytozoon infection was identified in the intestines of sexually mature Chinook salmon. While microsporidian parasites are common across a diverse range of animal hosts, this novel species is remarkable because it demonstrates biological, pathological, and genetic similarity with Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common causative agent of microsporidiosis in AIDS patients. There are similarities in the immune and endocrine processes of sexually mature Pacific salmon and immunocompromised humans, suggesting possible common mechanisms of susceptibility in these two highly divergent host species. The discovery of Enterocytozoon schreckii n. sp. contributes to clarifying the phylogenetic relationships within family Enterocytozoonidae. The phylogenetic and morphological features of this species support the redescription of Enterocytozoon to include Enterospora as a junior synonym. Furthermore, the discovery of this novel parasite may have important implications for conservation, as it could be a sentinel of immune suppression, disease, and prespawning mortality in threatened populations of salmonids. IMPORTANCE In this work, we describe a new microsporidian species that infects the enterocytes of Chinook salmon. This novel pathogen is closely related to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in AIDS patients and other severely immunocompromised humans. The discovery of this novel pathogen is of interest because it has only been found in sexually mature Chinook salmon, which have compromised immune systems due to the stresses of migration and maturation and which share similar pathological features with immunocompromised and senescent humans. The discovery of this novel pathogen could lead to new insights regarding how microsporidiosis relates to immunosuppression across animal hosts.
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Shu W, Du F, Bai JS, Yin LY, Duan KW, Li CW. A Real-World Evidence-Based Management of HIV by Differential Duration HAART Treatment and its Association with Incidence of Oral Lesions. Curr HIV Res 2021; 20:91-99. [PMID: 34961450 PMCID: PMC9127730 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666211227154558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be estimated by the immunological response and the incidence of opportunistic infections. Objective This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different durations of HAART in terms of immunological response markers (CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio) along with disease progression markers (incidence of oral lesions) in Chinese patients with HIV. Methods This single-center, retrospective, and real-world study included patients with HIV, grouped into a treatment group and treatment-naïve group, of which the former was further divided into 6, 12, and 18 months based on the treatment duration. The CD4 and CD8 cell counts were analyzed by the FACSCalibur flow cytometry. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the outcome of different duration of HAART. Oral examination was carried out according to the WHO type IV examination. Results In 246 patients with HIV, CD4 counts increased significantly post-HAART compared to pre-HAART in all three treatment groups (P<.001), while CD8 count decreased significantly (P<.05) in all three treated groups. A significant association of HAART with the CD4/CD8 ratio was observed (P<.001). A significant increase in CD4 count was observed between 12-months and 18-months treatment groups (P<.05). The occurrence of oral lesions reduced significantly in the treatment group. Conclusion We observed a better response to the HAART regimen with 18-months of duration than 12-months and 6-months therapies and reduction in oral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shu
- Department of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University Yan'an Hospital, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming, East Ren Min Road 245, Kunming 650051, PR China
| | - Fei Du
- Department of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University Yan'an Hospital, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming, East Ren Min Road 245, Kunming 650051, PR China
| | - Jin- Song Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kunming Third People\'s Hospital, Kunming, PR China
| | - Ling-Yun Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University Yan'an Hospital, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming, East Ren Min Road 245, Kunming 650051, PR China
| | - Kai-Wen Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University Yan'an Hospital, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming, East Ren Min Road 245, Kunming 650051, PR China
| | - Cheng-Wen Li
- Department of Research Management, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China
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The effect of metformin on body mass index and metabolic parameters in non-diabetic HIV-positive patients: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1901-1911. [PMID: 34900832 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the effetc of metformin on body mass index (BMI) and metabolic parameters in HIV-positive patients. We performed a comprehensive search through five major indexing databases, using keywords ("metformin" OR "dimethylguanylguanidine" OR "biguanide" OR "Glucophage") AND ("HIV" OR "human immunodeficiency virus" OR "AIDS" OR "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"), and all possible combinations until January 15, 2021. We measured standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. We finally included 12 RCTs (577 participants, 274 in the metformin group and 303 in the comparators). Metformin did not significantly change BMI index compared to various comparators. Metformin generally improve LDL levels (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI: - 1.00 1.57, P = 0.01), HDL levels (SMD = - 0.15, 95% CI: - 0.72 0.41, P = 0.001), triglycerides values (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI: - 0.36 1.27, P < 0.00001), fasting glucose (SMD = - 0.82, 95% CI: - 1.80 0.15, P < 0.00001), insulin 120 min (SMD = - 0.82, 95% CI: - 1.59-0.04, P = 0.02), and glucose 120 min (SMD = - 1.24, 95% CI: - 2.57 0.10, P < 0.0001), but worsened total cholesterol values (SMD = 1.24, 95% CI: - 0.98 3.46, P = 0.0001). Metformin is safe for weight loss in obese people; however, this drug may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who are not overweight. Nevertheless the body of evidences may suggest that metformin had promising impacts on metabolic parameters in patients with both HIV, it is still unknown that such surrogate changes will translate to long-standing clinical advantages. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00869-1.
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Li J, Boix E. Host Defence RNases as Antiviral Agents against Enveloped Single Stranded RNA Viruses. Virulence 2021; 12:444-469. [PMID: 33660566 PMCID: PMC7939569 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1871823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the recent outbreak of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), it is urgent to develop effective and safe drugs to treat the present pandemic and prevent other viral infections that might come in the future. Proteins from our own innate immune system can serve as ideal sources of novel drug candidates thanks to their safety and immune regulation versatility. Some host defense RNases equipped with antiviral activity have been reported over time. Here, we try to summarize the currently available information on human RNases that can target viral pathogens, with special focus on enveloped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. Overall, host RNases can fight viruses by a combined multifaceted strategy, including the enzymatic target of the viral genome, recognition of virus unique patterns, immune modulation, control of stress granule formation, and induction of autophagy/apoptosis pathways. The review also includes a detailed description of representative enveloped ssRNA viruses and their strategies to interact with the host and evade immune recognition. For comparative purposes, we also provide an exhaustive revision of the currently approved or experimental antiviral drugs. Finally, we sum up the current perspectives of drug development to achieve successful eradication of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
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Jianu C, Itu-Mureşan C, Drugan C, Filipescu I, Topan AV, Jianu ME, Morar II, Bolboacă SD. Evaluation of several serum interleukins as markers for treatment effectiveness in naïve HIV infected patients: A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260007. [PMID: 34784398 PMCID: PMC8594820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this observational pilot study, we investigated the impact of Dolutegravir, Raltegravir, Elvitegravir (Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors, INSTIs), or boosted Darunavir (a Protease Inhibitor, PI) in combination with two nucleoside reverstranscriptase inhibitors (Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil or Lamivudine/Tenofovir disoproxil, NRTI) on four interleukins (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-21) as immune activation markers in naïve HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)-infected patients during the first six months of combined standard-of-care antiretroviral therapy (cART). Newly diagnosed with HIV-infected subjects and without any disease that could affect the immune activation markers were evaluated. The patients’ physicians recommended the cART as standard-of-care and the ILs were measured before cART and six months of cART. The levels of CD4+ T-cells count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased at six months (P-value<0.02) regardless of the drugs, INSTIs or PI. However, a CD4+/CD8+ >1 was observed in 25% of patients treated with Raltegravir and half of those treated with Dolutegravir. At six months of cART, viral load was detectable in only 6/31 individuals. IL-21 had an undetectable level in 30/31 patients after six months of cART. Our results suggest the potency in restoring immune markers in HIV-infected patients with all investigated drugs. Dolutegravir showed a tendency to statistically significant changes in IL-4 and IL-10. A clinical trial with random allocation of medication and an extensive follow-up is needed to replicate this research and validate the usefulness of evaluated ILs as markers of cART effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Jianu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Itu-Mureşan
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Drugan
- Department of Biochemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Filipescu
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Violeta Topan
- Department of Immunosuppressed, Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Elena Jianu
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * E-mail: (MEJ); (SDB)
| | - Ioana Iulia Morar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana D. Bolboacă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * E-mail: (MEJ); (SDB)
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Brito MJ, Quintas A, Sequeira P, Alves AT, Martins C, Félix A. Detection of HIV mRNA in routine liquid-based cytology specimens of HIV-infected women. Cytopathology 2021; 32:640-645. [PMID: 33914385 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human immunodeficiency virus-infected women have a high incidence of HPV infection, and HIV and HPV coinfection is associated with high incidence of cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. This study investigated the ability to detect HIV mRNA in routine screening cervical liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples and its correlation with HPV coinfection and cervical intraepithelial lesions. METHODS Liquid-based cytology samples from 80 HIV-infected women under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) were studied for detection of HIV and HPV mRNA using Aptima® tests and for cytology diagnosis according to the 2014 Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology. Peripheral blood (PB) HIV mRNAs were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analysis used Fisher's exact or Chi-square test to compare frequencies among groups and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. RESULTS Human immunodeficiency virus mRNA was present in 21.3% of routine LBC samples in HIV-infected women, 12.5% of which had no detectable PB viral load. Among 10 patients diagnosed with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 50% had detectable HIV viral load. The occurrence of HSIL vs low-grade intraepithelial lesion/negative intraepithelial lesion or malignancy in LBC samples was significantly higher in women with detectable HIV viral load (P = .029). CONCLUSIONS Human immunodeficiency virus mRNA was present in routine LBC samples in HIV-positive women under cART. Detection of HIV viral load in LBC is significantly associated with cervical HSIL. This suggests the relevance of HIV mRNA viral load assessment in routine LBC, to evaluate patients' infectious potential and monitor efficacy of the cART scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Brito
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Quintas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sequeira
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Alves
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Catarina Martins
- NOVA Medical School, NMS, CHRC, CEDOC, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Félix
- NOVA Medical School, NMS, CHRC, CEDOC, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
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Driciru E, Koopman JPR, Cose S, Siddiqui AA, Yazdanbakhsh M, Elliott AM, Roestenberg M. Immunological Considerations for Schistosoma Vaccine Development: Transitioning to Endemic Settings. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635985. [PMID: 33746974 PMCID: PMC7970007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mass drug administration programmes with praziquantel, the prevalence of schistosomiasis remains high. A vaccine is urgently needed to control transmission of this debilitating disease. As some promising schistosomiasis vaccine candidates are moving through pre-clinical and clinical testing, we review the immunological challenges that these vaccine candidates may encounter in transitioning through the clinical trial phases in endemic settings. Prior exposure of the target population to schistosomes and other infections may impact vaccine response and efficacy and therefore requires considerable attention. Schistosomes are known for their potential to induce T-reg/IL-10 mediated immune suppression in populations which are chronically infected. Moreover, endemicity of schistosomiasis is focal whereby target and trial populations may exhibit several degrees of prior exposure as well as in utero exposure which may increase heterogeneity of vaccine responses. The age dependent distribution of exposure and development of acquired immunity, and general differences in the baseline immunological profile, adds to the complexity of selecting suitable trial populations. Similarly, prior or concurrent infections with other parasitic helminths, viral and bacterial infections, may alter immunological responses. Consequently, treatment of co-infections may benefit the immunogenicity of vaccines and may be considered despite logistical challenges. On the other hand, viral infections leave a life-long immunological imprint on the human host. Screening for serostatus may be needed to facilitate interpretation of vaccine responses. Co-delivery of schistosome vaccines with PZQ is attractive from a perspective of implementation but may complicate the immunogenicity of schistosomiasis vaccines. Several studies have reported PZQ treatment to induce both transient and long-term immuno-modulatory effects as a result of tegument destruction, worm killing and subsequent exposure of worm antigens to the host immune system. These in turn may augment or antagonize vaccine immunogenicity. Understanding the complex immunological interactions between vaccine, co-infections or prior exposure is essential in early stages of clinical development to facilitate phase 3 clinical trial design and implementation policies. Besides well-designed studies in different target populations using schistosome candidate vaccines or other vaccines as models, controlled human infections could also help identify markers of immune protection in populations with different disease and immunological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Driciru
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Stephen Cose
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Afzal A. Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Williams ME, Naudé PJW, van der Westhuizen FH. Proteomics and metabolomics of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review. J Neurochem 2021; 157:429-449. [PMID: 33421125 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common features of the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 within the central nervous system (CNS). The underlying neuropathophysiology of HAND is incompletely known. Furthermore, there are no markers to effectively predict or stratify the risk of HAND. Recent advancements in the fields of proteomics and metabolomics have shown promise in addressing these concerns, however, it is not clear if these approaches may provide new insight into pathways and markers related to HAND. We therefore conducted a systematic review of studies using proteomic and/or metabolomic approaches in the aim of identifying pathways or markers associated with neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH). Thirteen studies were eligible, including 11 proteomic and 2 metabolomic investigations of HIV-positive clinical samples (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain tissue, and serum). Across varying profiling techniques and sample types, the majority of studies found an association of markers with neurocognitive function in PLWH. These included metabolic marker myo-inositol and proteomic markers superoxide dismutase, gelsolin, afamin, sphingomyelin, and ceramide. Certain markers were found to be dysregulated across various sample types. Afamin and gelsolin overlapped in studies of blood and CSF and sphingomyelin and ceramide overlapped in studies of CSF and brain tissue. The association of these markers with neurocognitive functioning may indicate the activity of certain pathways, potentially those related to the underlying neuropathophysiology of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monray E Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Isaguliants M, Bayurova E, Avdoshina D, Kondrashova A, Chiodi F, Palefsky JM. Oncogenic Effects of HIV-1 Proteins, Mechanisms Behind. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:305. [PMID: 33467638 PMCID: PMC7830613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) are at increased risk of developing cancer, such as Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cervical cancer, and other cancers associated with chronic viral infections. Traditionally, this is linked to HIV-1-induced immune suppression with depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells, exhaustion of lymphopoiesis and lymphocyte dysfunction. However, the long-term successful implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with an early start did not preclude the oncological complications, implying that HIV-1 and its antigens are directly involved in carcinogenesis and may exert their effects on the background of restored immune system even when present at extremely low levels. Experimental data indicate that HIV-1 virions and single viral antigens can enter a wide variety of cells, including epithelial. This review is focused on the effects of five viral proteins: envelope protein gp120, accessory protein negative factor Nef, matrix protein p17, transactivator of transcription Tat and reverse transcriptase RT. Gp120, Nef, p17, Tat, and RT cause oxidative stress, can be released from HIV-1-infected cells and are oncogenic. All five are in a position to affect "innocent" bystander cells, specifically, to cause the propagation of (pre)existing malignant and malignant transformation of normal epithelial cells, giving grounds to the direct carcinogenic effects of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Darya Avdoshina
- Gamaleya Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (D.A.)
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alla Kondrashova
- M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Joel M. Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA;
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Teer E, Joseph DE, Glashoff RH, Faadiel Essop M. Monocyte/Macrophage-Mediated Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection: From Early Response to Late Dysregulation and Links to Cardiovascular Diseases Onset. Virol Sin 2021; 36:565-576. [PMID: 33400091 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although monocytes and macrophages are key mediators of the innate immune system, the focus has largely been on the role of the adaptive immune system in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Thus more attention and research work regarding the innate immune system-especially the role of monocytes and macrophages during early HIV-1 infection-is required. Blood monocytes and tissue macrophages are both susceptible targets of HIV-1 infection, and the early host response can determine whether the nature of the infection becomes pathogenic or not. For example, monocytes and macrophages can contribute to the HIV reservoir and viral persistence, and influence the initiation/extension of immune activation and chronic inflammation. Here the expansion of monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate and non-classical) provide an increased understanding of the crucial role they play in terms of chronic inflammation and also by increasing the risk of coagulation during HIV-1 infection. This review discusses the role of monocytes and macrophages during HIV-1 pathogenesis, starting from the early response to late dysregulation that occurs as a result of persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation. Such changes are also linked to downstream targets such as increased coagulation and the onset of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Teer
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Danzil E Joseph
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Richard H Glashoff
- Division of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Centre for Cardio-metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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Rizzo MD, Henriquez JE, Blevins LK, Bach A, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor 2 on Peripheral Leukocytes to Attenuate Inflammatory Mechanisms Implicated in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:780-793. [PMID: 32409991 PMCID: PMC7666101 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection affects an estimated 38 million people. Approximately 50% of HIV patients exhibit neurocognitive dysfunction termed HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). HAND is a consequence of chronic low-level neuroinflammation due to HIV entry into the brain. Initially, monocytes become activated in circulation and traffic to the brain. Monocytes, when activated, become susceptible to infection by HIV and can then carry the virus across the blood brain barrier. Once in the brain, activated monocytes secrete chemokines, which recruit virus-specific CD8+ T cells into the brain to further promote neuroinflammation. HAND is closely linked to systemic inflammation driven, in part, by HIV but is also due to persistent translocation of microorganisms across the GI tract. Persistent anti-viral responses in the GI tract compromise microbial barrier integrity. Indeed, HIV patients can exhibit remarkably high levels of activated (CD16+) monocytes in circulation. Recent studies, including our own, show that HIV patients using medical marijuana exhibit lower levels of circulating CD16+ monocytes than non-cannabis using HIV patients. Cannabis is a known immune modulator, including anti-inflammatory properties, mediated, in part, by ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as less characterized minor cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes and presumably other cannabis constituents. The immune modulating activity of THC is largely mediated through cannabinoid receptors (CB) 1 and 2, with CB1 also responsible for the psychotropic properties of cannabis. Here we discuss the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids in the context of HIV and propose CB2 as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Graphical Abstract HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is a systemic inflammatory disease leading to activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells. Monocyte and CD8 T cell migration across the BBB and interaction with astrocytes promotes neurotoxic inflammatory mediators release. CB2 ligands are proposed as therapeutics capable of suppressing systemic and localized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rizzo
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Digban TO, Iweriebor BC, Nwodo UU, Okoh AI, Obi LC. Chemokine Coreceptor Usage Among HIV-1 Drug-Naive Patients Residing in the Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:688-696. [PMID: 32466656 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan region in Africa still holds the highest burden of HIV/AIDS globally. HIV-1 requires coreceptor to gain entry into permissive cells to initiate infection. Molecular analysis of the chemokine coreceptor usage is important clinically and in the effective management of AIDS virus. This study aims to determine the coreceptor usage among HIV-1 drug-naive patients residing in the rural Eastern cape, South Africa. We collected blood samples from 55 HIV-infected patients into an anticoagulant vacutainer. RNA was extracted from separated plasma, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed followed by nested polymerase chain reaction to amplify the partial envelope fragment spanning the C2-C3 region. Sanger sequencing was done on the amplicons using the BigDye Terminator V3.1 sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) while sequences were manually edited using BioEdit and Geneious 10.2.6 tools. The WebPSSM and Geno2pheno online tools were also utilized to predict coreceptor tropism while the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was determined using MEGA 7. Of the 55 blood samples collected for the study, 50 (91%) were successfully amplified and sequenced. The mean age of the patients was 32 (18-56) years while the ratio of men to women was 35% and 65% correspondingly. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 50 sequences clustered with HIV-1 subtype C reference strains. Viral tropism of the V3 loop revealed 47 sequences to be R5 strains, while three sequences (T1E, T10E, and T11E,) were classified as X4 strains based on the WebPSSM and the Geno2pheno algorithm. HIV-1 R5 tropic strains were the most dominant virus obtained from this study, while HIV-1 subtype C still drives the epidemic in South Africa suggesting greater in vivo and host pathogen fitness. Documented data on mapping out cellular tropism based on viral tropism are important as maraviroc and the other CCR5 antagonist could be introduced as part of the treatment regimen in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennison Onoriode Digban
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Benson Chucks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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39
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Modulation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism in HIV-1 Infected Patients with Neurocognitive Impairment: Results from a Clinical Trial. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070274. [PMID: 32635406 PMCID: PMC7408387 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of oral bacteriotherapy on intestinal phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, in this longitudinal, double-arm trial, 15 virally suppressed HIV+ individuals underwent blood and fecal sample collection at baseline and after 6 months of oral bacteriotherapy. A baseline fecal sample was collected from 15 healthy individuals and served as control group for the baseline levels of fecal phenylalanine and tyrosine. CD4 and CD8 immune activation (CD38+) was evaluated by flow cytometry. Amino acid evaluation on fecal samples was conducted by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Results showed that HIV+ participants displayed higher baseline phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio values than healthy volunteers. A significand reduction in phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio and peripheral CD4+ CD38+ activation was observed at the end of oral bacteriotherapy. In conclusion, probiotics beneficially affect the immune activation of HIV+ individuals. Therefore, the restoration of intestinal amino acid metabolism could represent the mechanisms through which probiotics exert these desirable effects.
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40
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Pollara J, Edwards RW, Jha S, Lam CYK, Liu L, Diedrich G, Nordstrom JL, Huffman T, Pickeral JA, Denny TN, Permar SR, Ferrari G. Redirection of Cord Blood T Cells and Natural Killer Cells for Elimination of Autologous HIV-1-Infected Target Cells Using Bispecific DART® Molecules. Front Immunol 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32373131 PMCID: PMC7186435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 remains a major global health challenge. Currently, HIV-1-infected infants require strict lifelong adherence to antiretroviral therapy to prevent replication of virus from reservoirs of infected cells, and to halt progression of disease. There is a critical need for immune interventions that can be deployed shortly after infection to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in order to promote long-term remission of viremia, or to potentially cure pediatric HIV-1-infection. Bispecific HIV × CD3 DART® molecules able to co-engage the HIV-1 envelope protein on the surface of infected cells and CD3 on cytolytic T cells have been previously shown to eliminate HIV-1 infected cells in vitro and are candidates for passive immunotherapy to reduce the virus reservoir. However, their potential utility as therapy for infant HIV-1 infection is unclear as the ability of these novel antibody-based molecules to work in concert with cells of the infant immune system had not been assessed. Here, we use human umbilical cord blood as a model of the naïve neonatal immune system to evaluate the ability of HIV x CD3 DART molecules to recruit and redirect neonatal effector cells for elimination of autologous CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 encoding an envelope gene sequenced from a mother-to-child transmission event. We found that HIV × CD3 DART molecules can redirect T cells present in cord blood for elimination of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. However, we observed reduced killing by T cells isolated from cord blood when compared to cells isolated from adult peripheral blood-likely due to the absence of the memory and effector CD8+ T cells that are most cytolytic when redirected by bispecific DART molecules. We also found that newly developed HIV × CD16 DART molecules were able to recruit CD16-expressing natural killer cells from cord blood to eliminate HIV-infected cells, and the activity of cord blood natural killer cells could be substantially increased by priming with IL-15. Our results support continued development of HIV-specific DART molecules using relevant preclinical animal models to optimize strategies for effective use of this immune therapy to reduce HIV-1 infection in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Liqin Liu
- Macrogenics, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tori Huffman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joy A Pickeral
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Coindre S, Tchitchek N, Alaoui L, Vaslin B, Bourgeois C, Goujard C, Lecuroux C, Bruhns P, Le Grand R, Beignon AS, Lambotte O, Favier B. Mass Cytometry Analysis Reveals Complex Cell-State Modifications of Blood Myeloid Cells During HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2677. [PMID: 31824485 PMCID: PMC6882910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), which are involved in orchestrating early immune responses against pathogens, are dysregulated in their function by HIV infection. This dysregulation likely contributes to tip the balance toward viral persistence. Different DC subpopulations, including classical (cDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) dendritic cells, are subjected to concomitant inflammatory and immunoregulatory events during HIV infection, which hampers the precise characterization of their regulation through classical approaches. Here, we carried out mass cytometry analysis of blood samples from early HIV-infected patients that were longitudinally collected before and after 1 year of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Blood samples from HIV controller patients who naturally control the infection were also included. Our data revealed that plasma HIV RNA level was positively associated with a loss of cDC and pDC subpopulations that display high expression of LILR immunomodulatory receptors. Conversely, specific monocyte populations co-expressing high levels of HLA-I, 3 immunomodulatory receptors, CD64, LILRA2, and LILRB4, and the restriction factor CD317 (also known as BST2/Tetherin), were more abundant in early HIV-infection. Finally, our analysis revealed that the blood of HIV controller patients contained in a higher abundance a particular subtype of CD1c+ cDCs, characterized by elevated co-expression of CD32b inhibitory receptor and HLA-DR antigen-presentation molecules. Overall, this study unravels the modifications induced in DC and monocyte subpopulations in different HIV+ conditions, and provides a better comprehension of the immune regulation/dysregulation mechanisms induced during this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixtine Coindre
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lamine Alaoui
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Service de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U1018-Université Paris Sud, CESP (Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Lecuroux
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Service de médecine interne et d'immunologie clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, DRF, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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42
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In-Vitro Subtype-Specific Modulation of HIV-1 Trans-Activator of Transcription (Tat) on RNAi Silencing Suppressor Activity and Cell Death. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110976. [PMID: 31652847 PMCID: PMC6893708 DOI: 10.3390/v11110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global health concern affecting millions of individuals with a wide variety of currently circulating subtypes affecting various regions of the globe. HIV relies on multiple regulatory proteins to modify the host cell to promote replication in infected T cells, and these regulatory proteins can have subtle phenotypic differences between subtypes. One of these proteins, HIV-1 Trans-Activator of Transcription (Tat), is capable of RNA interference (RNAi) Silencing Suppressor (RSS) activity and induction of cell death in T cells. However, the subtype-specific RSS activity and induction of cell death have not been explored. We investigated the ability of Tat subtypes and variants to induce RSS activity and cell death. TatB, from HIV-1 subtype B, was found to be a potent RSS activator by 40% whereas TatC, from HIV-1 subtype C, showed 15% RSS activity while subtype TatC variants exhibited varying levels. A high level of cell death (50–53%) was induced by subtype TatB when compared to subtype TatC (25–28%) and varying levels were observed with subtype TatC variants. These differential activities could be due to variations in the functional domains of Tat. These observations further our understanding of subtype-specific augmentation of Tat in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis.
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43
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Mathew T, Avati A, D'Souza D, Therambil M, Baptist AA, Shaji A, Nadig R, Rockey SM, Parry G. HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 27:289-293. [PMID: 30448469 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV Infection associated NMOSD (HIV-NMOSD) is a recently recognized entity. Management of patients with HIV-NMOSD is a challenge. Here we report our own experience of HIV-NMOSD along with a complete review of all the cases of HIV-NMOSD reported in literature. OBJECTIVE Describe the clinical features, radiological findings, treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HIV-NMOSD. METHODS The details of all cases of HIV- NMOSD were searched from our NMOSD registry. A literature search was also done using the terms NMO, NMOSD and HIV infection in PUBMED, Google Scholar and EMBASE. The details of all the reported cases and cases from our registry were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Six cases of HIV-NMOSD were identified from the literature and one from our registry. There were four males and three females with age ranging from 8 years to 49 years. Duration of HIV infection ranged from newly detected to 15 years. Optic neuritis followed by myelitis was the commonest presentation, occurring in 5 out of 7 patients. 3 patients were anti-aquaporin 4 antibody positive while 3 were negative and in one anti- aquaporin 4 antibody assay was not done. All patients received immunomodulatory treatment. 5/7 patients had poor recovery from acute attacks but no patient had further relapses while on immunomodulatory treatment and antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION HIV associated NMOSD is a recently recognized entity. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose these patients. In all patients with HIV infection presenting with optic neuritis or/and myelitis, anti aquaporin 4 antibody status should be checked and in all patients of NMOSD, HIV infection should be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Amrutha Avati
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Delon D'Souza
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Manjusha Therambil
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Anita Angela Baptist
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Asha Shaji
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Smitha Mary Rockey
- Department of Microbiology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
| | - Gareth Parry
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034, India
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Su JR, Ng C, Lewis PW, Cano MV. Adverse events after vaccination among HIV-positive persons, 1990-2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199229. [PMID: 29920551 PMCID: PMC6007919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes immune dysregulation, potentially affecting response to vaccines in infected persons. We investigated if unexpected adverse events (AEs) or unusual patterns of AEs after vaccination were reported among HIV-positive persons. We searched for domestic reports among HIV-positive persons to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) during 1990–2016. We analyzed reports by age group (<19 and ≥19 years), sex, serious or non-serious status, live vaccine type (live versus inactivated), AEs reported, and CD4 counts. Of 532,235 reports received, 353 (0.07%) described HIV-positive persons, of whom 67% were aged ≥19 years, and 57% were male; most reports (75%) were non-serious. The most commonly reported inactivated vaccines were pneumococcal polysaccharide (27%) and inactivated influenza (27%); the mostly reported common live virus vaccines were combination measles, mumps, and rubella (8%) and varicella (6%). Injection site reactions were commonly reported (39%). Of 67 reports with CD4 counts available, 41 (61%) described persons immunocompromised at time of vaccination (CD4 count <500 cells/mm3), and differed from overall reports only in that varicella was the most common live virus vaccine (4 reports). Of 22 reports describing failure to protect against infection, 6 described persons immunocompromised at time of vaccination, among whom varicella vaccine was most common (3 reports). Of 66 reports describing live virus vaccines, 7 described persons with disseminated infection: 6 had disseminated varicella, 3 of whom had vaccine strain varicella-zoster virus. Of 18 reported deaths, 7 resulted from disseminated infection: 6 were among immunocompromised persons, 1 of whom had vaccine strain varicella-zoster virus. We identified no unexpected or unusual patterns of AEs among HIV-positive persons. These data reinforce current vaccine recommendations for this risk group. However, healthcare providers should know their HIV-positive patients’ immune status because immunocompromising conditions can potentially increase the risk of rare, but severe, AEs following vaccination with live virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Su
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmen Ng
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Paige W. Lewis
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Maria V. Cano
- Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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PKC-δ isoform plays a crucial role in Tat-TLR4 signalling pathway to activate NF-κB and CXCL8 production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2384. [PMID: 28539656 PMCID: PMC5443767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein induces the production of CXCL8 chemokine in a TLR4/MD2 and PKC dependent manner. The objective of this study was to understand whether these two pathways were distinct or constituted a single common pathway, and to determine the nature of the PKC isoforms involved and their interrelation with the activation of NF-κB and CXCL8 gene product expression. Here, we show that Tat-induced CXCL8 production is essentially dependent on the activation of PKC delta isoform, as shown a) by the capacity of PKC delta dominant negative (DN), and Rottlerin, a selective PKC delta pharmacological inhibitor, to inhibit Tat-induced CXCL8 production and b) by the ability of the constitutively active (CAT) isoform of PKC delta to induce CXCL8 production in a HEK cell line in the absence of Tat stimulation. The finding that comparable amounts of CXCL8 were produced following stimulation with either Tat protein, PKC-delta CAT transfection, or both, argue for the implication of one common pathway where PKC delta is activated downstream of TLR4 recruitment and leads to the activation of NF-κB. Altogether, our results underline the crucial role of PKC delta isoform in activating gene expression of CXCL8, a cytokine largely implicated in the physiopathology of HIV-1 infection.
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Scagnolari C, Corano Scheri G, Selvaggi C, Schietroma I, Najafi Fard S, Mastrangelo A, Giustini N, Serafino S, Pinacchio C, Pavone P, Fanello G, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V, d'Ettorre G. Probiotics Differently Affect Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase mRNA and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neopterin Levels in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-1 Infected Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101639. [PMID: 27689995 PMCID: PMC5085672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently the tryptophan pathway has been considered an important determinant of HIV-1 infected patients’ quality of life, due to the toxic effects of its metabolites on the central nervous system (CNS). Since the dysbiosis described in HIV-1 patients might be responsible for the microbial translocation, the chronic immune activation, and the altered utilization of tryptophan observed in these individuals, we speculated a correlation between high levels of immune activation markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV-1 infected patients and the over-expression of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) at the gut mucosal surface. In order to evaluate this issue, we measured the levels of neopterin in CSF, and the expression of IDO mRNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), in HIV-1-infected patients on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), at baseline and after six months of probiotic dietary management. We found a significant reduction of neopterin and IDO mRNA levels after the supplementation with probiotic. Since the results for the use of adjunctive therapies to reduce the levels of immune activation markers in CSF have been disappointing so far, our pilot study showing the efficacy of this specific probiotic product should be followed by a larger confirmatory trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Corano Scheri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Selvaggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Saeid Najafi Fard
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Noemi Giustini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Serafino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pavone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Fanello
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Emergency Endoscopic Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Benureau Y, Colin P, Staropoli I, Gonzalez N, Garcia-Perez J, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lagane B. Guidelines for cloning, expression, purification and functional characterization of primary HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:184-195. [PMID: 27451265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 mediate virus entry into target cells by engaging CD4 and the coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4 at the cell surface and driving membrane fusion. Receptor/gp120 interactions regulate the virus life cycle, HIV infection transmission and pathogenesis. Env is also the target of neutralizing antibodies. Efforts have thus been made to produce soluble HIV-1 glycoproteins to develop vaccines and study the role and mechanisms of HIV/receptor interactions. However, production and purification of Env glycoproteins and their functional assessment has to cope with multiple obstacles. These include difficulties in amplifying and cloning env sequences and setting up receptor binding assays that are suitable for studies on large collections of glycoproteins, flexible enough to adapt to Env and receptor structural heterogeneities, and allow recapitulating the receptor binding properties of virion-associated Env trimers. Here we identify these difficulties and present protocols to produce primary gp120 and determination of their binding properties to receptors. The receptor binding assays confirmed that the produced glycoproteins are competent for binding CD4 and undergo proper CD4-induced conformational changes required for interaction with CCR5. These assays may help elucidate the role of gp120/receptor interactions in the pathophysiology of HIV infection and develop HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Benureau
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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Effective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Targeting of Persistent HIV-1 during Antiretroviral Therapy Requires Priming of Naive CD8+ T Cells. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00473-16. [PMID: 27247230 PMCID: PMC4895106 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00473-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Curing HIV-1 infection will require elimination of persistent cellular reservoirs that harbor latent virus in the face of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Proposed immunotherapeutic strategies to cure HIV-1 infection include enhancing lysis of these infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). A major challenge in this strategy is overcoming viral immune escape variants that have evaded host immune control. Here we report that naive CD8+ T cells from chronic HIV-1-infected participants on long-term cART can be primed by dendritic cells (DC). These DC must be mature, produce high levels of interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70), be responsive to CD40 ligand (CD40L), and be loaded with inactivated, autologous HIV-1. These DC-primed CD8+ T cell responders produced high levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in response to a broad range of both conserved and variable regions of Gag and effectively killed CD4+ T cell targets that were either infected with the autologous latent reservoir-associated virus or loaded with autologous Gag peptides. In contrast, HIV-1-specific memory CD8+ T cells stimulated with autologous HIV-1-loaded DC produced IFN-γ in response to a narrow range of conserved and variable Gag peptides compared to the primed T cells and most notably, displayed significantly lower cytolytic function. Our findings highlight the need to selectively induce new HIV-1-specific CTL from naive precursors while avoiding activation of existing, dysfunctional memory T cells in potential curative immunotherapeutic strategies for HIV-1 infection. Current immunotherapeutic approaches aim to enhance antiviral immunity against the HIV-1 reservoir; however, it has yet to be shown whether T cells from persons on cART can recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells. We show that in persons on cART a personalized medicine approach using their dendritic cells to stimulate their naive T cells induces potent effector CTL in vitro that recognize and eradicate HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. Additionally, we show that the same stimulation of existing memory T cells results in cytokine secretion but limited effector function. Our study demonstrates that the naive T cell repertoire can recognize persistent HIV-1 during cART and supports immunotherapy strategies for an HIV-1 cure that targets naive T cells, rather than existing, dysfunctional, memory T cells.
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Tedla Z, Nguyen ML, Sibanda T, Nyirenda S, Agizew TB, Girde S, Rose CE, Samandari T. Isoniazid-associated hepatitis in adults infected with HIV receiving 36 months of isoniazid prophylaxis in Botswana. Chest 2015; 147:1376-1384. [PMID: 25340318 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends 36 months of isoniazid preventive therapy (36IPT) for adults infected with HIV living in TB-endemic countries. We determined the rates and risk factors for isoniazid-associated hepatitis with the use of 36IPT. METHODS One thousand six adults infected with HIV received 36IPT during a pragmatic randomized trial set in Botswana public health clinics providing HIV care. Enrollment exclusion criteria included jaundice or elevations of serum transaminases (ESTs) > 2.5-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN). Participants with any CD4+ lymphocyte count were eligible and received antiretroviral therapy (ART) when CD4+ < 200 cells/μL. 36IPT was stopped for severe hepatitis (more than fivefold ULN EST) but not for moderate hepatitis (2.5-fold to fivefold ULN EST). RESULTS Pharmacy refill records showed 2,237 person-years of isoniazid receipt; 48% of participants initiated ART by 36 months. A total of 1.9% (19 of 1,006) of participants were diagnosed with severe hepatitis; three had jaundice and two of these developed hepatic encephalopathy. Another 3.1% (31 of 1,006) of participants experienced moderate hepatitis. Thirty-eight percent (19 of 50) of participants with moderate to severe hepatitis concomitantly received ART. Forty percent (20 of 50) of moderate to severe cases occurred within the first 2 months of IPT and during this period were not associated with receipt of ART at baseline (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.20-11.1; P = .70). CONCLUSIONS Adults infected with HIV receiving 36IPT did not have an increased incidence of moderate to severe hepatitis or hepatic encephalopathy compared with published reports among people infected with HIV, people not infected with HIV in trials or public health programs. Compared with participants not receiving ART, the risk of moderate to severe hepatitis was not increased by ART. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00164281; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minh-Ly Nguyen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
| | | | | | | | - Sonali Girde
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA; ICF International, Inc, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Taraz Samandari
- CDC Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination.
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