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Fang J, Zhou G, Zhao H, Xie D, Zhang J, Kües U, Xiao Y, Fang Z, Liu J. An apoptosis-inducing factor controls programmed cell death and laccase expression during fungal interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:135. [PMID: 38229306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Apoptotic-like programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the main strategies for fungi to resist environmental stresses and maintain homeostasis. The apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has been shown in different fungi to trigger PCD through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study identified a mitochondrial localized AIF homolog, CcAIF1, from Coprinopsis cinerea monokaryon Okayama 7. Heterologous overexpression of CcAIF1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused apoptotic-like PCD of the yeast cells. Ccaif1 was increased in transcription when C. cinerea interacted with Gongronella sp. w5, accompanied by typical apoptotic-like PCD in C. cinerea, including phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation. Decreased mycelial ROS levels were observed in Ccaif1 silenced C. cinerea transformants during cocultivation, as well as reduction of the apoptotic levels, mycelial growth, and asexual sporulation. By comparison, Ccaif1 overexpression led to the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, the transcription and expression levels of laccase Lcc9 decreased by Ccaif1 silencing but increased firmly in Ccaif1 overexpression C. cinerea transformants in coculture. Thus, in conjunction with our previous report that intracellular ROS act as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses, we conclude that CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to promote apoptotic-like PCD and laccase expression in fungal-fungal interactions. In an axenic culture of C. cinerea, CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation together increased laccase secretion with multiplied production yield. The expression of two other normally silent isozymes, Lcc8 and Lcc13, was unexpectedly triggered along with Lcc9. KEY POINTS: • Mitochondrial CcAIF1 induces PCD during fungal-fungal interactions • CcAIF1 is a regulator of ROS to trigger the expression of Lcc9 for defense • CcAIF1 overexpression and H2O2 stimulation dramatically increase laccase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Dengdeng Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingna Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen‑Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Lv W, Tu Y, Xu T, Zhang Y, Chen J, Yang N, Wang Y. The Mitochondrial Distribution and Morphology Family 33 Gene FgMDM33 Is Involved in Autophagy and Pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:579. [PMID: 39194905 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial distribution and morphology family 33 gene (MDM33) regulates mitochondrial homeostasis by mediating the mitochondrial fission process in yeast. The wheat head blight Fusarium graminearum contains an FgMdm33 protein that is orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mdm33, albeit its function remains unknown. We have reported here the roles of FgMdm33 in regulating fungal morphogenesis, mitochondrial morphology, autophagy, apoptosis, and fungal pathogenicity. The ΔFgmdm33 mutants generated through a homologous recombination strategy in this study exhibited defects in terms of mycelial growth, conidia production, and virulence. Hyphal cells lacking FgMDM33 displayed elongated mitochondria and a dispensable respiratory-deficient growth phenotype, indicating the possible involvement of FgMDM33 in mitochondrial fission. The ΔFgmdm33 mutants displayed a remarkable reduction in the proteolysis of GFP-FgAtg8, whereas the formation of autophagic bodies in the hyphal cells of mutants was recorded under the induction of mitophagy. In addition, the transcriptional expression of the apoptosis-inducing factor 1 gene (FgAIF1) was significantly upregulated in the ΔFgmdm33 mutants. Cumulatively, these results indicate that FgMDM33 is involved in mitochondrial fission, non-selective macroautophagy, and apoptosis and that it regulates fungal growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity of the head blight pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyun Lv
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yiyi Tu
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - You Zhang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Nan Yang
- The People's Government Office of Bengbu City, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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3
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Nickerson KW, Gutzmann DJ, Boone CHT, Pathirana RU, Atkin AL. Physiological adventures in Candida albicans: farnesol and ubiquinones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0008122. [PMID: 38436263 PMCID: PMC10966945 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00081-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFarnesol was first identified as a quorum-sensing molecule, which blocked the yeast to hyphal transition in Candida albicans, 22 years ago. However, its interactions with Candida biology are surprisingly complex. Exogenous (secreted or supplied) farnesol can also act as a virulence factor during pathogenesis and as a fungicidal agent triggering apoptosis in other competing fungi. Farnesol synthesis is turned off both during anaerobic growth and in opaque cells. Distinctly different cellular responses are observed as exogenous farnesol levels are increased from 0.1 to 100 µM. Reported changes include altered morphology, stress response, pathogenicity, antibiotic sensitivity/resistance, and even cell lysis. Throughout, there has been a dearth of mechanisms associated with these observations, in part due to the absence of accurate measurement of intracellular farnesol levels (Fi). This obstacle has recently been overcome, and the above phenomena can now be viewed in terms of changing Fi levels and the percentage of farnesol secreted. Critically, two aspects of isoprenoid metabolism present in higher organisms are absent in C. albicans and likely in other yeasts. These are pathways for farnesol salvage (converting farnesol to farnesyl pyrophosphate) and farnesylcysteine cleavage, a necessary step in the turnover of farnesylated proteins. Together, these developments suggest a unifying model, whereby high, threshold levels of Fi regulate which target proteins are farnesylated or the extent to which they are farnesylated. Thus, we suggest that the diversity of cellular responses to farnesol reflects the diversity of the proteins that are or are not farnesylated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Gutzmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Cory H. T. Boone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ruvini U. Pathirana
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA
| | - Audrey L. Atkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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4
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Chen M, Deng Y, Zheng M, Xiao R, Wang X, Liu B, He J, Wang J. Lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis induced apoptosis-like cell death in the pathogenic fungus Fusarium concentricum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae048. [PMID: 38389225 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Stem rot caused by Fusarium concentricum is a new disease of Paris polyphylla reported by our research group. The present study investigates the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 lipopeptide against F. concentricum. METHODS AND RESULTS HPLC preparation and LC-MS analysis results show that the crude lipopeptides secreted by Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 isolated from Jasminum sambac consist of C14-17 iturin A, C14 fengycin B, C16 fengycin A/A2, C18 fengycin A, C20 fengycin B2, C21 fengycin A2, C22-23 fengycin A, C12-16 surfactin A, and C15 surfactin A derivatives. The mass ratios (g/g) of iturin, fengycin, and surfactin in lipopeptides are 2.40, 67.51, and 30.08%, respectively. Through inhibition zone and inhibition rate experiments, we found that crude lipopeptides and purified fengycin exhibit strong antifungal activity against F. concentricum, including accumulation of reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, Ca2+ accumulation, chromatin condensation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that crude lipopeptide-induced apoptosis in F. concentricum cells may be mediated by apoptosis-inducing factors and apoptosis mediators and can serve as a metacaspase-independent model. CONCLUSION Lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis FJAT-54560 can control the pathogenic fungus F. concentricum by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Chen
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yingjie Deng
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Meixia Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Rongfeng Xiao
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jin He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jieping Wang
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Soil Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
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James MR, Aufiero MA, Vesely EM, Dhingra S, Liu KW, Hohl TM, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c impacts conidial survival during sterilizing immunity. mSphere 2023; 8:e0030523. [PMID: 37823656 PMCID: PMC10871163 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00305-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a life-threatening infection known as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which is marked by fungus-attributable mortality rates of 20%-30%. Individuals at risk for IPA harbor genetic mutations or incur pharmacologic defects that impair myeloid cell numbers and/or function, exemplified by bone marrow transplant recipients, patients that receive corticosteroid therapy, or patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). However, treatments for Aspergillus infections remain limited, and resistance to the few existing drug classes is emerging. Recently, the World Health Organization classified A. fumigatus as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Our cell death research identifies an important aspect of fungal biology that impacts susceptibility to leukocyte killing. Furthering our understanding of mechanisms that mediate the outcome of fungal-leukocyte interactions will increase our understanding of both the underlying fungal biology governing cell death and innate immune evasion strategies utilized during mammalian infection pathogenesis. Consequently, our studies are a critical step toward leveraging these mechanisms for novel therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mariano A. Aufiero
- Louis V Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisa M. Vesely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ko-Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Louis V Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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6
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James MR, Aufiero MA, Vesely EM, Dhingra S, Liu KW, Hohl TM, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c impacts conidial survival during sterilizing immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544103. [PMID: 37333187 PMCID: PMC10274773 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening infection caused by species in the ubiquitous fungal genus Aspergillus . While leukocyte-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the clearance of fungal conidia from the lung and resistance to IPA, the processes that govern ROS-dependent fungal cell death remain poorly defined. Using a flow cytometric approach that monitors two independent cell death markers, an endogenous histone H2A:mRFP nuclear integrity reporter and Sytox Blue cell impermeable (live/dead) stain, we observed that loss of A. fumigatus cytochrome c ( cycA ) results in reduced susceptibility to cell death from hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. Consistent with these observations in vitro , loss of cycA confers resistance to both NADPH-oxidase -dependent and -independent killing by host leukocytes. Fungal ROS resistance is partly mediated in part by Bir1, a homolog to survivin in humans, as Bir1 overexpression results in decreased ROS-induced conidial cell death and reduced killing by innate immune cells in vivo . We further report that overexpression of the Bir1 N-terminal BIR domain in A. fumigatus conidia results in altered expression of metabolic genes that functionally converge on mitochondrial function and cytochrome c ( cycA ) activity. Together, these studies demonstrate that cycA in A. fumigatus contributes to cell death responses that are induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 and by host leukocytes. Importance Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a life-threatening infection known as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which is marked by fungus-attributable mortality rates of 20%-30%. Individuals at risk of IPA harbor genetic mutations or incur pharmacologic defects that impair myeloid cell numbers and/or function, exemplified by bone marrow transplant recipients, patients that receive corticosteroid therapy, or patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). However, treatments for Aspergillus infections remains limited, and resistance to the few existing drug classes is emerging. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified A. fumigatus as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Our research identifies an important aspect of fungal biology that impacts susceptibility to leukocyte killing. Furthering our understanding of mechanisms that mediate the outcome of fungal-leukocyte interactions will increase our understanding of both the underlying fungal biology governing cell death and innate immune evasion strategies utilized during mammalian infection pathogenesis. Consequently, our studies are a critical step toward leveraging these mechanisms for novel therapeutic advances.
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7
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Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most studied cell-cell communication mechanisms in fungi. Research in the last 20 years has explored various fungal QS systems that are involved in a wide range of biological processes, especially eukaryote- or fungus-specific behaviors, mirroring the significant contribution of QS regulation to fungal biology and evolution. Based on recent progress, we summarize in this review fungal QS regulation, with an emphasis on its functional role in behaviors unique to fungi or eukaryotes. We suggest that using fungi as genetically amenable eukaryotic model systems to address why and how QS regulation is integrated into eukaryotic reproductive strategies and molecular or cellular processes could be an important direction for QS research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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8
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Gao J, Xu X, Huang K, Liang Z. Fungal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Promising Mediator of the Impact of Extracellular Signals on Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631392. [PMID: 33643259 PMCID: PMC7907439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in transducing signals from the external environment inside the cell, which enables fungi to coordinate cell transport, metabolism, and growth to promote their survival, reproduction, and virulence. There are 14 classes of GPCRs in fungi involved in sensing various ligands. In this paper, the synthesis of mycotoxins that are GPCR-mediated is discussed with respect to ligands, environmental stimuli, and intra-/interspecific communication. Despite their apparent importance in fungal biology, very little is known about the role of ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by Aspergillus ochraceus and the ligands that are involved. Fortunately, increasing evidence shows that the GPCR that involves the AF/ST (sterigmatocystin) pathway in fungi belongs to the same genus. Therefore, we speculate that GPCRs play an important role in a variety of environmental signals and downstream pathways in OTA biosynthesis. The verification of this inference will result in a more controllable GPCR target for control of fungal contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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9
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Chahed A, Nesler A, Navazio L, Baldan B, Busato I, Ait Barka E, Pertot I, Puopolo G, Perazzolli M. The Rare Sugar Tagatose Differentially Inhibits the Growth of Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi by Interfering With Mitochondrial Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:128. [PMID: 32117150 PMCID: PMC7015900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with limited availability in nature and their biological functions are largely unknown. Among them, tagatose was developed as a low-calorie sweetener and showed beneficial effects on human health. Tagatose is metabolized by only certain microbial taxa and inhibits the growth of important crop pathogens (e.g., Phytophthora infestans), but its mode of action and the microbial responses are unknown. The aim of this study was to understand the tagatose mode of action against Phytophthora spp., with the final aim of developing new plant protection products. Tagatose inhibited P. infestans growth in vitro and caused severe ultrastructural alterations, with the formation of circular and concentric mitochondrial cristae. Decreased ATP content and reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were found in tagatose-incubated P. infestans as compared to the control, with the consequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of genes related to apoptosis and oxidative stress response. On the other hand, tagatose did not, or only slightly, affect the growth, cellular ultrastructure and mitochondrial processes in Phytophthora cinnamomi, indicating a species-specific response to this rare sugar. The mode of action of tagatose against P. infestans was mainly based on the inhibition of mitochondrial processes and this rare sugar seems to be a promising active substance for the further development of eco-friendly fungicides, thanks to its anti-nutritional properties on some phytopathogens and low risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalem Chahed
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium.,Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Busato
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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10
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Mehmood A, Liu G, Wang X, Meng G, Wang C, Liu Y. Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecules and Inhibitors with Potential Antifungal Activity: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:E1950. [PMID: 31117232 PMCID: PMC6571750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of persisting independent and isolated regarding microorganisms is no longer accepted. To survive and reproduce they have developed several communication platforms within the cells which facilitates them to adapt the surrounding environmental changes. This cell-to-cell communication is termed as quorum sensing; it relies upon the cell density and can stimulate several traits of microbes including biofilm formation, competence, and virulence factors secretion. Initially, this sophisticated mode of communication was discovered in bacteria; later, it was also confirmed in eukaryotes (fungi). As a consequence, many quorum-sensing molecules and inhibitors have been identified and characterized in various fungal species. In this review article, we will primarily focus on fungal quorum-sensing molecules and the production of inhibitors from fungal species with potential applications for combating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guorong Liu
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guannan Meng
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Ya Liu
- R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650202, China.
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Nunes T, Cardoso P, Freitas R, Figueira E. Protective effects of farnesol on a Rhizobium strain exposed to cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:622-629. [PMID: 30241090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil acts as a repository for many metals that human activity releases into the environment. Cadmium enters agricultural soils primarily from application of phosphate fertilizers and sewage sludge. Among soil bacteria, rhizobia have a great agronomic and environmental significance and are major contributors to a sustainable maintenance of soil fertility. However, the services that this group of microorganisms provides are affected by environmental constraints, such as Cd contamination. Bioactive compounds also influence soil microorganisms. Farnesol is a phytocompound with recognized bioactivity, inducing both beneficial and harmful effects. In this study, Rhizobium sp. strain E20-8 was exposed to sole or combined exposure to Cd and farnesol. Results showed that farnesol (25 and 200 µM) did not affect rhizobia; exposure to Cd (µM) inhibited rhizobia growth and induced several biomarkers of oxidative stress; exposure to the combination of farnesol and Cd reduced oxidative damage, and the highest concentration of farnesol tested reduced Cd accumulation and allowed a significant growth recovery. Farnesol protective effects on rhizobia exposed to Cd is novel information which can be used in the development of microbe-based environmental engineering strategies for restoration of metal contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Nunes
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Leiter É, Csernoch L, Pócsi I. Programmed cell death in human pathogenic fungi - a possible therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:1039-1048. [PMID: 30360667 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1541087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are increasing because of antibiotic overuse, the rise of immunosuppressive therapies, and climate change. The limited variety of antimycotics and the rapid adaptation of pathogenic fungi to antifungal agents serve to exacerbate this issue. Unfortunately, about 1.6 million people are killed by fungal infections annually. Areas covered: The discovery of the small antimicrobial proteins produced by microorganisms, animals, humans, and plants will hopefully overcome challenges in the treatment of fungal infections. These small proteins are highly stable and any resistance to them rarely evolves; therefore, they are potentially good candidates for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by pathogenic fungi. Some of these proteins target the programmed cell death machinery of pathogenic fungi; this is potentially a novel approach in antimycotic therapies. In this review, we highlight the elements of apoptosis in human pathogenic fungi and related model organisms and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of the apoptosis-inducing, small, antifungal proteins. Expert opinion: Small antimicrobial proteins may establish a new class of antimycotics in the future. The rarity of resistance and their synergistic effects with other frequently used antifungal agents may help pave the way for their use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Leiter
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- b Department of Physiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
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13
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Wu GX, Huang HH, Chang HR, Kuo SM. Evaluation of the UVB-screening capacity and restorative effects exerted by farnesol gel on UVB-caused sunburn. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:488-507. [PMID: 29380558 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesol, a natural 15-carbon organic compound, has various microbiological and cellular activities. It has been found to exert apoptosis-inducing effects against carcinoma cells as well as antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. In the current study, a series of formulations composed of various concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with the addition of hyaluronan (HA) and xanthan gum (XG) was designed to evaluate the UVB-screening and H2 O2 -eliminating effects of farnesol in normal fibroblasts. Farnesol at 0.005, 0.0075, and 0.01% exhibited significant capacity for H2 O2 scavenging; at 0.0025%, it showed insignificant effects. Under 120-min UVB exposure, screening with plural gel composed of 0.0025% farnesol, 0.5% HA, and 0.5% XG containing 1.5% or 2% HPMC retained normal fibroblast viability. After 60-min exposure to UVB, screening with plural gel composed of farnesol, HA, XG, and 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2% HPMC decreased the ratio of the G1 phase and increased ratio of the S phase in comparison with the accumulated cell cycle of the normal fibroblasts without screening. The gel with 2% HPMC displayed the strongest cell cycle-reversal ability. In vivo histopathological results showed that the prepared plural gels with 0.5% or 2% HPMC and farnesol, HA, and XG had greater antiphotoaging and reparative effects against UVB-induced changes and damage in the skin. In conclusion, the current in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the prepared plural composed of 0.0025% farnesol, 0.5% HA, 0.5% XG, and 2% HPMC possessed the greatest UVB-screening capacity and the strongest restorative effects on UVB-induced sunburned skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Xuan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Huoy Rou Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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14
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Fungal G-protein-coupled receptors: mediators of pathogenesis and targets for disease control. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:402-414. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Aguilera A, Austriaco N, Ayscough K, Balzan R, Bar-Nun S, Barrientos A, Belenky P, Blondel M, Braun RJ, Breitenbach M, Burhans WC, Büttner S, Cavalieri D, Chang M, Cooper KF, Côrte-Real M, Costa V, Cullin C, Dawes I, Dengjel J, Dickman MB, Eisenberg T, Fahrenkrog B, Fasel N, Fröhlich KU, Gargouri A, Giannattasio S, Goffrini P, Gourlay CW, Grant CM, Greenwood MT, Guaragnella N, Heger T, Heinisch J, Herker E, Herrmann JM, Hofer S, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Jungwirth H, Kainz K, Kontoyiannis DP, Ludovico P, Manon S, Martegani E, Mazzoni C, Megeney LA, Meisinger C, Nielsen J, Nyström T, Osiewacz HD, Outeiro TF, Park HO, Pendl T, Petranovic D, Picot S, Polčic P, Powers T, Ramsdale M, Rinnerthaler M, Rockenfeller P, Ruckenstuhl C, Schaffrath R, Segovia M, Severin FF, Sharon A, Sigrist SJ, Sommer-Ruck C, Sousa MJ, Thevelein JM, Thevissen K, Titorenko V, Toledano MB, Tuite M, Vögtle FN, Westermann B, Winderickx J, Wissing S, Wölfl S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao RY, Zhou B, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:4-31. [PMID: 29354647 PMCID: PMC5772036 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología, Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medi-cine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, USA
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ian Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Laboratory Biology of the Nucleus, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Center de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnolgy and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynn A. Megeney
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institute of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fedor F. Severin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of physico-chemical biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sommer-Ruck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel B. Toledano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), SBIGEM, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mick Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecu-lar Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaojie J. Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Daskalov A, Videira A, Glass NL. Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 28983298 PMCID: PMC5613156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jens Heller
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdePorto, Portugal
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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17
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Role of HxkC, a mitochondrial hexokinase-like protein, in fungal programmed cell death. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 97:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Polke M, Sprenger M, Scherlach K, Albán-Proaño MC, Martin R, Hertweck C, Hube B, Jacobsen ID. A functional link between hyphal maintenance and quorum sensing in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:595-617. [PMID: 27623739 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis in Candida albicans requires hyphal initiation and maintenance, and both processes are regulated by the fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM) farnesol. We show that deletion of C. albicans EED1, which is crucial for hyphal extension and maintenance, led to a dramatically increased sensitivity to farnesol, and thus identified the first mutant hypersensitive to farnesol. Furthermore, farnesol decreased the transient filamentation of an eed1Δ strain without inducing cell death, indicating that two separate mechanisms mediate quorum sensing and cell lysis by farnesol. To analyze the cause of farnesol hypersensitivity we constructed either hyperactive or deletion mutants of factors involved in farnesol signaling, by introducing the hyperactive RAS1G13V or pADH1-CYR1CAT allele, or deleting CZF1 or NRG1 respectively. Neither of the constructs nor the exogenous addition of dB-cAMP was able to rescue the farnesol hypersensitivity, highlighting that farnesol mediates its effects not only via the cAMP pathway. Interestingly, the eed1Δ strain also displayed increased farnesol production. When eed1Δ was grown under continuous medium flow conditions, to remove accumulating QSMs from the supernatant, maintenance of eed1Δ filamentation, although not restored, was significantly prolonged, indicating a link between farnesol sensitivity, production, and the hyphal maintenance-defect in the eed1Δ mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - María Cristina Albán-Proaño
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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19
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Hu J, Wang F, Ma A, Zhuang G, Liu Y, Lu J, Guo C, Liu C. Farnesol stimulates laccase production in
Trametes versicolor. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Jiangu Chemical Co. Ltd Suqian Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Jingsong Lu
- Jiangsu Jiangu Chemical Co. Ltd Suqian Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chunzhao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- Jiangsu Jiangu Chemical Co. Ltd Suqian Jiangsu Province P. R. China
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Wongsuk T, Pumeesat P, Luplertlop N. Fungal quorum sensing molecules: Role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:440-7. [PMID: 26972663 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When microorganisms live together in high numbers, they need to communicate with each other. To achieve cell-cell communication, microorganisms secrete molecules called quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) that control their biological activities and behaviors. Fungi secrete QSMs such as farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol, and tryptophol. The role of QSMs in fungi has been widely studied in both yeasts and filamentous fungi, for example in Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, Aspergillus niger, A. nidulans, and Fusarium graminearum. QSMs impact fungal morphogenesis (yeast-to-hypha formation) and also play a role in the germination of macroconidia. QSMs cause fungal cells to initiate programmed cell death, or apoptosis, and play a role in fungal pathogenicity. Several types of QSMs are produced during stages of biofilm development to control cell population or morphology in biofilm communities. This review article emphasizes the role of fungal QSMs, especially in fungal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. Information about QSMs may lead to improved measures for controlling fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwa Wongsuk
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Potjaman Pumeesat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
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21
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Anacardic acid induces apoptosis-like cell death in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:323-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Perkhofer S, Zenzmaier C, Frealle E, Blatzer M, Hackl H, Sartori B, Lass-Flörl C. Differential gene expression in Aspergillus fumigatus induced by human platelets in vitro. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:327-38. [PMID: 25661519 PMCID: PMC4415150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is characterized by vascular invasion and thrombosis. In order to determine the antifungal activity of human platelets, hyphal elongation and metabolic activity of a clinical A. fumigatus isolate were measured. Genome-wide identification of differentially expressed genes in A. fumigatus was performed after exposure to platelets for 15, 30, 60 and 180 min. Data were analyzed by gene ontology annotation as well as functional categories (FunCat) and KEGG enrichment analyses. Platelets attenuated hyphal elongation and viability of A. fumigatus and in total 584 differentially expressed genes were identified, many of which were associated with regulation of biological processes, stress response, transport and metabolism. FunCat and KEGG enrichment analyses showed stress response and metabolic adaptation to be increased in response to platelets. Our findings demonstrate that A. fumigatus displayed a specific transcriptional response when exposed to platelets, thus reflecting their antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Perkhofer
- University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Emilie Frealle
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens (BDEEP), INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ. Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Michael Blatzer
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sartori
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Martins I, Hartmann DO, Alves PC, Martins C, Garcia H, Leclercq CC, Ferreira R, He J, Renaut J, Becker JD, Silva Pereira C. Elucidating how the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans uses the plant polyester suberin as carbon source. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:613. [PMID: 25043916 PMCID: PMC4117967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid polymers in plant cell walls, such as cutin and suberin, build recalcitrant hydrophobic protective barriers. Their degradation is of foremost importance for both plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi. Regardless of numerous reports on fungal degradation of emulsified fatty acids or cutin, and on fungi-plant interactions, the pathways involved in the degradation and utilisation of suberin remain largely overlooked. As a structural component of the plant cell wall, suberin isolation, in general, uses harsh depolymerisation methods that destroy its macromolecular structure. We recently overcame this limitation isolating suberin macromolecules in a near-native state. RESULTS Suberin macromolecules were used here to analyse the pathways involved in suberin degradation and utilisation by Aspergillus nidulans. Whole-genome profiling data revealed the complex degrading enzymatic machinery used by this saprophytic fungus. Initial suberin modification involved ester hydrolysis and ω-hydroxy fatty acid oxidation that released long chain fatty acids. These fatty acids were processed through peroxisomal β-oxidation, leading to up-regulation of genes encoding the major enzymes of these pathways (e.g. faaB and aoxA). The obtained transcriptome data was further complemented by secretome, microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Data support that during fungal growth on suberin, cutinase 1 and some lipases (e.g. AN8046) acted as the major suberin degrading enzymes (regulated by FarA and possibly by some unknown regulatory elements). Suberin also induced the onset of sexual development and the boost of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martins
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diego O Hartmann
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula C Alves
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- />Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helga Garcia
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Céline C Leclercq
- />Proteomics Platform, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Rui Ferreira
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ji He
- />Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, (previously, the Scientific Computing department, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, USA, 8717 Grovemont Circle, 20877 Gaithersburg, MD USA
| | - Jenny Renaut
- />Proteomics Platform, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg D Becker
- />Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- />Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Regulatory mutations affecting sulfur metabolism induce environmental stress response in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:37-47. [PMID: 24513272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cysB, sconB and sconC genes affect sulfur metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans in different ways. The cysB mutation blocks synthesis of cysteine by the main pathway and leads to a shortage of this amino acid. The sconB and sconC mutations affect subunits of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which inactivates the MetR transcription factor in the presence of an excess of cysteine. In effect, both cysB and scon mutations lead to permanent derepression of MetR-dependent genes. We compared transcriptomes of these three mutants with that of a wild type strain finding altered expression of a few hundred genes belonging to various functional categories. Besides those involved in sulfur metabolism, many up-regulated genes are related to stress responses including heat shock and osmotic stress. However, only the scon strains are more resistant to exogenous stress agents than the wild type strain while cysB is more sensitive. The two-component signal transduction system is a functional category, which is most enriched among genes up-regulated in the cysB, sconB and sconC mutants. A large group of up-regulated genes are involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, including genes coding for enzymes of trehalose and glycerol synthesis. The altered expression of these genes is accompanied by changes in sugar and polyol accumulation in conidia of the mutants. Genes encoding enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass and the GABA shunt are also up-regulated along with genes coding for enzymes of alcohol fermentation. Among the down-regulated genes the most numerous are those encoding membrane proteins and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism, including the penicillin biosynthesis cluster.
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Fujita KI, Tatsumi M, Ogita A, Kubo I, Tanaka T. Anethole induces apoptotic cell death accompanied by reactive oxygen species production and DNA fragmentation in Aspergillus fumigatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2014; 281:1304-13. [PMID: 24393541 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
trans-Anethole (anethole), a major component of anise oil, has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and antimicrobial activity that is weaker than that of other antibiotics on the market. When combined with polygodial, nagilactone E, and n-dodecanol, anethole has been shown to possess significant synergistic antifungal activity against a budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a human opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. However, the antifungal mechanism of anethole has not been completely determined. We found that anethole stimulated cell death of a human opportunistic pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, in addition to S. cerevisiae. The anethole-induced cell death was accompanied by reactive oxygen species production, metacaspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Several mutants of S. cerevisiae, in which genes related to the apoptosis-initiating execution signals from mitochondria were deleted, were resistant to anethole. These results suggest that anethole-induced cell death could be explained by oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis via typical mitochondrial death cascades in fungi, including A. fumigatus and S. cerevisiae.
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26
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Martins I, Hartmann DO, Alves PC, Planchon S, Renaut J, Leitão MC, Rebelo LP, Silva Pereira C. Proteomic alterations induced by ionic liquids in Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. J Proteomics 2013; 94:262-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Szilágyi M, Miskei M, Karányi Z, Lenkey B, Pócsi I, Emri T. Transcriptome changes initiated by carbon starvation in Aspergillus nidulans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 159:176-190. [PMID: 23154970 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon starvation is a common stress for micro-organisms both in nature and in industry. The carbon starvation stress response (CSSR) involves the regulation of several important processes including programmed cell death and reproduction of fungi, secondary metabolite production and extracellular hydrolase formation. To gain insight into the physiological events of CSSR, DNA microarray analyses supplemented with real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) experiments on 99 selected genes were performed. These data demonstrated that carbon starvation induced very complex changes in the transcriptome. Several genes contributing to protein synthesis were upregulated together with genes involved in the unfolded protein stress response. The balance between biosynthesis and degradation moved towards degradation in the case of cell wall, carbohydrate, lipid and nitrogen metabolism, which was accompanied by the production of several hydrolytic enzymes and the induction of macroautophagy. These processes provide the cultures with long-term survival by liberating nutrients through degradation of the cell constituents. The induced synthesis of secondary metabolites, antifungal enzymes and proteins as well as bacterial cell wall-degrading enzymes demonstrated that carbon-starving fungi should have marked effects on the micro-organisms in their surroundings. Due to the increased production of extracellular and vacuolar enzymes during carbon starvation, the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum increased considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Szilágyi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Karányi
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Lenkey
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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28
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Shlezinger N, Goldfinger N, Sharon A. Apoptotic-like programed cell death in fungi: the benefits in filamentous species. Front Oncol 2012; 2:97. [PMID: 22891165 PMCID: PMC3412994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the early 1990s showed for the first time that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo cell death with hallmarks of animal apoptosis. These findings came as a surprise, since suicide machinery was unexpected in unicellular organisms. Today, apoptosis in yeast is well-documented. Apoptotic death of yeast cells has been described under various conditions and S. cerevisiae homologs of human apoptotic genes have been identified and characterized. These studies also revealed fundamental differences between yeast and animal apoptosis; in S. cerevisiae apoptosis is mainly associated with aging and stress adaptation, unlike animal apoptosis, which is essential for proper development. Further, many apoptosis regulatory genes are either missing, or highly divergent in S. cerevisiae. Therefore, in this review we will use the term apoptosis-like programed cell death (PCD) instead of apoptosis. Despite these significant differences, S. cerevisiae has been instrumental in promoting the study of heterologous apoptotic proteins, particularly from human. Work in fungi other than S. cerevisiae revealed differences in the manifestation of PCD in single cell (yeasts) and multicellular (filamentous) species. Such differences may reflect the higher complexity level of filamentous species, and hence the involvement of PCD in a wider range of processes and life styles. It is also expected that differences might be found in the apoptosis apparatus of yeast and filamentous species. In this review we focus on aspects of PCD that are unique or can be better studied in filamentous species. We will highlight the similarities and differences of the PCD machinery between yeast and filamentous species and show the value of using S. cerevisiae along with filamentous species to study apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shlezinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
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29
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Proteome analysis of the farnesol-induced stress response in Aspergillus nidulans--The role of a putative dehydrin. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4038-49. [PMID: 22634043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid alcohol farnesol represents a quorum-sensing molecule in pathogenic yeasts, but was also shown to inhibit the growth of many filamentous fungi. In order to gain a deeper insight into the antifungal activity of farnesol, we performed 2D-differential gel electrophoretic analysis (2D-DIGE) of Aspergillus nidulans exposed to farnesol. We observed an increased abundance of antioxidative enzymes and proteins involved in protein folding and the ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. A striking finding was the strong up-regulation of a dehydrin-like protein (DlpA). Expression analyses suggested the involvement of DlpA in the cellular response to oxidative, osmotic and cold stress. In line with these data, we demonstrated that dlpA expression was regulated by the MAP kinase SakA/HogA. The generation of both a dlpA Tet(on) antisense RNA-producing A. nidulans strain (dlpA-inv) and a ΔdlpA deletion mutant indicated a role of DlpA in conidiation and stress resistance of dormant conidia against heat and ROS. Furthermore, the production of the secondary metabolite sterigmatocystin was absent in both strains dlpA-inv and ΔdlpA. Our results demonstrate the complexity of the farnesol-mediated stress response in A. nidulans and describe a farnesol-inducible dehydrin-like protein that contributes to the high tolerance of resting conidia against oxidative and heat stress.
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30
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Carneiro P, Duarte M, Videira A. Characterization of apoptosis-related oxidoreductases from Neurospora crassa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34270. [PMID: 22470547 PMCID: PMC3314617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome from Neurospora crassa presented three open reading frames homologous to the genes coding for human AIF and AMID proteins, which are flavoproteins with oxidoreductase activities implicated in caspase-independent apoptosis. To investigate the role of these proteins, namely within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, we studied their cellular localization and characterized the respective null mutant strains. Efficiency of the respiratory chain was analyzed by oxygen consumption studies and supramolecular organization of the OXPHOS system was assessed through BN-PAGE analysis in the respective null mutant strains. The results demonstrate that, unlike in mammalian systems, disruption of AIF in Neurospora does not affect either complex I assembly or function. Furthermore, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of the mutant strains display a similar supramolecular organization to that observed in the wild type strain. Further characterization revealed that N. crassa AIF appears localized to both the mitochondria and the cytoplasm, whereas AMID was found exclusively in the cytoplasm. AMID2 was detected in both mitochondria and cytoplasm of the amid mutant strain, but was barely discernible in wild type extracts, suggesting overlapping functions for the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (PC); (AV)
| | - Margarida Duarte
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (PC); (AV)
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Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism of microbial communication dependent on cell density that can regulate several behaviors in bacteria such as secretion of virulence factors, biofilm formation, competence and bioluminescence. The existence of fungal QS systems was revealed ten years ago after the discovery that farnesol controls filamentation in the pathogenic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans. In the past decade, farnesol has been shown to play multiple roles in C. albicans physiology as a signaling molecule and inducing detrimental effects on host cells and other microbes. In addition to farnesol, the aromatic alcohol tyrosol was also found to be a C. albicans QS molecule (QSM) controlling growth, morphogenesis and biofilm formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two other aromatic alcohols, phenylethanol and tryptophol were found to be QSMs regulating morphogenesis during nitrogen starvation conditions. Additionally, population density-dependent behaviors that resemble QS have been described in several other fungal species. Although fungal QS research is still in its infancy, its discovery has changed our views about the fungal kingdom and could eventually lead to the development of new antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Albuquerque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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32
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Scheckhuber CQ, Hamann A, Brust D, Osiewacz HD. Cellular homeostasis in fungi: impact on the aging process. Subcell Biochem 2012; 57:233-250. [PMID: 22094425 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2561-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular quality control pathways are needed for maintaining the biological function of organisms. If these pathways become compromised, the results are usually highly detrimental. Functional impairments of cell components can lead to diseases and in extreme cases to organismal death. Dysfunction of cells can be induced by a number of toxic by-products that are formed during metabolic activity, like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, for example. A key source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the organelles of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria. Therefore mitochondrial function is also directly affected by ROS, especially if there is a compromised ROS-scavenging capacity. Biological systems therefore depend on several lines of defence to counteract the toxic effects of ROS and other damaging agents. The first level is active at the molecular level and consists of various proteases that bind and degrade abnormally modified and / or aggregated mitochondrial proteins. The second level is concerned with maintaining the quality of whole mitochondria. Among the pathways of this level are mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy (mitophagy). Mitochondrial dynamics describes the time-dependent fusion and fission of mitochondria. It is argued that this kind of organellar dynamics has the power to restore the function of impaired organelles by content mixing with intact organelles. If the first and second lines of defence against damage fail and mitochondria become damaged too severely, there is the option to remove affected cells before they can elicit more damage to their surrounding environment by apoptosis. This form of programmed cell death is strictly regulated by a complex network of interacting components and can be divided into mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent modes of action. In this review we give an overview on various biological quality control systems in fungi (yeasts and filamentous fungi) with an emphasis on autophagy (mitophagy) and apoptosis and how these pathways allow fungal organisms to maintain a balanced cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Q Scheckhuber
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,
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33
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Farnesol-induced cell death in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1544-8. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0391544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FOH (farnesol), a non-sterol isoprenoid produced by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, has been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. We have been using Aspergillus nidulans and FOH as a model system and cell death stimulus, respectively, aiming to understand by which means filamentous fungi are driven towards cell death. Here, we review some of our findings about FOH-induced cell death in A. nidulans.
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The quorum-sensing molecules farnesol/homoserine lactone and dodecanol operate via distinct modes of action in Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1034-42. [PMID: 21666074 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05060-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Living as a commensal, Candida albicans must adapt and respond to environmental cues generated by the mammalian host and by microbes comprising the natural flora. These signals have opposing effects on C. albicans, with host cues promoting the yeast-to-hyphal transition and bacteria-derived quorum-sensing molecules inhibiting hyphal development. Hyphal development is regulated through modulation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, and it has been postulated that quorum-sensing molecules can affect filamentation by inhibiting the cAMP pathway. Here, we show that both farnesol and 3-oxo-C(12)-homoserine lactone, a quorum-sensing molecule secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, block hyphal development by affecting cAMP signaling; they both directly inhibited the activity of the Candida adenylyl cyclase, Cyr1p. In contrast, the 12-carbon alcohol dodecanol appeared to modulate hyphal development and the cAMP signaling pathway without directly affecting the activity of Cyr1p. Instead, we show that dodecanol exerted its effects through a mechanism involving the C. albicans hyphal repressor, Sfl1p. Deletion of SFL1 did not affect the response to farnesol but did interfere with the response to dodecanol. Therefore, quorum sensing in C. albicans is mediated via multiple mechanisms of action. Interestingly, our experiments raise the possibility that the Burkholderia cenocepacia diffusible signal factor, BDSF, also mediates its effects via Sfl1p, suggesting that dodecanol's mode of action, but not farnesol or 3-oxo-C(12)-homoserine lactone, may be used by other quorum-sensing molecules.
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The Aspergillus nidulans nucA(EndoG) homologue is not involved in cell death. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 10:276-83. [PMID: 21131437 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00224-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon apoptosis induction, translocation of mammalian mitochondrial endonuclease G (EndoG) to the nucleus coincides with large-scale DNA fragmentation. Here, we describe for the first time a homologue of EndoG in filamentous fungi by investigating if the Aspergillus nidulans homologue of the EndoG gene, named nucA(EndoG), is being activated during farnesol-induced cell death. Our results suggest that NucA is not involved in cell death, but it plays a role in the DNA-damaging response in A. nidulans.
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Colabardini AC, De Castro PA, De Gouvêa PF, Savoldi M, Malavazi I, Goldman MHS, Goldman GH. Involvement of the Aspergillus nidulans protein kinase C with farnesol tolerance is related to the unfolded protein response. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1259-79. [PMID: 21091509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the Aspergillus nidulans calC2 mutation in protein kinase C pkcA was able to confer tolerance to farnesol (FOH), an isoprenoid that has been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Here, we investigate in more detail the role played by A. nidulans pkcA in FOH tolerance. We demonstrate that pkcA overexpression during FOH exposure causes increased cell death. FOH is also able to activate several markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Our results suggest an intense cross-talk between PkcA and the UPR during FOH-induced cell death. Furthermore, the overexpression of pkcA increases both mRNA accumulation and metacaspases activity, and there is a genetic interaction between PkcA and the caspase-like protein CasA. Mutant analyses imply that MAP kinases are involved in the signal transduction in response to the effects caused by FOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Colabardini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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Brust D, Daum B, Breunig C, Hamann A, Kühlbrandt W, Osiewacz HD. Cyclophilin D links programmed cell death and organismal aging in Podospora anserina. Aging Cell 2010; 9:761-75. [PMID: 20626725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CYPD) is a mitochondrial peptidyl prolyl-cis,trans-isomerase involved in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). CYPD abundance increases during aging in mammalian tissues and in the aging model organism Podospora anserina. Here, we show that treatment of the P. anserina wild-type with low concentrations of the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporin A (CSA) extends lifespan. Transgenic strains overexpressing PaCypD are characterized by reduced stress tolerance, suffer from pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction and are characterized by accelerated aging and induction of cell death. Treatment with CSA leads to correction of mitochondrial function and lifespan to that of the wild-type. In contrast, PaCypD deletion strains are not affected by CSA within the investigated concentration range and show increased resistance against inducers of oxidative stress and cell death. Our data provide a mechanistic link between programmed cell death (PCD) and organismal aging and bear implications for the potential use of CSA to intervene into biologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Brust
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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38
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Dinamarco TM, Pimentel BDCF, Savoldi M, Malavazi I, Soriani FM, Uyemura SA, Ludovico P, Goldman MHS, Goldman GH. The roles played by Aspergillus nidulans apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-like mitochondrial oxidoreductase (AifA) and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases (NdeA-B and NdiA) in farnesol resistance. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:1055-69. [PMID: 20654725 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol (FOH) is a nonsterol isoprenoid produced by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a catabolite of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. These isoprenoids inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Here, we show that Aspergillus nidulans AifA encoding the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-like mitochondrial oxidoreductase plays a role in the function of the mitochondrial Complex I. Additionally, we demonstrated that ndeA-B and ndiA encode external and internal alternative NADH dehydrogenases, respectively, that have a function in FOH resistance. When exposed to FOH, the ΔaifA and ΔndeA strains have increased ROS production while ΔndeB, ΔndeA ΔndeB, and ΔndiA mutant strains showed the same ROS accumulation than in the absence of FOH. We observed several compensatory mechanisms affecting the differential survival of these mutants to FOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taísa Magnani Dinamarco
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café S/N, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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Liu P, Luo L, Guo J, Liu H, Wang B, Deng B, Long CA, Cheng Y. Farnesol induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in the fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum. Mycologia 2010; 102:311-8. [PMID: 20361499 DOI: 10.3852/09-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of farnesol (FOH) on the growth of P. expansum. The viability of P. expansum cells was determined by counting the colony forming units (CFU) after each FOH treatment. Morphological changes of FOH-treated fungal cells were analyzed by staining with Hoechst 33258, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase fluorescein-12-dUTP nick end labeling), Annexin-V FITC and the oxidant-sensitive probe H2DCFDA (dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate). FOH strongly inhibited the growth of hyphae. The hyphal cells showed the hallmarks of apoptosis including chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, caspases activation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation but without nucleosomal ladder production. The abnormal cellular ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that disintegration of cellular ultrastructure (especially for mitochondria) was linked to FOH-induced cell death. Taken together we demonstrated that FOH inhibits the growth of P. expansum and promotes apoptosis via activation of metacaspases, production of ROS and disintegration of cellular ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liu
- National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Dichtl K, Ebel F, Dirr F, Routier FH, Heesemann J, Wagener J. Farnesol misplaces tip-localized Rho proteins and inhibits cell wall integrity signalling in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 2010; 76:1191-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Brust D, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD. Deletion of PaAif2 and PaAmid2, two genes encoding mitochondrial AIF-like oxidoreductases of Podospora anserina, leads to increased stress tolerance and lifespan extension. Curr Genet 2010; 56:225-35. [PMID: 20306265 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type strains of the ascomycete Podospora anserina are characterized by a limited lifespan. Mitochondria play a central role in this ageing process raising the question of whether apoptosis-like processes, which are also connected to mitochondrial function, are involved in the control of the final stage in the fungal life cycle. While a role of two metacaspases in apoptosis and lifespan control was recently demonstrated in P. anserina, virtually nothing is known about the function of the protein family of apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs). Here we report data about proteins belonging to this family. We demonstrate that the cytosolic members PaAIF1 and PaAMID1 do not affect lifespan. In contrast, loss of PaAIF2 and PaAMID2, which both were localized to mitochondria, are characterized by a significantly increased ROS tolerance and a prolonged lifespan. In addition, deletion of PaAmid2 severely affects sporogenesis. These data identify components of a caspase-independent molecular pathway to be involved in developmental processes and in the induction of programmed cell death in the senescent stage of P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Brust
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Langford ML, Atkin AL, Nickerson KW. Cellular interactions of farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule produced by Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 2010; 4:1353-62. [PMID: 19995193 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule produced by Candida albicans that has many effects, including filament inhibition of this polymorphic fungus. In the past 9 years, the effect of farnesol on C. albicans has been reported in nearly 160 publications, with early work examining its influence on morphology. This article presents an update on the literature published since 2006, focusing on points that still need to be resolved as well as identifying possible artifacts that might interfere with this goal. In addition, the regulation of C. albicans farnesol production, C. albicans' resistance/sensitivity to farnesol and the influence of farnesol on other species as well as the host are discussed. It is intriguing that we still do not know precisely how farnesol works, but interference with the Ras1-cAMP pathway is part of the story.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Langford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0666, USA.
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Brody S, Oelhafen K, Schneider K, Perrino S, Goetz A, Wang C, English C. Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: Downstream effectors. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 47:159-68. [PMID: 19800017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm in Neurospora crassa is exhibited as alternating areas of conidiating and non-conidiating mycelia growth. A significant role in this circadian rhythm is played by the frq (frequency) and wc (white-collar) genes, comprising the "FWC" oscillator. Strains lacking the FWC can be restored to rhythmicity, which has been attributed to a second oscillator, called the FLO (frq-less oscillator). This study reports additional conditions that allow this rhythmicity to occur. Rhythmicity was restored to mutants lacking either the frq, or wc-1, or wc-2 genes in D/D (constant darkness) or L/L (constant light) by the addition of low levels of menadione, a known stimulator of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Additional studies are reported on the rhythm effects from caffeine, a known cAMP phospho-diesterase inhibitor as well as the effects from mutations in the csp-1 gene, the rco-1 gene, and other genes. A theme ties all of these "downstream effects" together, i.e., they affect either components thought to be part of the conidiation process itself, or the RAS-cAMP-protein kinase pathway. Since mutations in these components unexpectedly had rhythm effects, this suggests that these components may be good candidates for some part of the frq-less oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Brody
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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44
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Hutchison E, Brown S, Tian C, Glass NL. Transcriptional profiling and functional analysis of heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa reveals that reactive oxygen species, but not metacaspases, are associated with programmed cell death. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:3957-3970. [PMID: 19696111 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) is a nonself recognition phenomenon occurring in filamentous fungi that is important for limiting resource plundering and restricting viral transfer between strains. Nonself recognition and HI occurs during hyphal fusion between strains that differ at het loci. If two strains undergo hyphal fusion, but differ in allelic specificity at a het locus, the fusion cell is compartmentalized and undergoes a rapid programmed cell death (PCD). Incompatible heterokaryons show a macroscopic phenotype of slow growth and diminished conidiation, and a microscopic phenotype of hyphal compartmentation and cell death. To understand processes associated with HI and PCD, we used whole-genome microarrays for Neurospora crassa to assess transcriptional differences associated with induction of HI mediated by differences in het-c pin-c haplotype. Our data show that HI is a dynamic and transcriptionally active process. The production of reactive oxygen species is implicated in the execution of HI and PCD in N. crassa, as are several genes involved in phosphatidylinositol and calcium signalling pathways. However, genes encoding mammalian homologues of caspases or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) are not required for HI or programmed cell death. These data indicate that PCD during HI occurs via a novel and possibly fungal-specific mechanism, making this pathway an attractive drug target for control of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hutchison
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Sarah Brown
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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Molecular mechanisms involved in farnesol-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:123-35. [PMID: 19520495 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid alcohol farnesol is an effective inducer of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of carcinoma cell types. In addition, farnesol has been reported to inhibit tumorigenesis in several animal models suggesting that it functions as a chemopreventative and anti-tumor agent in vivo. A number of different biochemical and cellular processes have been implicated in the growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of farnesol. These include regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha (CCTalpha), rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, respectively, and the generation of reactive oxygen species. In some cell types the action of farnesol is mediated through nuclear receptors, including activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Recent studies have revealed that induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) play a critical role in the induction of apoptosis by farnesol in lung carcinoma cells. This induction was found to be dependent on the activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. In addition, farnesol induces activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and a number of NF-kappaB target genes. Optimal activation of NF-kappaB was reported to depend on the phosphorylation of p65/RelA by the MEK1/2-MSK1 signaling pathway. In a number of cells farnesol-induced apoptosis was found to be linked to activation of the apoptosome. This review provides an overview of the biochemical and cellular processes regulated by farnesol in relationship to its growth-inhibitory, apoptosis-promoting, and anti-tumor effects.
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Sharon A, Finkelstein A, Shlezinger N, Hatam I. Fungal apoptosis: function, genes and gene function. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:833-54. [PMID: 19416362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of all living organisms are programmed to self-destruct under certain conditions. The most well known form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, which is essential for proper development in higher eukaryotes. In fungi, apoptotic-like cell death occurs naturally during aging and reproduction, and can be induced by environmental stresses and exposure to toxic metabolites. The core apoptotic machinery in fungi is similar to that in mammals, but the apoptotic network is less complex and of more ancient origin. Only some of the mammalian apoptosis-regulating proteins have fungal homologs, and the number of protein families is drastically reduced. Expression in fungi of animal proteins that do not have fungal homologs often affects apoptosis, suggesting functional conservation of these components despite the absence of protein-sequence similarity. Functional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae apoptotic genes, and more recently of those in some filamentous species, has revealed partial conservation, along with substantial differences in function and mode of action between fungal and human proteins. It has been suggested that apoptotic proteins might be suitable targets for novel antifungal treatments. However, implementation of this approach requires a better understanding of fungal apoptotic networks and identification of the key proteins regulating apoptotic-like cell death in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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