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Saengsawang P, Desquesnes M, Yangtara S, Chalermwong P, Thongtip N, Jittapalapong S, Inpankaew T. Molecular detection of Loxodontofilaria spp. in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from elephant training camps in Thailand. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 92:101910. [PMID: 36427455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infection is an important disease in human and animal medicine. Several filarial worms are of importance, especially nematodes in the Onchocercidae. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is an endangered animal and is very important from several socio-economic and ecological aspects in Thailand. Various parasites can be found in elephants; however, data related to filarial infections in elephants is limited. The objective of this study was to detect filaria in the blood of Asian elephants in Thailand, based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Blood samples were collected from 208 Asian elephants and detected for filaria using PCR, targeting the region of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and the RNA polymerase II large subunit (rbp1). In total, 4.33% (9 out of 208) of the sampled elephants had Loxodontofilaria spp. DNA with 100% query coverage. In addition, the obtained cox1 and rbp1 sequences matched with Loxodontofilaria sp., Onchocerca sp., and Dirofilaria sp. There were no identified risk factors (sex, age, location, and packed cell volume) related to Loxodontofilaria infection in elephants. The analyses of the phylogeny of ITS2 sequences demonstrated that the Loxodotofilaria-positive sequences were closely related to Onchocerca dewittei japonica and Onchocerca dewittei dewittei with 100% query coverage. Notably, the concatenated phylogenetic trees of ITS2 and the cox1 and rbp1 genes were closely similar to Loxodontofilaria sp. To describe in detail the genomic DNA of Loxodontofilaria spp., other genes should be additionally studied using a more discriminatory technique, such as DNA barcoding or whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirabhat Saengsawang
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Toulouse, France
| | - Sarawut Yangtara
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Nikorn Thongtip
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | | | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Okazaki D, Fukuda M, Hebisawa A, Uni S, Junker K, Suzuki Y, Nakano M, Agatsuma T, Hasegawa H, Yamada M, Nakatani J, Hara T, Martin C, Kimura D, Takaoka H. Zoonotic infection caused by Onchocerca japonica (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in a 69-year-old woman in Kanto Region, Eastern Honshu, Japan. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102643. [PMID: 35961578 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reports of zoonotic infections caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca japonica have recently increased in Japan. A 69-year-old woman living in Sosa City, Chiba Prefecture, Kanto Region, Honshu, developed a painful nodule at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger of her right hand. The causative agent was identified as a female O. japonica based on the histopathological characteristics (i.e., cuticle with transverse triangular ridges but without inner striae) of the biopsy specimens of the nodule. The species identification was corroborated by cox1 gene sequencing of the worm tissues isolated from paraffin-embedded sections of the specimens. Subsequent to the excision of the nodule, followed by anthelmintic treatment, the patient remained asymptomatic. Human infection with O. japonica has not previously been reported in Kanto Region, Eastern Honshu. The present case is likely linked to the recent expansion of the geographic range of the Japanese wild boar into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Okazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Management, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Uni
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare Studies, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Kerstin Junker
- National Collection of Animal Helminths, Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05 Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Michiyo Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba 289-2511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jun Nakatani
- Agriculture Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Hara
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245 MCAM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare Studies, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Takaoka H, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Low VL, Ya'cob Z. Redescription of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) omutaense Ogata & Sasa (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Japan and its phylogenetic relationship with other members of the S. batoense species-group. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106207. [PMID: 34687650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simulium (Gomphostilbia) omutaense Ogata & Sasa, 1954 is the only named species in the Simulium batoense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein recorded from Honshu and Kyushu, Japan. It represents the northernmost distribution of this species-group, of which most members are distributed in the Oriental region. This species, the only member of the Simulium omutaense subgroup, is unique among the seven subgroups of the S. batoense species-group by having the pupal gill with one long filament and seven short filaments, similar to the arrangement of the pupal gill filaments in the S. zonatum subgroup of the S. epistum species-group in the same subgenus. This species is fully redescribed based on adults, pupal exuviae and mature larvae, and is most similar to species of the S. decuplum subgroup, based on adult morphological characteristics, although the pupal gill of the latter subgroup is markedly different by having 10 or 12 short filaments. Its close relationship to the S. decuplum subgroup is supported by a DNA analysis using COI gene sequences, with genetic distances of 9.30-11.02%. On the other hand, genetic distances between S. (G.) omutaense and species of the S. zonatum subgroup were 16.32-16.93%. Our study shows that a similar arrangement of the pupal gills in two different species-groups, which is rarely seen, has evolved independently and its occurrence does not necessarily reflect phylogenetic relationships.
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Pramual P, Jomkumsing P, Wongpakam K, Wongwian P. DNA barcoding of tropical black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand: One decade of progress. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106116. [PMID: 34464589 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are important blood sucking insects because they are the vectors of disease agents transmitted to human and other animals. Rapid and correct species identifications are necessary for all aspects of the study of black flies. DNA barcodes based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) have been effectively used for the determination of black fly species. However, the success of this method requires a large and reliable COI sequence library. In this study, 171 DNA barcoding sequences from 17 black fly species were added to NCBI GenBank database, six of these species were reported for the first time. Efficacy of DNA barcodes for species identification was examined using 1,286 sequences representing 89 nominal species of black flies in Thailand. A considerable level of success (90%) was achieved but efficiency of COI sequences for species identification was very low in the following species-groups; Simulium asakoae, S. feuerborni, S. multistriatum and S. striatum. Incomplete lineage sorting or inadequate variation of this genetic marker for differentiation of recently diverged species are the more likely explanations, and thus, more variable genetic markers are needed. Other reasons for unsuccessful DNA barcoding are imperfect taxonomy and the misidentification of sources of reference sequences. Because many new black fly species in Thailand were described recently, a reassessment of the COI sequences reported previously is necessary.
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Huang F, Srisuka W, Aupalee K, Streit A, Fukuda M, Pitasawat B, Junkum A, Saingamsook J, Somboon P, Takaoka H, Saeung A. Diversity of nematodes infecting the human-biting black fly species, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in central Thailand. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106140. [PMID: 34562429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are known as vectors of disease agents in humans and livestock, with some species being vectors of Onchocerca volvulus, the filarial nematode that is the causative agent of human onchocerciasis. Nematode infections in adult female black flies have been reported from some areas in northern and western Thailand, but not from other regions of Thailand. In this study, wild-caught adult female black flies from the central region of Thailand were examined for infections with nematodes. Collections of adult females were carried out at Khlong Lan district, Kamphaeng Phet province, central Thailand. A molecular approach, based on the mitochondrial (cox1, 12S rRNA) and nuclear (18S rRNA) genes, was used to identify the species of nematodes recovered from the specimens collected. A total of 911 wild-caught adult black flies were collected. Simulium nigrogilvum was the most abundant species (n = 708), followed by S. doipuiense complex (n = 179), S. chamlongi (n = 11), S. umphangense (n = 10), S. chumpornense (n = 1), S. multistriatum species-group (n = 1), and S. maewongense (n = 1). Nematode infections were detected in nine specimens of S. nigrogilvum, of which two were positive for filarial worms (one worm each, infection rate 0.28%) and seven were positive for non-filarial nematodes (11 worms in total, infection rate 0.99%). The two filarial nematodes (third-stage larvae) were identified molecularly as Onchocerca species type I, while the 11 non-filarial nematodes were classified into ascaridoid (n = 2), tylenchid (n = 6) and mermithid (n = 3) nematodes. The results of this study demonstrated that adult female S. nigrogilvum were parasitized with diverse nematodes (filarial and non-filarial). Detection of the infective larvae of Onchocerca sp. type I in S. nigrogilvum confirms that occurrence of zoonotic onchocerciasis is highly possible in Thailand. Additional in-depth investigation of the morphology, life cycle and host-parasite relationship of nematodes that parasitized this black fly host is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Graduate Doctoral Degree Program in Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Maerim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand.
| | - Kittipat Aupalee
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 72076 Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Benjawan Pitasawat
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Anuluck Junkum
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Jassada Saingamsook
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Higher Institution of Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Manoj RRS, Latrofa MS, Epis S, Otranto D. Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:245. [PMID: 33962669 PMCID: PMC8105934 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC 'Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy. .,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Uni S, Fukuda M, Uga S, Agatsuma T, Nakatani J, Suzuki K, Yokohata Y, Kimura D, Takaoka H. Prevalence of Onchocerca japonica and O. takaokai infections in the Japanese wild boar, Sus scrofa leucomystax, and the Ryukyu wild boar, S. s. riukiuanus, in Japan. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102313. [PMID: 33662527 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reports of zoonotic infections with Onchocerca japonica (Nematoda: Filarioidea), which parasitizes the Japanese wild boar, Sus scrofa leucomystax, have recently increased in Japan. To predict the occurrence of infection in humans, it is necessary to determine the prevalence of O. japonica infection in the natural host animals. We investigated the presence of adult worms in the footpads, and of microfilariae in skin snips, taken from the host animals, between 2000 and 2018. Onchocerca japonica was found in 165 of 223 (74%) Japanese wild boars in Honshu and Kyushu. Among the nine regions studied, the highest prevalence of O. japonica infection was found in Oita, Kyushu, where 47 of 52 (90.4%) animals were infected. The ears were the predilection sites for O. japonica microfilariae. Adult worms of O. japonica were found more frequently in the hindlimbs than in the forelimbs of the host animals. Onchocerca takaokai was found in 14 of 52 (26.9%) Japanese wild boars in Oita. In Kakeroma Island among the Nansei Islands, both O. japonica and O. takaokai were isolated from the Ryukyu wild boar, S. s. riukiuanus. These observations could help predict future occurrences of human zoonotic onchocercosis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Uni
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nursing, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shoji Uga
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nursing, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Nakatani
- Agriculture Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Hikiiwa Park Center, Tanabe, Wakayama 646-0051, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yokohata
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Masatani T, Kojima I, Tashiro M, Yamauchi K, Fukui D, Ichikawa-Seki M, Harasawa R. Molecular detection of filarial nematode parasites in Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) from Iwate Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:208-213. [PMID: 33311003 PMCID: PMC7972882 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect filarial parasites in blood samples of Japanese black bears
(Ursus thibetanus japonicus) collected from Iwate Prefecture, Japan.
Positive amplicons were obtained from 26 out of 30 samples by nested PCR targeting 18S
ribosomal RNA gene and first internal transcribed spacer regions. DNA sequences of
Mansonella sp. close to M. ozzardi and
Dirofilaria sp. were detected for eight and 11 positive amplicons,
respectively. Co-infection was detected for the remaining seven amplicons.
Dirofilaria sp. was identified as D. ursi by further
genetic analysis of 5S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. The results of this study will
contribute to further investigations of Japanese black bears for monitoring their risk as
a reservoir of possible zoonotic filarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Masatani
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Michiyo Tashiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fukui
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Harasawa
- Iwate Research Center for Wildlife Disease, 1-17-4 Nakano, Morioka, Iwate 020-0816, Japan
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Zoonotic Implications of Onchocerca Species on Human Health. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090761. [PMID: 32957647 PMCID: PMC7560048 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Onchocerca includes several species associated with ungulates as hosts, although some have been identified in canids, felids, and humans. Onchocerca species have a wide geographical distribution, and the disease they produce, onchocerciasis, is generally seen in adult individuals because of its large prepatency period. In recent years, Onchocerca species infecting animals have been found as subcutaneous nodules or invading the ocular tissues of humans; the species involved are O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, O. jakutensis, O. gutturosa, and O. cervicalis. These findings generally involve immature adult female worms, with no evidence of being fertile. However, a few cases with fertile O. lupi, O. dewittei japonica, and O. jakutensis worms have been identified recently in humans. These are relevant because they indicate that the parasite’s life cycle was completed in the new host—humans. In this work, we discuss the establishment of zoonotic Onchocerca infections in humans, and the possibility of these infections to produce symptoms similar to human onchocerciasis, such as dermatitis, ocular damage, and epilepsy. Zoonotic onchocerciasis is thought to be an emerging human parasitic disease, with the need to take measures such as One Health Strategies, in order to identify and control new cases in humans.
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Aupalee K, Saeung A, Srisuka W, Fukuda M, Streit A, Takaoka H. Seasonal Filarial Infections and Their Black Fly Vectors in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060512. [PMID: 32630410 PMCID: PMC7350311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of zoonotic filarial parasites by black flies has so far been reported in the Chiang Mai and Tak provinces, Thailand, and the bites of these infected black flies can cause a rare disease—human zoonotic onchocerciasis. However, species identification of the filarial parasites and their black fly vectors in the Chiang Mai province were previously only based on a morphotaxonomic analysis. In this study, a combined approach of morphotaxonomic and molecular analyses (mitochondrial cox1, 12S rRNA, and nuclear 18S rRNA (SSU HVR-I) genes) was used to clarify the natural filarial infections in female black flies collected by using human and swine baits from two study areas (Ban Lek and Ban Pang Dang) in the Chiang Mai province from March 2018 to January 2019. A total of 805 and 4597 adult females, belonging to seven and nine black fly taxa, were collected from Ban Lek and Ban Pang Dang, respectively. At Ban Lek, four of the 309 adult females of Simulium nigrogilvum were positive for Onchocerca species type I in the hot and rainy seasons. At Ban Pang Dang, five unknown filarial larvae (belonging to the same new species) were detected in Simulium sp. in the S. varicorne species-group and in three species in the S. asakoae species-group in all seasons, and three non-filarial larvae of three different taxa were also found in three females of the S. asakoae species-group. This study is the first to molecularly identify new filarial species and their vector black fly species in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipat Aupalee
- Graduate Doctoral Degree Program in Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-945342
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand;
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan;
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, 72076 Baden-Württemberg, Germany;
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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Saeung A, Srisuka W, Aupalee K, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Taai K, Maleewong W, Takaoka H. Natural infections with larvae of Onchocerca species type I in the human-biting black fly, Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae), in western Thailand. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105344. [PMID: 31954685 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic onchocerciasis is a human infection caused by Onchocerca species of animal origins and transmitted by black fly vectors. The reported incidence of this disease has increased throughout the world. This study aims to clarify the vectorial roles of black fly species in zoonotic filarial transmission in Tak province, western Thailand. The integrated approach of morphological and DNA sequence-based analyses was used to identify species of both wild-caught female black flies and infective filarial larvae found in the infected black flies. All of 494 female black flies captured were identified as Simulium nigrogilvum, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequence analyses based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and subunit II (COII), and the fast-evolving nuclear elongation complex protein 1 (ECP1) genes. Four females of S. nigrogilvum harbored one to three third-stage larvae (infective larvae) in their thoraces, with an infection rate of 0.81% (4/494). All infective larvae were similar in morphology and size to one another, being identified as Onchocerca species type I (= O. sp. type A), a bovine filaria, originally reported from Japan, and also as O. sp. found in S. nodosum in Thailand, based on their body lengths and widths being 1,068-1,346 µm long by 25-28 µm wide, and morphological characters. Comparisons of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S rRNA sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and phylogenetic analyses with those of previous reports strongly supported that all larvae were O. sp. type I. This report is the first indicating the presence of O. sp. type I in Thailand and its vector being S. nigrogilvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiporn Saeung
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Aupalee
- Center of Insect Vector Study, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama, Yufu City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Kritsana Taai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Western University, Kanchanaburi 71170, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wang R, Yu ZC, Luo XP, Chen LJ, Shao GY, Yang XY. Survey of infection and determination of the transmission vector of Onchocerca fasciata in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in Inner Mongolia, China. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:59-68. [PMID: 31508843 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis in camels is caused by adult Onchocerca spp. and results in great economic losses to the camel industry. However, only a few studies on Onchocerca have been conducted, especially regarding the intermediate host and vector(s). In the present study, 192 camels were examined from December and January during 2013 and 2016, and the filarial larvae suspected to be Onchocerca spp. were further identified. Furthermore, aquatic dipteran insects in the living environment of camels were collected from May to September between 2013 and 2017 and dissected. Eventually, onchocercal lesions were observed in 95 of 192 (49%) camels and the captured insects were classified into 49 species from 42 genera in 21 families, among which 18 species were newly recorded in Inner Mongolia and 14 were haematophagous species. The filarial larvae were found in Culicoides puncticollis and identified as Onchocerca fasciata, indicating that C. puncticollis is the vector of O. fasciata in Inner Mongolia. These findings provide an estimate of onchocerciasis infection in camels and an alternative method of identifying insects and screening vectors using molecular methods. Important data are also provided for the diagnosis and control of onchocerciasis, thereby further filling the gap in knowledge regarding transmission vectors in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Z C Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Technology Center of Hohhot Customs District PR China, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - X P Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - L J Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Technology Center of Hohhot Customs District PR China, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - G Y Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - X Y Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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13
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Characterization of IgE-binding proteins in the salivary glands of Simulium nigrogilvum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2353-2359. [PMID: 31263951 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simulium dermatitis is an IgE-mediated skin reaction in animals and humans caused by the bites of black flies. Although Simulium nigrogilvum has been incriminated as the main human-biting black fly species in Thailand, information on its salivary allergens is lacking. Salivary gland extract of S. nigrogilvum females was subjected to sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the separated components were applied onto nitrocellulose membranes for immunoblotting, which was performed by probing the protein blots with sera from 17 individuals who were allergic to the bites of S. nigrogilvum. IgE-reactive protein bands were characterized further by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Nine protein bands (79, 42, 32, 25, 24, 22, 15, 13, and 11 kDa) were recognized in the serum of the subjects. Four of the nine protein bands (32, 24, 15, and 11 kDa) showed IgE reactivity in all (100%) of the tested sera, and they were identified as salivary secreted antigen 5-related protein, salivary serine protease, erythema protein, and hypothetical secreted protein, respectively. Three other proteins, salivary serine protease (25 kDa), salivary D7 secreted protein (22 kDa), and hypothetical protein (13 kDa), reacted with > 50% of the sera. The relevance of the identified protein bands as allergens needs to be confirmed by using pure recombinant proteins, either in the in vivo skin prick test or in vitro detection of the specific IgE in the serum samples of allergic subjects. This will be useful for the rational design of component-resolved diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy for the allergy mediated by the bites of black flies.
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Fukuda M, Uni S, Igari T, Utsumi Y, Otsuka Y, Nakatani J, Uga S, Hara T, Hasegawa H, Takaoka H. Human case of Onchocerca dewittei japonica infection in Fukushima, Northeastern Honshu, Japan. Parasitol Int 2019; 72:101943. [PMID: 31220633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 73-year-old man living in Kawamata-machi, Fukushima Prefecture, Northeastern Honshu, Japan, visited a hospital with complaints of a subcutaneous swelling that had developed on the back of his left hand. The nodule was surgically removed from the vagina fibrosa tendinis of his left forefinger. Based on the histopathological characteristics, the causative agent of this nodule was identified as a female Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Spirurida: Onchocercidae). The species identification was confirmed by cox1 gene sequencing of the worm tissues from paraffin-embedded sections of the nodule. Although 11 cases of zoonotic onchocercosis have previously been recorded in Kyushu and Western Honshu, Japan, the present findings represent the first human case of infection with O. dewittei japonica in Northeastern Honshu, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fukuda
- Institute for Research Promotion, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nursing, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Takahiro Igari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima 960-8611, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Utsumi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ohara General Hospital, Fukushima 960-8611, Japan
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Jun Nakatani
- Agriculture Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Shoji Uga
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nursing, Kobe Women's University, Kobe 650-0046, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Hara
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hempolchom C, Reamtong O, Sookrung N, Srisuka W, Sakolvaree Y, Chaicumpa W, Taai K, Dedkhad W, Jariyapan N, Takaoka H, Saeung A. Proteomes of the female salivary glands of Simulium nigrogilvum and Simulium nodosum, the main human-biting black flies in Thailand. Acta Trop 2019; 194:82-88. [PMID: 30922801 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have reported pharmacological and immunological activity, as well as the role of black flies in transmitting pathogens to vertebrate hosts through salivary glands (SG) during blood feeding, SG proteomes of the anthropophilic black flies in Thailand have never been reported. Therefore, this study determined the SG proteomes of female S. nigrogilvum and S. nodosum. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional (2-DE) gels containing separated SG proteins of individual species were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) and an orthologous protein search from eukaryotic organism, nematocera and simuliidae databases for total protein identification. SDS-PAGE and protein staining revealed at least 13 and 9 major protein bands in the SGs of female S. nigrogilvum and S. nodosum, respectively, as well as several minor ones. The 2-DE demonstrated a total of 56 and 41 protein spots for S. nigrogilvum and S. nodosum, respectively. Most of the proteins obtained in both species were enzymes involved in blood feeding, including proteases, apyrases, hyaluronidases, aminopeptidase and elastase. The results obtained in this study provided a new body of knowledge for a better understanding on the role of salivary gland proteins in these black fly species in Thailand.
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Yu ZC, Zhang W, Li B, Luo XP, Wang R, Yang XY. A survey of Onchocerca fasciata infection in camels (Camelus bactrianus) with notes on morphology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214477. [PMID: 30946756 PMCID: PMC6448845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide insight into the pathogenicity of Onchocerca fasciata in Camelus bactrianus to help control onchocerciasis. From November 2015 to January 2016, the prevalence and severity of onchocerciasis were recorded in 152 camels. Nodules containing Onchocerca were collected and observed. Adult parasites were extracted from the nodules and identified via light microscopy as well as by partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The sequences were examined and compared to similar sequences from other Onchocerca species. In total, 80.3% of camels were parasitized. The severity of infection varied, as camels harboured between one and fifteen nodules. The morphology and the cuticle differed in both sexes and displayed considerable variation in the thickness and structure of different body parts. Identification was further confirmed using molecular biology methods. This study provides a comprehensive morphological description of Onchocerca fasciata isolated from camels. The prevalence and intensity of infection (assessed via nodules) varied in the Bactrian camels. The structure of the cuticle was an important morphological feature for species differentiation in Onchocerca. Based on our data, the morphological assessment of O. fasciata represents a reliable method to characterize other Onchocerca species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumchi, Sinkiang, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumchi, Sinkiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- * E-mail: (WR); (YXY)
| | - Xiao-Ye Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- * E-mail: (WR); (YXY)
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Verocai GG, Nelson KJ, Callahan RT, Wekesa JW, Hassan HK, Hoberg EP. A cryptic species of Onchocerca (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in blackflies (Simulium spp.) from southern California, USA. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:547. [PMID: 30326946 PMCID: PMC6192150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomological surveillance for pathogens based on molecular screening of putative arthropod vectors such as blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) is becoming increasingly important. Surveillance provides a means to understand host and geographical patterns of underestimated biodiversity among North American species of Onchocerca and a pathway to identify and track expanding emergence of the zoonotic Onchocerca lupi. Herein, we have screened two blackfly species, Simulium tescorum and Simulium vittatum (s.l.), from Los Angeles County, southern California, USA for DNA of filarioid nematodes to better understand species richness and limits within the genus Onchocerca. Methods A total of 1056 and 378 female blackflies was collected using CO2-baited mosquito traps from March to November of 2015 and 2016, respectively. All blackflies during 2015 were individually processed for DNA extraction and PCR targeting of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Specimens of S. tescorum collected in 2016 were processed individually with heads and bodies extracted separately, whereas those of S. vittatum (s.l.) were processed in pooled samples with heads and bodies extracted separately. A subset of filarioid-positive samples from 2015 and all samples from 2016 were screened using a PCR targeting the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) gene (mtDNA). Results In 2015, 356 S. tescorum (33.7%) and 683 S. vittatum (s.l.) (64.7%) were collected, and an additional 17 specimens were not assessed morphologically. In 2016, a total of 378 blackflies was collected. Of these, 43 (11.6%) were S. tescorum and 327 (88.4%) were S. vittatum (s.l.), and an additional 8 specimens were not assessed morphologically. In 2015, Onchocerca sequences were detected in 4.8% (n = 17) of S. tescorum samples, and only one S. vittatum (0.15%). In 2016, only a single S. vittatum pool was positive for the same cryptic Onchocerca species. In phylogenetic comparisons based on nad5, the Onchocerca sequences from California formed a clade with those isolates in white-tailed deer from upstate New York, suggesting these belong to a single widespread cryptic species. Conclusions An uncharacterized species of Onchocerca associated with cervid hosts was found in blackflies from southern California. Sequence data demonstrated it is likely conspecific with an unnamed species of Onchocerca previously found in white-tailed deer from upstate New York. Current data support recognition of a broad geographical distribution across North America for an apparently cryptic species of Onchocerca that is discrete from O. cervipedis, considered to be a typical filarioid among cervids. Our data suggest that this cryptic species of Onchocerca may infect subspecies of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mule and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) at temporal latitudes. The blackflies Simulium tescorum and S. vittatum (s.l.) (presumably, S. tribulatum) are putative vectors. Discovery of a cryptic complex indicates that species diversity and putative associations for definitive hosts and vectors of Onchocerca species in North America must be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- San Gabriel Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, 1145 N. Azusa Canyon Rd, West Covina, CA, 91790, USA
| | - R Trey Callahan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Joseph Wakoli Wekesa
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, 43420 Trader Place, Indio, CA, 92201, USA
| | - Hassan K Hassan
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Takaoka H, Srisuka W, Low VL, Saeung A. A new species and a new record of the Simulium (Gomphostilbia) gombakense species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Acta Trop 2018; 185:156-166. [PMID: 29772215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Larvae and adults reared from pupae of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) gombakense Takaoka & Davies from eight streams in five provinces of Thailand were genetically analyzed by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences. The material was composed of four lineages, of which lineages 2, 3 and 4 are genetically closely related to one another, but more distantly related to lineage 1, which is equivalent to typical S. (G.) gombakense from Peninsular Malaysia. Lineages 2, 3 and 4, which are morphologically indistinguishable, are designated as genoforms A, B and C within a species complex of S. (G.) paiense sp. nov., which is described based on specimens of lineage 2 (=genoform A). Simulium (G.) paiense sp. nov. is similar to S. (G.) gombakense from Peninsular Malaysia but appears to be barely distinguished by the relative length of the female fore basitarsus. Simulium (G.) thuathienense Takaoka & Sofian-Azirun is newly recorded from Thailand and its male is described for the first time. The female of S. (G.) gombakense is briefly described based on females reared from pupae collected from Peninsular Malaysia.
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Takaoka H, Srisuka W, Maleewong W, Saeung A. New records of 13 species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Myanmar. Acta Trop 2018; 178:281-289. [PMID: 29217382 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A faunistic survey of black flies in Shan State, central Myanmar, was carried out in 2013. A total of 16 species were collected, of which 13 species are newly recorded from Myanmar. Among 13 newly recorded species, S. (S.) chiangmaiense Takaoka & Suzuki varied in the number of pupal gill filaments from eight to 10. This survey increases the number of species of black flies from Myanmar from 8 to 23. They are classified in five subgenera of the genus Simulium: one in Asiosimulium, seven in Gomphostilbia, one in Montisimulium, two in Nevermannia and 12 in Simulium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wichai Srisuka
- Entomology Section, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, PO Box 7, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Kim SK. Morphology and Ecological Notes on the Larvae and Pupae of Simulium (Simulium) from Korea. ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2015.31.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Fukuda M, Uni S, Otsuka Y, Eshita Y, Nakatani J, Ihara K, Yoshikawa Y, Goto M, Fujiwara S, Ramli R, Azirun MS, Takaoka H. A new case of zoonotic onchocercosis in northern Kyushu, Japan. Parasitol Int 2015. [PMID: 26209456 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case of zoonotic onchocercosis has been found in a resident who lived in Iizuka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan for some time. A 24-year-old male developed a painful nodule on the middle finger of his right hand. The nodule was surgically removed from the vagina fibrosa tendinis of the finger at Beppu Medical Center, Beppu City, Oita Prefecture in 2012. The causative agent was identified as a female Onchocerca dewittei japonica based on its histopathological characteristics. The identity of the filarioid has been confirmed by sequencing the cox1 gene. The present study indicates that the zoonotic onchocercosis caused by O. dewittei japonica has been concentrated in northeast Kyushu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fukuda
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Oita 879-5598, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yuki Eshita
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Jun Nakatani
- Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ihara
- Department of Orthopedics, Beppu Medical Center, Oita 874-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuji Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, Beppu Medical Center, Oita 874-0011, Japan
| | - Mizuki Goto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Sakuhei Fujiwara
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Rosli Ramli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Uni S, Fukuda M, Agatsuma T, Bain O, Otsuka Y, Nakatani J, Matsubayashi M, Harada M, Omar H, Ramli R, Hashim R, Azirun MS, Takaoka H. Onchocerca takaokai n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax): Description and molecular identification of intradermal females. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:493-502. [PMID: 26165205 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human zoonotic onchocercosis is caused by Onchocerca dewittei japonica, parasitic in wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Japan. Previously, microfilariae longer than those of Onchocerca dewittei japonica were observed in skin snips from wild boars during the study of O. dewittei japonica. Moreover, the third-stage larvae (L3) of these longer microfilariae were obtained from the blackfly Simulium bidentatum after experimental injections. Based on morphometric and molecular studies, similar L3 were found in blackflies during fieldwork in Oita, Japan. However, except for O. dewittei japonica, adult worms of Onchocerca have not been found in wild boars. In this study, we discovered adult females of a novel Onchocerca species in the skin of a wild boar in Oita, and named it Onchocerca takaokai n. sp. Females of this new species had longer microfilariae and differed from O. dewittei japonica in terms of their morphological characteristics and parasitic location. The molecular characteristics of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 12S rRNA genes of the new species were identical to those of the longer microfilariae and L3 previously detected, but they differed from those of O. dewittei japonica at the species level. However, both species indicated a close affinity among their congeners and Onchocerca ramachandrini, parasitic in the warthog in Africa, was basal in the Suidae cluster of the 12S rRNA tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Odile Bain
- Parasitologie comparée, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Jun Nakatani
- Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of International Prevention of Epidemics, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masashi Harada
- Laboratory Animal Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hasmahzaiti Omar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Ramli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Hashim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Grácio AJS, Richter J, Komnenou AT, Grácio MA. Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi: an emerging zoonotic infection. Systematic review. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2401-13. [PMID: 25990062 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Globalization has increased circulation of people, their food, livestock and pets in the world, and changes in the environment, climate and human behaviour have led to the rapid expansion of emerging infections throughout the world. One of the reasons of a new pathogen affecting humans is the passage from an animal to a human being. Onchocerca (O.) lupi, a filarial worm first described in a wolf in 1967, is an emerging pathogen which has been incriminated as the etiological agent for 205 canine, 2 feline and 18 human infections in Europe, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran and the USA. Most frequent findings in animals and humans are monolateral or asymmetrical variably painful subconjunctival swellings and nodules containing immature or mature worms affecting the eye and/or adjacent tissues accompanied by conjunctival hyperemia. Occasionally, subcutaneous nodules and masses affecting the spinal cord have been observed in humans. Diagnosis of O. lupi is achieved by microscopy of excised adult female worms which exhibit a particular cuticular structure and molecular analysis. Treatment consists in worm removal accompanied by antihelminthic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J Santos Grácio
- Medical Parasitology Unit/Medical Entomology Group, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ishizawa H, Kato S, Nishimura H, Tanaka R, Fukuda M, Takaoka H, Tsutsumi Y. Zoonotic onchocerciasis. Pathol Int 2015; 65:271-3. [PMID: 25677336 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Ishizawa
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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Uni S, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Hiramatsu N, Yokobayashi K, Takahashi H, Murata S, Kusatake K, Morita E, Maruyama H, Hasegawa H, Shiwaku K, Ramli R, Azirun MS, Takaoka H. New zoonotic cases of Onchocerca dewittei japonica (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in Honshu, Japan. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:59. [PMID: 25623081 PMCID: PMC4323255 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic infections with Onchocerca species are uncommon, and to date only 25 clinical cases have been reported worldwide. In Japan, five previous zoonotic infections were concentrated in Oita, Kyushu (the southern island), with one previous case in Hiroshima in the western part of Honshu (the main island). The causative agent in Japan was identified as Onchocerca dewittei japonica Uni, Bain & Takaoka, 2001 from Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax Temminck, 1842). Here we report two infections caused by a female and male O. dewittei japonica, respectively, among residents of Hiroshima and Shimane Prefectures in the western part of Honshu. Methods In both cases, nodules were surgically removed. The parasites in nodules were identified on the basis of their histopathological characteristics. Identification was confirmed by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene from worms in the tissues used in the histological preparations. Results Case 1 was a 61-year-old woman from Hiroshima Prefecture who complained of a painful subcutaneous nodule on the back of her right hand. The causative agent was identified as a female O. dewittei japonica owing to transverse ridges on the cuticle and molecular analysis. Case 2 was a 78-year-old woman from Shimane Prefecture who had a painful nodule in the left temporal region. Histopathological characteristics and cox1 sequencing of the worm indicated that the causative agent was a male O. dewittei japonica. Conclusions For Cases 1 and 2, we diagnosed the causative agents as a female and male O. dewittei japonica, respectively. These findings indicate the spread of a zoonosis caused by O. dewittei japonica in the western part of Honshu, where wild boars have recently extended their habitats because of decreased annual snowfall, unused rice fields and a decline in the number of hunters in Japan. The O. dewittei japonica infection rate among wild boars was reported as 78% in Shimane Prefecture, in the western part of Honshu. Therefore, in the near future, zoonotic onchocercosis is likely to occur in Honshu as well as Kyushu, where wild boars, blackfly vectors and humans share the same habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Susumu Murata
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kusatake
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Maruyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Kuninori Shiwaku
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Rosli Ramli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Sofian Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Low VL, Adler PH, Takaoka H, Ya’cob Z, Lim PE, Tan TK, Lim YAL, Chen CD, Norma-Rashid Y, Sofian-Azirun M. Mitochondrial DNA markers reveal high genetic diversity but low genetic differentiation in the black fly Simulium tani Takaoka & Davies along an elevational gradient in Malaysia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100512. [PMID: 24941043 PMCID: PMC4062492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The population genetic structure of Simulium tani was inferred from mitochondria-encoded sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (COI) and II (COII) along an elevational gradient in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. A statistical parsimony network of 71 individuals revealed 71 haplotypes in the COI gene and 43 haplotypes in the COII gene; the concatenated sequences of the COI and COII genes revealed 71 haplotypes. High levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic differentiation were observed among populations of S. tani at five elevations. The degree of genetic diversity, however, was not in accordance with an altitudinal gradient, and a Mantel test indicated that elevation did not have a limiting effect on gene flow. No ancestral haplotype of S. tani was found among the populations. Pupae with unique structural characters at the highest elevation showed a tendency to form their own haplotype cluster, as revealed by the COII gene. Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, and mismatch distribution tests revealed population expansion of S. tani in Cameron Highlands. A strong correlation was found between nucleotide diversity and the levels of dissolved oxygen in the streams where S. tani was collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Lun Low
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter H. Adler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Takaoka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Ya’cob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Phaik Eem Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tiong Kai Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yusoff Norma-Rashid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cutaneous manifestations of a zoonotic Onchocerca species in an adult male, acquired in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1768-70. [PMID: 24501037 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03358-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-year-old male with known hypertension and hypercholesterolemia sought medical attention because of a 3-month history of skin swelling on his upper back. Histopathology and molecular techniques were employed and identified an organism in the Onchocerca genus. This represents a very uncommon example of cutaneous infection by a zoonotic Onchocerca species.
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28
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Mutafchiev Y, Dantas-Torres F, Giannelli A, Abramo F, Papadopoulos E, Cardoso L, Cortes H, Otranto D. Redescription of Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) with histopathological observations. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:309. [PMID: 24499611 PMCID: PMC3818983 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onchocerca lupi is a dog parasite of increasing zoonotic concern, with new human cases diagnosed in Turkey, Tunisia, Iran, and the United States. Information about the morphology of this nematode is scant and a detailed re-description of this species is overdue. In addition, histopathological data of potential usefulness for the identification of O. lupi infections are provided. METHODS Male and female nematodes, collected from the connective tissue of a dog, were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an histological evaluation was performed on biopsy samples from periocular tissues. RESULTS The morphological identification was confirmed by molecular amplification and partial sequencing of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. This study provides the first comprehensive morphological and morphometric description of O. lupi from a dog based on light microscopy, SEM, molecular characterization, and histological observations. CONCLUSIONS Data herein presented contribute to a better understanding of this little known parasitic zoonosis, whose impact on human and animal health is still underestimated. The presence of granulomatous reactions only around the female adult suggests that the release of microfilariae from the uterus might be the cause of the inflammatory reaction observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Mutafchiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Recife Pernambuco, Brazil
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Giannelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Abramo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Helder Cortes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Human ocular onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) in Iran. J Helminthol 2013; 88:250-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCases of canine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca lupi are increasingly reported from Europe and the western United States of America. The zoonotic role of this parasite had already been suspected in Europe as the clinical signs and histopathology seen in two ocular cases from Albania and the Crimean region were very similar to those of canine ocular onchocerciasis. In the most recent reports of human onchocerciasis, O. lupi has been morphologically and molecularly identified as the causative agent of ocular infestation in two patients from Turkey, and one patient from Tunisia. Here, we report an additional case of nodular lesions involving two, and possibly more, immature worms in a patient from Iran. The parasite was found to belong to the genus Onchocerca based on morphological features and the species was confirmed as O. lupi from a partial sequence analysis of 12S ribosomal DNA.
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CrypticOnchocercaspecies infecting North American cervids, with implications for the evolutionary history of host associations inOnchocerca. Parasitology 2012; 140:1201-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasites in the genusOnchocercainfect humans, ruminants, camels, horses, suids, and canids, with effects ranging from relatively benign to debilitating. In North America,Onchocerca cervipedisis the sole species known to infect cervids, while at least 5Onchocercaspecies infect Eurasian cervids. In this study, we report the discovery of a cervid-parasitizingOnchocercaonly distantly related toO. cervipedis. To reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genusOnchocerca, we used newly acquired DNA sequence fromO. cervipedis(from moose in Northwest Territories, Canada) and from the newly discovered species (from white-tailed deer in upstate New York), as well as previously published sequences. Ancestral host reconstructions suggest that host switches have been common throughout the evolutionary history ofOnchocerca, and that bovid- and cervid-parasitizing species have been particularly important sources of descendant species. North America cervids might therefore serve as a source forOnchocercainvasions into new hosts. Given the high density of deer populations, the potential for zoonotic infections may also exist. Our discovery of a newOnchocercaspecies with relatively limited sampling suggests that the diversity ofOnchocercaassociated with cervids in North America may be greater than previously thought, and surveys utilizing molecules and morphology are necessary.
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