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Mori H, Matsui M, Bamba T, Hori Y, Kitamura S, Toya Y, Hidese R, Yasueda H, Hasunuma T, Shimizu H, Taoka N, Kobayashi S. Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient glutathione production. Metab Eng 2024; 84:180-190. [PMID: 38969164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione is a tripeptide of excellent value in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries that is currently produced during yeast fermentation. In this case, glutathione accumulates intracellularly, which hinders high production. Here, we engineered Escherichia coli for the efficient production of glutathione. A total of 4.3 g/L glutathione was produced by overexpressing gshA and gshB, which encode cysteine glutamate ligase and glutathione synthetase, respectively, and most of the glutathione was excreted into the culture medium. Further improvements were achieved by inhibiting degradation (Δggt and ΔpepT); deleting gor (Δgor), which encodes glutathione oxide reductase; attenuating glutathione uptake (ΔyliABCD); and enhancing cysteine production (PompF-cysE). The engineered strain KG06 produced 19.6 g/L glutathione after 48 h of fed-batch fermentation with continuous addition of ammonium sulfate as the sulfur source. We also found that continuous feeding of glycine had a crucial role for effective glutathione production. The results of metabolic flux and metabolomic analyses suggested that the conversion of O-acetylserine to cysteine is the rate-limiting step in glutathione production by KG06. The use of sodium thiosulfate largely overcame this limitation, increasing the glutathione titer to 22.0 g/L, which is, to our knowledge, the highest titer reported to date in the literature. This study is the first report of glutathione fermentation without adding cysteine in E. coli. Our findings provide a great potential of E. coli fermentation process for the industrial production of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mori
- Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo, 676-8688, Japan
| | - Misato Matsui
- Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo, 676-8688, Japan
| | - Takahiro Bamba
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hori
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kitamura
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Toya
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hidese
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yasueda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoaki Taoka
- Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo, 676-8688, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobayashi
- Agri-Bio Research Center, KANEKA CORPORATION, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago-cho, Takasago, Hyogo, 676-8688, Japan.
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Rainey NE, Armand AS, Petit PX. Sodium arsenite and arsenic trioxide differently affect the oxidative stress of lymphoblastoid cells: An intricate crosstalk between mitochondria, autophagy and cell death. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302701. [PMID: 38728286 PMCID: PMC11086853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the toxicity of arsenic depends on its chemical forms, few studies have taken into account the ambiguous phenomenon that sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) acts as a potent carcinogen while arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) serves as an effective therapeutic agent in lymphoma, suggesting that NaAsO2 and As2O3 may act via paradoxical ways to either promote or inhibit cancer pathogenesis. Here, we compared the cellular response of the two arsenical compounds, NaAsO2 and As2O3, on the Burkitt lymphoma cell model, the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-positive P3HR1 cells. Using flow cytometry and biochemistry analyses, we showed that a NaAsO2 treatment induces P3HR1 cell death, combined with drastic drops in ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP levels. In contrast, As2O3-treated cells resist to cell death, with a moderate reduction of ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP. While both compounds block cells in G2/M and affect their protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, As2O3 induces a milder increase in superoxide anions and H2O2 than NaAsO2, associated to a milder inhibition of antioxidant defenses. By electron microscopy, RT-qPCR and image cytometry analyses, we showed that As2O3-treated cells display an overall autophagic response, combined with mitophagy and an unfolded protein response, characteristics that were not observed following a NaAsO2 treatment. As previous works showed that As2O3 reactivates EBV in P3HR1 cells, we treated the EBV- Ramos-1 cells and showed that autophagy was not induced in these EBV- cells upon As2O3 treatment suggesting that the boost of autophagy observed in As2O3-treated P3HR1 cells could be due to the presence of EBV in these cells. Overall, our results suggest that As2O3 is an autophagic inducer which action is enhanced when EBV is present in the cells, in contrast to NaAsO2, which induces cell death. That's why As2O3 is combined with other chemicals, as all-trans retinoic acid, to better target cancer cells in therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Earl Rainey
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Campus Necker, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X. Petit
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
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Kaur J, Tiwari N, Asif MH, Dharmesh V, Naseem M, Srivastava PK, Srivastava S. Integrated genome-transcriptome analysis unveiled the mechanism of Debaryomyces hansenii-mediated arsenic stress amelioration in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133954. [PMID: 38484657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Globally, rice is becoming more vulnerable to arsenic (As) pollution, posing a serious threat to public food safety. Previously Debaryomyces hansenii was found to reduce grain As content of rice. To better understand the underlying mechanism, we performed a genome analysis to identify the key genes in D. hansenii responsible for As tolerance and plant growth promotion. Notably, genes related to As resistance (ARR, Ycf1, and Yap) were observed in the genome of D. hansenii. The presence of auxin pathway and glutathione metabolism-related genes may explain the plant growth-promoting potential and As tolerance mechanism of this novel yeast strain. The genome annotation of D. hansenii indicated that it contains a repertoire of genes encoding antioxidants, well corroborated with the in vitro studies of GST, GR, and glutathione content. In addition, the effect of D. hansenii on gene expression profiling of rice plants under As stress was also examined. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed 307 genes, annotated in D. hansenii-treated rice, related to metabolic pathways (184), photosynthesis (12), glutathione (10), tryptophan (4), and biosynthesis of secondary metabolite (117). Higher expression of regulatory elements like AUX/IAA and WRKY transcription factors (TFs), and defense-responsive genes dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxin, and glutaredoxins during D. hansenii+As exposure was also observed. Combined analysis revealed that D. hansenii genes are contributing to stress mitigation in rice by supporting plant growth and As-tolerance. The study lays the foundation to develop yeast as a beneficial biofertilizer for As-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Kaur
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Nikita Tiwari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Varsha Dharmesh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mariya Naseem
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Flynn MJ, Harper NW, Li R, Zhu LJ, Lee MJ, Benanti JA. Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585797. [PMID: 38562881 PMCID: PMC10983906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long-term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms - one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1-independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Michael J Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jennifer A Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Cao G, Li X, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Li X, Li T, He S, Cui Z, Yu J. Physiological response mechanism of heavy metal-resistant endophytic fungi isolated from the roots of Polygonatum kingianum. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:568-581. [PMID: 37604512 PMCID: PMC10667662 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the tolerance of endophytic fungi isolated from the fibrous roots of Polygonatum kingianum to arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) and their physiological response mechanisms. Five isolated strains were obtained with EC50 values for As(V) ranging from 421 to 1281 mg/L, while the other three strains tolerated Cd(II) with an EC50 range of 407-1112 mg/L. Morphological and molecular identification indicated that these eight strains were Cladosporium spp. belonging to dark septate endophytes (DSEs). The contents of metal ions in mycelium sharply increased, reaching 38.87 mg/kg for strain MZ-11 under As(V) stress and 0.33 mg/kg for fungus PR-2 under Cd(II). The physiological response revealed that the biomass decreased with increasing concentrations of As(V) or Cd(II), and the activity of superoxide dismutase significantly improved under the corresponding EC50 -concentration As/Cd of the strains, as well as the contents of antioxidant substances, including metallothionein, glutathione, malondialdehyde, melanin, and proline. Taken together, the filamentous fungi of Cladosporium spp. accounted for a high proportion of fungi isolated from the fibrous roots of P. kingianum and had a strong capacity to tolerate As(V) or Cd(II) stress by improving antioxidase activities and the content of antioxidant substances, and immobilization of metal ions in hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan‐Hua Cao
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Xiao‐Gang Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Chen‐Rui Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Yi‐Ran Xiong
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Xue Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
| | - Sen He
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Fukui School of Medical SciencesFukuiJapan
| | - Zheng‐Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Fukui School of Medical SciencesFukuiJapan
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaYunnan University of Chinese MedicineKunmingChina
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Persson K, Stenberg S, Tamás MJ, Warringer J. Adaptation of the yeast gene knockout collection is near-perfectly predicted by fitness and diminishing return epistasis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6694849. [PMID: 36083011 PMCID: PMC9635671 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution of clonally dividing cells and microbes is the ultimate cause of cancer and infectious diseases. The possibility of constraining the adaptation of cell populations, by inhibiting proteins enhancing the evolvability, has therefore attracted interest. However, our current understanding of how genes influence adaptation kinetics is limited, partly because accurately measuring adaptation for many cell populations is challenging. We used a high-throughput adaptive laboratory evolution platform to track the adaptation of >18,000 cell populations corresponding to single-gene deletion strains in the haploid yeast deletion collection. We report that the preadaptation fitness of gene knockouts near-perfectly (R2= 0.91) predicts their adaptation to arsenic, leaving at the most a marginal role for dedicated evolvability gene functions. We tracked the adaptation of another >23,000 gene knockout populations to a diverse range of selection pressures and generalized the almost perfect (R2=0.72-0.98) capacity of preadaptation fitness to predict adaptation. We also reconstructed mutations in FPS1, ASK10, and ARR3, which together account for almost all arsenic adaptation in wild-type cells, in gene deletions covering a broad fitness range and show that the predictability of arsenic adaptation can be understood as a by global epistasis, where excluding arsenic is more beneficial to arsenic unfit cells. The paucity of genes with a meaningful evolvability effect on adaptation diminishes the prospects of developing adjuvant drugs aiming to slow antimicrobial and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Persson
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Simon Stenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Isik E, Balkan Ç, Karl V, Karakaya HÇ, Hua S, Rauch S, Tamás MJ, Koc A. Identification of novel arsenic resistance genes in yeast. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1284. [PMID: 35765185 PMCID: PMC9055376 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that affects human health by causing numerous diseases and by being used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) has been extensively utilized to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying arsenic toxicity and resistance in eukaryotes. In this study, we applied a genomic DNA overexpression strategy to identify yeast genes that provide arsenic resistance in wild‐type and arsenic‐sensitive S. cerevisiae cells. In addition to known arsenic‐related genes, our genetic screen revealed novel genes, including PHO86, VBA3, UGP1, and TUL1, whose overexpression conferred resistance. To gain insights into possible resistance mechanisms, we addressed the contribution of these genes to cell growth, intracellular arsenic, and protein aggregation during arsenate exposure. Overexpression of PHO86 resulted in higher cellular arsenic levels but no additional effect on protein aggregation, indicating that these cells efficiently protect their intracellular environment. VBA3 overexpression caused resistance despite higher intracellular arsenic and protein aggregation levels. Overexpression of UGP1 led to lower intracellular arsenic and protein aggregation levels while TUL1 overexpression had no impact on intracellular arsenic or protein aggregation levels. Thus, the identified genes appear to confer arsenic resistance through distinct mechanisms but the molecular details remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Isik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Izmir Institute of Technology Izmir Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Balkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Izmir Institute of Technology Izmir Turkey
| | - Vivien Karl
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Sansan Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sebastien Rauch
- Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Markus J. Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ahmet Koc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Izmir Institute of Technology Izmir Turkey
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine Inonu University Malatya Turkey
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8
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Romero AM, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Mombeinipour M, Lorentzon E, Aspholm E, Wysocki R, Tamás MJ. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6551893. [PMID: 35323907 PMCID: PMC9041338 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screen of predicted coiled-coil motif interactions in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome, the protein Etp1 was found to interact with the yeast AP-1-like transcription factors Yap8, Yap1 and Yap6. Yap8 plays a crucial role during arsenic stress since it regulates expression of the resistance genes ACR2 and ACR3. The function of Etp1 is not well understood but the protein has been implicated in transcription and protein turnover during ethanol stress, and the etp1∆ mutant is sensitive to ethanol. In this current study, we investigated whether Etp1 is implicated in Yap8-dependent functions. We show that Etp1 is required for optimal growth in the presence of trivalent arsenite and for optimal expression of the arsenite export protein encoded by ACR3. Since Yap8 is the only known transcription factor that regulates ACR3 expression, we investigated whether Etp1 regulates Yap8. Yap8 ubiquitination, stability, nuclear localization and ACR3 promoter association were unaffected in etp1∆ cells, indicating that Etp1 affects ACR3 expression independently of Yap8. Thus, Etp1 impacts gene expression under arsenic and other stress conditions but the mechanistic details remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mandana Mombeinipour
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emma Lorentzon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emelie Aspholm
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 462, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Tel: +46-31-786-2548; E-mail:
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Rai R, Singh S, Rai KK, Raj A, Sriwastaw S, Rai LC. Regulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in cyanobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:353-372. [PMID: 34700048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is common consequence of abiotic stress in plants as well as cyanobacteria caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an inevitable product of respiration and photosynthetic electron transport. ROS act as signalling molecule at low concentration however, when its production exceeds the endurance capacity of antioxidative defence system, the organisms suffer oxidative stress. A highly toxic metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG) is also produced in cyanobacteria in response to various abiotic stresses which consequently augment the ensuing oxidative damage. Taking recourse to the common lineage of eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria, it would be worthwhile to explore the regulatory role of glyoxalase system and antioxidative defense mechanism in combating abiotic stress in cyanobacteria. This review provides comprehensive information on the complete glyoxalase system (GlyI, GlyII and GlyIII) in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, it elucidates the recent understanding regarding the production of ROS and MG, noteworthy link between intracellular MG and ROS and its detoxification via synchronization of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) and glyoxalase systems using glutathione (GSH) as common co-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alka Raj
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sonam Sriwastaw
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - L C Rai
- Molecular Biology Section, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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10
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Walker GA, Nelson J, Halligan T, Lima MMM, Knoesen A, Runnebaum RC. Monitoring Site-Specific Fermentation Outcomes via Oxidation Reduction Potential and UV-Vis Spectroscopy to Characterize "Hidden" Parameters of Pinot Noir Wine Fermentations. Molecules 2021; 26:4748. [PMID: 34443337 PMCID: PMC8400154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time process metrics are standard for the majority of fermentation-based industries but have not been widely adopted by the wine industry. In this study, replicate fermentations were conducted with temperature as the main process parameter and assessed via in-line Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) probes and at-line profiling of phenolics compounds by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The California and Oregon vineyards used in this study displayed consistent vinification outcomes over five vintages and are representative of sites producing faster- and slower-fermenting musts. The selected sites have been previously characterized by fermentation kinetics, elemental profile, phenolics, and sensory analysis. ORP probes were integrated into individual fermentors to record how ORP changed throughout the fermentation process. The ORP profiles generally followed expected trends with deviations revealing previously undetectable process differences between sites and replicates. Site-specific differences were also observed in phenolic and anthocyanin extraction. Elemental composition was also analyzed for each vineyard, revealing distinctive profiles that correlated with the fermentation kinetics and may influence the redox status of these wines. The rapid ORP responses observed related to winemaking decisions and yeast activity suggest ORP is a useful process parameter that should be tracked in addition to Brix, temperature, and phenolics extraction for monitoring fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A. Walker
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (G.A.W.); (M.M.M.L.)
| | - James Nelson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Thomas Halligan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Maisa M. M. Lima
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (G.A.W.); (M.M.M.L.)
| | - Andre Knoesen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (G.A.W.); (M.M.M.L.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Genetic, Genomics, and Responses to Stresses in Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Implications. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040500. [PMID: 33805386 PMCID: PMC8066212 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are widely-diverse, environmentally crucial photosynthetic prokaryotes of great interests for basic and applied science. Work to date has focused mostly on the three non-nitrogen fixing unicellular species Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7942, and Synechococcus PCC 7002, which have been selected for their genetic and physiological interests summarized in this review. Extensive "omics" data sets have been generated, and genome-scale models (GSM) have been developed for the rational engineering of these cyanobacteria for biotechnological purposes. We presently discuss what should be done to improve our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships of these models and generate robust and predictive models of their metabolism. Furthermore, we also emphasize that because Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7942, and Synechococcus PCC 7002 represent only a limited part of the wide biodiversity of cyanobacteria, other species distantly related to these three models, should be studied. Finally, we highlight the need to strengthen the communication between academic researchers, who know well cyanobacteria and can engineer them for biotechnological purposes, but have a limited access to large photobioreactors, and industrial partners who attempt to use natural or engineered cyanobacteria to produce interesting chemicals at reasonable costs, but may lack knowledge on cyanobacterial physiology and metabolism.
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12
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Víglaš J, Olejníková P. An update on ABC transporters of filamentous fungi - from physiological substrates to xenobiotics. Microbiol Res 2021; 246:126684. [PMID: 33529790 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is a large family of proteins with a wide substrate repertoire and range of functions. The main role of these proteins is in the transportation of different molecules across biological membranes. Due to the broad range of substrates, ABC transporters can transport not only natural metabolites but also various xenobiotics, including antifungal compounds, which makes some ABC transporters key players in antifungal resistance. Alternatively, ABC proteins without transport function seem to be essential for fungal cell viability. In this work, we review the individual subfamilies of ABC transporters in filamentous fungi regarding physiological substrates, clinical and agricultural significance. Subfamilies are defined using well-studied transporters in yeast, which may help to clarify their role in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Víglaš
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Petra Olejníková
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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13
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14
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Laman Trip DS, Youk H. Yeasts collectively extend the limits of habitable temperatures by secreting glutathione. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:943-954. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Thakre PK, Golla U, Biswas A, Tomar RS. Identification of Histone H3 and H4 Amino Acid Residues Important for the Regulation of Arsenite Stress Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:817-833. [PMID: 32032493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental carcinogen that causes many diseases in humans, including cancers and organ failures, affecting millions of people in the world. Arsenic trioxide is a drug used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In the present study, we screened the synthetic histone H3 and H4 library in the presence of arsenite to understand the role of histone residues in arsenic toxicity. We identified residues of histone H3 and H4 crucial for arsenite stress response. The residues H3T3, H3G90, H4K5, H4G13, and H4R95 are required for the activation of Hog1 kinase in response to arsenite exposure. We showed that a reduced level of Hog1 activation increases the intracellular arsenic content in these histone mutants through the Fps1 channel. We have also noticed the reduced expression of ACR3 exporter in the mutants. The growth defect of mutants caused by arsenite exposure was suppressed in hyperosmotic conditions, in a higher concentration of glucose, and upon deletion of the FPS1 gene. The arsenite sensitive histone mutants also showed a lack of H3K4 methylation and reduced H4K16 acetylation. Altogether, we have identified the key residues in histone H3 and H4 proteins important for the regulation of Hog1 signaling, Fps1 activity, and ACR3 expression during arsenite stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilendra Kumar Thakre
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ashis Biswas
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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17
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Chen H, Zhao T, Sun D, Wu M, Zhang Z. Changes of RNA N 6-methyladenosine in the hormesis effect induced by arsenite on human keratinocyte cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:84-92. [PMID: 30654086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite exposure can induce a biphasic response called "hormesis", and oxidative stress has been proposed to play critical roles in the hormesis effect. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the hormesis effect induced by arsenite is largely unknown. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been implicated to play an important role in the biological processes of cells. Nevertheless, whether and how m6A is involved in the hormesis of cell growth and death caused by arsenite via oxidative stress have remained a mystery. Here, oxidative stress and m6A as well as its methyltransferases/demethylase of human keratinocyte cells after low/high doses of arsenite exposure were simultaneously evaluated. Our results demonstrated that the treatment of human HaCaT cells with low levels of arsenite up-regulated m6A modification as well as its methyltransferases (METTL3/METTL14/WTAP) and inactivated the demethylase (FTO), exerting "protective response" against oxidative stress and promoting HaCaT cells survival. On the contrary, high doses of arsenite induced down-regulation of m6A level and enhanced oxidative stress, showing "inhibitive effects" on cell viability in HaCaT cells. Our results suggest that the reversible m6A modification is associated with the arsenite-driven hormesis on cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhe Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunzhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Physiological Genomics of Multistress Resistance in the Yeast Cell Model and Factory: Focus on MDR/MXR Transporters. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:1-35. [PMID: 30911887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary approach of physiological genomics is vital in providing the indispensable holistic understanding of the complexity of the molecular targets, signalling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the responses and tolerance to stress, a topic of paramount importance in biology and biotechnology. This chapter focuses on the toxicity and tolerance to relevant stresses in the cell factory and eukaryotic model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Emphasis is given to the function and regulation of multidrug/multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) transporters. Although these transporters have been considered drug/xenobiotic efflux pumps, the exact mechanism of their involvement in multistress resistance is still open to debate, as highlighted in this chapter. Given the conservation of transport mechanisms from S. cerevisiae to less accessible eukaryotes such as plants, this chapter also provides a proof of concept that validates the relevance of the exploitation of the experimental yeast model to uncover the function of novel MDR/MXR transporters in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. This knowledge can be explored for guiding the rational design of more robust yeast strains with improved performance for industrial biotechnology, for overcoming and controlling the deleterious activities of spoiling yeasts in the food industry, for developing efficient strategies to improve crop productivity in agricultural biotechnology.
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Construction and Use of a Recyclable Marker To Examine the Role of Major Facilitator Superfamily Protein Members in Candida glabrata Drug Resistance Phenotypes. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00099-18. [PMID: 29600281 PMCID: PMC5874441 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00099-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Export of drugs is a problem for chemotherapy of infectious organisms. A class of membrane proteins called the major facilitator superfamily contains a large number of proteins that often elevate drug resistance when overproduced but do not impact this phenotype when the gene is removed. We wondered if this absence of a phenotype for a disruption allele might be due to the redundancy of this group of membrane proteins. We describe the production of an easy-to-use recyclable marker cassette that will allow construction of strains lacking multiple members of the MFS family of transporter proteins. Candida glabrata is the second most common species causing candidiasis. C. glabrata can also readily acquire resistance to azole drugs, complicating its treatment. Here we add to the collection of disruption markers to aid in genetic analysis of this yeast. This new construct is marked with a nourseothricin resistance cassette that produces an estrogen-activated form of Cre recombinase in a methionine-regulated manner. This allows eviction and reuse of this cassette in a facile manner. Using this new disruption marker, we have constructed a series of strains lacking different members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporter proteins. The presence of 15 MFS proteins that may contribute to drug resistance in C. glabrata placed a premium on development of a marker that could easily be reused to construct multiple gene-disrupted strains. Employing this recyclable marker, we found that loss of the MFS transporter-encoding gene FLR1 caused a dramatic increase in diamide resistance (as seen before), and deletion of two other MFS-encoding genes did not influence this phenotype. Interestingly, loss of FLR1 led to an increase in levels of oxidized glutathione, suggesting a possible molecular explanation for this enhanced oxidant sensitivity. We also found that while overproduction of the transcription factor Yap1 could suppress the fluconazole sensitivity caused by loss of the important ATP-binding cassette transporter protein Cdr1, this required the presence of FLR1. IMPORTANCE Export of drugs is a problem for chemotherapy of infectious organisms. A class of membrane proteins called the major facilitator superfamily contains a large number of proteins that often elevate drug resistance when overproduced but do not impact this phenotype when the gene is removed. We wondered if this absence of a phenotype for a disruption allele might be due to the redundancy of this group of membrane proteins. We describe the production of an easy-to-use recyclable marker cassette that will allow construction of strains lacking multiple members of the MFS family of transporter proteins.
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20
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Compounds with Potential Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02236-17. [PMID: 29437626 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02236-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The high acquisition rate of drug resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis necessitates the ongoing search for new drugs to be incorporated in the tuberculosis (TB) regimen. Compounds used for the treatment of other diseases have the potential to be repurposed for the treatment of TB. In this study, a high-throughput screening of compounds against thiol-deficient Mycobacterium smegmatis strains and subsequent validation with thiol-deficient M. tuberculosis strains revealed that ΔegtA and ΔmshA mutants had increased susceptibility to azaguanine (Aza) and sulfaguanidine (Su); ΔegtB and ΔegtE mutants had increased susceptibility to bacitracin (Ba); and ΔegtA, ΔmshA, and ΔegtB mutants had increased susceptibility to fusaric acid (Fu). Further analyses revealed that some of these compounds were able to modulate the levels of thiols and oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis This study reports the activities of Aza, Su, Fu, and Ba against M. tuberculosis and provides a rationale for further investigations.
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22
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Gjuvsland AB, Zörgö E, Samy JK, Stenberg S, Demirsoy IH, Roque F, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Migocka M, Alonso-Perez E, Zackrisson M, Wysocki R, Tamás MJ, Jonassen I, Omholt SW, Warringer J. Disentangling genetic and epigenetic determinants of ultrafast adaptation. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:892. [PMID: 27979908 PMCID: PMC5199126 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20166951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major rationale for the advocacy of epigenetically mediated adaptive responses is that they facilitate faster adaptation to environmental challenges. This motivated us to develop a theoretical-experimental framework for disclosing the presence of such adaptation-speeding mechanisms in an experimental evolution setting circumventing the need for pursuing costly mutation-accumulation experiments. To this end, we exposed clonal populations of budding yeast to a whole range of stressors. By growth phenotyping, we found that almost complete adaptation to arsenic emerged after a few mitotic cell divisions without involving any phenotypic plasticity. Causative mutations were identified by deep sequencing of the arsenic-adapted populations and reconstructed for validation. Mutation effects on growth phenotypes, and the associated mutational target sizes were quantified and embedded in data-driven individual-based evolutionary population models. We found that the experimentally observed homogeneity of adaptation speed and heterogeneity of molecular solutions could only be accounted for if the mutation rate had been near estimates of the basal mutation rate. The ultrafast adaptation could be fully explained by extensive positive pleiotropy such that all beneficial mutations dramatically enhanced multiple fitness components in concert. As our approach can be exploited across a range of model organisms exposed to a variety of environmental challenges, it may be used for determining the importance of epigenetic adaptation-speeding mechanisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne B Gjuvsland
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Enikö Zörgö
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeevan Ka Samy
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simon Stenberg
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ibrahim H Demirsoy
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Roque
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Magdalena Migocka
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elisa Alonso-Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Zackrisson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig W Omholt
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway .,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Ahmadpour D, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Babazadeh R, Dahal S, Migocka M, Andersson M, Wysocki R, Tamás MJ, Hohmann S. The mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2 modulates arsenite transport through the aquaglyceroporin Fps1. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3649-3659. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doryaneh Ahmadpour
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | | | - Roja Babazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Sita Dahal
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology; University of Wroclaw; Poland
| | - Markus J. Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Stefan Hohmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
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Verma PK, Verma S, Meher AK, Pande V, Mallick S, Bansiwal AK, Tripathi RD, Dhankher OP, Chakrabarty D. Overexpression of rice glutaredoxins (OsGrxs) significantly reduces arsenite accumulation by maintaining glutathione pool and modulating aquaporins in yeast. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:208-17. [PMID: 27174139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is an acute poison and class I carcinogen, can cause a serious health risk. Staple crops like rice are the primary source of As contamination in human food. Rice grown on As contaminated areas accumulates higher As in their edible parts. Based on our previous transcriptome data, two rice glutaredoxins (OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1) were identified that showed up-regulated expression during As stress. Here, we report OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 from rice involved in the regulation of intracellular arsenite (AsIII). To elucidate the mechanism of OsGrx mediated As tolerance, both OsGrxs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (Δars) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strains (Δycf1, Δacr3). The expression of OsGrxs increased As tolerance in E. coli (Δars) mutant strain (up to 4 mM AsV and up to 0.6 mM AsIII). During AsIII exposure, S. cerevisiae (Δacr3) harboring OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 have lower intracellular AsIII accumulation (up to 30.43% and 24.90%, respectively), compared to vector control. Arsenic accumulation in As-sensitive S. cerevisiae mutant (Δycf1) also reduced significantly on exposure to inorganic As. The expression of OsGrxs in yeast maintained intracellular GSH pool and increased extracellular GSH concentration. Purified OsGrxs displays in vitro GSH-disulfide oxidoreductase, glutathione reductase and arsenate reductase activities. Also, both OsGrxs are involved in AsIII extrusion by altering the Fps1 transcripts in yeast and protect the cell by maintaining cellular GSH pool. Thus, our results strongly suggest that OsGrxs play a crucial role in the maintenance of the intracellular GSH pool and redox status of the cell during both AsV and AsIII stress and might be involved in regulating intracellular AsIII levels by modulation of aquaporin expression and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Verma
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, India
| | - Shikha Verma
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, India
| | - Alok Kumar Meher
- Environmental Material Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, India
| | - Shekhar Mallick
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India
| | - Amit Kumar Bansiwal
- Environmental Material Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
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25
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Replenishment and mobilization of intracellular nitrogen pools decouples wine yeast nitrogen uptake from growth. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3255-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Verma PK, Verma S, Pande V, Mallick S, Deo Tripathi R, Dhankher OP, Chakrabarty D. Overexpression of Rice Glutaredoxin OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 Reduces Intracellular Arsenic Accumulation and Increases Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:740. [PMID: 27313586 PMCID: PMC4887470 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a family of small multifunctional proteins involved in various cellular functions, including redox regulation and protection under oxidative stress. Despite the high number of Grx genes in plant genomes (48 Grxs in rice), the biological functions and physiological roles of most of them remain unknown. Here, the functional characterization of the two arsenic-responsive rice Grx family proteins, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 are reported. Over-expression of OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana conferred arsenic (As) tolerance as reflected by germination, root growth assay, and whole plant growth. Also, the transgenic expression of OsGrxs displayed significantly reduced As accumulation in A. thaliana seeds and shoot tissues compared to WT plants during both AsIII and AsV stress. Thus, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 seem to be an important determinant of As-stress response in plants. OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 transgenic showed to maintain intracellular GSH pool and involved in lowering AsIII accumulation either by extrusion or reducing uptake by altering the transcript of A. thaliana AtNIPs. Overall, OsGrx_C7 and OsGrx_C2.1 may represent a Grx family protein involved in As stress response and may allow a better understanding of the As induced stress pathways and the design of strategies for the improvement of stress tolerance as well as decreased As content in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K. Verma
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun UniversityNainital, India
| | - Shikha Verma
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun UniversityNainital, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun UniversityNainital, India
| | - Shekhar Mallick
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
| | - Om P. Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of MassachusettsAmherst, Massachusetts
| | - Debasis Chakrabarty
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Debasis Chakrabarty,
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Ferreira RT, Menezes RA, Rodrigues-Pousada C. E4-Ubiquitin ligase Ufd2 stabilizes Yap8 and modulates arsenic stress responses independent of the U-box motif. Biol Open 2015; 4:1122-31. [PMID: 26276098 PMCID: PMC4582114 DOI: 10.1242/bio.010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to arsenic stress is mediated through the activation of arsenic detoxification machinery by the Yap8 transcription factor. Yap8 is targeted by the ubiquitin proteasome system for degradation under physiological conditions, yet it escapes proteolysis in arsenic-injured cells by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Ufd2, an E4-Ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, is upregulated by arsenic compounds both at mRNA and protein levels. Under these conditions, Ufd2 interacts with Yap8 mediating its stabilization, thereby controlling expression of ACR3 and capacity of cells to adapt to arsenic injury. We also show that Ufd2 U-box domain, which is associated to the ubiquitination activity of specific ubiquitin ligases, is dispensable for Yap8 stability and has no role in cell tolerance to arsenic stress. Thus, our data disclose a novel Ufd2 role beyond degradation. This finding is further supported by genetic analyses showing that proteins belonging to Ufd2 proteolytic pathways, namely Ubc4, Rad23 and Dsk2, mediate Yap8 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita T Ferreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Regina A Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
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Cordente AG, Capone DL, Curtin CD. Unravelling glutathione conjugate catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of glutathione/dipeptide transporters and vacuolar function in the release of volatile sulfur compounds 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9709-22. [PMID: 26227410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing aroma compounds are key contributors to the flavour of a diverse range of foods and beverages, such as wine. The tropical fruit characters of Sauvignon Blanc wines are attributed to the presence of the aromatic thiols 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH), its acetate ester 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3-MHA), and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4-MMP). These aromatic thiols are not detectable in grape juice to any significant extent but are released by yeast during alcoholic fermentation. While the processes involved in the release of 3-MH and 4-MMP from their cysteinylated precursors have been studied extensively, degradation pathways for glutathione S-conjugates (GSH-3-MH and GSH-4-MMP) have not. In this study, a candidate gene approach was taken, focusing on genes known to play a role in glutathione and glutathione-S-conjugate turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results confirm the role of Opt1p as the major transporter responsible for uptake of GSH-3-MH and GSH-4-MMP, and identify vacuolar Ecm38p as a key determinant of 3-MH release from GSH-3-MH. ECM38 was unimportant, on the other hand, for release of 4-MMP, and abolition of vacuolar biogenesis caused an increase in the amount of 4-MMP released. The alternative cytosolic glutathione degradation pathway was not involved in release of either thiol from their glutathionylated precursors. Finally, cycling of GSH-3-MH and/or its breakdown intermediates between the cytosol and the vacuole or extracellular space was implicated in modulation of 3-MH formation. Together, these results provide new targets for development of yeast strains that optimize release of these potent volatile sulfur compounds, and further our understanding of the processes involved in glutathione-S-conjugate turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Cordente
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Dimitra L Capone
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Chris D Curtin
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Lamas-Maceiras M, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Becerra M, González-Siso MI, Cerdán ME. KlGcr1 controls glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and responses to H2O2, cadmium and arsenate in Kluyveromyces lactis. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:95-103. [PMID: 26164373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that Gcr1 differentially controls growth and sugar utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis, although the regulatory mechanisms causing activation of glycolytic genes are conserved (Neil et al., 2004). We have found that KlGCR1 deletion diminishes glucose consumption and ethanol production, but increases resistance to oxidative stress caused by H2O2, cadmium and arsenate, glucose 6P dehydrogenase activity, and the NADPH/NADP(+) and GSH/GSSG ratios in K. lactis. The gene KlZWF1 that encodes for glucose 6P dehydrogenase, the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, is transcriptionally regulated by KlGcr1. The high resistance to oxidative stress observed in the ΔKlgcr1 mutant strain, could be explained as a consequence of an increased flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway. Since mitochondrial respiration decreases in the ΔKlgcr1 mutant (García-Leiro et al., 2010), the reoxidation of the NADPH, produced through the pentose phosphate pathway, has to be achieved by the reduction of other molecules implied in the defense against oxidative stress, like GSSG. The higher GSH/GSSG ratio in the mutant would explain its phenotype of increased resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Lamas-Maceiras
- Grupo de Investigación EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Belmonte
- Grupo de Investigación EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Becerra
- Grupo de Investigación EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ma Isabel González-Siso
- Grupo de Investigación EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ma Esperanza Cerdán
- Grupo de Investigación EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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30
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Responses to oxidative and heavy metal stresses in cyanobacteria: recent advances. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:871-86. [PMID: 25561236 PMCID: PMC4307280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, the only known prokaryotes that perform oxygen-evolving photosynthesis, are receiving strong attention in basic and applied research. In using solar energy, water, CO2 and mineral salts to produce a large amount of biomass for the food chain, cyanobacteria constitute the first biological barrier against the entry of toxics into the food chain. In addition, cyanobacteria have the potential for the solar-driven carbon-neutral production of biofuels. However, cyanobacteria are often challenged by toxic reactive oxygen species generated under intense illumination, i.e., when their production of photosynthetic electrons exceeds what they need for the assimilation of inorganic nutrients. Furthermore, in requiring high amounts of various metals for growth, cyanobacteria are also frequently affected by drastic changes in metal availabilities. They are often challenged by heavy metals, which are increasingly spread out in the environment through human activities, and constitute persistent pollutants because they cannot be degraded. Consequently, it is important to analyze the protection against oxidative and metal stresses in cyanobacteria because these ancient organisms have developed most of these processes, a large number of which have been conserved during evolution. This review summarizes what is known regarding these mechanisms, emphasizing on their crosstalk.
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31
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Talemi SR, Jacobson T, Garla V, Navarrete C, Wagner A, Tamás MJ, Schaber J. Mathematical modelling of arsenic transport, distribution and detoxification processes in yeast. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:1343-56. [PMID: 24798644 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic has a dual role as causative and curative agent of human disease. Therefore, there is considerable interest in elucidating arsenic toxicity and detoxification mechanisms. By an ensemble modelling approach, we identified a best parsimonious mathematical model which recapitulates and predicts intracellular arsenic dynamics for different conditions and mutants, thereby providing novel insights into arsenic toxicity and detoxification mechanisms in yeast, which could partly be confirmed experimentally by dedicated experiments. Specifically, our analyses suggest that: (i) arsenic is mainly protein-bound during short-term (acute) exposure, whereas glutathione-conjugated arsenic dominates during long-term (chronic) exposure, (ii) arsenic is not stably retained, but can leave the vacuole via an export mechanism, and (iii) Fps1 is controlled by Hog1-dependent and Hog1-independent mechanisms during arsenite stress. Our results challenge glutathione depletion as a key mechanism for arsenic toxicity and instead suggest that (iv) increased glutathione biosynthesis protects the proteome against the damaging effects of arsenic and that (v) widespread protein inactivation contributes to the toxicity of this metalloid. Our work in yeast may prove useful to elucidate similar mechanisms in higher eukaryotes and have implications for the use of arsenic in medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Rastgou Talemi
- Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Dos Santos SC, Teixeira MC, Dias PJ, Sá-Correia I. MFS transporters required for multidrug/multixenobiotic (MD/MX) resistance in the model yeast: understanding their physiological function through post-genomic approaches. Front Physiol 2014; 5:180. [PMID: 24847282 PMCID: PMC4021133 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug/Multixenobiotic resistance (MDR/MXR) is a widespread phenomenon with clinical, agricultural and biotechnological implications, where MDR/MXR transporters that are presumably able to catalyze the efflux of multiple cytotoxic compounds play a key role in the acquisition of resistance. However, although these proteins have been traditionally considered drug exporters, the physiological function of MDR/MXR transporters and the exact mechanism of their involvement in resistance to cytotoxic compounds are still open to debate. In fact, the wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated substrates that these transporters are presumably able to export has puzzled researchers for years. The discussion has now shifted toward the possibility of at least some MDR/MXR transporters exerting their effect as the result of a natural physiological role in the cell, rather than through the direct export of cytotoxic compounds, while the hypothesis that MDR/MXR transporters may have evolved in nature for other purposes than conferring chemoprotection has been gaining momentum in recent years. This review focuses on the drug transporters of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS; drug:H+ antiporters) in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into the natural roles of these transporters are described and discussed, focusing on the knowledge obtained or suggested by post-genomic research. The new information reviewed here provides clues into the unexpectedly complex roles of these transporters, including a proposed indirect regulation of the stress response machinery and control of membrane potential and/or internal pH, with a special emphasis on a genome-wide view of the regulation and evolution of MDR/MXR-MFS transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Dos Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Dias
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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Genomic responses to arsenic in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96826. [PMID: 24797411 PMCID: PMC4010505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous contaminant and a toxic metalloid which presents two main redox states in nature: arsenite [AsIII] and arsenate [AsV]. Arsenic resistance in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is mediated by the arsBHC operon and two additional arsenate reductases encoded by the arsI1 and arsI2 genes. Here we describe the genome-wide responses to the presence of arsenate and arsenite in wild type and mutants in the arsenic resistance system. Both forms of arsenic produced similar responses in the wild type strain, including induction of several stress related genes and repression of energy generation processes. These responses were transient in the wild type strain but maintained in time in an arsB mutant strain, which lacks the arsenite transporter. In contrast, the responses observed in a strain lacking all arsenate reductases were somewhat different and included lower induction of genes involved in metal homeostasis and Fe-S cluster biogenesis, suggesting that these two processes are targeted by arsenite in the wild type strain. Finally, analysis of the arsR mutant strain revealed that ArsR seems to only control 5 genes in the genome. Furthermore, the arsR mutant strain exhibited hypersentivity to nickel, copper and cadmium and this phenotype was suppressed by mutation in arsB but not in arsC gene suggesting that overexpression of arsB is detrimental in the presence of these metals in the media.
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34
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Heavy metals and metalloids as a cause for protein misfolding and aggregation. Biomolecules 2014; 4:252-67. [PMID: 24970215 PMCID: PMC4030994 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the toxicity of metals and metalloids, like arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead and chromium, is undisputed, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not entirely clear. General consensus holds that proteins are the prime targets; heavy metals interfere with the physiological activity of specific, particularly susceptible proteins, either by forming a complex with functional side chain groups or by displacing essential metal ions in metalloproteins. Recent studies have revealed an additional mode of metal action targeted at proteins in a non-native state; certain heavy metals and metalloids have been found to inhibit the in vitro refolding of chemically denatured proteins, to interfere with protein folding in vivo and to cause aggregation of nascent proteins in living cells. Apparently, unfolded proteins with motile backbone and side chains are considerably more prone to engage in stable, pluridentate metal complexes than native proteins with their well-defined 3D structure. By interfering with the folding process, heavy metal ions and metalloids profoundly affect protein homeostasis and cell viability. This review describes how heavy metals impede protein folding and promote protein aggregation, how cells regulate quality control systems to protect themselves from metal toxicity and how metals might contribute to protein misfolding disorders.
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Chen C, Jiang X, Zhao W, Zhang Z. Dual role of resveratrol in modulation of genotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite via oxidative stress and apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:8-17. [PMID: 23727334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential benefits of resveratrol as an anticancer (proapoptosis) and antioxidant (pro-survival) compound have been studied extensively. However, the role of resveratrol in modulation of the toxicity induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) is still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of resveratrol on NaAsO₂-induced cytotoxicity, DNA and chromosomal damage, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cell line at concentrations from 1 to 20 μM after 24h exposure. Our results revealed that at 1 and 5 μM, resveratrol was found to exert benefit effects, promoting cell viability and proliferation over 24h NaAsO₂ exposure, whereas, resveratrol was showed to inhibit cell survival under the same condition at 20 μM. Corresponding to the opposing effect of resveratrol at low vs. high concentrations, DNA and chromosomal damage, cell apoptotic rate and level of oxidative stress were also alleviated by lower concentrations (1, 5 μM) of resveratrol, but exacerbated by higher concentration (20 μM) resveratrol. Our study implicates that resveratrol is the most beneficial to cells at 1 and 5 μM and caution should be taken in applying resveratrol as an anticancer therapeutic agent or nutraceutical supplement due to its concentration dependent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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