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Chroumpi T, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. Engineering of primary carbon metabolism in filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhao SF, Jiang H, Chi Z, Liu GL, Chi ZM, Chen TJ, Yang G, Hu Z. Genome sequencing of Aureobasidium pullulans P25 and overexpression of a glucose oxidase gene for hyper-production of Ca2+-gluconic acid. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:669-678. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ma Y, Chi Z, Li YF, Jiang H, Liu GL, Hu Z, Chi ZM. Cloning, deletion, and overexpression of a glucose oxidase gene in Aureobasidium sp. P6 for Ca2+-gluconic acid overproduction. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Highly Active and Stable Large Catalase Isolated from a Hydrocarbon Degrading Aspergillus terreus MTCC 6324. Enzyme Res 2016; 2016:4379403. [PMID: 27057351 PMCID: PMC4807065 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4379403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrocarbon degrading Aspergillus terreus MTCC 6324 produces a high level of extremely active and stable cellular large catalase (CAT) during growth on n-hexadecane to combat the oxidative stress caused by the hydrocarbon degrading metabolic machinery inside the cell. A 160-fold purification with specific activity of around 66 × 105 U mg−1 protein was achieved. The native protein molecular mass was 368 ± 5 kDa with subunit molecular mass of nearly 90 kDa, which indicates that the native CAT protein is a homotetramer. The isoelectric pH (pI) of the purified CAT was 4.2. BLAST aligned peptide mass fragments of CAT protein showed its highest similarity with the catalase B protein from other fungal sources. CAT was active in a broad range of pH 4 to 12 and temperature 25°C to 90°C. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) of 4.7 × 108 M−1 s−1 within the studied substrate range and alkaline pH stability (half-life, t1/2 at pH 12~15 months) of CAT are considerably higher than most of the extensively studied catalases from different sources. The storage stability (t1/2) of CAT at physiological pH 7.5 and 4°C was nearly 30 months. The haem was identified as haem b by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS/MS).
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Purification and characterization of a mycelial catalase from Scedosporium boydii, a useful tool for specific antibody detection in patients with cystic fibrosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:37-45. [PMID: 25355796 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00482-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Scedosporium boydii is an opportunistic filamentous fungus which may be responsible for a wide variety of infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. This fungus belongs to the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex, which usually ranks second among the filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and may lead to allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses, sensitization, or respiratory infections. Upon microbial infection, host phagocytic cells release reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, as part of the antimicrobial response. Catalases are known to protect pathogens against ROS by detoxification of the hydrogen peroxide. Here, we investigated the catalase equipment of Scedosporium boydii, one of the major pathogenic species in the S. apiospermum species complex. Three catalases were identified, and the mycelial catalase A1 was purified to homogeneity by a three-step chromatographic process. This enzyme is a monofunctional tetrameric protein of 460 kDa, consisting of four 82-kDa glycosylated subunits. The potential usefulness of this enzyme in serodiagnosis of S. apiospermum infections was then investigated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using 64 serum samples from CF patients. Whatever the species involved in the S. apiospermum complex, sera from infected patients were clearly differentiated from sera from patients with an Aspergillus fumigatus infection or those from CF patients without clinical and biological signs of a fungal infection and without any fungus recovered from sputum samples. These results suggest that catalase A1 is a good candidate for the development of an immunoassay for serodiagnosis of infections caused by the S. apiospermum complex in patients with CF.
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Brown SH, Bashkirova L, Berka R, Chandler T, Doty T, McCall K, McCulloch M, McFarland S, Thompson S, Yaver D, Berry A. Metabolic engineering of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 3488 for increased production of l-malic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8903-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Arockiaraj J, Easwvaran S, Vanaraja P, Singh A, Othman RY, Bhassu S. Molecular cloning, characterization and gene expression of an antioxidant enzyme catalase (MrCat) from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:670-82. [PMID: 22293093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a full length of catalase gene (designated as MrCat), identified from the transcriptome database of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The complete gene sequence of the MrCat is 2504 base pairs in length, and encodes 516 amino acids. The MrCat protein contains three domains such as catalase 1 (catalase proximal heme-ligand signature) at 350-358, catalase 2 (catalase proximal active site signature) at 60-76 and catalase 3 (catalase family profile) at 20-499. The mRNA expressions of MrCat in healthy and the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) challenged M. rosenbergii were examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MrCat is highly expressed in digestive tract and all the other tissues (walking leg, gills, muscle, hemocyte, hepatopancreas, pleopods, brain and eye stalk) of M. rosenbergii taken for analysis. The expression is strongly up-regulated in digestive tract after IHHNV challenge. To understand its biological activity, the recombinant MrCat gene was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant MrCat existed in high thermal stability and broad spectrum of pH, which showed over 95% enzyme activity between pH 5 and 10.5, and was stable from 40 °C to 70 °C, and exhibited 85-100% enzyme activity from 30 °C to 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Andersen MR, Lehmann L, Nielsen J. Systemic analysis of the response of Aspergillus niger to ambient pH. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R47. [PMID: 19409083 PMCID: PMC2718513 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-5-r47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is an exceptionally efficient producer of organic acids, which is one of the reasons for its relevance to industrial processes and commercial importance. While it is known that the mechanisms regulating this production are tied to the levels of ambient pH, the reasons and mechanisms for this are poorly understood. METHODS To cast light on the connection between extracellular pH and acid production, we integrate results from two genome-based strategies: A novel method of genome-scale modeling of the response, and transcriptome analysis across three levels of pH. RESULTS With genome scale modeling with an optimization for extracellular proton-production, it was possible to reproduce the preferred pH levels for citrate and oxalate. Transcriptome analysis and clustering expanded upon these results and allowed the identification of 162 clusters with distinct transcription patterns across the different pH-levels examined. New and previously described pH-dependent cis-acting promoter elements were identified. Combining transcriptome data with genomic coordinates identified four pH-regulated secondary metabolite gene clusters. Integration of regulatory profiles with functional genomics led to the identification of candidate genes for all steps of the pal/pacC pH signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The combination of genome-scale modeling with comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis has provided systems-wide insights into the evolution of highly efficient acidification as well as production process applicable knowledge on the transcriptional regulation of pH response in the industrially important A. niger. It has also made clear that filamentous fungi have evolved to employ several offensive strategies for out-competing rival organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael R Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nakagawa Y. [Oxidative stress responses in pathogenic fungi]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2009; 63:417-24. [PMID: 19317231 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.63.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nakagawa
- Division of Molecular Mycology and Medicine, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Syowa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550
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Abstract
It has been known for many years that oxygen (O2) may have toxic effects on aerobically growing microorganisms, mainly due to the threat arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In submerged culture industrial fermentation processes, maintenance of adequate levels of O2 (usually measured as dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)) can often be critical to the success of the manufacturing process. In viscous cultures of filamentous cultures, actively respiring, supplying adequate levels of O2 to the cultures by conventional air sparging is difficult and various strategies have been adopted to improve or enhance O2 transfer. However, adoption of those strategies to maintain adequate levels of DOT, that is, to avoid O2 limitation, may expose the fungi to potential oxidative damage caused by enhanced flux through the respiratory system. In the past, there have been numerous studies investigating the effects of DOT on fungal bioprocesses. Generally, in these studies moderately enhanced levels of O2 supply resulted in improvement in growth, product formation and acceptable morphological changes, while the negative impact of higher levels of DOT on morphology and product synthesis were generally assumed to be a consequence of "oxidative stress." However, very little research has actually been focused on investigation of this implicit link, and the mechanisms by which such effects might be mediated within industrial fungal processes. To elucidate this neglected topic, this review first surveys the basic knowledge of the chemistry of ROS, defensive systems in fungi and the effects of DOT on fungal growth, metabolism and morphology. The physiological responses of fungal cells to oxidative stress imposed by artificial and endogenous stressors are then critically reviewed. It is clear that fungi have a range of methods available to minimize the negative impacts of elevated ROS, but also that development of the various defensive systems or responses, can itself have profound consequences upon many process-related parameters. It is also clear that many of the practically convenient and widely used experimental methods of simulating oxidative stress, for example, addition of exogenous menadione or hydrogen peroxide, have effects on fungal cultures quite distinct from the effects of elevated levels of O2, and care must thus be exercised in the interpretation of results from such studies. The review critically evaluates our current understanding of the responses of fungal cultures to elevated O2 levels, and highlights key areas requiring further research to remedy gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghu Bai
- Strathclyde Fermentation Center, Department of Bioscience, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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Hamilton AJ, Holdom MD. Antioxidant systems in the pathogenic fungi of man and their role in virulence. Med Mycol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-280x.1999.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kwon HS, Chung E, Oh J, Lee CH, Ahn IS. Optimized production of lignolytic manganese peroxidase in immobilized cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-007-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Levasseur A, Benoit I, Asther M, Asther M, Record E. Homologous expression of the feruloyl esterase B gene from Aspergillus niger and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 37:126-33. [PMID: 15294290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The faeB gene encoding the feruloyl esterase B (FAEB) was isolated from Aspergillus niger BRFM131 genomic DNA. The faeB gene, with additional sequence coding for a C-terminal histidine tag, was inserted into an expression vector under the control of the gpd promoter and trpC terminator and expressed in a protease deficient A. niger strain. Homologous overproduction allows to reach an esterase activity of 18 nkat mL(-1) against MCA as substrate. The improvement factor was 16-fold higher as compared to the production level obtained with non-transformed A. niger strain induced by sugar beet pulp. The corresponding secretion yield was estimated to be around 100 mg L(-1). Recombinant FAEB was purified 14.6-fold to homogeneity from an 8-day-old culture by a single affinity chromatographic step with a recovery of 64%. SDS-PAGE revealed a single band with a molecular mass of 75 kDa, while under non-denatured conditions, native enzyme has a molecular mass of around 150 kDa confirming that the recombinant FAEB is a homodimer. The recombinant and native FAEB have the same characteristics concerning temperature and pH optima, i.e., 50 degrees C and 6, respectively. In addition, the recombinant FAEB was determined to be quite stable up to 50 degrees C for 120 min. Kinetic constants for MCA, MpCA, and chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid) were as follows: Km: 0.13, 0.029, and 0.16 mM and Vmax: 1101, 527.6, and 28.3 nkat mg(-1), respectively. This is the first report on the homologous overproduction of feruloyl esterase B in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Levasseur
- UMR 1163 INRA de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, IFR-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL, 163 avenue de Luminy, Case Postale 925, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France.
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Hisada H, Hata Y, Kawato A, Abe Y, Akita O. Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:562-8. [PMID: 16233832 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromoto Hisada
- Research Institute, Gekkeikan Sake Co. Ltd., 24 Shimotoba-koyanagi-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8361, Japan.
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Johnson H, Whiteford JR, Eckert SE, Spanu PD. Production and secretion of Aspergillus nidulans catalase B in filamentous fungi driven by the promoter and signal peptide of the Cladosporium fulvum hydrophobin gene hcf-1. Curr Genet 2003; 44:155-63. [PMID: 12955453 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-003-0421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 06/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the use of sequences from the hydrophobin gene hcf-1 of Cladosporium fulvum to construct pCatBex, a vector for high-level expression and secretion of CatB, a catalase from Aspergillus nidulans. Transformation of C. fulvum with pCatBex results in a 60-fold increase in the mycelial activity in the fungus and the appearance of up to 5.4 mkat/l of catalase in the growth medium. The levels of catalase in the supernatant increased dramatically following removal of nitrogen from the medium. Conversely, the overall specific activity of catalase in the cytoplasm did not change appreciably. This indicates that nitrogen depletion induces greater secretion of protein. The vector pCatBex also directs the expression and secretion of CatB in Magnaporthe grisea and may be a useful vector for the expression of genes in other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Michán S, Lledías F, Baldwin JD, Natvig DO, Hansberg W. Regulation and oxidation of two large monofunctional catalases. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:521-32. [PMID: 12160934 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The two Neurospora crassa catalase genes cat-1 and cat-3 were shown to encode Cat-1 and Cat-3 large monofunctional catalases. cat-1 and cat-3 genes are regulated differentially during the asexual life cycle and under stress conditions. A stepwise increase in catalase activity occurs during conidiation. Conidia have 60 times more catalase activity than exponentially growing hyphae. Cat-1 activity was predominant in conidia, during germination and early exponential growth. It was induced during prestationary growth and by ethanol or heat shock. Cat-3 activity was predominant during late exponential growth and at the start of the conidiation process. It was induced under stress conditions, such as H(2)O(2), paraquat, cadmium, heat shock, uric acid, and nitrate treatment. In general, Cat-1 activity was associated with nongrowing cells and Cat-3 activity with growing cells. The Cat-3 N-terminus sequence indicates that this catalase is processed and presumably secreted. Paraquat caused modification and degradation of Cat-1. Under heat shock both Cat-1 and Cat-3 were modified and degraded and Cat-1 was resynthesized. Paraquat and heat shock effects were observed only in the presence of air and are probably related to in vivo generation of singlet oxygen. Purified Cat-3 was modified with a photosensitizing reaction in which singlet oxygen is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaday Michán
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, DF
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Sakata K, Hamase K, Zaitsu K. Reversible fluorescence labeling of amino groups of protein using dansylaminomethylmaleic anhydride. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 769:47-54. [PMID: 11936694 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(01)00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reversible fluorescence labeling of insulin, catalase and lysozyme has been demonstrated. As a derivatizing reagent, dansylaminomethylmaleic acid (DAM) has been used after investigating the precolumn and precapillary derivatization conditions. This reagent (DAM) reacts with the amino groups of proteins via its anhydride in the presence of a suitable dehydrating reagent, which then could be liberated under mild acidic conditions and the native proteins are regenerated. After the derivatization of insulin, catalase and lysozyme with DAM, no peaks of these native proteins were observed while several peaks of the derivatized proteins due to the multiple labeling were observed. However, after the regeneration, increasing amounts of the native proteins were observed as the regeneration period increased. For the lysozyme, the bacteriolytic activity of the enzyme decreased after the derivatization, and only 0.9% of the activity remained. The activity increases by the regeneration, and 95.6% of the bacteriolytic activity of the native enzyme was observed after a 48-h regeneration at pH 2.5 and 40 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Sakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Díaz A, Rangel P, Montes de Oca Y, Lledías F, Hansberg W. Molecular and kinetic study of catalase-1, a durable large catalase of Neurospora crassa. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:1323-33. [PMID: 11728803 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Catalase-1 (Cat-1), one of the two monofunctional catalases of Neurospora crassa, increases during asexual spore formation to constitute 0.6% of total protein in conidia. Cat-1 was purified 170-fold with a yield of 48% from conidiating cultures. Like most monofunctional catalases, Cat-1 is a homotetramer, resistant to inactivation by solvents, fully active over a pH range of 4-12, and inactivated by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Unlike most monofunctional catalases, Cat-1 consists of 88 kDa monomers that are glycosylated with alpha-glucose and/or alpha-mannose, is unusually stable, and is not inactivated or inhibited by hydrogen peroxide. Cat-1 was more resistant than other catalases to heat inactivation and to high concentrations of salt and denaturants. Cat-1 exhibited unusual kinetics: at molar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide the apparent V was 10 times higher than at millimolar concentrations. Inactivation of Cat-1 activity with azide and hydroxylamine was according to first order kinetics, while cyanide at micromolar concentrations was a reversible competitive inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México, D.F., Mexico
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Wallis GL, Swift RJ, Atterbury R, Trappe S, Rinas U, Hemming FW, Wiebe MG, Trinci AP, Peberdy JF. The effect of pH on glucoamylase production, glycosylation and chemostat evolution of Aspergillus niger. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1527:112-22. [PMID: 11479027 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ambient pH on production and glycosylation of glucoamylase (GAM) and on the generation of a morphological mutant produced by Aspergillus niger strain B1 (a transformant containing an additional 20 copies of the homologous GAM glaA gene) was studied. We have shown that a change in the pH from 4 to 5.4 during continuous cultivation of the A. niger B1 strain instigates or accelerates the spontaneous generation of a morphological mutant (LB). This mutant strain produced approx. 50% less extracellular protein and GAM during both chemostat and batch cultivation compared to another strain with parental-type morphology (PS). The intracellular levels of GAM were also lower in the LB strain. In addition, cultivation of the original parent B1 strain in a batch-pulse bioreactor at pH 5.5 resulted in a 9-fold drop in GAM production and a 5-fold drop in extracellular protein compared to that obtained at pH 4. Glycosylation analysis of the glucoamylases purified from shake-flask cultivation showed that both principal forms of GAM secreted by the LB strain possessed enhanced galactosylation (2-fold), compared to those of the PS. Four diagnostic methods (immunostaining, mild methanolysis, mild acid hydrolysis and beta-galactofuranosidase digestion) provided evidence that the majority of this galactose was of the furanoic conformation. The GAMs produced during batch-pulse cultivation at pH 5.5 similarly showed an approx. 2-fold increase in galactofuranosylation compared to pH 4. Interestingly, in both cases the increased galactofuranosylation appears primarily restricted to the O-linked glycan component. Ambient pH therefore regulates both GAM production and influences its glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wallis
- School of Biological, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Goodwin PH, Li J, Jin S. A catalase gene of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae is highly expressed during the necrotrophic phase of infection of round-leaved mallow, Malva pusilla. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 202:103-7. [PMID: 11506915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A small-subunit peroxisomal catalase gene, cgcat1, was cloned from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae, a hemibiotrophic pathogen of round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla). When compared to the expression of an actin gene of the fungus, a much lower level of expression of cgcat1 was detected in the biotrophic phase than in the subsequent necrotrophic phase of infection. In culture, cgcat1was expressed at higher levels when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Changes in cgcat1 expression during infection may have related to an attempt to prevent damage from hydrogen peroxide from degenerating host cells, and/or resulted from changes in fungal nutrition and development during invasion of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Goodwin
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Kawasaki L, Aguirre J. Multiple catalase genes are differentially regulated in Aspergillus nidulans. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1434-40. [PMID: 11157957 PMCID: PMC95018 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.4.1434-1440.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2000] [Accepted: 11/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide is a fundamental aspect of the cellular antioxidant responses in which catalases play a major role. Two differentially regulated catalase genes, catA and catB, have been studied in Aspergillus nidulans. Here we have characterized a third catalase gene, designated catC, which predicts a 475-amino-acid polypeptide containing a peroxisome-targeting signal. With a molecular mass of 54 kDa, CatC shows high similarity to other small-subunit monofunctional catalases and is most closely related to catalases from other fungi, Archaea, and animals. In contrast, the CatA (approximately 84 kDa) and CatB (approximately 79 kDa) enzymes belong to a family of large-subunit catalases, constituting a unique fungal and bacterial group. The catC gene displayed a relatively constant pattern of expression, not being induced by oxidative or other types of stress. Targeted disruption of catC eliminated a constitutive catalase activity not detected previously in zymogram gels. However, a catalase activity detected in catA catB mutant strains during late stationary phase was still present in catC and catABC null mutants, thus demonstrating the presence of a fourth catalase, here named catalase D (CatD). Neither catC nor catABC triple mutants showed any developmental defect, and both mutants grew as well as wild-type strains in H(2)O(2)-generating substrates, such as fatty acids, and/or purines as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. CatD activity was induced during late stationary phase by glucose starvation, high temperature, and, to a lesser extent, H(2)O(2) treatment. The existence of at least four differentially regulated catalases indicates a large and regulated capability for H(2)O(2) detoxification in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kawasaki
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
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Bussink HJ, Oliver R. Identification of two highly divergent catalase genes in the fungal tomato pathogen, Cladosporium fulvum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:15-24. [PMID: 11121097 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalases of pathogenic micro-organisms have attracted attention as potential virulence factors. Homology-based screens were performed to identify catalase genes in the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Two highly divergent genes, Cat1 and Cat2, were isolated and characterized. Cat1 codes for a putative 566-amino-acid catalase subunit and belongs to the gene family that also encodes the mainly peroxisome-localized catalases of animal and yeast species. Cat2 codes for a putative catalase subunit of 745 amino acids and belongs to a different gene family coding for the large-subunit catalases similar to ones found in bacteria and filamentous fungi. Neither catalase had an obvious secretory signal sequence. A search for an extracellular catalase was unproductive. The Cat1 and Cat2 genes showed differential expression, with the Cat1 mRNA preferentially accumulating in spores and the Cat2 mRNA preferentially accumulating in response to external H(2)O(2). With Cat2-deleted strains, activity of the Cat2 gene product (CAT2) was identified among four proteins with catalase activity separated on non-denaturing gels. The CAT2 activity represented a minor fraction of the catalase activity in spores and H(2)O(2)-stressed mycelium, and no phenotype was observed for Cat2-deleted strains, which showed a normal response to H(2)O(2) treatment. These results indicate the existence of a complex catalase system in C. fulvum, with regard to both the structure and regulation of the genes involved. In addition, efficient C. fulvum gene-replacement technology has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bussink
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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24
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Conesa A, van den Hondel CA, Punt PJ. Studies on the production of fungal peroxidases in Aspergillus niger. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3016-23. [PMID: 10877800 PMCID: PMC92105 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.7.3016-3023.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To get insight into the limiting factors existing for the efficient production of fungal peroxidase in filamentous fungi, the expression of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase H8 (lipA) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) H4 (mnp1) genes in Aspergillus niger has been studied. For this purpose, a protease-deficient A. niger strain and different expression cassettes have been used. Northern blotting experiments indicated high steady-state mRNA levels for the recombinant genes. Manganese peroxidase was secreted into the culture medium as an active protein. The recombinant protein showed specific activity and a spectrum profile similar to those of the native enzyme, was correctly processed at its N terminus, and had a slightly lower mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recombinant MnP production could be increased up to 100 mg/liter upon hemoglobin supplementation of the culture medium. Lignin peroxidase was also secreted into the extracellular medium, although the protein was not active, presumably due to incorrect processing of the secreted enzyme. Expression of the lipA and mnp1 genes fused to the A. niger glucoamylase gene did not result in improved production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conesa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
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25
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Calera JA, Sánchez-Weatherby J, López-Medrano R, Leal F. Distinctive properties of the catalase B of Aspergillus nidulans. FEBS Lett 2000; 475:117-20. [PMID: 10858500 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans catalase B (CatB) was purified to homogeneity and characterized as a hydroperoxidase which resembles typical catalases in some physicochemical characteristics: (1) it has an apparent molecular weight of 360000 and is composed of four glycosylated subunits, (2) it has hydrophobic properties as revealed by extractability in ethanol/chloroform and binding to phenyl-Superose, and (3) it has an acidic isoelectric point at pH 3. 5. Also CatB exhibits some distinctive properties, e.g. it is not inhibited by the presence of 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 9 M urea or reducing agents. Furthermore, even though CatB does not exhibit any residual peroxidase activity, it is able to retain up to 38% of its initial catalase activity after incubation with the typical catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Calera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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26
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Lledías F, Hansberg W. Oxidation of Human Catalase by Singlet Oxygen in Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Hamilton AJ, Holdom MD. Antioxidant systems in the pathogenic fungi of man and their role in virulence. Med Mycol 1999; 37:375-89. [PMID: 10647118 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, a variety of fungal antioxidants have attracted considerable interest, largely arising from their hypothetical role as virulence determinants. Melanin is a potent free radical scavenger and in Cryptococcus neoformans, there is now good evidence that the production of melanin is a significant virulence determinant. There is also recent evidence linking melanin biosynthesis to the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Superoxide dismutases are important housekeeping antioxidants and have an additional hypothetical role in virulence; however, although these enzymes have been biochemically characterized from Aspergillus and Cryptococcus, there is as yet no firm evidence that these enzymes are involved in pathogenicity. Catalase production may play some role in the virulence of Candida albicans but this enzyme has not been shown, as yet, to influence the virulence of A. fumigatus. There are some data supporting an antioxidant function for the acyclic hexitol mannitol in C. neoformans, but further investigations are required in this area. Research into the putative antioxidant activities of a range of other fungal enzymes, such as acid phosphatases, remains limited at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hamilton
- Dermatology Department, St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guys Hospital, Kings College, London, UK.
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28
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Wallis GL, Swift RJ, Hemming FW, Trinci AP, Peberdy JF. Glucoamylase overexpression and secretion in Aspergillus niger: analysis of glycosylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1472:576-86. [PMID: 10564772 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of overexpression and secretion of a homologous model glycoprotein, glucoamylase (GAM-1), on glycosylation in a single gene copy wild-type parent and multiple gene copy transformants of Aspergillus niger. In batch culture the B36 strain, which possess 80 additional copies of the GAM glaA gene, secreted about 5-8-fold more protein and GAM-1 than the parent strain (N402). A comparison of the glycosylation of GAM-1 secreted by the parent strain with that secreted by the multiple copy and hyper-secreting B36 strain showed that both the N-linked and O-linked glycan composition was very similar. Short oligomannose N-linked glycans were found (Man(7-8)GlcNAc(2)). O-Linked glycans were comprised of short (1-3 residues) oligosaccharide chains of mannose and galactose. Evidence is presented that this galactose is present in the novel galactofuranose conformation. This glycan composition of GAM-1 differed from that of a commercially available (A. niger) GAM source. Microsomes prepared from the mycelium showed a 2-3-fold co-ordinated increase in the activity of the dolichol phosphate:glycosyltransferases. Similar results were obtained from strains B1 (20 copies of glaA) and N402 when grown at a low dilution rate in a chemostat, although both the levels of GAM secretion and the activities of the dolichol phosphate:glycosyltransferases were lower than found in batch culture. These data suggest that A. niger is capable of secreting large amounts of a single glycoprotein combined with higher activity levels of the dolichol phosphate:glycosyltransferases without an increase in the heterogeneity of the glycan structures. Thus, from a biotechnological viewpoint, protein glycosylation may not be a bottleneck to enhanced glycoprotein production using A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wallis
- School of Biomedical Science (Biochemistry), The Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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29
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Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Reiss E, Lott TJ, Mayer LW, Deepe GS. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of the M antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1947-53. [PMID: 10085041 PMCID: PMC96551 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.1947-1953.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1998] [Accepted: 01/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major diagnostic antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum are the H and M antigens, pluripotent glycoproteins that elicit both humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses. These antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. M antigen is considered immunodominant because antibodies against it are the first precipitins to arise in acute histoplasmosis and are commonly present during all phases of infection. The biological activity of monomolecular M antigen and its ability to elicit a protective immune response to H. capsulatum are largely unknown. A molecular approach was used to identify the biological nature of M antigen, including its purification from histoplasmin, partial digestion with proteinases, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to separate the released peptides. The amino acid sequences of the purified peptides were obtained by Edman degradation, and using degenerate oligonucleotide primers for PCR, a 321-bp fragment of the gene encoding the M antigen was amplified from genomic H. capsulatum DNA. This fragment was used to screen an H. capsulatum genomic DNA library, leading to the isolation, cloning, and sequencing of the full-length gene. The M gene consists of 2, 187-bp DNA encoding a protein of 80,719 Da, which has significant homology to catalases from Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Eimericella nidulans. A cDNA was generated by reverse transcription-PCR and cloned into the expression vector pQE40. The identity of the cloned, expressed protein was confirmed by Western blotting. The recombinant fusion protein was immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies raised against M antigen, with polyclonal mouse anti-M antiserum, and with a serum sample from a patient with histoplasmosis. The gene encoding the major immunodominant M antigen of H. capsulatum is a presumptive catalase, and the recombinant protein retains serodiagnostic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Hospital Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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30
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Takasuka T, Sayers NM, Anderson MJ, Benbow EW, Denning DW. Aspergillus fumigatus catalases: cloning of an Aspergillus nidulans catalase B homologue and evidence for at least three catalases. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 23:125-33. [PMID: 10076909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of catalases in the water soluble fractions of three Aspergillus fumigatus strains was investigated using non-denaturing and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western analysis. Using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining for catalase activity, three separate catalases were identified. An A. fumigatus catalase gene (catB) was cloned from genomic DNA using the Aspergillus niger catR gene as a probe. Polyclonal antibodies were raised to a glutathione S-transferase-CatB fusion product expressed in Escherichia coli. Western analysis indicated that, under denaturing conditions, the polyclonal antibody recognised a 90-kDa band and under non-denaturing conditions, two separate bands were identified. These results indicate that A. fumigatus in addition to CatB, produces at least two other catalases, one of which is similar in size to CatB. The polyclonal antibody was also used to observe catalase expression in mice, experimentally infected with A. fumigatus. Staining was observed heterogeneously throughout the fungal hyphae. This result indicates that catalase is produced by A. fumigatus during invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takasuka
- Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, UK
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31
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Garre V, Müller U, Tudzynski P. Cloning, characterization, and targeted disruption of cpcat1, coding for an in planta secreted catalase of Claviceps purpurea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:772-783. [PMID: 9675893 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.8.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea has been shown to secrete catalases in axenic and parasitic culture. In order to determine the importance of these enzymes in the host-parasite interaction, especially their role in overcoming oxidative stress imposed on the pathogen by the plant's defense system, the catR gene from A. niger was used to isolate a putative catalase gene from a genomic library of C. purpurea, cpcat1 consists of an open reading frame of 2,148 bp that is interrupted by five introns. Its derived gene product shows significant homology to fungal catalases and contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids and three putative N-glycosylation sites, which indicates that CPCAT1 is a secreted catalase. Disruption of the gene by a gene replacement approach resulted in the loss of two catalase isoforms, CATC and CATD, strongly suggesting that they are both encoded by cpcat1. CATD is the major secreted catalase of C. purpurea and is furthermore the only catalase present in the honeydew of infected rye ears. Deletion mutants of cpcat1 were inoculated on rye plants and showed no significant reduction in virulence. Ovarian tissue and honeydew of plants inoculated with the mutants lacked CATD, confirming that this catalase is not essential for colonization of the host tissue by C. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garre
- Institut für Botanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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32
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Frugoli JA, McPeek MA, Thomas TL, McClung CR. Intron loss and gain during evolution of the catalase gene family in angiosperms. Genetics 1998; 149:355-65. [PMID: 9584109 PMCID: PMC1460146 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/149.1.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms (flowering plants), including both monocots and dicots, contain small catalase gene families. In the dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana, two catalase (CAT) genes, CAT1 and CAT3, are tightly linked on chromosome 1 and a third, CAT2, which is more similar to CAT1 than to CAT3, is unlinked on chromosome 4. Comparison of positions and numbers of introns among 13 angiosperm catalase genomic sequences indicates that intron positions are conserved, and suggests that an ancestral catalase gene common to monocots and dicots contained seven introns. Arabidopsis CAT2 has seven introns; both CAT1 and CAT3 have six introns in positions conserved with CAT2, but each has lost a different intron. We suggest the following sequence of events during the evolution of the Arabidopsis catalase gene family. An initial duplication of an ancestral catalase gene gave rise to CAT3 and CAT1. CAT1 then served as the template for a second duplication, yielding CAT2. Intron losses from CAT1 and CAT3 followed these duplications. One subclade of monocot catalases has lost all but the 5'-most and 3'-most introns, which is consistent with a mechanism of intron loss by replacement of an ancestral intron-containing gene with a reverse-transcribed DNA copy of a fully spliced mRNA. Following this event of concerted intron loss, the Oryza sativa (rice, a monocot) CAT1 lineage acquired an intron in a novel position, consistent with a mechanism of intron gain at proto-splice sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Frugoli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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33
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Abstract
Different bands of catalase activity in zymograms (Cat-1a-Cat-1e) appear during Neurospora crassa development and under stress conditions. Here we demonstrate that singlet oxygen modifies Cat-1a, giving rise to a sequential shift in electrophoretic mobility, similar to the one observed in vivo. Purified Cat-1a was modified with singlet oxygen generated from a photosensitization reaction; even when the reaction was separated from the enzyme by an air barrier, a condition in which only singlet oxygen can reach the enzyme by diffusion. Modification of Cat-1a was hindered when reducing agents or singlet oxygen scavengers were present in the photosensitization reaction. The sequential modification of the four monomers gave rise to five active catalase conformers with more acidic isoelectric points. The pI of purified Cat-1a-Cat-1e decreased progressively, and a similar shift in pI was observed as Cat-1a was modified by singlet oxygen. No further change was detected once Cat-1e was reached. Catalase modification was traced to a three-step reaction of the heme. The heme of Cat-1a gave rise to three additional heme peaks in a high performance liquid chromatography when modified to Cat-1c. Full oxidation to Cat-1e shifted all peaks into a single one. Absorbance spectra were consistent with an increase in asymmetry as heme was modified. Bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal catalases were all susceptible to modification by singlet oxygen, indicating that this is a general feature of the enzyme that could explain in part the variety of catalases seen in several organisms and the modifications observed in some catalases. Modification of catalases during development and under stress could indicate in vivo generation of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lledías
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D. F
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34
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van den Brink HM, van Gorcom RF, van den Hondel CA, Punt PJ. Cytochrome P450 enzyme systems in fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 1998; 23:1-17. [PMID: 9501474 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in many complex fungal bioconversion processes has been characterized in recent years. Accordingly, there is now considerable scientific interest in fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, where surprisingly few P450 genes have been identified, biochemical data suggest that many fungi possess numerous P450 genes. This review summarizes the current information pertaining to these fungal cytochrome P450 systems, with emphasis on the molecular genetics. The use of molecular techniques to improve cytochrome P450 activities in fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M van den Brink
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Gene Technology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
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35
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Calera JA, Paris S, Monod M, Hamilton AJ, Debeaupuis JP, Diaquin M, López-Medrano R, Leal F, Latgé JP. Cloning and disruption of the antigenic catalase gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4718-24. [PMID: 9353056 PMCID: PMC175677 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4718-4724.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus possesses two catalases (described as fast and slow on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility). The slow catalase has been recognized as a diagnostic antigen for aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. The antigenic catalase has been purified. The enzyme is a tetrameric protein composed of 90-kDa subunits. The corresponding cat1 gene was cloned, and sequencing data show that the cat1 gene codes for a 728-amino-acid polypeptide. A recombinant protein expressed in Pichia pastoris is enzymatically active and has biochemical and antigenic properties that are similar to those of the wild-type catalase. Molecular experiments reveal that CAT1 contains a signal peptide and a propeptide of 15 and 12 amino acid residues, respectively. cat1-disrupted mutants that were unable to produce the slow catalase were as sensitive to H2O2 and polymorphonuclear cells as the wild-type strain. In addition, there was no difference in pathogenicity between the cat1 mutant and its parental cat1+ strain in a murine model of aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Calera
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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36
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Kawasaki L, Wysong D, Diamond R, Aguirre J. Two divergent catalase genes are differentially regulated during Aspergillus nidulans development and oxidative stress. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:3284-92. [PMID: 9150225 PMCID: PMC179108 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.10.3284-3292.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalases are ubiquitous hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzymes that are central to the cellular antioxidant response. Of two catalase activities detected in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the catA gene encodes the spore-specific catalase A (CatA). Here we characterize a second catalase gene, identified after probing a genomic library with catA, and demonstrate that it encodes catalase B. This gene, designated catB, predicts a 721-amino-acid polypeptide (CatB) showing 78% identity to an Aspergillus fumigatus catalase and 61% identity to Aspergillus niger CatR. Notably, similar levels of identity are found when comparing CatB to Escherichia coli catalase HPII (43%), A. nidulans CatA (40%), and the predicted peptide of a presumed catA homolog from A. fumigatus (38%). In contrast, the last two peptides share a 79% identity. The catalase B activity was barely detectable in asexual spores (conidia), disappeared after germination, and started to accumulate 10 h after spore inoculation, throughout growth and conidiation. The catB mRNA was absent from conidia, and its accumulation correlated with catalase activity, suggesting that catB expression is regulated at the transcription level. In contrast, the high CatA activity found in spores was lost gradually during germination and growth. In addition to its developmental regulation, CatB was induced by H2O2, heat shock, paraquat, or uric acid catabolism but not by osmotic stress. This pattern of regulation and the protective role against H2O2 offered by CatA and CatB, at different stages of the A. nidulans life cycle, suggest that catalase gene redundancy performs the function of satisfying catalase demand at the two different stages of metabolic and genetic regulation represented by growing hyphae versus spores. Alternative H2O2 detoxification pathways in A. nidulans were indicated by the fact that catA/catB double mutants were able to grow in substrates whose catabolism generates H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kawasaki
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F
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37
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Calera JA, Ovejero MC, López-Medrano R, Segurado M, Puente P, Leal F. Characterization of the Aspergillus nidulans aspnd1 gene demonstrates that the ASPND1 antigen, which it encodes, and several Aspergillus fumigatus immunodominant antigens belong to the same family. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1335-44. [PMID: 9119471 PMCID: PMC175137 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.4.1335-1344.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, an immunodominant Aspergillus nidulans antigen (ASPND1) consistently reactive with serum samples from aspergilloma patients has been purified and characterized, and its coding gene (aspnd1) has been cloned and sequenced. ASPND1 is a glycoprotein with four N-glycosidically-bound sugar chains (around 2.1 kDa each) which are not necessary for reactivity with immune human sera. The polypeptide part is synthesized as a 277-amino-acid precursor of 30.6 kDa that after cleavage of a putative signal peptide of 16 amino acids, affords a mature protein of 261 amino acids with a molecular mass of 29 kDa and a pI of 4.24 (as deduced from the sequence). The ASPND1 protein is 53.1% identical to the AspfII allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus and 48% identical to an unpublished Candida albicans antigen. All of the cysteine residues and most of the glycosylation sites are perfectly conserved in the three proteins, suggesting a similar but yet unknown function. Analysis of the primary structure of the ASPND1 coding gene (aspnd1) has allowed the establishment of a clear relationship between several previously reported A. fumigatus and A. nidulans immunodominant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Calera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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38
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Holdom MD, Hay RJ, Hamilton AJ. The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus terreus: purification and biochemical comparison with the Aspergillus fumigatus Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3326-32. [PMID: 8757871 PMCID: PMC174225 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3326-3332.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs) have been purified to homogeneity from Aspergillus flavus and A. niger, which are significant causative agents of aspergillosis, and from A. nidulans and A. terreus, which are much rarer causative agents of disease, using a combination of isoelectric focusing and gel filtration fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzymes have been compared with the previously described SOD from the most important pathogen in the genus, A. fumigatus (M. D. Holdom, R. J. Hay, and A. J. Hamilton, Free Radical Res. 22:519-531, 1995). The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the four newly purified enzymes were almost identical and demonstrated homology to known Cu,Zn SODs from a range of organisms including that from the previously described SOD from A. fumigatus. SOD activity was detectable in the culture filtrates of all species, and intracellular Cu,Zn SOD activity as a proportion of total protein was highest in early-log-phase cultures. The specific activities of the purified enzymes were similar, and all four of the newly described enzymes were inhibited by potassium cyanide and diethyldithiocarbamate, known Cu,Zn SOD inhibitors. Sodium azide and o-phenanthroline demonstrated inhibition at concentrations from 5 to 30 mM, and EDTA also exhibited a varying degree of inhibition of SOD activity. However, there were differences in the nonreduced molecular masses, the reduced molecular masses, and the isoelectric points of the four newly described SODs and the A. fumigatus enzyme; these varied from 55 to 123 kDa, 17.5 to 19.5 kDa, and 5.0 to 5.9, respectively. Of particular note was the observation that the A. fumigatus enzyme was thermostable compared with the SODs from the other species; in addition, the A.fiumigatus enzyme retained all of its activity at 37 degrees C relative to 20 degrees C, whereas the SODs of A. nidulans and A. terreus lost significant activity at the higher temperature. Aspergillus Cu,Zn SOD plays a hypothetical role in the avoidance of oxidative killing mechanisms, and our data suggest that the thermotolerant A. fumigatus Cu,Zn SOD would be more effective in such a protective system than, for example, the equivalent enzyme from the more rarely pathogenic A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Holdom
- Dermatology Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Guan L, Scandalios JG. Molecular evolution of maize catalases and their relationship to other eukaryotic and prokaryotic catalases. J Mol Evol 1996; 42:570-9. [PMID: 8662009 DOI: 10.1007/bf02352287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the nucleotide and protein sequences of the three maize catalase genes with other plant catalases to reconstruct the evolutionary relationship among these catalases. These sequences were also compared with other eukaryotic and prokaryotic catalases. Phylogenies based on distances and parsimony analysis show that all plant catalases derive from a common ancestral catalase gene and can be divided into three distinct groups. The first, and major, group includes maize Cat1, barley Cat1, rice CatB, and most of the dicot catalases. The second group is an apparent dicot-specific catalase group encompassing the tobacco Cat2 and tomato Cat. The third is a monocot-specific catalase class including the maize Cat3, barley Cat2, and rice CatA. The maize Cat2 gene is loosely related to the first group. The distinctive features of monocot-specific catalases are their extreme high codon bias at the third position and low degree of sequence similarity to other plant catalases. Similarities in the intron positions for several plant catalase genes support the conclusion of derivation from a common ancestral gene. The similar intron position between bean catalases and human catalase implies that the animal and plant catalases might have derived from a common progenitor gene sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guan
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7614, USA
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