1
|
Seabaugh JA, Anderson DM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Yersinia. Virulence 2024; 15:2316439. [PMID: 38389313 PMCID: PMC10896167 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia includes human, animal, insect, and plant pathogens as well as many symbionts and harmless bacteria. Within this genus are Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, with four human pathogenic species that are highly related at the genomic level including the causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis. Extensive laboratory, field work, and clinical research have been conducted to understand the underlying pathogenesis and zoonotic transmission of these pathogens. There are presently more than 500 whole genome sequences from which an evolutionary footprint can be developed that details shared and unique virulence properties. Whereas the virulence of Y. pestis now seems in apparent homoeostasis within its flea transmission cycle, substantial evolutionary changes that affect transmission and disease severity continue to ndergo apparent selective pressure within the other Yersiniae that cause intestinal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the present understanding of the virulence and pathogenesis of Yersinia, highlighting shared mechanisms of virulence and the differences that determine the infection niche and disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarett A. Seabaugh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Deborah M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Shi C, Yang B, Li Q, Liu S. Characterization of the genome and cell invasive phenotype of Vibrio diabolicus Cg5 isolated from mass mortality of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106466. [PMID: 38036108 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio is an important group of aquatic animal pathogens, which has been identified as the main pathogenic factor causing mass summer mortality of Crassostrea gigas in northern China. This study aims to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanisms of Vibrio Cg5 isolate in C. gigas. We sequenced and annotated the genome of Vibrio Cg5 to analyze potential virulence factors. The gentamicin protection assays were performed with C. gigas primary cells to reveal the cell-invasive behavior of Cg5. The genome analysis showed that Cg5 was a strain of human disease-associated pathogen with multiple antibiotic resistance, and four virulence factors associated with intracellular survival were present in the genome. The gentamicin protection assays showed that Cg5 could potentially invade the cells of C. gigas, indicating that Cg5 could be a facultative intracellular pathogen of C. gigas. These results provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism of V. diabolicus, an emerging pathogenic Vibrio on aquatic animals, which would be valuable in preventing and controlling diseases in oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hebing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ben Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Böer T, Bengelsdorf FR, Bömeke M, Daniel R, Poehlein A. Genome-based metabolic and phylogenomic analysis of three Terrisporobacter species. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290128. [PMID: 37816002 PMCID: PMC10564238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria are of high interest for biotechnological applications as industrial platform organisms, however, acetogenic strains from the genus Terrisporobacter have hitherto been neglected. To date, three published type strains of the genus Terrisporobacter are only covered by draft genome sequences, and the genes and pathway responsible for acetogenesis have not been analyzed. Here, we report complete genome sequences of the bacterial type strains Terrisporobacter petrolearius JCM 19845T, Terrisporobacter mayombei DSM 6539T and Terrisporobacter glycolicus DSM 1288T. Functional annotation, KEGG pathway module reconstructions and screening for virulence factors were performed. Various species-specific vitamin, cofactor and amino acid auxotrophies were identified and a model for acetogenesis of Terrisporobacter was constructed. The complete genomes harbored a gene cluster for the reductive proline-dependent branch of the Stickland reaction located on an approximately 21 kb plasmid, which is exclusively found in the Terrisporobacter genus. Phylogenomic analysis of available Terrisporobacter genomes suggested a reclassification of most isolates as T. glycolicus into T. petrolearius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Böer
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank R. Bengelsdorf
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Prokaryotes, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mechthild Bömeke
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stanton CR, Batinovic S, Petrovski S. Burkholderia contaminans Bacteriophage CSP3 Requires O-Antigen Polysaccharides for Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0533222. [PMID: 37199610 PMCID: PMC10269572 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05332-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of opportunistic pathogens that cause both severe acute and chronic respiratory infections. Due to their large genomes containing multiple intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, treatment is often difficult and prolonged. One alternative to traditional antibiotics for treatment of bacterial infections is bacteriophages. Therefore, the characterization of bacteriophages infective for the Burkholderia cepacia complex is critical to determine their suitability for any future use. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of novel phage, CSP3, infective against a clinical isolate of Burkholderia contaminans. CSP3 is a new member of the Lessievirus genus that targets various Burkholderia cepacia complex organisms. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of CSP3-resistant B. contaminans showed that mutations to the O-antigen ligase gene, waaL, consequently inhibited CSP3 infection. This mutant phenotype is predicted to result in the loss of cell surface O-antigen, contrary to a related phage that requires the inner core of the lipopolysaccharide for infection. Additionally, liquid infection assays showed that CSP3 provides suppression of B. contaminans growth for up to 14 h. Despite the inclusion of genes that are typical of the phage lysogenic life cycle, we saw no evidence of CSP3's ability to lysogenize. Continuation of phage isolation and characterization is crucial in developing large and diverse phage banks for global usage in cases of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Amid the global antibiotic resistance crisis, novel antimicrobials are needed to treat problematic bacterial infections, including those from the Burkholderia cepacia complex. One such alternative is the use of bacteriophages; however, a lot is still unknown about their biology. Bacteriophage characterization studies are of high importance for building phage banks, as future work in developing treatments such as phage cocktails should require well-characterized phages. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel Burkholderia contaminans phage that requires the O-antigen for infection, a distinct phenotype seen among other related phages. Our findings presented in this article expand on the ever-evolving phage biology field, uncovering unique phage-host relationships and mechanisms of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Koudelka G. O-Polysaccharides of LPS Modulate E. coli Uptake by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1377. [PMID: 37374879 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan grazing is a major cause of bacterial mortality and controls bacterial population size and composition in the natural environment. To enhance their survival, bacteria evolved many defense strategies to avoid grazing by protists. Cell wall modification is one of the defense strategies that helps bacteria escape from recognition and/or internalization by its predators. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. LPS is divided into three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core and O-specific polysaccharide. O-polysaccharide as the outermost region of E. coli LPS provides protection against predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii; however, the characteristics of O-polysaccharide contribute to this protection remain unknown. Here, we investigate how length, structure and composition of LPS affect E. coli recognition and internalization by A. castellanii. We found that length of O-antigen does not play a significant role in regulating bacterial recognition by A. castellanii. However, the composition and structure of O-polysaccharide play important roles in providing resistance to A. castellanii predation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Gerald Koudelka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fux AC, Casonato Melo C, Michelini S, Swartzwelter BJ, Neusch A, Italiani P, Himly M. Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharide as Source of Variability in Bioassays and LPS-Binding Proteins as Remedy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098395. [PMID: 37176105 PMCID: PMC10179214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer cell wall. It is one of the main types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are known to elicit severe immune reactions in the event of a pathogen trespassing the epithelial barrier and reaching the bloodstream. Associated symptoms include fever and septic shock, which in severe cases, might even lead to death. Thus, the detection of LPS in medical devices and injectable pharmaceuticals is of utmost importance. However, the term LPS does not describe one single molecule but a diverse class of molecules sharing one common feature: their characteristic chemical structure. Each bacterial species has its own pool of LPS molecules varying in their chemical composition and enabling the aggregation into different supramolecular structures upon release from the bacterial cell wall. As this heterogeneity has consequences for bioassays, we aim to examine the great variability of LPS molecules and their potential to form various supramolecular structures. Furthermore, we describe current LPS quantification methods and the LPS-dependent inflammatory pathway and show how LPS heterogeneity can affect them. With the intent of overcoming these challenges and moving towards a universal approach for targeting LPS, we review current studies concerning LPS-specific binders. Finally, we give perspectives for LPS research and the use of LPS-binding molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Fux
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Cristiane Casonato Melo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Chemical Biology Department, R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Sara Michelini
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin J Swartzwelter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1601 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Neusch
- Experimental Medical Physics, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teng L, Zou G, Zhou Y, Li J, Song Z, Dong X, Ma Z, Zheng Z, Chen H, Li J. Phage controlling method against novel freshwater-derived Vibrio parahaemolyticus in ready-to-eat crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Food Res Int 2022; 162:111986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
The Tip of Brucella O-Polysaccharide Is a Potent Epitope in Response to Brucellosis Infection and Enables Short Synthetic Antigens to Be Superior Diagnostic Reagents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040708. [PMID: 35456759 PMCID: PMC9024974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a global disease and the world’s most prevalent zoonosis. All cases in livestock and most cases in humans are caused by members of the genus Brucella that possess a surface O-polysaccharide (OPS) comprised of a rare monosaccharide 4-deoxy-4-formamido-D-mannopyranose assembled with α1,2 and α1,3 linkages. The OPS of the bacterium is the basis for serodiagnostic tests for brucellosis. Bacteria that also contain the same rare monosaccharide can induce antibodies that cross-react in serological tests. In previous work we established that synthetic oligosaccharides, representing elements of the Brucella A and M polysaccharide structures, were excellent antigens to explore the antibody response in the context of infection, immunisation and cross reaction. These studies suggested the existence of antibodies that are specific to the tip of the Brucella OPS. Sera from naturally and experimentally Brucella abortus-infected cattle as well as from cattle experimentally infected with the cross-reactive bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 and field sera that cross react in conventional serological assays were studied here with an expanded panel of synthetic antigens. The addition of chemical features to synthetic antigens that block antibody binding to the tip of the OPS dramatically reduced their polyclonal antibody binding capability providing conclusive evidence that the OPS tip (non-reducing end) is a potent epitope. Selected short oligosaccharides, including those that were exclusively α1,2 linked, also demonstrated superior specificity when evaluated with cross reactive sera compared to native smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) antigen and capped native OPS. This surprising discovery suggests that the OPS tip epitope, even though common to both Brucella and Y. enterocolitica O:9, has more specific diagnostic properties than the linear portion of the native antigens. This finding opens the way to the development of improved serological tests for brucellosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vogel U, Beerens K, Desmet T. Nucleotide sugar dehydratases: Structure, mechanism, substrate specificity, and application potential. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101809. [PMID: 35271853 PMCID: PMC8987622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all domains of life. Bacteria are true masters of deoxy sugar biosynthesis as they can produce a wide range of highly specialized monosaccharides. Indeed, deoxy and amino sugars play important roles in the virulence of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic species and are additionally involved in the biosynthesis of diverse macrolide antibiotics. The biosynthesis of deoxy sugars relies on the activity of NS dehydratases, which can be subdivided into three groups based on their structure and reaction mechanism. The best-characterized NS dehydratases are the 4,6-dehydratases that, together with the 5,6-dehydratases, belong to the NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The other two groups are the less abundant 2,3-dehydratases that belong to the Nudix hydrolase superfamily and 3-dehydratases, which are related to aspartame aminotransferases. 4,6-Dehydratases catalyze the first step in all deoxy sugar biosynthesis pathways, converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses to nucleoside diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy hexoses, which in turn are further deoxygenated by the 2,3- and 3-dehydratases to form dideoxy and trideoxy sugars. In this review, we give an overview of the NS dehydratases focusing on the comparison of their structure and reaction mechanisms, thereby highlighting common features, and investigating differences between closely related members of the same superfamilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vogel
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB) - Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heisdorf CJ, Griffiths WA, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Investigation of the enzymes required for the biosynthesis of an unusual formylated sugar in the emerging human pathogen Helicobacter canadensis. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2144-2160. [PMID: 34379357 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the Gram-negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, causes gastritis in humans. In recent years, it has become apparent that the so-called non-pylori Helicobacters, normally infecting pigs, cats, and dogs, may also be involved in human pathology via zoonotic transmission. Indeed, more than 30 species of non-pylori Helicobacters have been identified thus far. One such organism is Helicobacter canadensis, an emerging pathogen whose genome sequence was published in 2009. Given our long-standing interest in the biosynthesis of N-formylated sugars found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria, we were curious as to whether H. canadensis produces such unusual carbohydrates. Here, we demonstrate using both biochemical and structural techniques that the proteins encoded by the HCAN_0198, HCAN_0204, and HCAN_0200 genes in H. canadensis, correspond to a 3,4-ketoisomerase, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate aminotransferase, and an N-formyltransferase, respectively. For this investigation, five high-resolution X-ray structures were determined and the kinetic parameters for the isomerase and the N-formyltransferase were measured. Based on these data, we suggest that the unusual sugar, 3-formamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, will most likely be found in the O-antigen of H. canadensis. Whether N-formylated sugars found in the O-antigen contribute to virulence is presently unclear, but it is intriguing that they have been observed in such pathogens as Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Brucella melitensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colton J Heisdorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William A Griffiths
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Skurnik M, Jaakkola S, Mattinen L, von Ossowski L, Nawaz A, Pajunen MI, Happonen LJ. Bacteriophages fEV-1 and fD1 Infect Yersinia pestis. Viruses 2021; 13:1384. [PMID: 34372590 PMCID: PMC8309999 DOI: 10.3390/v13071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages vB_YpeM_fEV-1 (fEV-1) and vB_YpeM_fD1 (fD1) were isolated from incoming sewage water samples in Turku, Finland, using Yersinia pestis strains EV76 and KIM D27 as enrichment hosts, respectively. Genomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy established that fEV-1 is a novel type of dwarf myovirus, while fD1 is a T4-like myovirus. The genome sizes are 38 and 167 kb, respectively. To date, the morphology and genome sequences of some dwarf myoviruses have been described; however, a proteome characterization such as the one presented here, has currently been lacking for this group of viruses. Notably, fEV-1 is the first dwarf myovirus described for Y. pestis. The host range of fEV-1 was restricted strictly to Y. pestis strains, while that of fD1 also included other members of Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. In this study, we present the life cycles, genomes, and proteomes of two Yersinia myoviruses, fEV-1 and fD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.); (L.M.); (A.N.); (M.I.P.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Jaakkola
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.); (L.M.); (A.N.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.); (L.M.); (A.N.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Lotta von Ossowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.); (L.M.); (A.N.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Maria I. Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (S.J.); (L.M.); (A.N.); (M.I.P.)
| | - Lotta J. Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from contaminated food and human stool samples in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 343:109091. [PMID: 33639477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence factors and identified serovars in 37 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human stool and contaminated foods linked to outbreaks that occurred in Brazil over 7 years using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenetic analysis of selected serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. London, and S. Johannesburg) was performed. Ten distinct serovars were identified and, 51% of the tested strains (n = 19) showed disagreement with the previous conventional serotyping. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants or plasmids varied among the strains. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides [aac (6')-laa, aph (3″)-lb, aph (6)-ld, aadA1 and aadA2], sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprin (dfrA8), fosfomycin (fosA7) and tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC), as well as point mutations in parC (T57S) and gyrA (S83F). Plasmidome showed the presence of IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB (S), IncFII (S), IncI1 and p0111 plasmids. Eight Salmonella pathogenicity islands and up to 102 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Virulence genes of K88 fimbrial adhesin were first reported in S. enterica (S. Pomona, S. Bredeney and S. Mbandaka strains). pilW gene was first identified in S. Pomona. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some serovars circulated in Brazil for decades, primarily within the poultry production chain. Findings highlighted the virulence and AMR determinants in strains that may lead to recurring food outbreaks.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue Y, Li Q, Park CG, Klena JD, Anisimov AP, Sun Z, Wei X, Chen T. Proteus mirabilis Targets Atherosclerosis Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries via DC-SIGN (CD209). Front Immunol 2021; 11:579010. [PMID: 33488579 PMCID: PMC7820866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNAs are constantly detected in atherosclerotic plaques (APs), suggesting that a combination of chronic infection and inflammation may have roles in AP formation. A series of studies suggested that certain Gram-negative bacteria were able to interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin [DC-SIGN; cluster of differentiation (CD) 209] or langerin (CD207), thereby resulting in deposition of CD209s at infection sites. We wondered if Proteus mirabilis (a member of Proteobacteria family) could interact with APs through CD209/CD207. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD209/CD207 were also receptors for P. mirabilis that mediated adherence and phagocytosis by macrophages. P. mirabilis interacted with fresh and CD209s/CD207-expressing APs cut from human coronary arteries, rather than in healthy and smooth arteries. These interactions were inhibited by addition of a ligand-mimic oligosaccharide and the coverage of the ligand, as well as by anti-CD209 antibody. Finally, the hearts from an atherosclerotic mouse model contained higher numbers of P. mirabilis than that of control mice during infection-challenging. We therefore concluded that the P. mirabilis interacts with APs in human coronary arteries via CD209s/CD207. It may be possible to slow down the progress of atherosclerosis by blocking the interactions between CD209s/CD207 and certain atherosclerosis-involved bacteria with ligand-mimic oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John D Klena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrey P Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rcs Phosphorelay Responses to Truncated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Envelope Stress in Yersinia enterocolitica. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235718. [PMID: 33287412 PMCID: PMC7730088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and its integrity is monitored by various stress response systems. Although the Rcs system is involved in the envelope stress response and regulates genes controlling numerous bacterial cell functions of Yersinia enterocolitica, whether it can sense the truncated LPS in Y. enterocolitica remains unclear. In this study, the deletion of the Y. enterocolitica waaF gene truncated the structure of LPS and produced a deep rough LPS. The truncated LPS increased the cell surface hydrophobicity and outer membrane permeability, generating cell envelope stress. The truncated LPS also directly exposed the smooth outer membrane to the external environment and attenuated the resistance to adverse conditions, such as impaired survival under polymyxin B and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) exposure. Further phenotypic experiment and gene expression analysis indicated that the truncated LPS was correlated with the activation of the Rcs phosphorelay, thereby repressing cell motility and biofilm formation. Our findings highlight the importance of LPS integrity in maintaining membrane function and broaden the understanding of Rcs phosphorelay signaling in response to cell envelope stress, thus opening new avenues to develop effective antimicrobial agents for combating Y. enterocolitica infections.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu B, Furevi A, Perepelov AV, Guo X, Cao H, Wang Q, Reeves PR, Knirel YA, Wang L, Widmalm G. Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:655-683. [PMID: 31778182 PMCID: PMC7685785 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Axel Furevi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xi Guo
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Quan Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Bioscience, University of Sydney, 2 Butilin Ave, Darlington NSW 2008, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjing 300457, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perez MF, Kurth D, Farías ME, Soria MN, Castillo Villamizar GA, Poehlein A, Daniel R, Dib JR. First Report on the Plasmidome From a High-Altitude Lake of the Andean Puna. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1343. [PMID: 32655530 PMCID: PMC7324554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements, including plasmids, drive the evolution of prokaryotic genomes through the horizontal transfer of genes allowing genetic exchange between bacteria. Moreover, plasmids carry accessory genes, which encode functions that may offer an advantage to the host. Thus, it is expected that in a certain ecological niche, plasmids are enriched in accessory functions, which are important for their hosts to proliferate in that niche. Puquio de Campo Naranja is a high-altitude lake from the Andean Puna exposed to multiple extreme conditions, including high UV radiation, alkalinity, high concentrations of arsenic, heavy metals, dissolved salts, high thermal amplitude and low O2 pressure. Microorganisms living in this lake need to develop efficient mechanisms and strategies to cope under these conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the plasmidome of microbialites from Puquio de Campo Naranja, and identify potential hosts and encoded functions using a deep-sequencing approach. The potential ecological impact of the plasmidome, including plasmids from cultivable and non-cultivable microorganisms, is described for the first time in a lake representing an extreme environment of the Puna. This study showed that the recovered genetic information for the plasmidome was novel in comparison to the metagenome derived from the same environment. The study of the total plasmid population allowed the identification of genetic features typically encoded by plasmids, such as resistance and virulence factors. The resistance genes comprised resistances to heavy metals, antibiotics and stress factors. These results highlight the key role of plasmids for their hosts and impact of extrachromosomal elements to thrive in a certain ecological niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Perez
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniel Kurth
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Farías
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariana Noelia Soria
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Genis Andrés Castillo Villamizar
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Línea Tecnológica Biocorrosión, Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión C.I.C., Piedecuesta, Colombia
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julián Rafael Dib
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bozcal E. A general view on virulence determinants and infection strategies of Yersinia enterocolitica. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Beims H, Bunk B, Erler S, Mohr KI, Spröer C, Pradella S, Günther G, Rohde M, von der Ohe W, Steinert M. Discovery of Paenibacillus larvae ERIC V: Phenotypic and genomic comparison to genotypes ERIC I-IV reveal different inventories of virulence factors which correlate with epidemiological prevalences of American Foulbrood. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151394. [PMID: 31959580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a highly contagious brood disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera). AFB requires mandatory reporting to the veterinary authority in many countries and until now four genotypes, P. larvae ERIC I-IV, have been identified. We isolated a new genotype, ERIC V, from a Spanish honey sample. After a detailed phenotypic comparison with the reference strains of the ERIC I-IV genotypes, including spore morphology, non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) profiling, and in vivo infections of A. mellifera larvae, we established a genomic DNA Macrorestriction Fragment Pattern Analysis (MRFPA) scheme for future epidemiologic discrimination. Whole genome comparison of the reference strains and the new ERIC V genotype (DSM 106052) revealed that the respective virulence gene inventories of the five genotypes corresponded with the time needed to kill 100 % of the infected bee larvae (LT100) in in vivo infection assays. The rarely isolated P. larvae genotypes ERIC II I-V with a fast-killing phenotype (LT100 3 days) harbor genes with high homology to virulence factors of other insect pathogens. These virulence genes are absent in the epidemiologically prevalent genotypes ERIC I (LT100 12 days) and ERIC II (LT100 7 days), which exhibit slower killing phenotypes. Since killing-retardation is known to reduce the success of hygienic cleaning by nurse bees, the identified absence of virulence factors might explain the epidemiological prevalences of ERIC genotypes. The discovery of the P. larvae ERIC V isolate suggests that more unknown ERIC genotypes exist in bee colonies. Since inactivation or loss of a few genes can transform a fast-killing phenotype into a more dangerous slow-killing phenotype, these rarely isolated genotypes may represent a hidden reservoir for future AFB outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Beims
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany; Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Institute of Apiculture, Celle, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvio Erler
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie-Zoologie, Halle, Germany
| | - Kathrin I Mohr
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silke Pradella
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabi Günther
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department Microbial Drugs, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner von der Ohe
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Institute of Apiculture, Celle, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang K, He Y, Park CG, Kang YS, Zhang P, Han Y, Cui Y, Bulgheresi S, Anisimov AP, Dentovskaya SV, Ying X, Jiang L, Ding H, Njiri OA, Zhang S, Zheng G, Xia L, Kan B, Wang X, Jing H, Yan M, Li W, Wang Y, Xiamu X, Chen G, Ma D, Bartra SS, Plano GV, Klena JD, Yang R, Skurnik M, Chen T. Yersinia pestis Interacts With SIGNR1 (CD209b) for Promoting Host Dissemination and Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:96. [PMID: 30915064 PMCID: PMC6422942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacterium and the etiologic agent of plague, has evolved from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, a cause of a mild enteric disease. However, the molecular and biological mechanisms of how Y. pseudotuberculosis evolved to such a remarkably virulent pathogen, Y. pestis, are not clear. The ability to initiate a rapid bacterial dissemination is a characteristic hallmark of Y. pestis infection. A distinguishing characteristic between the two Yersinia species is that Y. pseudotuberculosis strains possess an O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while Y. pestis has lost the O-antigen during evolution and therefore exposes its core LPS. In this study, we showed that Y. pestis utilizes its core LPS to interact with SIGNR1 (CD209b), a C-type lectin receptor on antigen presenting cells (APCs), leading to bacterial dissemination to lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and the initiation of a systemic infection. We therefore propose that the loss of O-antigen represents a critical step in the evolution of Y. pseudotuberculosis into Y. pestis in terms of hijacking APCs, promoting bacterial dissemination and causing the plague.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yingxia He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey P Anisimov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | | | - Xiaoling Ying
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Honghui Ding
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Olivia Adhiambo Njiri
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, Chuka University, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lianxu Xia
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiding Xiamu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - John D Klena
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Byvalov AA, Kononenko VL, Konyshev IV. Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy of Interaction of Lipopolysaccharides from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis with J774 Macrophage Membrane Using Optical Tweezers. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747818020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Jun JW, Park SC, Wicklund A, Skurnik M. Bacteriophages reduce Yersinia enterocolitica contamination of food and kitchenware. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 271:33-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
22
|
Identification and biochemical characterization of WbwB, a novel UDP-Gal: Neu5Ac-R α1,4-galactosyltransferase from the intestinal pathogen Escherichia coli serotype O104. Glycoconj J 2017; 35:65-76. [PMID: 29063990 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal pathogen Escherichia coli serotype O104:H4 (ECO104) can cause bloody diarrhea and haemolytic uremic syndrome. The ECO104 O antigen has the unique repeating unit structure [4Galα1-4Neu5,7,9Ac3α2-3Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-], which includes the mammalian sialyl-T antigen as an internal structure. Previously, we identified WbwC from ECO104 as the β3Gal-transferase that synthesizes the T antigen, and showed that α3-sialyl-transferase WbwA transfers sialic acid to the T antigen. Here we identify the wbwB gene product as a unique α1,4-Gal-transferase WbwB that transfers Gal from UDP-Gal to the terminal sialic acid residue of Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid acceptor. NMR analysis of the WbwB enzyme reaction product indicated that Galα1-4Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3GalNAcα-diphosphate-lipid was synthesized. WbwB from ECO104 has a unique acceptor specificity for terminal sialic acid as well as the diphosphate group in the acceptor. The characterization studies showed that WbwB does not require divalent metal ion as a cofactor. Mutagenesis identified Lys243 within an RKR motif and both Glu315 and Glu323 of the fourth EX7E motif as essential for the activity. WbwB is the final glycosyltransferase in the biosynthesis pathway of the ECO104 antigen repeating unit. This work contributes to knowledge of the biosynthesis of bacterial virulence factors.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nieckarz M, Raczkowska A, Jaworska K, Stefańska E, Skorek K, Stosio D, Brzostek K. The Role of OmpR in the Expression of Genes of the KdgR Regulon Involved in the Uptake and Depolymerization of Oligogalacturonides in Yersinia enterocolitica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:366. [PMID: 28861396 PMCID: PMC5559549 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligogalacturonide (OGA)-specific porins of the KdgM family have previously been identified and characterized in enterobacterial plant pathogens. We found that deletion of the gene encoding response regulator OmpR causes the porin KdgM2 to become one of the most abundant proteins in the outer membrane of the human enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Reporter gene fusion and real-time PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of kdgM2 is repressed by OmpR. We also found that kdgM2 expression is subject to negative regulation by KdgR, a specific repressor of genes involved in the uptake and metabolism of pectin derivatives in plant pathogens. The additive effect of kdgR and ompR mutations suggested that KdgR and OmpR regulate kdgM2 expression independently. We confirmed that kdgM2 occurs in an operon with the pelP gene, encoding the periplasmic pectate lyase PelP. A pectinolytic assay showed strong upregulation of PelP production/activity in a Y. enterocolitica strain lacking OmpR and KdgR, which corroborates the repression exerted by these regulators on kdgM2. In addition, our data showed that OmpR is responsible for up regulation of the kdgM1 gene encoding the second specific oligogalacturonide porin KdgM1. This indicates the involvement of OmpR in the reciprocal regulation of both KdgM1 and KdgM2. Moreover, we demonstrated the negative impact of OmpR on kdgR transcription, which might positively affect the expression of genes of the KdgR regulon. Binding of OmpR to the promoter regions of the kdgM2-pelP-sghX operon, and kdgM1 and kdgR genes was confirmed using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, suggesting that OmpR can directly regulate their transcription. We also found that the overexpression of porin KdgM2 increases outer membrane permeability. Thus, OmpR-mediated regulation of the KdgM porins may contribute to the fitness of Y. enterocolitica in particular local environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nieckarz
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Raczkowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jaworska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Stefańska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Skorek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Stosio
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brzostek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Byvalov AA, Kononenko VL, Konyshev IV. Effect of lipopolysaccharide O-side chains on the adhesiveness of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to J774 macrophages as revealed by optical tweezers. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR. Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:200-217. [PMID: 28364730 PMCID: PMC5399914 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5΄ end for side-branch modules or the 3΄ end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Monica M. Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bozcal E, Dagdeviren M, Uzel A, Skurnik M. LuxCDE-luxAB-based promoter reporter system to monitor the Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 gene expression in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172877. [PMID: 28235077 PMCID: PMC5325538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the in vitro and in vivo regulation of the virulence factor genes of bacterial pathogens. In this study, we describe the construction of a versatile reporter system for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 (YeO3) based on the luxCDABE operon. In strain YeO3-luxCDE we integrated the luciferase substrate biosynthetic genes, luxCDE, into the genome of the bacterium so that the substrate is constitutively produced. The luxAB genes that encode the luciferase enzyme were cloned into a suicide vector to allow cloning of any promoter-containing fragment upstream the genes. When the obtained suicide-construct is mobilized into YeO3-luxCDE bacteria, it integrates into the recipient genome via homologous recombination between the cloned promoter fragment and the genomic promoter sequence and thereby generates a single-copy and stable promoter reporter. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (O-ag) and outer core hexasaccharide (OC) of YeO3 are virulence factors necessary to colonization of the intestine and establishment of infection. To monitor the activities of the OC and O-ag gene cluster promoters we constructed the reporter strains YeO3-Poc::luxAB and YeO3-Pop1::luxAB, respectively. In vitro, at 37°C both promoter activities were highest during logarithmic growth and decreased when the bacteria entered stationary growth phase. At 22°C the OC gene cluster promoter activity increased during the late logarithmic phase. Both promoters were more active in late stationary phase. To monitor the promoter activities in vivo, mice were infected intragastrically and the reporter activities monitored by the IVIS technology. The mouse experiments revealed that both LPS promoters were well expressed in vivo and could be detected by IVIS, mainly from the intestinal region of orally infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bozcal
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Istanbul, Turkey
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, General Biology Section, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University, Center for Drug Research and Development and Pharmacokinetic Applications, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Atac Uzel
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ieva R. Interfering with outer membrane biogenesis to fight Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Virulence 2017; 8:1049-1052. [PMID: 28277902 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1296617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ieva
- a Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM) , Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dow GT, Gilbert M, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Structural investigation on WlaRG from Campylobacter jejuni: A sugar aminotransferase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:586-599. [PMID: 28028852 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative bacterium that represents a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Of particular concern is the link between C. jejuni infections and the subsequent development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acquired autoimmune disorder leading to paralysis. All Gram-negative bacteria contain complex glycoconjugates anchored to their outer membranes, but in most strains of C. jejuni, this lipoglycan lacks the O-antigen repeating units. Recent mass spectrometry analyses indicate that the C. jejuni 81116 (Penner serotype HS:6) lipoglycan contains two dideoxyhexosamine residues, and enzymological assay data show that this bacterial strain can synthesize both dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose and dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose. The focus of this investigation is on WlaRG from C. jejuni, which plays a key role in the production of these unusual sugars by functioning as a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent aminotransferase. Here, we describe the first three-dimensional structures of the enzyme in various complexes determined to resolutions of 1.7 Å or higher. Of particular significance are the external aldimine structures of WlaRG solved in the presence of either dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose or dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose. These models highlight the manner in which WlaRG can accommodate sugars with differing stereochemistries about their C-4' carbon positions. In addition, we present a corrected structure of WbpE, a related sugar aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, solved to 1.3 Å resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett T Dow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weirich J, Bräutigam C, Mühlenkamp M, Franz-Wachtel M, Macek B, Meuskens I, Skurnik M, Leskinen K, Bohn E, Autenrieth I, Schütz M. Identifying components required for OMP biogenesis as novel targets for antiinfective drugs. Virulence 2017; 8:1170-1188. [PMID: 28118090 PMCID: PMC5711350 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1278333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria requires new therapies for combating bacterial infections. Targeting the biogenesis of virulence factors could be an alternative strategy instead of killing bacteria with antibiotics. The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a physical barrier. At the same time it facilitates the exchange of molecules and harbors a multitude of proteins associated with virulence. In order to insert proteins into the OM, an essential oligomeric membrane-associated protein complex, the ß-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is required. Being essential for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) the BAM and also periplasmic chaperones may serve as attractive targets to develop novel antiinfective agents. Herein, we aimed to elucidate which proteins belonging to the OMP biogenesis machinery have the most important function in granting bacterial fitness, OM barrier function, facilitating biogenesis of dedicated virulence factors and determination of overall virulence. To this end we used the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica as a model system. We individually knocked out all non-essential components of the BAM (BamB, C and E) as well as the periplasmic chaperones DegP, SurA and Skp. In summary, we found that the most profound phenotypes were produced by the loss of BamB or SurA with both knockouts resulting in significant attenuation or even avirulence of Ye in a mouse infection model. Thus, we assume that both BamB and SurA are promising targets for the development of new antiinfective drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weirich
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Cornelia Bräutigam
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Melanie Mühlenkamp
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- b Proteome Center Tübingen, Universität Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ina Meuskens
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- c Department of Bacteriology and Immunology , Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- c Department of Bacteriology and Immunology , Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology Research Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Erwin Bohn
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ingo Autenrieth
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- a Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dudek B, Krzyżewska E, Kapczyńska K, Rybka J, Pawlak A, Korzekwa K, Klausa E, Bugla-Płoskońska G. Proteomic Analysis of Outer Membrane Proteins from Salmonella Enteritidis Strains with Different Sensitivity to Human Serum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164069. [PMID: 27695090 PMCID: PMC5047454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential analysis of outer membrane composition of S. Enteritidis strains, resistant to 50% normal human serum (NHS) was performed in order to find factors influencing the resistance to higher concentrations of NHS. Ten S. Enteritidis clinical strains, resistant to 50% NHS, all producing very long lipopolysaccharide, were subjected to the challenge of 75% NHS. Five extreme strains: two resistant and three sensitive to 75% NHS, were chosen for the further analysis of outer membrane proteins composition. Substantial differences were found in the levels of particular outer membrane proteins between resistant and sensitive strains, i.e. outer membrane protease E (PgtE) was present mainly in resistant strains, while sensitive strains possessed a high level of flagellar hook-associated protein 2 (FliD) and significantly higher levels of outer membrane protein A (OmpA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eva Krzyżewska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczyńska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- Dialab Laboratory, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Klausa
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shevchenko JI, Shilina JV, Pozur VK, Skurnik M. Effect of waaL ligase gene deletion on motility and stress adaptation reactions of Y. enterocolitica 6471/76. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452715060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Reuter S, Corander J, de Been M, Harris S, Cheng L, Hall M, Thomson NR, McNally A. Directional gene flow and ecological separation in Yersinia enterocolitica. Microb Genom 2015; 1:e000030. [PMID: 28348815 PMCID: PMC5320568 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. Recent work defining the phylogeny of the genus Yersinia subdivided Y. enterocolitica into six distinct phylogroups. Here, we provide detailed analyses of the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of these phylogroups. The dominant phylogroups isolated from human infections, PG3–5, show very little diversity at the sequence level, but do present marked patterns of gain and loss of functions, including those involved in pathogenicity and metabolism, including the acquisition of phylogroup-specific O-antigen loci. We tracked gene flow across the species in the core and accessory genome, and show that the non-pathogenic PG1 strains act as a reservoir for diversity, frequently acting as donors in recombination events. Analysis of the core and accessory genome also suggested that the different Y. enterocolitica phylogroups may be ecologically separated, in contrast to the long-held belief of common shared ecological niches across the Y. enterocolitica species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reuter
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Pathogen Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark de Been
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Simon Harris
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miquette Hall
- Pathogen Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alan McNally
- Pathogen Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
O antigen modulates insect vector acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8145-54. [PMID: 26386068 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02383-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemipteran insect vectors transmit the majority of plant pathogens. Acquisition of pathogenic bacteria by these piercing/sucking insects requires intimate associations between the bacterial cells and insect surfaces. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the predominant macromolecule displayed on the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria and thus mediates bacterial interactions with the environment and potential hosts. We hypothesized that bacterial cell surface properties mediated by LPS would be important in modulating vector-pathogen interactions required for acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Utilizing a mutant that produces truncated O antigen (the terminal portion of the LPS molecule), we present results that link this LPS structural alteration to a significant decrease in the attachment of X. fastidiosa to blue-green sharpshooter foreguts. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that this defect in initial attachment compromised subsequent biofilm formation within vector foreguts, thus impairing pathogen acquisition. We also establish a relationship between O antigen truncation and significant changes in the physiochemical properties of the cell, which in turn affect the dynamics of X. fastidiosa adhesion to the vector foregut. Lastly, we couple measurements of the physiochemical properties of the cell with hydrodynamic fluid shear rates to produce a Comsol model that predicts primary areas of bacterial colonization within blue-green sharpshooter foreguts, and we present experimental data that support the model. These results demonstrate that, in addition to reported protein adhesin-ligand interactions, O antigen is crucial for vector-pathogen interactions, specifically in the acquisition of this destructive agricultural pathogen.
Collapse
|
34
|
Salinger AJ, Brown HA, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Biochemical studies on WbcA, a sugar epimerase from Yersinia enterocolitica. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1633-9. [PMID: 26174084 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes yersiniosis, a zoonotic disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract of humans, cattle, and pigs, among others. The lipopolysaccharide of Y. enterocolitica O:8 contains an unusual sugar, 6-deoxy-d-gulose, which requires four enzymes for its biosynthesis. Here, we describe a combined structural and functional investigation of WbcA, which catalyzes the third step in the pathway, namely an epimerization about the C-3' carbon of a CDP-linked sugar. The structure of WbcA was determined to 1.75-Å resolution, and the model was refined to an overall R-factor of 19.5%. The fold of WbcA places it into the well-defined cupin superfamily of sugar epimerases. Typically, these enzymes contain both a conserved histidine and a tyrosine residue that play key roles in catalysis. On the basis of amino acid sequence alignments, it was anticipated that the "conserved" tyrosine had been replaced with a cysteine residue in WbcA (Cys 133), and indeed this was the case. However, what was not anticipated was the fact that another tyrosine residue (Tyr 50) situated on a neighboring β-strand moved into the active site. Site-directed mutant proteins were subsequently constructed and their kinetic properties analyzed to address the roles of Cys 133 and Tyr 50 in WbcA catalysis. This study emphasizes the continuing need to experimentally verify assumptions that are based solely on bioinformatics approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Haley A Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Hazel M Holden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thoden JB, Vinogradov E, Gilbert M, Salinger AJ, Holden HM. Bacterial Sugar 3,4-Ketoisomerases: Structural Insight into Product Stereochemistry. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4495-506. [PMID: 26125548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (Fuc3NAc) and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (Qui3NAc) are unusual sugars found on the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria and on the S-layers of Gram-positive bacteria. The 3,4-ketoisomerases, referred to as FdtA and QdtA, catalyze the third steps in the respective biosynthetic pathways for these sugars. Whereas both enzymes utilize the same substrate, the stereochemistries of their products are different. Specifically, the hydroxyl groups at the hexose C-4' positions assume the "galactose" and "glucose" configurations in the FdtA and QdtA products, respectively. In 2007 we reported the structure of the apoform of FdtA from Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus, which was followed in 2014 by the X-ray analysis of QdtA from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum as a binary complex. Both of these enzymes belong to the cupin superfamily. Here we report a combined structural and enzymological study to explore the manner in which these enzymes control the stereochemistry of their products. Various site-directed mutant proteins of each enzyme were constructed, and their dTDP-sugar products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the kinetic parameters for these protein variants were measured, and the structure of one, namely, the QdtA Y17R/R97H double mutant form, was determined to 2.3-Å resolution. Finally, in an attempt to obtain a model of FdtA with a bound dTDP-linked sugar, the 3,4-ketoisomerase domain of a bifunctional enzyme from Shewanella denitrificans was cloned, purified, and crystallized in the presence of a dTDP-linked sugar analogue. Taken together, the results from this investigation demonstrate that it is possible to convert a "galacto" enzyme into a "gluco" enzyme and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Thoden
- †Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- ‡Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Michel Gilbert
- ‡Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1A OR6
| | - Ari J Salinger
- †Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hazel M Holden
- †Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kasperkiewicz K, Swierzko AS, Bartlomiejczyk MA, Cedzynski M, Noszczynska M, Duda KA, Michalski M, Skurnik M. Interaction of human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) with Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:544-52. [PMID: 26188838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is involved in the interaction between Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and host. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), complement-activating soluble pattern-recognition receptor targets microbial glycoconjugates, including LPS. We studied its interactions with a set of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS mutants. The wild-type strain LPS consists of lipid A (LA) substituted with an inner core oligosaccharide (IC) which in turn is substituted either with the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) or the outer core hexasaccharide (OC), and sometimes also with the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The LPS mutants produced truncated LPS, missing OPS, OC or both, or, in addition, different IC constituents or ECA. MBL bound to LA-IC, LA-IC-OPS and LA-IC-ECA but not LA-IC-OC structures. Moreover, LA-IC substitution with both OPS and ECA prevented the lectin binding. Sequential truncation of the IC heptoses demonstrated that the MBL targets the IC heptose region. Furthermore, microbial growth temperature influenced MBL binding; binding was stronger to bacteria grown at room temperature (22°C) than to bacteria grown at 37°C. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MBL can interact with Y. enterocolitica LPS, however, the in vivo significance of that interaction remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, PL 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna S Swierzko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin A Bartlomiejczyk
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Cedzynski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Noszczynska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, PL 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Priority Area Asthma and Allergies, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 4a/c, D 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Mateusz Michalski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Leskinen K, Li CM, Varjosalo M, Li Z, Skurnik M. Expression of the Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS O-antigen and outer core gene clusters is RfaH-dependent. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1282-94. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
38
|
Di Lorenzo F, De Castro C, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Silipo A, Molinaro A. Lipopolysaccharides as Microbe-associated Molecular Patterns: A Structural Perspective. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) macromolecule is the major constituent of the external leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane, exerting a plethora of biological activities in animals and plants. Among all, it represents a defensive barrier which helps bacteria to resist antimicrobial compounds and external stress factors and is involved in most aspects of host–bacterium interactions such as recognition, adhesion and colonization. One of the most interesting and studied LPS features is its key role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative infections potentially causing fever or circulatory shock. On the other hand, the LPS acts as a beneficial factor for the host since it is recognized by specific receptors of the host innate immune system; this recognition activates the host defenses culminating, in most cases, in destruction of the pathogen. Most of the biological roles of the LPS are strictly related to its primary structure; thus knowledge of the structural architecture of such a macromolecule, which is different even among bacterial strains belonging to the same species, is a first step but is essential in order to understand the molecular bases of the wide variety of biological activities exerted by LPSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Via Cinthia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Strategies used by Yersinia enterocolitica to evade killing by the host: thinking beyond Yops. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
41
|
Asadishad B, Ghoshal S, Tufenkji N. Role of cold climate and freeze-thaw on the survival, transport, and virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:14169-14177. [PMID: 24283700 DOI: 10.1021/es403726u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface and near-surface soils in cold climate regions experience low temperature and freeze-thaw (FT) conditions in the winter. Microorganisms that are of concern to groundwater quality may have the potential to survive low temperature and FT in the soil and aqueous environments. Although there is a body of literature on the survival of pathogenic bacteria at different environmental conditions, little is known about their transport behavior in aquatic environments at low temperatures and after FT. Herein, we studied the survival, transport, and virulence of a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Yersinia enterocolitica, when subjected to low temperature and several FT cycles at two solution ionic strengths (10 and 100 mM) in the absence of nutrients. Our findings demonstrate that this bacterium exhibited higher retention on sand after exposure to FT. Increasing the number of FT cycles resulted in higher bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and impaired the swimming motility and viability of the bacterium. Moreover, the transcription of flhD and fliA, the flagellin-encoding genes, and lpxR, the lipid A 3'-O-deacylase gene, was reduced in low temperature and after FT treatment while the transcription of virulence factors such as ystA, responsible for enterotoxin production, ail, attachment invasion locus gene, and rfbC, O-antigen gene, was increased. Y. enterocolitica tends to persist in soil for long periods and may become more virulent at low temperature in higher ionic strength waters in cold regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Asadishad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Skorek K, Raczkowska A, Dudek B, Miętka K, Guz-Regner K, Pawlak A, Klausa E, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Brzostek K. Regulatory protein OmpR influences the serum resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 by modifying the structure of the outer membrane. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79525. [PMID: 24260242 PMCID: PMC3834241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The EnvZ/OmpR two-component system constitutes a regulatory pathway involved in bacterial adaptive responses to environmental cues. Our previous findings indicated that the OmpR regulator in Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 positively regulates the expression of FlhDC, the master flagellar activator, which influences adhesion/invasion properties and biofilm formation. Here we show that a strain lacking OmpR grown at 37°C exhibits extremely high resistance to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (NHS) compared with the wild-type strain. Analysis of OMP expression in the ompR mutant revealed that OmpR reciprocally regulates Ail and OmpX, two homologous OMPs of Y. enterocolitica, without causing significant changes in the level of YadA, the major serum resistance factor. Analysis of mutants in individual genes belonging to the OmpR regulon (ail, ompX, ompC and flhDC) and strains lacking plasmid pYV, expressing YadA, demonstrated the contribution of the respective proteins to serum resistance. We show that Ail and OmpC act in an opposite way to the OmpX protein to confer serum resistance to the wild-type strain, but are not responsible for the high resistance of the ompR mutant. The serum resistance phenotype of ompR seems to be multifactorial and mainly attributable to alterations that potentiate the function of YadA. Our results indicate that a decreased level of FlhDC in the ompR mutant cells is partly responsible for the serum resistance and this effect can be suppressed by overexpression of flhDC in trans. The observation that the loss of FlhDC enhances the survival of wild-type cells in NHS supports the involvement of FlhDC regulator in this phenotype. In addition, the ompR mutant exhibited a lower level of LPS, but this was not correlated with changes in the level of FlhDC. We propose that OmpR might alter the susceptibility of Y. enterocolitica O:9 to complement-mediated killing through remodeling of the outer membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Raczkowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miętka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz-Regner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Klausa
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Brzostek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu B, Knirel YA, Feng L, Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Reeves PR, Wang L. Structural diversity in Salmonella O antigens and its genetic basis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 38:56-89. [PMID: 23848592 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the structures and genetics of the 46 O antigens of Salmonella, a major pathogen of humans and domestic animals. The variation in structures underpins the serological specificity of the 46 recognized serogroups. The O antigen is important for the full function and virulence of many bacteria, and the considerable diversity of O antigens can confer selective advantage. Salmonella O antigens can be divided into two major groups: those which have N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and those which have galactose (Gal) as the first sugar in the O unit. In recent years, we have determined 21 chemical structures and sequenced 28 gene clusters for GlcNAc-/GalNAc-initiated O antigens, thus completing the structure and DNA sequence data for the 46 Salmonella O antigens. The structures and gene clusters of the GlcNAc-/GalNAc-initiated O antigens were found to be highly diverse, and 24 of them were found to be identical or closely related to Escherichia coli O antigens. Sequence comparisons indicate that all or most of the shared gene clusters were probably present in the common ancestor, although alternative explanations are also possible. In contrast, the better-known eight Gal-initiated O antigens are closely related both in structures and gene cluster sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, TEDA, Tianjin, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The unique structure of complete lipopolysaccharide isolated from semi-rough Plesiomonas shigelloides O37 (strain CNCTC 39/89) containing (2S)-O-(4-oxopentanoic acid)-α-d-Glcp (α-d-Lenose). Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Li DG, Liu B, Zhou DW. Structural characterization of enzymatic products in the dTDP-d-Qui4NFo biosynthetic pathway using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:681-690. [PMID: 23418147 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Structural characterization of biosynthetic precursors is very important in assigning enzymatic function to proteins that have been identified as functional homologs on the basis of sequence homology alone. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) as a powerful technique for the characterization of enzymatic products in the biosynthetic pathway of deoxythymidine 5'-diphosphate-4-formamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (dTDP-D-Qui4NFo) in Providencia alcalifaciens O30. METHODS The glucose-1-phosphate thymidyltransferase (RmlA), dTDP-d-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB), dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose aminotransferase (VioA), and formyltransferase (VioF) catalyzed reactions were directly monitored by ESI-MS, followed by a detailed structural characterization of the final enzymatic products using ESI-MS/MS in the negative-ion mode after minimal cleanup. RESULTS The biosynthetic pathway of dTDP-D-Qui4NFo, beginning from α-D-glucose-1-phosphate in four reaction steps catalyzed by RmlA, RmlB, VioA and VioF, was characterized solely by ESI-MS/MS. The results obtained were in good agreement with that of traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitoring and preparation, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ESI-MS structural characterization. CONCLUSIONS MS provides efficient and simple characterization of important unusual dTDP-sugar biosynthetic pathways in the O-chains of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Ge Li
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Requirement of the lipopolysaccharide O-chain biosynthesis gene wxocB for type III secretion and virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1959-69. [PMID: 23435979 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02299-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. A mutant disrupted in wxocB, predicted to encode an enzyme for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis, was previously shown to suffer reduced virulence. Here, we confirm a role for wxocB in virulence and demonstrate its requirement for LPS O-chain assembly. Structure analysis indicated that wild-type LPS contains a polyrhamnose O chain with irregular, variant residues and a core oligosaccharide identical to that of other Xanthomonas spp. and that the wxocB mutant lacks the O chain. The mutant also showed moderate impairment in exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, but comparison with an EPS-deficient mutant demonstrated that this impairment could not account entirely for the reduced virulence. The wxocB mutant was not detectably different from the wild type in its induction of pathogenesis-related rice genes, type II secretion competence, flagellar motility, or resistance to two phytoalexins or resveratrol, and it was more, not less, resistant to oxidative stress and a third phytoalexin, indicating that none of these properties is involved. The mutant was more sensitive to SDS and to novobiocin, so increased sensitivity to some host-derived antimicrobials cannot be ruled out. However, the mutant showed a marked decrease in type III secretion into plant cells. This was not associated with any change in expression of genes for type III secretion or the ability to attach to plant cells in suspension. Thus, virulence of the wxocB mutant is likely reduced due primarily to a direct, possibly structural, effect of the loss of the O chain on type III delivery of effector proteins.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
WaaL is a membrane enzyme that catalyzes the glycosidic bonding of a sugar at the proximal end of the undecaprenyl-diphosphate (Und-PP)-O-antigen with a terminal sugar of the lipid A-core oligosaccharide (OS). This is a critical step in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. We describe here an assay to perform the ligation reaction in vitro utilizing native substrates.
Collapse
|
48
|
Reinés M, Llobet E, Dahlström KM, Pérez-Gutiérrez C, Llompart CM, Torrecabota N, Salminen TA, Bengoechea JA. Deciphering the acylation pattern of Yersinia enterocolitica lipid A. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002978. [PMID: 23133372 PMCID: PMC3486919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria may modify their surface to evade the host innate immune response. Yersinia enterocolitica modulates its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) lipid A structure, and the key regulatory signal is temperature. At 21°C, lipid A is hexa-acylated and may be modified with aminoarabinose or palmitate. At 37°C, Y. enterocolitica expresses a tetra-acylated lipid A consistent with the 3′-O-deacylation of the molecule. In this work, by combining genetic and mass spectrometric analysis, we establish that Y. enterocolitica encodes a lipid A deacylase, LpxR, responsible for the lipid A structure observed at 37°C. Western blot analyses indicate that LpxR exhibits latency at 21°C, deacylation of lipid A is not observed despite the expression of LpxR in the membrane. Aminoarabinose-modified lipid A is involved in the latency. 3-D modelling, docking and site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that LpxR D31 reduces the active site cavity volume so that aminoarabinose containing Kdo2-lipid A cannot be accommodated and, therefore, not deacylated. Our data revealed that the expression of lpxR is negatively controlled by RovA and PhoPQ which are necessary for the lipid A modification with aminoarabinose. Next, we investigated the role of lipid A structural plasticity conferred by LpxR on the expression/function of Y. enterocolitica virulence factors. We present evidence that motility and invasion of eukaryotic cells were reduced in the lpxR mutant grown at 21°C. Mechanistically, our data revealed that the expressions of flhDC and rovA, regulators controlling the flagellar regulon and invasin respectively, were down-regulated in the mutant. In contrast, the levels of the virulence plasmid (pYV)-encoded virulence factors Yops and YadA were not affected in the lpxR mutant. Finally, we establish that the low inflammatory response associated to Y. enterocolitica infections is the sum of the anti-inflammatory action exerted by pYV-encoded YopP and the reduced activation of the LPS receptor by a LpxR-dependent deacylated LPS. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major surface components of Gram-negative bacteria. The LPS contains a molecular pattern recognized by the innate immune system. Not surprisingly, the modification of the LPS pattern is a virulence strategy of several pathogens to evade the innate immune system. Yersinia enterocolitica causes food-borne infections in animals and humans (yersiniosis). Temperature regulates most, if not all, virulence factors of yersiniae including the structure of the LPS lipid A. At 21°C, lipid A is mainly hexa-acylated and may be modified with aminoarabinose or palmitate. In contrast, at 37°C, Y. enterocolitica expresses a unique tetra-acylated lipid A. In this work, we establish that Y. enterocolitica encodes a lipid A deacylase, LpxR, responsible for the lipid A structure expressed by the pathogen at 37°C, the host temperature. Our findings also revealed that the low inflammatory response associated to Y. enterocolitica infections is the sum of the anti-inflammatory action exerted by a Yersinia protein translocated into the cytosol of macrophages and the reduced activation of the LPS receptor complex due to the expression of a LpxR-dependent deacylated LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Reinés
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Llobet
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Käthe M. Dahlström
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Camino Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Catalina M. Llompart
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Nuria Torrecabota
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - José A. Bengoechea
- Laboratory Microbial Pathogenesis, Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB), Recinto Hospital Joan March, Bunyola, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lewis VG, Ween MP, McDevitt CA. The role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in bacterial pathogenicity. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:919-942. [PMID: 22246051 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily is present in all three domains of life. This ubiquitous class of integral membrane proteins have diverse biological functions, but their fundamental role involves the unidirectional translocation of compounds across cellular membranes in an ATP coupled process. The importance of this class of proteins in eukaryotic systems is well established as typified by their association with genetic diseases and roles in the multi-drug resistance of cancer. In stark contrast, the ABC transporters of prokaryotes have not been exhaustively investigated due to the sheer number of different roles and organisms in which they function. In this review, we examine the breadth of functions associated with microbial ABC transporters in the context of their contribution to bacterial pathogenicity and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Lewis
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gu W, Wang X, Qiu H, Luo X, Xiao D, Xiao Y, Tang L, Kan B, Jing H. Comparative antigenic proteins and proteomics of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bio-serotypes 1B/O: 8 and 2/O: 9 cultured at 25°C and 37°C. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:583-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|