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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xu T, Zeng L, Liu F, Huang X, Liu Q. Interactions among microorganisms open up a new world for anti-infectious therapy. FEBS J 2024; 291:1615-1631. [PMID: 36527169 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome, containing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is a community that coexists peacefully with humans most of the time, but with the potential to cause disease under certain conditions. When the environment changes or certain stimuli are received, microbes may interact with each other, causing or increasing the severity of disease in a host. With the appropriate methods, we can make these microbiota work for us, creating new applications for human health. This review discusses the wide range of interactions between microorganisms that result in an increase in susceptibility to, severity of, and mortality of diseases, and also briefly introduces how microorganisms interact with each other directly or indirectly. The study of microbial interactions and their mechanisms has revealed a new world of treatments for infectious disease. The regulation of the balance between intestinal flora, the correct application of probiotics, and the development of effective drugs by symbiosis all demonstrate the great contributions of the microbiota to human health and its powerful potential value. Consequently, the study of interactions between microorganisms plays an essential role in identifying the causes of diseases and the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hanchi Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Fadi Liu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
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2
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Shizukuishi S, Ogawa M, Kuroda E, Hamaguchi S, Sakuma C, Kakuta S, Tanida I, Uchiyama Y, Akeda Y, Ryo A, Ohnishi M. Pneumococcal sialidase promotes bacterial survival by fine-tuning of pneumolysin-mediated membrane disruption. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113962. [PMID: 38483905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (Ply) is an indispensable cholesterol-dependent cytolysin for pneumococcal infection. Although Ply-induced disruption of pneumococci-containing endosomal vesicles is a prerequisite for the evasion of endolysosomal bacterial clearance, its potent activity can be a double-edged sword, having a detrimental effect on bacterial survivability by inducing severe endosomal disruption, bactericidal autophagy, and scaffold epithelial cell death. Thus, Ply activity must be maintained at optimal levels. We develop a highly sensitive assay to monitor endosomal disruption using NanoBiT-Nanobody, which shows that the pneumococcal sialidase NanA can fine-tune Ply activity by trimming sialic acid from cell-membrane-bound glycans. In addition, oseltamivir, an influenza A virus sialidase inhibitor, promotes Ply-induced endosomal disruption and cytotoxicity by inhibiting NanA activity in vitro and greater tissue damage and bacterial clearance in vivo. Our findings provide a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies for severe pneumococcal infections by exploiting the duality of Ply activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Shizukuishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michinaga Ogawa
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Kuroda
- Department of Transformative Infection Control Development Studies, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chisato Sakuma
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Moran CL, Debowski A, Vrielink A, Stubbs K, Sarkar-Tyson M. N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase activity is important for chitooligosaccharide metabolism and biofilm formation in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16571. [PMID: 38178319 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic Gram-negative bacillus that can cause the disease melioidosis. Although B. pseudomallei is a recognised member of terrestrial soil microbiomes, little is known about its contribution to the saprophytic degradation of polysaccharides within its niche. For example, while chitin is predicted to be abundant within terrestrial soils the chitinolytic capacity of B. pseudomallei is yet to be defined. This study identifies and characterises a putative glycoside hydrolase, bpsl0500, which is expressed by B. pseudomallei K96243. Recombinant BPSL0500 was found to exhibit activity against substrate analogues and GlcNAc disaccharides relevant to chitinolytic N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidases. In B. pseudomallei, bpsl0500 was found to be essential for both N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase activity and chitooligosaccharide metabolism. Furthermore, bpsl0500 was also observed to significantly affect biofilm deposition. These observations led to the identification of BPSL0500 activity against model disaccharide linkages that are present in biofilm exopolysaccharides, a feature that has not yet been described for chitinolytic enzymes. The results in this study indicate that chitinolytic N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidases like bpsl0500 may facilitate biofilm disruption as well as chitin assimilation, providing dual functionality for saprophytic bacteria such as B. pseudomallei within the competitive soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Moran
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Debowski
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Keith Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Next-Gen Technologies in Biomedical Analysis, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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4
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Wahlenmayer ER, Hammers DE. Streptococcal peptides and their roles in host-microbe interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282622. [PMID: 37915845 PMCID: PMC10617681 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Streptococcus encompasses many bacterial species that are associated with hosts, ranging from asymptomatic colonizers and commensals to pathogens with a significant global health burden. Streptococci produce numerous factors that enable them to occupy their host-associated niches, many of which alter their host environment to the benefit of the bacteria. The ability to manipulate host immune systems to either evade detection and clearance or induce a hyperinflammatory state influences whether bacteria are able to survive and persist in a given environment, while also influencing the propensity of the bacteria to cause disease. Several bacterial factors that contribute to this inter-species interaction have been identified. Recently, small peptides have become increasingly appreciated as factors that contribute to Streptococcal relationships with their hosts. Peptides are utilized by streptococci to modulate their host environment in several ways, including by directly interacting with host factors to disrupt immune system function and signaling to other bacteria to control the expression of genes that contribute to immune modulation. In this review, we discuss the many contributions of Streptococcal peptides in terms of their ability to contribute to pathogenesis and disruption of host immunity. This discussion will highlight the importance of continuing to elucidate the functions of these Streptococcal peptides and pursuing the identification of new peptides that contribute to modulation of host environments. Developing a greater understanding of how bacteria interact with their hosts has the potential to enable the development of techniques to inhibit these peptides as therapeutic approaches against Streptococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Hammers
- Biology Department, Houghton University, Houghton, NY, United States
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Bazant J, Ott B, Hudel M, Hain T, Lucas R, Mraheil MA. Impact of Endogenous Pneumococcal Hydrogen Peroxide on the Activity and Release of Pneumolysin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:593. [PMID: 37888624 PMCID: PMC10611280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) pneumolysin (PLY) and the physiological metabolite hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can greatly increase the virulence of pneumococci. Although most studies have focused on the contribution of both virulence factors to the course of pneumococcal infection, it is unknown whether or how H2O2 can affect PLY activity. Of note, S. pneumoniae exploits endogenous H2O2 as an intracellular signalling molecule to modulate the activity of several proteins. Here, we demonstrate that H2O2 negatively affects the haemolytic activity of PLY in a concentration-dependent manner. Prevention of cysteine-dependent sulfenylation upon substitution of the unique and highly conserved cysteine residue to serine in PLY significantly reduces the toxin's susceptibility to H2O2 treatment and completely abolishes the ability of DTT to activate PLY. We also detect a clear gradual correlation between endogenous H2O2 generation and PLY release, with decreased H2O2 production causing a decline in the release of PLY. Comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis of the wild-type S. pneumoniae strain and three mutants impaired in H2O2 production indicates enhanced expression of several genes involved in peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis and in the production of choline-binding proteins (CPBs). One explanation for the impact of H2O2 on PLY release is the observed upregulation of the PG bridge formation alanyltransferases MurM and MurN, which evidentially negatively affect the PLY release. Our findings shed light on the significance of endogenous pneumococcal H2O2 in controlling PLY activity and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bazant
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Benjamin Ott
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Martina Hudel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.B.); (B.O.); (M.H.); (T.H.)
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Green AE, Pottenger S, Monshi MS, Barton TE, Phelan M, Neill DR. Airway metabolic profiling during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection identifies branched chain amino acids as signatures of upper airway colonisation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011630. [PMID: 37669280 PMCID: PMC10503754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and bacteraemia and is capable of remarkable phenotypic plasticity, responding rapidly to environmental change. Pneumococcus is a nasopharyngeal commensal, but is responsible for severe, acute infections following dissemination within-host. Pneumococcus is adept at utilising host resources, but the airways are compartmentalised and those resources are not evenly distributed. Challenges and opportunities in metabolite acquisition within different airway niches may contribute to the commensal-pathogen switch when pneumococcus moves from nasopharynx into lungs. We used NMR to characterise the metabolic landscape of the mouse airways, in health and during infection. Using paired nasopharynx and lung samples from naïve animals, we identified fundamental differences in metabolite bioavailability between airway niches. Pneumococcal pneumonia was associated with rapid and dramatic shifts in the lung metabolic environment, whilst nasopharyngeal carriage led to only modest change in upper airway metabolite profiles. NMR spectra derived from the nasopharynx of mice infected with closely-related pneumococcal strains that differ in their colonisation potential could be distinguished from one another using multivariate dimensionality reduction methods. The resulting models highlighted that increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) bioavailability in nasopharynx is a feature of infection with the high colonisation potential strain. Subsequent analysis revealed increased expression of BCAA transport genes and increased intracellular concentrations of BCAA in that same strain. Movement from upper to lower airway environments is associated with shifting challenges in metabolic resource allocation for pneumococci. Efficient biosynthesis, liberation or acquisition of BCAA is a feature of adaptation to nasopharyngeal colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad E. Green
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Pottenger
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Manal S. Monshi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Barton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Phelan
- Highfield NMR Facility, Liverpool Shared Research Facilities (LIV-SRF), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular, Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Neill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mathew BJ, Gupta P, Naaz T, Rai R, Gupta S, Gupta S, Chaurasiya SK, Purwar S, Biswas D, Vyas AK, Singh AK. Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae extracellular glycosidases in immune evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1109449. [PMID: 36816580 PMCID: PMC9937060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) typically colonizes the human upper airway asymptomatically but upon reaching other sites of the host body can cause an array of diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, otitis media, and meningitis. Be it colonization or progression to disease state, pneumococcus faces multiple challenges posed by host immunity ranging from complement mediated killing to inflammation driven recruitment of bactericidal cells for the containment of the pathogen. Pneumococcus has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host inflicted immune attack. The major pneumococcal virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule helps protect the bacteria from complement mediated opsonophagocytic killing. Another important group of pneumococcal proteins which help bacteria to establish and thrive in the host environment is surface associated glycosidases. These enzymes can hydrolyze host glycans on glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans and consequently help bacteria acquire carbohydrates for growth. Many of these glycosidases directly or indirectly facilitate bacterial adherence and are known to modulate the function of host defense/immune proteins likely by removing glycans and thereby affecting their stability and/or function. Furthermore, these enzymes are known to contribute the formation of biofilms, the bacterial communities inherently resilient to antimicrobials and host immune attack. In this review, we summarize the role of these enzymes in host immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijina J. Mathew
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Priyal Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Tabassum Naaz
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Rupal Rai
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- Research and Development, 3B Blackbio Biotech India Ltd., Bhopal, India
| | - Sudipti Gupta
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shivendra K. Chaurasiya
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Shashank Purwar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Vyas
- John C Martin Centre for Liver Research and Innovation, Liver Foundation Sonarpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirudh K. Singh
- School of Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen, India,*Correspondence: Anirudh K. Singh,
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Combining the In Silico and In Vitro Assays to Identify Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze Bioactives against Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010105. [PMID: 36678602 PMCID: PMC9863409 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze (S. cusia) are a widely used alexipharmic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in southern China for the prevention of cold and respiratory tract infectious diseases. One of the most common bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract is the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antibiotic resistance of colonized S. pneumoniae makes it a more serious threat to public health. In this study, the leaves of S. cusia were found to perform antibacterial effects on the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP). Confocal assay and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) monitored the diminished cell wall integrity and capsule thickness of the PRSP with treatment. The following comparative proteomics analysis revealed that the glycometabolism-related pathways were enriched for the differentially expressed proteins between the samples with treatment and the control. To further delve into the specific single effective compound, the bio-active contents of leaves of S. cusia were analyzed by UPLC-UV-ESI-Q-TOF/MS, and 23 compounds were isolated for anti-PRSP screening. Among them, Tryptanthrin demonstrated the most promising effect, and it possibly inhibited the N-glycan degradation proteins, as suggested by reverse docking analysis in silico and further experimental verification by the surface plasmon resonance assay (SPR). Our study provided a research foundation for applications of the leaves of S. cusia as a TCM, and supplied a bio-active compound Tryptanthrin as a candidate drug skeleton for infectious diseases caused by the PRSP.
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9
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Buisson A, Sokol H, Hammoudi N, Nancey S, Treton X, Nachury M, Fumery M, Hébuterne X, Rodrigues M, Hugot JP, Boschetti G, Stefanescu C, Wils P, Seksik P, Le Bourhis L, Bezault M, Sauvanet P, Pereira B, Allez M, Barnich N. Role of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease: lessons from the postoperative recurrence model. Gut 2023; 72:39-48. [PMID: 35361684 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We used the postoperative recurrence model to better understand the role of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) bacteria in Crohn's disease (CD), taking advantage of a well-characterised postoperative cohort. DESIGN From a prospective, multicentre cohort of operated patients with CD, AIEC identification was performed within the surgical specimen (M0) (N=181 patients) and the neoterminal ileum (n=119 patients/181) during colonoscopy performed 6 months after surgery (M6). Endoscopic postoperative recurrence was graded using Rutgeerts' index. The mucosa-associated microbiota was analysed by 16S sequencing at M0 and M6. Relative risks or ORs were adjusted on potential confounders. RESULTS AIEC prevalence was twofold higher within the neoterminal ileum at M6 (30.3%) than within the surgical specimen (14.9%) (p<0.001). AIEC within the neoterminal ileum at M6 was associated with higher rate of early ileal lesions (i1) (41.6% vs 17.1%; aRR 3.49 (95% CI 1.01 to 12.04), p=0.048) or ileal lesions (i2b+i3) (38.2% vs 17.1%; aRR 3.45 (95% CI 1.06 to 11.30), p=0.040) compared with no lesion (i0). AIEC within the surgical specimen was predictive of higher risk of i2b-endoscopic postoperative recurrence (POR) (aOR 2.54 (95% CI 1.01 to 6.44), p=0.049) and severe endoscopic POR (aOR 3.36 (95% CI 1.25 to 9.06), p=0.017). While only 5.0% (6/119) of the patients were AIEC-positive at both M0 and M6, 43.7% (52/119), patients with history of positive test for AIEC (M0 or M6) had higher risk of ileal endoscopic POR (aOR 2.32 (95% CI 1.01 to 5.39), p=0.048)), i2b-endoscopic postoperative recurrence (aOR 2.41 (95% CI 1.01 to 5.74); p=0.048) and severe endoscopic postoperative (aOR=3.84 (95% CI 1.32 to 11.18), p=0.013). AIEC colonisation was associated with a specific microbiota signature including increased abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus. CONCLUSION Based on the postoperative recurrence model, our data support the idea that AIEC are involved in the early steps of ileal CD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03458195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Buisson
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), UMR 1071, USC INRAE 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France .,Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, 3iHP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, F-75012 Paris, France.,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France.,INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nassim Hammoudi
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis hospital, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Université De Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMily, INSERM U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Nancey
- Gastroenterology Department, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Xavier Treton
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Beaujon, MICI et Assistance Nutritive, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Maria Nachury
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathurin Fumery
- Hepatogastroenterology department, Amiens University Hospital, an Peritox, UMR-I 01, University Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Xavier Hébuterne
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, CHU of Nice and University Côte d'Azur Nice, Nice, France
| | - Michael Rodrigues
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), UMR 1071, USC INRAE 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation; INSERM UMR 1149; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Boschetti
- Gastroenterology Department, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Carmen Stefanescu
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Beaujon, MICI et Assistance Nutritive, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Wils
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, F-75012 Paris, France.,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Le Bourhis
- Université De Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMily, INSERM U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Sauvanet
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), UMR 1071, USC INRAE 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Chirurgie digestive, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, DRCI, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis hospital, Assitance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Université De Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMily, INSERM U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), UMR 1071, USC INRAE 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Pn-AqpC-Mediated Fermentation Pattern Coordination with the Two-Component System 07 Regulates Host N-Glycan Degradation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0249622. [PMID: 36106896 PMCID: PMC9603416 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a human nasopharyngeal commensal, and host N-glycan metabolism promotes its colonization and invasion. It has been reported that glucose represses, while fetuin, a glycoconjugated model protein, induces, the genes involved in N-glycan degradation through the two-component system TCS07. However, the mechanisms of glucose repression and TCS07 induction remain unknown. Previously, we found that the pneumococcal aquaglyceroporin Pn-AqpC facilitates oxygen uptake, thereby contributing to the antioxidant potential and virulence. In this study, through Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics, we found that the deletion of Pn-aqpC caused a marked upregulation of 11 proteins involved in N-glycan degradation in glucose-grown pneumococcus R6. Both quantitative RT-PCR and GFP fluorescence reporters revealed that the upregulation of N-glycan genes was completely dependent on response regulator (RR) 07, but not on the histidine kinase HK07 of TCS07 or the phosphoryl-receiving aspartate residue of RR07 in ΔPn-aqpC, indicating that RR07 was activated in an HK07-independent manner when Pn-AqpC was absent. The deletion of Pn-aqpC also enhanced the expression of pyruvate formate lyase and increased formate production, probably due to reduced cellular oxygen content, indicating that a shunt of glucose catabolism to mixed acid fermentation occurs. Notably, formate induced the N-glycan degradation genes in glucose-grown R6, but the deletion of rr07 abolished this induction, indicating that formate activates RR07. However, the induction of N-glycan degradation proteins reduced the intraspecies competition of R6 in glucose. Therefore, although N-glycan degradation promotes pneumococcal pathogenesis, the glucose metabolites-based RR07 regulation reported here is of importance for balancing growth fitness and the pathogenicity of pneumococcus. IMPORTANCE Pneumococcus, a human opportunistic pathogen, is capable of metabolizing host complex N-glycans. N-glycan degradation promotes pneumococcus colonization in the nasopharynx as well as invasion into deeper tissues, thus significantly contributing to pathogenesis. It is known that the two-component system 07 induces the N-glycan metabolizing genes; however, how TCS07 is activated remains unknown. This study reveals that formate, the anaerobic fermentation metabolite of pneumococcus, is a novel activator of the response regulator (RR) 07. Although the high expression of N-glycan degradation genes promotes pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and pathogenesis, this reduces pneumococcal growth fitness in glucose as indicated in this work. Notably, the presence of Pn-AqpC, an oxygen-transporting aquaglyceroporin, enables pneumococcus to maintain glucose homolactic acid fermentation, thus reducing formate production, maintaining RR07 inactivation, and controlling N-glycan degrading genes at a non-induced status. Thus, this study highlights a novel fermentation metabolism pattern linking TCS-regulated carbohydrate utilization strategies as a trade-off between the fitness and the pathogenicity of pneumococcus.
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11
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Takemura M, Yamaguchi M, Kobayashi M, Sumitomo T, Hirose Y, Okuzaki D, Ono M, Motooka D, Goto K, Nakata M, Uzawa N, Kawabata S. Pneumococcal BgaA Promotes Host Organ Bleeding and Coagulation in a Mouse Sepsis Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:844000. [PMID: 35846740 PMCID: PMC9284207 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.844000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, with high associated mortality. Our previous molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that the S. pneumoniae gene bgaA, encoding the enzyme β-galactosidase (BgaA), had a high proportion of codons under negative selection among the examined pneumococcal genes and that deletion of bgaA significantly reduced host mortality in a mouse intravenous infection assay. BgaA is a multifunctional protein that plays a role in cleaving terminal galactose in N-linked glycans, resistance to human neutrophil-mediated opsonophagocytic killing, and bacterial adherence to human epithelial cells. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the precise role of bgaA as a virulence factor in sepsis. Our in vitro assays showed that the deletion of bgaA significantly reduced the bacterial association with human lung epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. The deletion of bgaA also reduced pneumococcal survival in human blood by promoting neutrophil-mediated killing, but did not affect pneumococcal survival in mouse blood. In a mouse sepsis model, mice infected with an S. pneumoniae bgaA-deleted mutant strain exhibited upregulated host innate immunity pathways, suppressed tissue damage, and blood coagulation compared with mice infected with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that BgaA functions as a multifunctional virulence factor whereby it induces host tissue damage and blood coagulation. Taken together, our results suggest that BgaA could be an attractive target for drug design and vaccine development to control pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Takemura
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masaya Yamaguchi,
| | - Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ono
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Simmons SR, Tchalla EYI, Bhalla M, Bou Ghanem EN. The Age-Driven Decline in Neutrophil Function Contributes to the Reduced Efficacy of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Old Hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:849224. [PMID: 35402289 PMCID: PMC8984502 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.849224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a serious cause of infections in the elderly. The efficacy of anti-pneumococcal vaccines declines with age. While age-driven changes in antibody responses are well defined, less is known about the role of innate immune cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the reduced vaccine protection seen in aging. Here we explored the role of PMNs in protection against S. pneumoniae in vaccinated hosts. We found that depletion of PMNs in pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) treated young mice prior to pulmonary challenge with S. pneumoniae resulted in dramatic loss of host protection against infection. Immunization boosted the ability of PMNs to kill S. pneumoniae and this was dependent on bacterial opsonization by antibodies. Bacterial opsonization with immune sera increased several PMN anti-microbial activities including bacterial uptake, degranulation and ROS production. As expected, PCV failed to protect old mice against S. pneumoniae. In probing the role of PMNs in this impaired protection, we found that aging was accompanied by an intrinsic decline in PMN function. PMNs from old mice failed to effectively kill S. pneumoniae even when the bacteria were opsonized with immune sera from young controls. In exploring mechanisms, we found that PMNs from old mice produced less of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP and failed to efficiently kill engulfed pneumococci. Importantly, adoptive transfer of PMNs from young mice reversed the susceptibility of vaccinated old mice to pneumococcal infection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the age-driven decline in PMN function impairs vaccine-mediated protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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13
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RNase R, a New Virulence Determinant of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020317. [PMID: 35208772 PMCID: PMC8875335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections have increasingly high mortality rates despite the availability of vaccines and antibiotics. Therefore, the identification of new virulence determinants and the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind pathogenesis have become of paramount importance in the search of new targets for drug development. The exoribonuclease RNase R has been involved in virulence in a growing number of pathogens. In this work, we used Galleria mellonella as an infection model to demonstrate that the presence of RNase R increases the pneumococcus virulence. Larvae infected with the RNase R mutant show an increased expression level of antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, they have a lower bacterial load in the hemolymph in the later stages of infection, leading to a higher survival rate of the larvae. Interestingly, pneumococci expressing RNase R show a sudden drop in bacterial numbers immediately after infection, resembling the eclipse phase observed after intravenous inoculation in mice. Concomitantly, we observed a lower number of mutant bacteria inside larval hemocytes and a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress when compared to the wild type. Together, our results indicate that RNase R is involved in the ability of pneumococci to evade the host immune response, probably by interfering with internalization and/or replication inside the larval hemocytes.
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14
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Gingerich AD, Mousa JJ. Diverse Mechanisms of Protective Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824788. [PMID: 35155281 PMCID: PMC8834882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults. Current prevention and treatment efforts are primarily pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that target the bacterial capsule polysaccharide, as well as antibiotics for pathogen clearance. While these methods have been enormously effective at disease prevention and treatment, there has been an emergence of non-vaccine serotypes, termed serotype replacement, and increasing antibiotic resistance among these serotypes. To combat S. pneumoniae, the immune system must deploy an arsenal of antimicrobial functions. However, S. pneumoniae has evolved a repertoire of evasion techniques and is able to modulate the host immune system. Antibodies are a key component of pneumococcal immunity, targeting both the capsule polysaccharide and protein antigens on the surface of the bacterium. These antibodies have been shown to play a variety of roles including increasing opsonophagocytic activity, enzymatic and toxin neutralization, reducing bacterial adherence, and altering bacterial gene expression. In this review, we describe targets of anti-pneumococcal antibodies and describe antibody functions and effectiveness against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarrod J. Mousa,
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15
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Indraratna AD, Everest-Dass A, Skropeta D, Sanderson-Smith M. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6519265. [PMID: 35104861 PMCID: PMC9075583 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host carbohydrates, or glycans, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that readily colonises the skin and oropharynx, and is a significant cause of mortality in humans. While the glycointeractions orchestrated by many other pathogens are increasingly well-described, the understanding of the role of human glycans in GAS disease remains incomplete. Although basic investigation into the mechanisms of GAS disease is ongoing, several glycointeractions have been identified and are examined herein. The majority of research in this context has focussed on bacterial adherence, however, glycointeractions have also been implicated in carbohydrate metabolism; evasion of host immunity; biofilm adaptations; and toxin-mediated haemolysis. The involvement of human glycans in these diverse avenues of pathogenesis highlights the clinical value of understanding glycointeractions in combatting GAS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuk D Indraratna
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Corresponding author: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Bld 32, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia. Tel: +61 2 42981935; E-mail:
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16
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Bouquet J, Auberger N, Ashmus R, King D, Bordes A, Fontelle N, Nakagawa S, Madden Z, Proceviat C, Kato A, Désiré J, Vocadlo DJ, Blériot Y. Structural variation of the 3-acetamido-4,5,6-trihydroxyazepane iminosugar through epimerization and C-alkylation leads to low micromolar HexAB and NagZ inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:619-629. [PMID: 34940771 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02280f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of seven-membered iminosugars derived from a 3S-acetamido-4R,5R,6S-trihydroxyazepane scaffold and their evaluation as inhibitors of functionally related exo-N-acetylhexosaminidases including human O-GlcNAcase (OGA), human lysosomal β-hexosaminidase (HexAB), and Escherichia coli NagZ. Capitalizing on the flexibility of azepanes and the active site tolerances of hexosaminidases, we explore the effects of epimerization of stereocenters at C-3, C-5 and C-6 and C-alkylation at the C-2 or C-7 positions. Accordingly, epimerization at C-6 (L-ido) and at C-5 (D-galacto) led to selective HexAB inhibitors whereas introduction of a propyl group at C-7 on the C-3 epimer furnished a potent NagZ inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouquet
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - N Auberger
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - R Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5S 1P6, Canada.
| | - D King
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5S 1P6, Canada.
| | - A Bordes
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - N Fontelle
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - S Nakagawa
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Z Madden
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5S 1P6, Canada.
| | - C Proceviat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5S 1P6, Canada.
| | - A Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - J Désiré
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
| | - D J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5S 1P6, Canada.
| | - Y Blériot
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, OrgaSynth Team, Glyco group, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073 Poitiers cedex 09, France.
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17
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Désiré J, Foucart Q, Poveda A, Gourlaouen G, Shimadate Y, Kise M, Proceviat C, Ashmus R, Vocadlo DJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Kato A, Blériot Y. Synthesis, conformational analysis and glycosidase inhibition of bicyclic nojirimycin C-glycosides based on an octahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyridine motif. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108491. [PMID: 34953389 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A set of bicyclic iminosugar C-glycosides, based on an octahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyridine motif, has been synthesized from a C-allyl iminosugar exploiting a debenzylative iodocycloetherification and an iodine nucleophilic displacement as the key steps. The halogen allowed the introduction of a range of aglycon moieties of different sizes bearing several functionalities such as alcohol, amine, amide and triazole. In these carbohydrate mimics the fused THF ring forces the piperidine to adopt a flattened 4C1 conformation according to NMR and DFT calculations studies. In their deprotected form, these bicycles were assayed on a panel of 23 glycosidases. The iminosugars displaying hydrophobic aglycon moieties proved to be superior glycosidase inhibitors, leading to a low micromolar inhibition of human lysosome β-glucosidase (compound 11; IC50 = 2.7 μM) and rice α-glucosidase (compound 10; IC50 = 7.7 μM). Finally, the loose structural analogy of these derivatives with Thiamet G, a potent OGA bicyclic inhibitor, was illustrated by the weak OGA inhibitory activity (Ki = 140 μM) of iminosugar 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Désiré
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Quentin Foucart
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Ana Poveda
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque technologico de Bizkaia, Edif. 801A-1°, Derio-Bizkaia 48160, and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Lopez de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gurvan Gourlaouen
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Yuna Shimadate
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Maki Kise
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Cameron Proceviat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5S 1P6
| | - Roger Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5S 1P6
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5S 1P6
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque technologico de Bizkaia, Edif. 801A-1°, Derio-Bizkaia 48160, and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Lopez de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Yves Blériot
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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18
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Ulrych A, Fabrik I, Kupčík R, Vajrychová M, Doubravová L, Branny P. Cell Wall Stress Stimulates the Activity of the Protein Kinase StkP of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Leading to Multiple Phosphorylation. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167319. [PMID: 34688688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human pathogen that encodes a single eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinase StkP and its functional counterpart, the protein phosphatase PhpP. These signaling enzymes play critical roles in coordinating cell division and growth in pneumococci. In this study, we determined the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of relevant mutants. Comparison of those with the wild-type provided a representative dataset of novel phosphoacceptor sites and StkP-dependent substrates. StkP phosphorylates key proteins involved in cell division and cell wall biosynthesis in both the unencapsulated laboratory strain Rx1 and the encapsulated virulent strain D39. Furthermore, we show that StkP plays an important role in triggering an adaptive response induced by a cell wall-directed antibiotic. Phosphorylation of the sensor histidine kinase WalK and downregulation of proteins of the WalRK core regulon suggest crosstalk between StkP and the WalRK two-component system. Analysis of proteomic profiles led to the identification of gene clusters regulated by catabolite control mechanisms, indicating a tight coupling of carbon metabolism and cell wall homeostasis. The imbalance of steady-state protein phosphorylation in the mutants as well as after antibiotic treatment is accompanied by an accumulation of the global Spx regulator, indicating a Spx-mediated envelope stress response. In summary, StkP relays the perceived signal of cell wall status to key cell division and regulatory proteins, controlling the cell cycle and cell wall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Ulrych
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Rudolf Kupčík
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Vajrychová
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Doubravová
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Branny
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Padra M, Benktander J, Padra JT, Andersson A, Brundin B, Tengvall S, Christenson K, Qvarfordt I, Gad R, Paulsson M, Pournaras N, Lindén A, Lindén SK. Mucin Binding to Moraxella catarrhalis During Airway Inflammation is Dependent on Sialic Acid. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:593-602. [PMID: 34192508 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0064oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with colonization by bacterial pathogens and repeated airway infections, leading to exacerbations and impaired lung function. The highly glycosylated mucins in the mucus lining the airways are an important part of the host defense against pathogens. However, mucus accumulation can contribute to COPD pathology. Here, we examined whether inflammation is associated with glycosylation changes that affect interactions between airway mucins and pathogens. We isolated mucins from lower airway samples (LAS, n=4-9) from long-term smokers with and without COPD and from never-smokers. The most abundant terminal glycan moiety was N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) among smokers with and without COPD and N-acetyl-hexoseamine among never-smokers. Moraxella catarrhalis bound to MUC5 mucins from smokers with and without COPD. M. catarrhalis binding correlated with inflammatory parameters and Neu5Ac content. M. catarrhalis binding was abolished by enzymatic removal of Neu5Ac. Furthermore, M. catarrhalis bound to α2-6 sialyl-lactose suggesting that α2-6 sialic acid contributes to M. catarrhalis binding to mucins. Further, we detected more M. catarrhalis binding to mucins from patients with pneumonia than to those from control subjects (n=8-13) and this binding correlated with C-reactive protein and Neu5Ac levels. These results suggest a key role of inflammation induced Neu5Ac in adhesion of M. catarrhalis to airway mucins. Inflammation induced ability of MUC5 mucins to bind M. catarrhalis is likely a host defense mechanism in the healthy lung, although it cannot be excluded that impaired mucociliary clearance limits the effectiveness of this defense in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médea Padra
- Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Institute of Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - János T Padra
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Andersson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 56749, COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Odontology, 251781, Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert Gad
- Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Paulsson
- Lunds Universitet, 5193, Translational Medicine, Malmö, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Infectious diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Pournaras
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden;
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20
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Morimura A, Hamaguchi S, Akeda Y, Tomono K. Mechanisms Underlying Pneumococcal Transmission and Factors Influencing Host-Pneumococcus Interaction: A Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639450. [PMID: 33996623 PMCID: PMC8113816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus) is not only a commensal that frequently colonizes the human upper respiratory tract but also a pathogen that causes pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. The mechanism of pneumococcal infection has been extensively studied, but the process of transmission has not been fully elucidated because of the lack of tractable animal models. Novel animal models of transmission have enabled further progress in investigating pneumococcal transmission mechanisms including the processes such as pneumococcal shedding, survival in the external environment, and adherence to the nasopharynx of a new host. Herein, we present a review on these animal models, recent research findings about pneumococcal transmission, and factors influencing the host-pneumococcus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Morimura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Prasasty VD, Hutagalung RA, Gunadi R, Sofia DY, Rosmalena R, Yazid F, Sinaga E. Prediction of human-Streptococcus pneumoniae protein-protein interactions using logistic regression. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 92:107492. [PMID: 33964803 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality in children under five years old. In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae increases the threat level of this pathogen. For that reason, the exploration of S. pneumoniae protein virulence factors should be considered in developing new drugs or vaccines, for instance by the analysis of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions (HP-PPIs). In this research, prediction of protein-protein interactions was performed with a logistic regression model with the number of protein domain occurrences as features. By utilizing HP-PPIs of three different pathogens as training data, the model achieved 57-77 % precision, 64-75 % recall, and 96-98 % specificity. Prediction of human-S. pneumoniae protein-protein interactions using the model yielded 5823 interactions involving thirty S. pneumoniae proteins and 324 human proteins. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the pathways involved in the predicted interactions are immune system pathways. Network topology analysis revealed β-galactosidase (BgaA) as the most central among the S. pneumoniae proteins in the predicted HP-PPI networks, with a degree centrality of 1.0 and a betweenness centrality of 0.451853. Further experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and examine their roles in S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivitri Dewi Prasasty
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Rory Anthony Hutagalung
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Reinhart Gunadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universitas Surya, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Yustika Sofia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universitas Surya, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Rosmalena Rosmalena
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Fatmawaty Yazid
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ernawati Sinaga
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, 12520, Indonesia.
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22
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Zhang C, An H, Hu J, Li J, Zhang W, Lan X, Deng H, Zhang JR. MetR is a molecular adaptor for pneumococcal carriage in the healthy upper airway. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:438-458. [PMID: 33811693 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae resides in the human upper airway as a commensal but also causes pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media. It remains unclear how pneumococci adapt to nutritional conditions of various host niches. We here show that MetR, a LysR family transcriptional regulator, serves as a molecular adaptor for pneumococcal fitness, particularly in the upper airway. The metR mutant of strain D39 rapidly disappeared from the nasopharynx but was marginally attenuated in the lungs and bloodstream of mice. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses showed that MetR broadly regulates transcription of the genes involved in methionine synthesis and other functions under methionine starvation. Genetic and biochemical analyses confirmed that MetR is essential for the activation of methionine synthesis but not uptake. Co-infection of influenza virus partially restored the colonization defect of the metR mutant. These results strongly suggest that MetR is particularly evolved for pneumococcal carriage in the upper airway of healthy individuals where free methionine is severely limited, but it becomes dispensable where environmental methionine is relatively more abundant (e.g., inflamed upper airway and sterile sites). To the best of our knowledge, MetR represents the first known regulator particularly for pneumococcal carriage in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwang Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Lan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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23
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Hammond AJ, Binsker U, Aggarwal SD, Ortigoza MB, Loomis C, Weiser JN. Neuraminidase B controls neuraminidase A-dependent mucus production and evasion. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009158. [PMID: 33819312 PMCID: PMC8049478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) to nasal mucus leads to entrapment and clearance via mucociliary activity during colonization. To identify Spn factors allowing for evasion of mucus binding, we used a solid-phase adherence assay with immobilized mucus of human and murine origin. Spn bound large mucus particles through interactions with carbohydrate moieties. Mutants lacking neuraminidase A (nanA) or neuraminidase B (nanB) showed increased mucus binding that correlated with diminished removal of terminal sialic acid residues on bound mucus. The non-additive activity of the two enzymes raised the question why Spn expresses two neuraminidases and suggested they function in the same pathway. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated expression of nanA depends on the enzymatic function of NanB. As transcription of nanA is increased in the presence of sialic acid, our findings suggest that sialic acid liberated from host glycoconjugates by the secreted enzyme NanB induces the expression of the cell-associated enzyme NanA. The absence of detectable mucus desialylation in the nanA mutant, in which NanB is still expressed, suggests that NanA is responsible for the bulk of the modification of host glycoconjugates. Thus, our studies describe a functional role for NanB in sialic acid sensing in the host. The contribution of the neuraminidases in vivo was then assessed in a murine model of colonization. Although mucus-binding mutants showed an early advantage, this was only observed in a competitive infection, suggesting a complex role of neuraminidases. Histologic examination of the upper respiratory tract demonstrated that Spn stimulates mucus production in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. Thus, an increase production of mucus containing secretions appears to be balanced, in vivo, by decreased mucus binding. We postulate that through the combined activity of its neuraminidases, Spn evades mucus binding and mucociliary clearance, which is needed to counter neuraminidase-mediated stimulation of mucus secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria J. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Binsker
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Surya D. Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mila Brum Ortigoza
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Loomis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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24
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Abstract
Bacterial proteases and peptidases are integral to cell physiology and stability, and their necessity in Streptococcus pneumoniae is no exception. Protein cleavage and processing mechanisms within the bacterial cell serve to ensure that the cell lives and functions in its commensal habitat and can respond to new environments presenting stressful conditions. For S. pneumoniae, the human nasopharynx is its natural habitat. In the context of virulence, movement of S. pneumoniae to the lungs, blood, or other sites can instigate responses by the bacteria that result in their proteases serving dual roles of self-protein processors and virulence factors of host protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Marquart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi USA
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25
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Hansen AL, Reily C, Novak J, Renfrow MB. Immunoglobulin A Glycosylation and Its Role in Disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:433-477. [PMID: 34687019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human IgA is comprised of two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. Monomeric IgA (mIgA), polymeric IgA (pIgA), and secretory IgA (SIgA) are the main molecular forms of IgA. The production of IgA rivals all other immunoglobulin isotypes. The large quantities of IgA reflect the fundamental roles it plays in immune defense, protecting vulnerable mucosal surfaces against invading pathogens. SIgA dominates mucosal surfaces, whereas IgA in circulation is predominately monomeric. All forms of IgA are glycosylated, and the glycans significantly influence its various roles, including antigen binding and the antibody effector functions, mediated by the Fab and Fc portions, respectively. In contrast to its protective role, the aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis with nephritis (IgAVN). Furthermore, detailed characterization of IgA glycosylation, including its diverse range of heterogeneity, is of emerging interest. We provide an overview of the glycosylation observed for each subclass and molecular form of IgA as well as the range of heterogeneity for each site of glycosylation. In many ways, the role of IgA glycosylation is in its early stages of being elucidated. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Colin Reily
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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26
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Anil A, Banerjee A. Pneumococcal Encounter With the Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:590682. [PMID: 33224900 PMCID: PMC7669544 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.590682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis, the inflammation of the protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (known as meninges), is a condition associated with high mortality rates and permanent neurological sequelae in a significant proportion of survivors. The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN/pneumococcus) is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and older children. Following infection of the lower respiratory tract and subsequent bloodstream invasion, SPN breaches the blood-brain barrier endothelium for invasion of the central nervous system. Transcytosis, a mode of passage through the endothelial cells has been identified as the predominant route of pneumococcal blood-brain barrier trafficking. Herein, we review the interactions enabling SPN invasion into the brain endothelial cells, events involved in the tug-of-war between pneumococcal virulence factors and host intracellular defense machineries and pneumococcal strategies for evasion of host defenses and successful transendothelial trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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27
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Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria employ an array of secreted peptides to control population-level behaviors in response to environmental cues. We review mechanistic and functional features of secreted peptides produced by the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. We discuss sequence features, mechanisms of transport, and receptors for 3 major categories of small peptides: the double-glycine peptides, the Rap, Rgg, NprR, PlcR, and PrgX (RRNPP)-binding peptides, and the lanthionine-containing peptides. We highlight the impact of factors that contribute to carriage and pathogenesis, specifically genetic diversity, microbial competition, biofilm development, and environmental adaptation. A recent expansion in pneumococcal peptide studies reveals a complex network of interacting signaling systems where multiple peptides are integrated into the same signaling pathway, allowing multiple points of entry into the pathway and extending information content in new directions. In addition, since peptides are present in the extracellular milieu, there are opportunities for crosstalk, quorum sensing (QS), as well as intra- and interstrain and species interactions. Knowledge on the manner that population-level behaviors contribute to disease provides an avenue for the design and development of anti-infective strategies.
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28
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Yamaguchi M, Takemura M, Higashi K, Goto K, Hirose Y, Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Uzawa N, Kawabata S. Role of BgaA as a Pneumococcal Virulence Factor Elucidated by Molecular Evolutionary Analysis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582437. [PMID: 33072054 PMCID: PMC7541833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Previously, we identified a novel virulence factor by investigating evolutionary selective pressure exerted on pneumococcal choline-binding cell surface proteins. Herein, we focus on another pneumococcal cell surface protein. Cell wall-anchoring proteins containing the LPXTG motif are conserved in Gram-positive bacteria. Our evolutionary analysis showed that among the examined genes, nanA and bgaA had high proportions of codon that were under significant negative selection. Both nanA and bgaA encode a multi-functional glycosidase that aids nutrient acquisition in a glucose-poor environment, pneumococcal adherence to host cells, and evasion from host immunity. However, several studies have shown that the role of BgaA is limited in a mouse pneumonia model, and it remains unclear if BgaA affects pneumococcal pathogenesis in a mouse sepsis model. To evaluate the distribution and pathogenicity of bgaA, we performed phylogenetic analysis and intravenous infection assay. In both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees, the genetic distances between pneumococcal bgaA was small, and the cluster of pneumococcal bgaA did not contain other bacterial orthologs except for a Streptococcus gwangjuense gene. Evolutionary analysis and BgaA structure indicated BgaA active site was not allowed to change. The mouse infection assay showed that the deletion of bgaA significantly reduced host mortality. These results indicated that both nanA and bgaA encode evolutionally conserved pneumococcal virulence factors and that molecular evolutionary analysis could be a useful alternative strategy for identification of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Moe Takemura
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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29
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Binsker U, Lees JA, Hammond AJ, Weiser JN. Immune exclusion by naturally acquired secretory IgA against pneumococcal pilus-1. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:927-941. [PMID: 31687974 DOI: 10.1172/jci132005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful infection by mucosal pathogens requires overcoming the mucus barrier. To better understand this key step, we performed a survey of the interactions between human respiratory mucus and the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal adherence to adult human nasal fluid was seen only by isolates expressing pilus-1. Robust binding was independent of pilus-1 adhesive properties but required Fab-dependent recognition of RrgB, the pilus shaft protein, by naturally acquired secretory IgA (sIgA). Pilus-1 binding by specific sIgA led to bacterial agglutination, but adherence required interaction of agglutinated pneumococci and entrapment in mucus particles. To test the effect of these interactions in vivo, pneumococci were preincubated with human sIgA before intranasal challenge in a mouse model of colonization. sIgA treatment resulted in rapid immune exclusion of pilus-expressing pneumococci. Our findings predict that immune exclusion would select for nonpiliated isolates in individuals who acquired RrgB-specific sIgA from prior episodes of colonization with piliated strains. Accordingly, genomic data comparing isolates carried by mothers and their children showed that mothers are less likely to be colonized with pilus-expressing strains. Our study provides a specific example of immune exclusion involving naturally acquired antibody in the human host, a major factor driving pneumococcal adaptation.
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30
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Minhas V, Aprianto R, McAllister LJ, Wang H, David SC, McLean KT, Comerford I, McColl SR, Paton JC, Veening JW, Trappetti C. In vivo dual RNA-seq reveals that neutrophil recruitment underlies differential tissue tropism of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Commun Biol 2020; 3:293. [PMID: 32504007 PMCID: PMC7275033 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a genetically diverse human-adapted pathogen commonly carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx. We have recently shown that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the raffinose pathway regulatory gene rafR accounts for a difference in the capacity of clonally-related strains to cause localised versus systemic infection. Using dual RNA-seq, we show that this SNP affects expression of bacterial genes encoding multiple sugar transporters, and fine-tunes carbohydrate metabolism, along with extensive rewiring of host transcriptional responses to infection, particularly expression of genes encoding cytokine and chemokine ligands and receptors. The data predict a crucial role for differential neutrophil recruitment (confirmed by in vivo neutrophil depletion and IL-17 neutralization) indicating that early detection of bacteria by the host in the lung environment is crucial for effective clearance. Thus, dual RNA-seq provides a powerful tool for understanding complex host-pathogen interactions and reveals how a single bacterial SNP can drive differential disease outcomes. Minhas, Aprianto et al. apply dual RNA seq to a set of related Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to find that differential neutrophil recruitment explains different tissue tropism of these strains. This study highlights the power of dual RNA-seq in investigating how a single bacterial SNP determines the host’s disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Minhas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Rieza Aprianto
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lauren J McAllister
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Hui Wang
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Kimberley T McLean
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Trappetti
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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31
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Andreassen PR, Trappetti C, Minhas V, Nielsen FD, Pakula K, Paton JC, Jørgensen MG. Host-glycan metabolism is regulated by a species-conserved two-component system in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008332. [PMID: 32130269 PMCID: PMC7075642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens of the Streptococcus genus inhabit many different environmental niches during the course of an infection in a human host and the bacteria must adjust their metabolism according to available nutrients. Despite their lack of the citric-acid cycle, some streptococci proliferate in niches devoid of a readily available carbohydrate source. Instead they rely on carbohydrate scavenging for energy acquisition, which are obtained from the host. Here we discover a two-component system (TCS07) of Streptococcus pneumoniae that responds to glycoconjugated structures on proteins present on the host cells. Using next-generation RNA sequencing we find that the uncharacterized TCS07 regulon encodes proteins important for host-glycan processing and transporters of the released glycans, as well as intracellular carbohydrate catabolizing enzymes. We find that a functional TCS07 allele is required for growth on the glycoconjugated model protein fetuin. Consistently, we see a TCS07-dependent activation of the glycan degradation pathway. Thus, we pinpoint the molecular constituents responsible for sensing host derived glycans and link this to the induction of the proteins necessary for glycan degradation. Furthermore, we connect the TCS07 regulon to virulence in a mouse model, thereby establishing that host-derived glycan-metabolism is important for infection in vivo. Finally, a comparative phylogenomic analysis of strains from the Streptococcus genus reveal that TCS07 and most of its regulon is specifically conserved in species that utilize host-glycans for growth. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia with high mortality rates. Interestingly, S. pneumoniae strictly relies on carbohydrate scavenging for energy acquisition, which are obtained from the host. This is a critical step in pathogenesis and a common mechanism among Streptococcal species. In this study, we discover an uncharacterized two-component system that responds to the carbohydrate structures present on the host cells. These are important findings as we describe the molecular mechanism responsible for sensing these host derived glycans, and how this mechanism is linked to virulence, thus highlighting that glycan metabolism is important for infection in vivo, thereby posing a novel target for intervention. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the two-component system and the genetic regulon co-occur and are specifically conserved among Streptococcal species capable of degrading host-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Trappetti
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vikrant Minhas
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Pakula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - James C. Paton
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mikkel Girke Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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32
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Motib AS, Al-Bayati FAY, Manzoor I, Shafeeq S, Kadam A, Kuipers OP, Hiller NL, Andrew PW, Yesilkaya H. TprA/PhrA Quorum Sensing System Has a Major Effect on Pneumococcal Survival in Respiratory Tract and Blood, and Its Activity Is Controlled by CcpA and GlnR. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:326. [PMID: 31572692 PMCID: PMC6753895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is able to cause deadly diseases by infecting different tissues, each with distinct environmental and nutritional compositions. We hypothesize that the adaptive capabilities of the microbe is an important facet of pneumococcal survival in fluctuating host environments. Quorum-sensing (QS) mechanisms are pivotal for microbial host adaptation. We previously demonstrated that the TprA/PhrA QS system is required for pneumococcal utilization of galactose and mannose, neuraminidase activity, and virulence. We also showed that the system can be modulated by using linear molecularly imprinted polymers. Due to being a drugable target, we further studied the operation of this QS system in S. pneumoniae. We found that TprA controls the expression of nine different operons on galactose and mannose. Our data revealed that TprA expression is modulated by a complex regulatory network, where the master regulators CcpA and GlnR are involved in a sugar dependent manner. Mutants in the TprA/PhrA system are highly attenuated in their survival in nasopharynx and lungs after intranasal infection, and growth in blood after intravenous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfal Shakir Motib
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Firas A Y Al-Bayati
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,College of Pharmacy, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Irfan Manzoor
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sulman Shafeeq
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anagha Kadam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - N Luisa Hiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter W Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Subramanian K, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae: From nasopharyngeal colonizer to intracellular pathogen. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13077. [PMID: 31251447 PMCID: PMC6899785 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a human respiratory tract pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Although the pneumococcus is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the nasopharynx, it also causes lethal diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients, in the elderly, and in young children. Due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of nonvaccine serotypes, the pneumococcus has been classified as one of the priority pathogens for which new antibacterials are urgently required by the World Health Organization, 2017. Understanding molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infections and bacterial interactions within the host is crucial to developing novel therapeutics. Previously considered to be an extracellular pathogen, it is becoming evident that pneumococci may also occasionally establish intracellular niches within the body to escape immune surveillance and spread within the host. Intracellular survival within host cells also enables pneumococci to resist many antibiotics. Within the host cell, the bacteria exist in unique vacuoles, thereby avoiding degradation by the acidic lysosomes, and modulate the expression of its virulence genes to adapt to the intracellular environment. To invade and survive intracellularly, the pneumococcus utilizes a combination of virulence factors such as pneumolysin (PLY), pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal adhesion and virulence protein B (PavB), the pilus‐1 adhesin RrgA, pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), and metalloprotease (ZmpB). In this review, we discuss recent findings showing the intracellular persistence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC) and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Staffan Normark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC) and Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Robb M, Smith SP, Boraston AB. Two complementary α-fucosidases from Streptococcus pneumoniae promote complete degradation of host-derived carbohydrate antigens. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12670-12682. [PMID: 31266803 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of the interaction between the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and its human host is its ability to harvest host glycans. The pneumococcus can degrade a variety of complex glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and carbohydrate antigens, an ability that is tightly linked to the virulence of S. pneumoniae Although S. pneumoniae is known to use a sophisticated enzyme machinery to attack the human glycome, how it copes with fucosylated glycans, which are primarily histo-blood group antigens, is largely unknown. Here, we identified two pneumococcal enzymes, SpGH29C and SpGH95C, that target α-(1→3/4) and α-(1→2) fucosidic linkages, respectively. X-ray crystallography studies combined with functional assays revealed that SpGH29C is specific for the LewisA and LewisX antigen motifs and that SpGH95C is specific for the H(O)-antigen motif. Together, these enzymes could defucosylate LewisY and LewisB antigens in a complementary fashion. In vitro reconstruction of glycan degradation cascades disclosed that the individual or combined activities of these enzymes expose the underlying glycan structure, promoting the complete deconstruction of a glycan that would otherwise be resistant to pneumococcal enzymes. These experiments expand our understanding of the extensive capacity of S. pneumoniae to process host glycans and the likely roles of α-fucosidases in this. Overall, given the importance of enzymes that initiate glycan breakdown in pneumococcal virulence, such as the neuraminidase NanA and the mannosidase SpGH92, we anticipate that the α-fucosidases identified here will be important factors in developing more refined models of the S. pneumoniae-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Melissa Robb
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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Keller LE, Rueff AS, Kurushima J, Veening JW. Three New Integration Vectors and Fluorescent Proteins for Use in the Opportunistic Human Pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050394. [PMID: 31121970 PMCID: PMC6562690 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the creation of three integration vectors, pPEPX, pPEPY and pPEPZ, for use with the opportunistic human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. The constructed vectors, named PEP for Pneumococcal Engineering Platform (PEP), employ an IPTG-inducible promoter and BglBrick and BglFusion compatible multiple cloning sites allowing for fast and interchangeable cloning. PEP plasmids replicate in Escherichia coli and harbor integration sites that have homology in a large set of pneumococcal strains, including recent clinical isolates. In addition, several options of antibiotic resistance markers are available, even allowing for selection in multidrug resistant clinical isolates. The transformation efficiency of these PEP vectors as well as their ability to be expressed simultaneously was tested. Two of the three PEP vectors share homology of the integration regions with over half of the S. pneumoniae genomes examined. Transformation efficiency varied among PEP vectors based on the length of the homology regions, but all were highly transformable and can be integrated simultaneously in strain D39V. Vectors used for pneumococcal cloning are an important tool for researchers for a wide range of uses. The PEP vectors described are of particular use because they have been designed to allow for easy transfer of genes between vectors as well as integrating into transcriptionally silent areas of the chromosome. In addition, we demonstrate the successful production of several new spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins (mTurquoise2, mNeonGreen and mScarlet-I) from the PEP vectors. The PEP vectors and newly described fluorescent proteins will expand the genetic toolbox for pneumococcal researchers and aid future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance E Keller
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Stéphanie Rueff
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jun Kurushima
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Direct interactions with influenza promote bacterial adherence during respiratory infections. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1328-1336. [PMID: 31110359 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological observations and animal models have long shown synergy between influenza virus infections and bacterial infections. Influenza virus infection leads to an increase in both the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections and the severity of the bacterial infections, primarily pneumonias caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. We show that, in addition to the widely described immune modulation and tissue-remodelling mechanisms of bacterial-viral synergy, the virus interacts directly with the bacterial surface. Similar to the recent observation of direct interactions between enteric bacteria and enteric viruses, we observed a direct interaction between influenza virus on the surface of Gram-positive, S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, and Gram-negative, Moraxella catarrhalis and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, bacterial colonizers and pathogens in the respiratory tract. Pre-incubation of influenza virus with bacteria, followed by the removal of unbound virus, increased bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelial cells in culture. This result was recapitulated in vivo, with higher bacterial burdens in murine tissues when infected with pneumococci pre-incubated with influenza virus versus control bacteria without virus. These observations support an additional mechanism of bacteria-influenza virus synergy at the earliest steps of pathogenesis.
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Janesch P, Rouha H, Badarau A, Stulik L, Mirkina I, Caccamo M, Havlicek K, Maierhofer B, Weber S, Groß K, Steinhäuser J, Zerbs M, Varga C, Dolezilkova I, Maier S, Zauner G, Nielson N, Power CA, Nagy E. Assessing the function of pneumococcal neuraminidases NanA, NanB and NanC in in vitro and in vivo lung infection models using monoclonal antibodies. Virulence 2019; 9:1521-1538. [PMID: 30289054 PMCID: PMC6177239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1520545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates express up to three neuraminidases (sialidases), NanA, NanB and NanC, all of which cleave the terminal sialic acid of glycan-structures that decorate host cell surfaces. Most research has focused on the role of NanA with limited investigations evaluating the roles of all three neuraminidases in host-pathogen interactions. We generated two highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), one that blocks the enzymatic activity of NanA and one cross-neutralizing NanB and NanC. Total neuraminidase activity of clinical S. pneumoniae isolates could be inhibited by this mAb combination in enzymatic assays. To detect desialylation of cell surfaces by pneumococcal neuraminidases, primary human tracheal/bronchial mucocilial epithelial tissues were infected with S. pneumoniae and stained with peanut lectin. Simultaneous targeting of the neuraminidases was required to prevent desialylation, suggesting that inhibition of NanA alone is not sufficient to preserve terminal lung glycans. Importantly, we also found that all three neuraminidases increased the interaction of S. pneumoniae with human airway epithelial cells. Lectin-staining of lung tissues of mice pre-treated with mAbs before intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae confirmed that both anti-NanA and anti-NanBC mAbs were required to effectively block desialylation of the respiratory epithelium in vivo. Despite this, no effect on survival, reduction in pulmonary bacterial load, or significant changes in cytokine responses were observed. This suggests that neuraminidases have no pivotal role in this murine pneumonia model that is induced by high bacterial challenge inocula and does not progress from colonization as it happens in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karin Groß
- a Arsanis Biosciences , Vienna , Austria
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Brissonnet Y, Assailly C, Saumonneau A, Bouckaert J, Maillasson M, Petitot C, Roubinet B, Didak B, Landemarre L, Bridot C, Blossey R, Deniaud D, Yan X, Bernard J, Tellier C, Grandjean C, Daligault F, Gouin SG. Multivalent Thiosialosides and Their Synergistic Interaction with Pathogenic Sialidases. Chemistry 2019; 25:2358-2365. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Brissonnet
- CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation; UMR CNRS 6230; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Coralie Assailly
- CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation; UMR CNRS 6230; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Amélie Saumonneau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes, UFIP, UMR CNRS 6286; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS; Université de Lille 1; Lille 59000 France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Impact biogeneouest; CRCINA; Inserm; CNRS; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Clémence Petitot
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes, UFIP, UMR CNRS 6286; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Benoit Roubinet
- Bâtiment Physique-Chimie; Glycodiag; Rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Blanka Didak
- Bâtiment Physique-Chimie; Glycodiag; Rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Ludovic Landemarre
- Bâtiment Physique-Chimie; Glycodiag; Rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Clarisse Bridot
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS; Université de Lille 1; Lille 59000 France
| | - Ralf Blossey
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS; Université de Lille 1; Lille 59000 France
| | - David Deniaud
- CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation; UMR CNRS 6230; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Xibo Yan
- Université de Lyon, Lyon; 69003 (France), INSA- Lyon, IMP, Villeurbanne, 69621, France, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne, 69621 France
| | - Julien Bernard
- Université de Lyon, Lyon; 69003 (France), INSA- Lyon, IMP, Villeurbanne, 69621, France, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne, 69621 France
| | - Charles Tellier
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes, UFIP, UMR CNRS 6286; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes, UFIP, UMR CNRS 6286; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Franck Daligault
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes, UFIP, UMR CNRS 6286; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Sébastien G. Gouin
- CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation; UMR CNRS 6230; UFR des Sciences et des Techniques; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
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Mostowy RJ, Holt KE. Diversity-Generating Machines: Genetics of Bacterial Sugar-Coating. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:1008-1021. [PMID: 30037568 PMCID: PMC6249986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens and commensals are surrounded by diverse surface polysaccharides which include capsules and lipopolysaccharides. These carbohydrates play a vital role in bacterial ecology and interactions with the environment. Here, we review recent rapid advancements in this field, which have improved our understanding of the roles, structures, and genetics of bacterial polysaccharide antigens. Genetic loci encoding the biosynthesis of these antigens may have evolved as bacterial diversity-generating machines, driven by selection from a variety of forces, including host immunity, bacteriophages, and cell-cell interactions. We argue that the high adaptive potential of polysaccharide antigens should be taken into account in the design of polysaccharide-targeting medical interventions like conjugate vaccines and phage-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał J Mostowy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Xiong J, Zhang C, Xu D. Catalytic mechanism of type C sialidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae: from covalent intermediate to final product. J Mol Model 2018; 24:297. [PMID: 30259133 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive human pathogenic bacterium, which is the main cause of pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly. Three sialidases (or neuraminidases) encoded from Streptococcus pneumoniae could catalyze the cleavage of sialic acid linkages. This mechanism is directly connected with infection, apoptosis, and signaling, and usually considered to be one of the critical virulence factors. Type C neuraminidase (NanC) is unique because its primary product of Neu5Ac2en is considered to be an inhibitor to the other two sialidases. Experimentally, there are two different pathways for the formation mechanism of Neu5Ac2en catalyzed by NanC. In this work, a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical approach was employed in all calculations. Starting from the covalent sialylated intermediate, we first examined the reaction to Neu5Ac2en and found the reaction prefers a direct proton abstraction mechanism rather than the water mediated proton abstraction mechanism. Free energy profiles can confirm that Neu5Ac2en is the major product of NanC. Functional roles of some important residues were also investigated, e.g., D315 acts as the proton acceptor during the formation of Neu5Ac2en, while the general base for the hydrolytic reaction to Neu5Ac. This study can facilitate the understanding of the catalytic mechanism of NanC and has the potential to aid in future inhibitor design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical&Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, People's Republic of China.
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Desialylation of Platelets by Pneumococcal Neuraminidase A Induces ADP-Dependent Platelet Hyperreactivity. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00213-18. [PMID: 30037798 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00213-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are increasingly recognized to play a role in the complications of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. S. pneumoniae expresses neuraminidases, which may alter glycans on the platelet surface. In the present study, we investigated the capability of pneumococcal neuraminidase A (NanA) to remove sialic acid (desialylation) from the platelet surface, the consequences for the platelet activation status and reactivity, and the ability of neuraminidase inhibitors to prevent these effects. Our results show that soluble NanA induces platelet desialylation. Whereas desialylation itself did not induce platelet activation (P-selectin expression and platelet fibrinogen binding), platelets became hyperreactive to ex vivo stimulation by ADP and cross-linked collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL). Platelet aggregation with leukocytes also increased. These processes were dependent on the ADP pathway, as inhibitors of the pathway (apyrase and ticagrelor) abrogated platelet hyperreactivity. Inhibition of NanA-induced platelet desialylation by neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., oseltamivir acid) also prevented the platelet effects of NanA. Collectively, our findings show that soluble NanA can desialylate platelets, leading to platelet hyperreactivity, which can be prevented by neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Role of Neuraminidase-Producing Bacteria in Exposing Cryptic Carbohydrate Receptors for Streptococcus gordonii Adherence. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00068-18. [PMID: 29661931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00068-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is an early colonizer of the oral cavity. Although a variety of S. gordonii adherence mechanisms have been described, current dogma is that the major receptor for S. gordonii is sialic acid. However, as many bacterial species in the oral cavity produce neuraminidase that can cleave terminal sialic acid, it is unclear whether S. gordonii relies on sialic acid for adherence to oral surfaces or if this species has developed alternative binding strategies. Previous studies have examined adherence to immobilized glycoconjugates and identified binding to additional glycans, but no prior studies have defined the contribution of these different glycan structures in adherence to oral epithelial cells. We determined that the majority of S. gordonii strains tested did not rely on sialic acid for efficient adherence. In fact, adherence of some strains was significantly increased following neuraminidase treatment. Further investigation of representative strains that do not rely on sialic acid for adherence revealed binding not only to sialic acid via the serine-rich repeat protein GspB but also to β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to this carbohydrate occurs via an unknown adhesin distinct from those utilized by Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus pneumoniae Demonstrating the potential biological relevance of binding to this cryptic receptor, we established that S. oralis increases S. gordonii adherence in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. These data suggest that S. gordonii has evolved to simultaneously utilize both terminal and cryptic receptors in response to the production of neuraminidase by other species in the oral environment.
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Weiser JN, Ferreira DM, Paton JC. Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission, colonization and invasion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:355-367. [PMID: 29599457 PMCID: PMC5949087 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae has a complex relationship with its obligate human host. On the one hand, the pneumococci are highly adapted commensals, and their main reservoir on the mucosal surface of the upper airways of carriers enables transmission. On the other hand, they can cause severe disease when bacterial and host factors allow them to invade essentially sterile sites, such as the middle ear spaces, lungs, bloodstream and meninges. Transmission, colonization and invasion depend on the remarkable ability of S. pneumoniae to evade or take advantage of the host inflammatory and immune responses. The different stages of pneumococcal carriage and disease have been investigated in detail in animal models and, more recently, in experimental human infection. Furthermore, widespread vaccination and the resulting immune pressure have shed light on pneumococcal population dynamics and pathogenesis. Here, we review the mechanistic insights provided by these studies on the multiple and varied interactions of the pneumococcus and its host.
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Ryan JT, Slattery H, Hickey RM, Marotta M. Bovine milk oligosaccharides as anti-adhesives against the respiratory tract pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sharapova Y, Suplatov D, Švedas V. Neuraminidase A from Streptococcus pneumoniae has a modular organization of catalytic and lectin domains separated by a flexible linker. FEBS J 2018; 285:2428-2445. [PMID: 29704878 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase A (NanA) of the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae cleaves receptors of the human respiratory epithelial surface during bacterial colonization. The full-size structure of NanA that contains one lectin and one catalytic domain within a single polypeptide chain remains unresolved. Both domains are crucial for the microorganism's virulence and considered as promising antimicrobial targets. Methods of bioinformatics and molecular dynamics have been implemented to model NanA's structure and study interaction between the lectin and catalytic domains in three neuraminidases NanA, NanB, and NanC from Streptococcus pneumoniae. A significant difference in spatial organization of these homologous enzymes has been revealed. The lectin and catalytic domains of NanB and NanC form rigid globules stabilized by multiple interdomain interactions, whereas in NanA, the two domains are separated by a 16 amino acids long flexible linker - a characteristic of proteins that require conformational flexibility for their functioning. The biological role of this structural adaptation of NanA as a key virulence enzyme is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Sharapova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suplatov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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Janapatla RP, Chen CL, Hsu MH, Liao WT, Chiu CH. Immunization with pneumococcal neuraminidases NanA, NanB and NanC to generate neutralizing antibodies and to increase survival in mice. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:709-723. [PMID: 29557769 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Pneumococcal virulence protein-based vaccines can provide serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal infections. Many studies, including clinical observational studies on Thomsen-Friedenrich antigen exposure and haemolytic uremic syndrome, defined the role of neuraminidases NanA, NanB and NanC in host-pneumococcus interaction. Since neuraminidases are major virulence proteins, they are potential targets for both vaccines and small molecule inhibitors. Here we explored the utility of three neuraminidases as protein vaccine antigens to generate neutralizing antibodies and to increase survival following pneumococcal infections.Methodology. Rabbits and mice were immunized subcutaneously with enzymatically active recombinant NanA, NanB and NanC as individual or a combination of the three neuraminidases. Antisera titres were determined by ELISA. Neuraminidase activity inhibition by antiserum was tested by peanut lectin and flow cytometry. Clinical isolates with serotype 3, 6B, 14, 15B, 19A and 23F were used to infect immunized mice by tail vein injection.Results/Key findings. Presence of high levels of IgG antibodies in antisera against NanA, NanB and NanC indicates that all of the three neuraminidases are immunogenic vaccine antigens. To generate potent NanA neutralizing antibodies, both lectin and catalytic domains are essential, whereas for NanB and NanC a single lectin domain is sufficient. Immunization with triple neuraminidases increased the survival of mice when intravenously challenged with clinical isolates of serotype 3 (40 %), 6B (60 %), 15B (60 %), 19A (40 %) and 23F (30 %).Conclusion. We recommend the inclusion of three pneumococcal neuraminidases in future protein vaccine formulations to prevent invasive pneumococcal infection caused by various serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Ting Liao
- Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Molecular Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB. Glycan-metabolizing enzymes in microbe-host interactions: the Streptococcus pneumoniae paradigm. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3865-3897. [PMID: 29608212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper airways; however, it is also an accomplished pathogen capable of causing life-threatening diseases. To colonize and cause invasive disease, this bacterium relies on a complex array of factors to mediate the host-bacterium interaction. The respiratory tract is rich in functionally important glycoconjugates that display a vast range of glycans, and, thus, a key component of the pneumococcus-host interaction involves an arsenal of bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes to depolymerize these glycans and carbohydrate transporters to import the products. Through the destruction of host glycans, the glycan-specific metabolic machinery deployed by S. pneumoniae plays a variety of roles in the host-pathogen interaction. Here, we review the processing and metabolism of the major host-derived glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, Lewis and blood group antigens, proteoglycans, and glycogen, as well as some dietary glycans. We discuss the role of these metabolic pathways in the S. pneumoniae-host interaction, speculate on the potential of key enzymes within these pathways as therapeutic targets, and relate S. pneumoniae as a model system to glycan processing in other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Nesbitt JR, Steves EY, Schonhofer CR, Cait A, Manku SS, Yeung JHF, Bennet AJ, McNagny KM, Choy JC, Hughes MR, Moore MM. The Aspergillus fumigatus Sialidase (Kdnase) Contributes to Cell Wall Integrity and Virulence in Amphotericin B-Treated Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2706. [PMID: 29403452 PMCID: PMC5778107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus that can cause a life-threatening invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised individuals. We previously characterized an exo-sialidase from A. fumigatus that prefers the sialic acid substrate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (Kdn); hence it is a Kdnase. Sialidases are known virulence factors in other pathogens; therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate the importance of Kdnase in A. fumigatus. A kdnase knockout strain (Δkdnase) was unable to grow on medium containing Kdn and displayed reduced growth and abnormal morphology. Δkdnase was more sensitive than wild type to hyperosmotic conditions and the antifungal agent, amphotericin B. In contrast, Δkdnase had increased resistance to nikkomycin, Congo Red and Calcofluor White indicating activation of compensatory cell wall chitin deposition. Increased cell wall thickness and chitin content in Δkdnase were confirmed by electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. In a neutropenic mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, the Δkdnase strain had attenuated virulence and a significantly lower lung fungal burden but only in animals that received liposomal amphotericin B after spore exposure. Macrophage numbers were almost twofold higher in lung sections from mice that received the Δkdnase strain, possibly related to higher survival of macrophages that internalized the Δkdnase conidia. Thus, A. fumigatus Kdnase is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence, and because Kdnase is not present in the host, it may represent a potential target for the development of novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Nesbitt
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Y Steves
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Cole R Schonhofer
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Alissa Cait
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhbir S Manku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Juliana H F Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to exploit humans as a rich source of nutrients to support survival and replication. The pathways of bacterial metabolism that permit successful colonization are surprisingly varied and highlight remarkable metabolic flexibility. The constraints and immune pressures of distinct niches within the human body set the stage for understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria acquire critical nutrients. In this article we discuss how different bacterial pathogens carry out carbon and energy metabolism in the host and how they obtain or use key nutrients for replication and immune evasion.
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