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Medina-Dols A, Cañellas G, Capó T, Solé M, Mola-Caminal M, Cullell N, Jaume M, Nadal-Salas L, Llinàs J, Gómez L, Tur S, Jiménez C, Díaz RM, Carrera C, Muiño E, Gallego-Fabrega C, Soriano-Tárraga C, Ruiz-Guerra L, Pol-Fuster J, Asensio V, Muncunill J, Fleischer A, Iglesias A, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Lazcano U, Fernández-Pérez I, Jiménez-Balado J, Gabriel-Salazar M, Garcia-Gabilondo M, Lei T, Torres-Aguila NP, Cárcel-Márquez J, Lladó J, Olmos G, Rosell A, Montaner J, Planas AM, Rabionet R, Hernández-Guillamon M, Jiménez-Conde J, Fernández-Cadenas I, Vives-Bauzá C. Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:85. [PMID: 38368420 PMCID: PMC10874379 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Through GWAS studies we identified PATJ associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome. PATJ expression analyses in patient's blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression of PATJ, (ii) PATJ is downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4-5). In mice brains, PATJ was also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects of PATJ downregulation, we generated PATJ-knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest that PATJ downregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Medina-Dols
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Guillem Cañellas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Toni Capó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa/Fundacio Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Jaume
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal-Salas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Llinàs
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Lluis Gómez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Rosa M Díaz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), Palma, Spain
| | - Caty Carrera
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gallego-Fabrega
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ruiz-Guerra
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Josep Pol-Fuster
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Víctor Asensio
- Department of Genetics (GEN-IB), HUSE, IdISBa, Palma, Spain
| | | | | | - Amanda Iglesias
- Department of Respiratory Medicine,, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-IdISBa Palma, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Uxue Lazcano
- Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Gabriel-Salazar
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Gabilondo
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ting Lei
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria-Paz Torres-Aguila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jerònia Lladó
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmos
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, IBUB, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Israel Fernández-Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristòfol Vives-Bauzá
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
- Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Institut Universitari d'Investigacions en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma, Spain.
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Evaluation and Characterization of Post-Stroke Lung Damage in a Murine Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158093. [PMID: 35897671 PMCID: PMC9329771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After stroke and other brain injuries, there is a high incidence of respiratory complications such as pneumonia or acute lung injury. The molecular mechanisms that drive the brain-lung interaction post-stroke have not yet been elucidated. We performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and sham surgery on C57BL/6J mice and collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum, brain, and lung homogenate samples 24 h after surgery. A 92 proteins-panel developed by Olink Proteomics® was used to analyze the content in BALF and lung homogenates. MCAO animals had higher protein concentration levels in BALF than sham-controls, but these levels did not correlate with the infarct volume. No alteration in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability was observed. A total of 12 and 14 proteins were differentially expressed between the groups (FDR < 0.1) in BALF and lung tissue homogenates, respectively. Of those, HGF, TGF-α, and CCL2 were identified as the most relevant to this study. Their protein expression patterns were verified by ELISA. This study confirmed that post-stroke lung damage was not associated with increased lung permeability or cerebral ischemia severity. Furthermore, the dysregulation of HGF, TGF-α, and CCL2 in BALF and lung tissue after ischemia could play an important role in the molecular mechanisms underlying stroke-induced lung damage.
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Dong W, Liu X, Liu W, Wang C, Zhao S, Wen S, Gong T, Chen W, Chen Q, Ye W, Li Z, Wang Y. Dual antiplatelet therapy improves functional recovery and inhibits inflammation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:283. [PMID: 35433995 PMCID: PMC9011245 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel (ASA + CPG) during the first 21 days has been shown to reduce the risk of major ischemic events in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying combination treatment with ASA + CPG in experimental ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. Methods Minor cerebral ischemia was induced in mice by transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (tdMCAO). Two doses of ASA + CPG (12 and 24 mg/kg/day) or vehicle were administered by gavage daily. Neurological behaviors were assessed using the modified Garcia scores, Rotarod test, Y maze, and open field test. Platelet function was assessed in vitro by flow cytometry and in vivo by bleeding and clotting time. The neutrophil ratio and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by flow cytometry and the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemilunimescence, respectively. Results Sensorimotor function was partially recovered with ASA + CPG treatment after ischemia. Anxiety levels and cognitive functions showed improvement in the ASA + CPG group at 12 mg/kg/day after 21 days. Both tail bleeding time and flow cytometry showed significantly decreased platelet function after ASA + CPG treatment. Notably, ASA + CPG at 12 mg/kg/day prolonged clotting time at 28 days after injury. Furthermore, the ratio of neutrophils, an indicator of inflammation, was reduced with 12 mg/kg/day ASA + CPG treatment in the bone marrow (BM) at 21 days and in the peripheral blood (PB) at 21 and 28 days after tdMCAO. Both doses of ASA + CPG decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 expression 21 days after stroke. Taken together, these results demonstrated that combination treatment with ASA + CPG improved long-term neurological function after stroke and may inhibit platelet-neutrophil interaction by decreasing the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. Conclusions These findings indicate a neuroprotective effect of combination treatment with ASA + CPG for a duration of 21 days in an experimental acute minor stroke model. These findings provide further evidence that dual antiplatelet therapy may be a viable neuroprotective treatment to decrease the recurrence of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunying Zhao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohong Wen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Gong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Ye
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Simats A, Ramiro L, Valls R, de Ramón H, García-Rodríguez P, Orset C, Artigas L, Sardon T, Rosell A, Montaner J. Ceruletide and Alpha-1 Antitrypsin as a Novel Combination Therapy for Ischemic Stroke. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:513-527. [PMID: 35226340 PMCID: PMC9226209 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Beyond the approved thrombolytic therapies, there is no effective treatment to mitigate its progression. Drug repositioning combinational therapies are becoming promising approaches to identify new uses of existing drugs to synergically target multiple disease-response mechanisms underlying complex pathologies. Here, we used a systems biology-based approach based on artificial intelligence and pattern recognition tools to generate in silico mathematical models mimicking the ischemic stroke pathology. Combinational treatments were acquired by screening these models with more than 5 million two-by-two combinations of drugs. A drug combination (CA) formed by ceruletide and alpha-1 antitrypsin showing a predicted value of neuroprotection of 92% was evaluated for their synergic neuroprotective effects in a mouse pre-clinical stroke model. The administration of both drugs in combination was safe and effective in reducing by 39.42% the infarct volume 24 h after cerebral ischemia. This neuroprotection was not observed when drugs were given individually. Importantly, potential incompatibilities of the drug combination with tPA thrombolysis were discarded in vitro and in vivo by using a mouse thromboembolic stroke model with t-PA-induced reperfusion, revealing an improvement in the forepaw strength 72 h after stroke in CA-treated mice. Finally, we identified the predicted mechanisms of action of ceruletide and alpha-1 antitrypsin and we demonstrated that CA modulates EGFR and ANGPT-1 levels in circulation within the acute phase after stroke. In conclusion, we have identified a promising combinational treatment with neuroprotective effects for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Laura Ramiro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Helena de Ramón
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Paula García-Rodríguez
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Inserm UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.
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Grayston A, Zhang Y, Garcia-Gabilondo M, Arrúe M, Martin A, Kopcansky P, Timko M, Kovac J, Strbak O, Castellote L, Belloli S, Moresco RM, Picchio M, Roig A, Rosell A. Endovascular administration of magnetized nanocarriers targeting brain delivery after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:237-252. [PMID: 34229512 PMCID: PMC9122522 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211028816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mechanical thrombectomy in stroke management has opened the window to local intraarterial brain delivery of therapeutic agents. In this context, the use of nanomedicine could further improve the delivery of new treatments for specific brain targeting, tracking and guidance. In this study we take advantage of this new endovascular approach to deliver biocompatible poly(D-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules functionalized with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and Cy7.5 for magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance and fluorescent molecular imaging. A complete biodistribution study in naïve (n = 59) and ischemic (n = 51) mice receiving intravenous or intraarterial nanocapsules, with two different magnet devices and imaged from 30 min to 48 h, showed an extraordinary advantage of the intraarterial route for brain delivery with a specific improvement in cortical targeting when using a magnetic device in both control and ischemic conditions. Safety was evaluated in ischemic mice (n = 69) showing no signs of systemic toxicity nor increasing mortality, infarct lesions or hemorrhages. In conclusion, the challenging brain delivery of therapeutic nanomaterials could be efficiently and safely overcome with a controlled endovascular administration and magnetic targeting, which could be considered in the context of endovascular interventions for the delivery of multiple treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grayston
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Group, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Gabilondo
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Arrúe
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham Martin
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Peter Kopcansky
- Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Milan Timko
- Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kovac
- Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Oliver Strbak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Laura Castellote
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Laboratories, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Rosa M Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Maria Picchio
- Nuclear Medicine Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Roig
- Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Group, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Gabriel-Salazar M, Lei T, Grayston A, Costa C, Medina-Gutiérrez E, Comabella M, Montaner J, Rosell A. Angiogenin in the Neurogenic Subventricular Zone After Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:662235. [PMID: 34234733 PMCID: PMC8256153 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.662235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide with effective acute thrombolytic treatments. However, brain repair mechanisms related to spontaneous or rehabilitation-induced recovery are still under investigation, and little is known about the molecules involved. The present study examines the potential role of angiogenin (ANG), a known regulator of cell function and metabolism linked to neurological disorders, focusing in the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ). Angiogenin expression was examined in the mouse SVZ and in SVZ-derived neural stem cells (NSCs), which were exposed to exogenous ANG treatment during neurosphere formation as well as in other neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y). Additionally, male C57Bl/6 mice underwent a distal permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery to study endogenous and exercise-induced expression of SVZ-ANG and neuroblast migration. Our results show that SVZ areas are rich in ANG, primarily expressed in DCX+ neuroblasts but not in nestin+NSCs. In vitro, treatment with ANG increased the number of SVZ-derived NSCs forming neurospheres but could not modify SH-SY5Y neurite differentiation. Finally, physical exercise rapidly increased the amount of endogenous ANG in the ipsilateral SVZ niche after ischemia, where DCX-migrating cells increased as part of the post-stroke neurogenesis process. Our findings position for the first time ANG in the SVZ during post-stroke recovery, which could be linked to neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gabriel-Salazar
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ting Lei
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Grayston
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Costa
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Medina-Gutiérrez
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat) and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Service, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhu J, Zhu Z, Ren Y, Dong Y, Li Y, Yang X. LINGO-1 shRNA protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1114-1122. [PMID: 33830473 PMCID: PMC8197719 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
LINGO-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. However, its biological function and underlying molecular mechanism in cerebral ischemia remain to be further defined. In our study, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MACO/R) mice model and HT22 cell oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were established to simulate the pathological process of cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro and to detect the relevant mechanism. We found that LINGO-1 mRNA and protein were upregulated in mice and cell models. Down-regulation LINGO-1 improved the neurological symptoms and reduced pathological changes and the infarct size of the mice after MACO/R. In addition, LINGO-1 interference alleviated apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation in HT22 of OGD/R. Moreover, down-regulation of LINGO-1 proved to inhibit nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB and reduce the expression level of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3. In conclusion, our data suggest that shLINGO-1 attenuated ischemic injury by negatively regulating NF-KB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways, highlighting a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yipin Ren
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Yukang Dong
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China.
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8
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Characterization of a CholesteroNitrone (ISQ-201), a Novel Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040291. [PMID: 32244303 PMCID: PMC7222207 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrones have a well-recognized capacity as spin-traps and are considered powerful free radical scavengers, which are two important issues in hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and cell death in brain ischemia. Consequently, nitrones have been proposed as therapeutic agents in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this paper, we update the biological and pharmacological characterization of ISQ-201, a previously identified cholesteronitrone hybrid with antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. This study characterizes ISQ-201 as a neuroprotective agent against the hypoxia-induced ischemic injury. Transitory four-vessel occlusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) were used to induce cerebral ischemia. Functional outcomes were determined using neurofunctional tests. Infarct area, neuronal death, and apoptosis induction were evaluated. In addition, ISQ-201 reactivity towards free radicals was studied in a theoretical model. ISQ-201 significantly decreased the ischemia-induced neuronal death and apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner, showing its therapeutic effect when administered up until 6 h after post-ischemic reperfusion onset, effects that remained after 3 months from the ischemic episode. Furthermore, ISQ-201 significantly reduced infarct volume, leading to recovery of the motor function in the tMCAO model. Finally, the theoretical study confirmed the reactivity of ISQ-201 towards hydroxyl radicals. The results reported here prompted us to suggest ISQ-201 as a promising candidate for the treatment of AIS.
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9
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Motor deficit in the mouse ferric chloride-induced distal middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Behav Brain Res 2019; 380:112418. [PMID: 31812504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferric chloride-induced distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke was described in mice several years ago, however it lacked in-depth evaluation of the post-stroke functional outcomes in the animals. In this study, we reproduced the recently developed model and expanded its characterization by thorough evaluation of blood supply, cerebral infarction, and motor function in adult male and female mice up to 14 days after stroke. Our observations indicate near complete interruption of blood flow in the distal MCA shortly after application of 20 % ferric chloride over the artery through a cranial window, which remained occluded for at least 4 h. As expected, infarction of the brain tissue, documented by TTC and hematoxylin stains, was restricted to the cerebral cortex. We also systematically evaluated motor impairment of the animals in this model. For this, a series of studies were carried out in male and female mice up to 14 days after stroke, and motor function was assessed in cylinder and grid-walking tests in blinded manner. Contrary to our expectations, the results of both motor tests indicated minor, transient motor deficit in mice after stroke. Based on these observations, we conclude that the mouse ferric chloride-induced distal MCAO model is likely not suitable for proof-of-concept and preclinical studies where motor function is an important outcome measure.
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10
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Neuroprotective Effects of Diets Containing Olive Oil and DHA/EPA in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051109. [PMID: 31109078 PMCID: PMC6566717 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and while there is increasing evidence that a Mediterranean diet might decrease the risk of a stroke, the effects of dietary fat composition on stroke outcomes have not been fully explored. We hypothesize that the brain damage provoked by a stroke would be different depending on the source of dietary fat. To test this, male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 weeks with a standard low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (HFD-SFA), an HFD containing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from olive oil (HFD-OO), or an HFD containing MUFAs from olive oil plus polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) (HFD-OO-ω3). These mice were then subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Behavioural tests and histological analyses were performed 24 and/or 48 h after tMCAo in order to elucidate the impact of these diets with different fatty acid profiles on the ischemic lesion and on neurological functions. Mice fed with HFD-OO-ω3 displayed better histological outcomes after cerebral ischemia than mice that received an HFD-SFA or LFD. Furthermore, PUFA- and MUFA-enriched diets improved the motor function and neurological performance of ischemic mice relative to those fed with an LFD or HFD-SFA. These findings support the use of DHA/EPA-omega-3-fatty acid supplementation and olive oil as dietary source of MUFAs in order to reduce the damage and protect the brain when a stroke occurs.
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11
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Chioua M, Martínez-Alonso E, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Ayuso MI, Escobar-Peso A, Infantes L, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Montoya JJ, Montaner J, Alcázar A, Marco-Contelles J. New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2184-2201. [PMID: 30715875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the synthesis and neuroprotective capacity of an array of 31 compounds comprising quinolyloximes, quinolylhydrazones, quinolylimines, QNs, and related heterocyclic azolylnitrones. Neuronal cultures subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), as experimental model for ischemic conditions, were treated with our molecules at the onset of recovery period after OGD and showed that most of these QNs, but not the azo molecules, improved neuronal viability 24 h after recovery. Especially, QN ( Z)- N-tert-butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine oxide (23) was shown as a very potent neuroprotective agent. Antioxidant analysis based on the ability of QN 23 to trap different types of toxic radical oxygenated species supported and confirmed its strong neuroprotective capacity. Finally, QN 23 showed also neuroprotection induction in two in vivo models of cerebral ischemia, decreasing neuronal death and reducing infarct size, allowing us to conclude that QN 23 can be considered as new lead-compound for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry , IQOG, CSIC , C/Juan de la Cierva 3 , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Investigation , IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1 , Madrid 28034 , Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Neurovascular Research Group , Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Av. Manuel Siurot s/n , Seville 41013 , Spain
| | - Maria I Ayuso
- Neurovascular Research Group , Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Av. Manuel Siurot s/n , Seville 41013 , Spain
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry , IQOG, CSIC , C/Juan de la Cierva 3 , Madrid 28006 , Spain.,Department of Investigation , IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1 , Madrid 28034 , Spain
| | - Lourdes Infantes
- Institute of Physical-Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC , C/Serrano 119 , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki 54124 , Greece
| | - Juan J Montoya
- Isquaemia Biotech SL , Scientific Technological Park, C/Astrónoma Cecilia Payne s/n , Córdoba 14014 , Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Group , Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío , Av. Manuel Siurot s/n , Seville 41013 , Spain.,Department of Neurology , Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Av. Doctor Fedriani 3 , Seville 41007 , Spain
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Investigation , IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal , Ctra. Colmenar km 9.1 , Madrid 28034 , Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry , IQOG, CSIC , C/Juan de la Cierva 3 , Madrid 28006 , Spain
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12
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Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A, Kleinschnitz C, Doeppner TR. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their impact on drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:315-326. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1573984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Fernández G, Moraga A, Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, Peña-Martínez C, Pradillo JM, Hernández-Jiménez M, Sacristán S, Ayuso MI, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Fernández-López D, Martín ME, Moro MA, González VM, Lizasoain I. TLR4-Binding DNA Aptamers Show a Protective Effect against Acute Stroke in Animal Models. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2047-2059. [PMID: 29910175 PMCID: PMC6094477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates brain damage after stroke, development of TLR4 antagonists is a promising therapeutic strategy for this disease. Our aim was to generate TLR4-blocking DNA aptamers to be used for stroke treatment. From a random oligonucleotide pool, we identified two aptamers (ApTLR#1R, ApTLR#4F) with high affinity for human TLR4 by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Optimized truncated forms (ApTLR#1RT, ApTLR#4FT) were obtained. Our data demonstrate specific binding of both aptamers to human TLR4 as well as a TLR4 antagonistic effect. ApTLR#4F and ApTLR#4FT showed a long-lasting protective effect against brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), an effect that was absent in TLR4-deficient mice. Similar effects were obtained in other MCAO models, including in rat. Additionally, efficacy of ApTLR#4FT in a model of brain ischemia-reperfusion in rat supports the use of this aptamer in patients undergoing artery recanalization induced by pharmacological or mechanical interventions. The absence of major toxicology aspects and the good safety profile of the aptamers further encourage their future clinical positioning for stroke therapy and possibly other diseases in which TLR4 plays a deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Sacristán
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Irene Ayuso
- Grupo de Investigación Neurovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Grupo de Investigación Neurovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Fernández-López
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor M González
- Laboratorio de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Gabriel-Salazar M, Morancho A, Rodriguez S, Buxó X, García-Rodríguez N, Colell G, Fernandez A, Giralt D, Bustamante A, Montaner J, Rosell A. Importance of Angiogenin and Endothelial Progenitor Cells After Rehabilitation Both in Ischemic Stroke Patients and in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:508. [PMID: 30008694 PMCID: PMC6034071 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rehabilitation therapy is the only available treatment for stroke survivors presenting neurological deficits; however, the underlying molecules and mechanisms associated with functional/motor improvement during rehabilitation are poorly understood. Objective: Our aim is to study the modulation of angiogenin and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as repair-associated factors in a cohort of stroke patients and mouse models of rehabilitation after cerebral ischemia. Methods: The clinical study included 18 ischemic strokes admitted to an intensive rehabilitation therapy (IRT) unit, 18 non-ischemic controls and brain samples from three deceased patients. Angiogenin and EPCs were measured in blood obtained before and up to 6 months after IRT together with an extensive evaluation of the motor/functional status. In parallel, C57BL/6 mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the pasta matrix reaching-task or treadmill exercises were used as rehabilitation models. Angiogenin RNA expression was measured after 2 or 12 days of treatment together with cell counts from EPCs cultures. Results: Brain angiogenin was identified in both human and mouse tissue, whereas serum levels increased after 1 month of IRT in association with motor/functional improvement. EPC populations were increased after stroke and remained elevated during follow-up after IRT. The mouse model of rehabilitation by the task-specific pasta matrix exercise increased the number of EPCs at 2 days and increased angiogenin expression after 12 days of rehabilitation. Conclusions: Angiogenin and EPCs are modulated by rehabilitation after cerebral ischemia, suggesting that both angiogenin and EPCs could serve as biomarkers of improvement during rehabilitation or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gabriel-Salazar
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Morancho
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Rodriguez
- Unidad de Rehabilitación Neurológica y Daño Cerebral, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavi Buxó
- Unidad de Rehabilitación Neurológica y Daño Cerebral, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guillem Colell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Fernandez
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Giralt
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Cerebral ischemia induces angiogenesis in the peri-infarct regions via Notch1 signaling activation. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Taskiran-Sag A, Yemisci M, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y, Erdener SE, Karatas H, Yuce D, Dalkara T. Improving Microcirculatory Reperfusion Reduces Parenchymal Oxygen Radical Formation and Provides Neuroprotection. Stroke 2018; 49:1267-1275. [PMID: 29669868 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.020711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reperfusion is the most significant determinant of good outcome after ischemic stroke. However, complete reperfusion often cannot be achieved, despite satisfactory recanalization. We hypothesized that microvascular protection was essential for achieving effective reperfusion and, hence, neuroprotection. To test this hypothesis, we have developed an in vivo model to differentially monitor parenchymal and vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. By comparing the ROS-suppressing effect of N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) with its blood-brain barrier impermeable analog 2-sulfo-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (S-PBN), we assessed the impact of vascular ROS suppression alone on reperfusion and stroke outcome after recanalization. METHODS The distal middle cerebral artery was occluded for 1 hour by compressing with a micropipette and then recanalized (n=60 Swiss mice). ROS formation was monitored for 1 hour after recanalization by intravital fluorescence microscopy in pial vasculature and cortical parenchyma with topically applied hydroethidine through a cranial window. PBN (100 mg/kg) or S-PBN (156 mg/kg) was administered shortly before recanalization, and suppression of the vascular and parenchymal hydroethidine fluorescence was examined (n=22). Microcirculatory patency, reperfusion, ischemic tissue size, and neurological outcome were also assessed in a separate group of mice 1 to 72 hours after recanalization (n=30). RESULTS PBN and S-PBN completely suppressed the reperfusion-induced increase in ROS signal within vasculature. PBN readily suppressed ROS produced in parenchyma by 88%. S-PBN also suppressed the parenchymal ROS by 64% but starting 40 minutes later. Intriguingly, PBN and S-PBN comparably reduced the size of ischemic area by 65% and 48% (P>0.05), respectively. S-PBN restored the microvascular patency and perfusion after recanalization, suggesting that its delayed parenchymal antioxidant effect could be secondary to improved microcirculatory reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Promoting microvascular reperfusion by protecting vasculature can secondarily reduce parenchymal ROS formation and provide neuroprotection. The model presented can be used to directly assess pharmacological end points postulated in brain parenchyma and vasculature in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Taskiran-Sag
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.)
| | - Muge Yemisci
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.).,Department of Neurology (M.Y., Y.G.-O., T.D.)
| | - Yasemin Gursoy-Ozdemir
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.).,Department of Neurology (M.Y., Y.G.-O., T.D.)
| | - Sefik Evren Erdener
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.)
| | - Hulya Karatas
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.)
| | - Deniz Yuce
- Institute of Cancer (D.Y.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- From the Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry (A.T.-S., M.Y., Y.G.-O., S.E.E., H.K., T.D.) .,Department of Neurology (M.Y., Y.G.-O., T.D.)
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17
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Ayuso MI, Martínez-Alonso E, Chioua M, Escobar-Peso A, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Montaner J, Marco-Contelles J, Alcázar A. Quinolinyl Nitrone RP19 Induces Neuroprotection after Transient Brain Ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2202-2213. [PMID: 28731692 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop additional effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Nitrones, which were first developed as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-trapping compounds, have been proposed as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke, a ROS-related disorder. The previous reported ROS-trapping compound, quinolyl nitrone RP19, is here being assayed to induce neuroprotection to ischemia-reperfusion injury in three experimental ischemia models: (i) oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on primary neuronal cultures; (ii) transient global cerebral ischemia in four-vessel occlusion model; and (iii) transient focal cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. RP19 (50 μM) induced long-term neuroprotection at 5 days of recovery after OGD in primary neuronal cultures, evaluated by cell viability assay, and decreased both ROS formation and lipid peroxidation upon recovery after OGD. Furthermore, treatment of animals with RP19 at the onset of reperfusion after either global or focal ischemia, at the dose range that was demonstrated to be neuroprotective in neuronal cultures, decreased neuronal death and apoptosis induction, reduced the size of infarct, and improved the neurological deficit scores after 48 h or 5 days of reperfusion after ischemia. The molecule proposed, quinolyl nitrone RP19, induced substantial neuroprotection on experimental ischemia in neuronal cells, and against ischemic injury following transient brain ischemia in treated animals. This molecule may have potential therapeutic interest in ischemic stroke and to reduce the reoxygenation-induced injury after induced reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Ayuso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut
de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut
de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
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18
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Arikan F, Martínez-Valverde T, Sánchez-Guerrero Á, Campos M, Esteves M, Gandara D, Torné R, Castro L, Dalmau A, Tibau J, Sahuquillo J. Malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery in a porcine model. A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172637. [PMID: 28235044 PMCID: PMC5325275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interspecies variability and poor clinical translation from rodent studies indicate that large gyrencephalic animal stroke models are urgently needed. We present a proof-of-principle study describing an alternative animal model of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the common pig and illustrate some of its potential applications. We report on metabolic patterns, ionic profile, brain partial pressure of oxygen (PtiO2), expression of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1), and the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4). METHODS A 5-hour ischemic infarct of the MCA territory was performed in 5 2.5-to-3-month-old female hybrid pigs (Large White x Landrace) using a frontotemporal approach. The core and penumbra areas were intraoperatively monitored to determine the metabolic and ionic profiles. To determine the infarct volume, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to determine SUR1 and TRPM4 expression. RESULTS PtiO2 monitoring showed an abrupt reduction in values close to 0 mmHg after MCA occlusion in the core area. Hourly cerebral microdialysis showed that the infarcted tissue was characterized by reduced concentrations of glucose (0.03 mM) and pyruvate (0.003 mM) and increases in lactate levels (8.87mM), lactate-pyruvate ratio (4202), glycerol levels (588 μM), and potassium concentration (27.9 mmol/L). Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased expression of SUR1-TRPM4 channels. CONCLUSIONS The aim of the present proof-of-principle study was to document the feasibility of a large animal model of malignant MCA infarction by performing transcranial occlusion of the MCA in the common pig, as an alternative to lisencephalic animals. This model may be useful for detailed studies of cerebral ischemia mechanisms and the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Arikan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamara Martínez-Valverde
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Sánchez-Guerrero
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Campos
- Experimental Surgery Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marielle Esteves
- Experimental Surgery Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario Gandara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Torné
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Castro
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- IRTA, Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Tibau
- IRTA, Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Juan Sahuquillo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Profiling and identification of new proteins involved in brain ischemia using MALDI-imaging-mass-spectrometry. J Proteomics 2017; 152:243-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Quenault A, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Etard O, Gauberti M, Orset C, Haelewyn B, Segal HC, Rothwell PM, Vivien D, Touzé E, Ali C. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging discloses endothelial activation after transient ischaemic attack. Brain 2016; 140:146-157. [PMID: 28031221 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SEE SUN ET AL DOI101093/AWW306 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE: About 20% of patients with ischaemic stroke have a preceding transient ischaemic attack, which is clinically defined as focal neurological symptoms of ischaemic origin resolving spontaneously. Failure to diagnose transient ischaemic attack is a wasted opportunity to prevent recurrent disabling stroke. Unfortunately, diagnosis can be difficult, due to numerous mimics, and to the absence of a specific test. New diagnostic tools are thus needed, in particular for radiologically silent cases, which correspond to the recommended tissue-based definition of transient ischaemic attack. As endothelial activation is a hallmark of cerebrovascular events, we postulated that this may also be true for transient ischaemic attack, and that it would be clinically relevant to develop non-invasive in vivo imaging to detect this endothelial activation. Using transcriptional and immunohistological analyses for adhesion molecules in a mouse model, we identified brain endothelial P-selectin as a potential biomarker for transient ischaemic attack. We thus developed ultra-sensitive molecular magnetic resonance imaging using antibody-based microparticles of iron oxide targeting P-selectin. This highly sensitive imaging strategy unmasked activated endothelial cells after experimental transient ischaemic attack and allowed discriminating transient ischaemic attack from epilepsy and migraine, two important transient ischaemic attack mimics. We provide preclinical evidence that combining conventional magnetic resonance imaging with molecular magnetic resonance imaging targeting P-selectin might aid in the diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Quenault
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Olivier Etard
- 2 CHU de Caen, Laboratoire des Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux, 14000 Caen, France.,3 Medical School, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Maxime Gauberti
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benoît Haelewyn
- 4 Centre Universitaire de Ressources Biologiques, Université Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Helen C Segal
- 5 Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- 5 Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Denis Vivien
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France.,6 CHU Caen, Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen Côte de Nacre, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Touzé
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France.,7 CHU Caen, Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Caen Côte de Nacre, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- 1 Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
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21
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Anti-Inflammation of Natural Components from Medicinal Plants at Low Concentrations in Brain via Inhibiting Neutrophil Infiltration after Stroke. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9537901. [PMID: 27688603 PMCID: PMC5027307 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9537901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation after stroke consists of activation of microglia/astrocytes in situ and infiltration of blood-borne leukocytes, resulting in brain damage and neurological deficits. Mounting data demonstrated that most natural components from medicinal plants had anti-inflammatory effects after ischemic stroke through inhibiting activation of resident microglia/astrocytes within ischemic area. However, it is speculated that this classical activity cannot account for the anti-inflammatory function of these natural components in the cerebral parenchyma, where they are detected at very low concentrations due to their poor membrane permeability and slight leakage of BBB. Could these drugs exert anti-inflammatory effects peripherally without being delivered across the BBB? Factually, ameliorating blood-borne neutrophil recruitment in peripheral circulatory system has been proved to reduce ischemic damage and improve outcomes. Thus, it is concluded that if drugs could achieve effective concentrations in the cerebral parenchyma, they can function via crippling resident microglia/astrocytes activation and inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, whereas the latter will be dominating when these drugs localize in the brain at a low concentration. In this review, the availability of some natural components crossing the BBB in stroke will be discussed, and how these drugs lead to improvements in stroke through inhibition of neutrophil rolling, adhesion, and transmigration will be illustrated.
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22
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Matrix metalloproteinase-13 participates in neuroprotection and neurorepair after cerebral ischemia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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24
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Farías JG, Herrera EA, Carrasco-Pozo C, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Cruz G, Morales P, Castillo RL. Pharmacological models and approaches for pathophysiological conditions associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:1-23. [PMID: 26617218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the failure of oxygenation at the tissue level, where the reduced oxygen delivered is not enough to satisfy tissue demands. Metabolic depression is the physiological adaptation associated with reduced oxygen consumption, which evidently does not cause any harm to organs that are exposed to acute and short hypoxic insults. Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of endogenous antioxidant systems to scavenge ROS, where ROS overwhelms the antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diseases related to hypoxia during intrauterine development and postnatal life. Thus, excessive ROS are implicated in the irreversible damage to cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Here, we describe several pathophysiological conditions and in vivo and ex vivo models developed for the study of hypoxic and oxidative stress injury. We reviewed existing literature on the responses to hypoxia and oxidative stress of the cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, and central nervous systems, and discussed paradigms of chronic and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. This systematic review is a critical analysis of the advantages in the application of some experimental strategies and their contributions leading to novel pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Farías
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Emilio A Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo L Castillo
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Development of a neuroprotective peptide that preserves survival pathways by preventing Kidins220/ARMS calpain processing induced by excitotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1939. [PMID: 26492372 PMCID: PMC4632323 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220), also known as ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS), has a central role in the coordination of receptor crosstalk and the integration of signaling pathways essential for neuronal differentiation, survival and function. This protein is a shared downstream effector for neurotrophin- and ephrin-receptors signaling that also interacts with the N-methyl-d-aspartate type of glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Failures in neurotrophic support and glutamate signaling are involved in pathologies related to excitotoxicity and/or neurodegeneration, where different components of these dynamic protein complexes result altered by a combination of mechanisms. In the case of Kidins220/ARMS, overactivation of NMDARs in excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia triggers its downregulation, which contributes to neuronal death. This key role in neuronal life/death decisions encouraged us to investigate Kidins220/ARMS as a novel therapeutic target for neuroprotection. As the main mechanism of Kidins220/ARMS downregulation in excitotoxicity is proteolysis by calpain, we decided to develop cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) that could result in neuroprotection by interference of this processing. To this aim, we first analyzed in detail Kidins220/ARMS cleavage produced in vitro and in vivo, identifying a major calpain processing site in its C-terminal region (between amino acids 1669 and 1670) within a sequence motif highly conserved in vertebrates. Then, we designed a 25-amino acids CPP (Tat-K) containing a short Kidins220/ARMS sequence enclosing the identified calpain site (amino acids 1668–1681) fused to the HIV-1 Tat protein basic domain, able to confer membrane permeability to attached cargoes. Transduction of cortical neurons with Tat-K reduced Kidins220/ARMS calpain processing in a dose- and time-dependent manner upon excitotoxic damage and allowed preservation of the activity of pERK1/2 and pCREB, signaling molecules central to neuronal survival and functioning. Importantly, these effects were associated to a significant increase in neuronal viability. This Kidins220/ARMS-derived peptide merits further research to develop novel neuroprotective therapies for excitotoxicity-associated pathologies.
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26
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Seto A, Taylor S, Trudeau D, Swan I, Leung J, Reeson P, Delaney KR, Brown CE. Induction of ischemic stroke in awake freely moving mice reveals that isoflurane anesthesia can mask the benefits of a neuroprotection therapy. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2014; 6:1. [PMID: 24765075 PMCID: PMC3982055 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetics such as isoflurane are commonly used to sedate experimental animals during the induction of stroke. Since these agents are known to modulate synaptic excitability, inflammation and blood flow, they could hinder the development and discovery of new neuroprotection therapies. To address this issue, we developed a protocol for inducing photothrombotic occlusion of cerebral vessels in fully conscious mice and tested two potential neuroprotectant drugs (a GluN2B or α4β2 nicotinic receptor antagonist). Our data show in vehicle treated mice that just 20 min of exposure to isoflurane during stroke induction can significantly reduce ischemic cortical damage relative to mice that were awake during stroke. When comparing potential stroke therapies, none provided any level of neuroprotection if the stroke was induced with anesthesia. However, if mice were fully conscious during stroke, the α4β2 nicotinic receptor antagonist reduced ischemic damage by 23% relative to vehicle treated controls, whereas the GluN2B antagonist had no significant effect. These results suggest that isoflurane anesthesia can occlude the benefits of certain stroke treatments and warrant caution when using anesthetics for pre-clinical testing of neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Seto
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Taylor
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dustin Trudeau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Swan
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jay Leung
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kerry R Delaney
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Canazza A, Minati L, Boffano C, Parati E, Binks S. Experimental models of brain ischemia: a review of techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, and investigational cell-based therapies. Front Neurol 2014; 5:19. [PMID: 24600434 PMCID: PMC3928567 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke continues to be a significant cause of death and disability worldwide. Although major advances have been made in the past decades in prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, enormous challenges remain in the way of translating new therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside. Thrombolysis, while routinely used for ischemic stroke, is only a viable option within a narrow time window. Recently, progress in stem cell biology has opened up avenues to therapeutic strategies aimed at supporting and replacing neural cells in infarcted areas. Realistic experimental animal models are crucial to understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival following ischemic brain injury and to develop therapeutic interventions. Current studies on experimental stroke therapies evaluate the efficiency of neuroprotective agents and cell-based approaches using primarily rodent models of permanent or transient focal cerebral ischemia. In parallel, advancements in imaging techniques permit better mapping of the spatial-temporal evolution of the lesioned cortex and its functional responses. This review provides a condensed conceptual review of the state of the art of this field, from models and magnetic resonance imaging techniques through to stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Canazza
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Ludovico Minati
- Scientific Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy ; Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton , UK
| | - Carlo Boffano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Eugenio Parati
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Sophie Binks
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton , UK ; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust , Brighton , UK
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Rosell A, Morancho A, Navarro-Sobrino M, Martínez-Saez E, Hernández-Guillamon M, Lope-Piedrafita S, Barceló V, Borrás F, Penalba A, García-Bonilla L, Montaner J. Factors secreted by endothelial progenitor cells enhance neurorepair responses after cerebral ischemia in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73244. [PMID: 24023842 PMCID: PMC3762828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has emerged as a promising strategy to regenerate the brain after stroke. Here, we aimed to investigate if treatment with EPCs or their secreted factors could potentiate angiogenesis and neurogenesis after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. BALB/C male mice were subjected to distal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and EPCs, cell-free conditioned media (CM) obtained from EPCs, or vehicle media were administered one day after ischemia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline to confirm that the lesions were similar between groups. Immunohistochemical and histological evaluation of the brain was performed to evaluate angio-neurogenesis and neurological outcome at two weeks. CM contained growth factors, such as VEGF, FGF-b and PDGF-bb. A significant increase in capillary density was noted in the peri-infarct areas of EPC- and CM-treated animals. Bielschowsky's staining revealed a significant increase in axonal rewiring in EPC-treated animals compared with shams, but not in CM-treated mice, in close proximity with DCX-positive migrating neuroblasts. At the functional level, post-ischemia forelimb strength was significantly improved in animals receiving EPCs or CM, but not in those receiving vehicle media. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that the administration of EPC-secreted factors could become a safe and effective cell-free option to be considered in future therapeutic strategies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Morancho
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Navarro-Sobrino
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Saez
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei RMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Verónica Barceló
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrás
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lidia García-Bonilla
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Morancho A, Hernández-Guillamon M, Boada C, Barceló V, Giralt D, Ortega L, Montaner J, Rosell A. Cerebral ischaemia and matrix metalloproteinase-9 modulate the angiogenic function of early and late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1543-53. [PMID: 23945132 PMCID: PMC3914647 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of endogenous angiogenesis after stroke will be critical in neurorepair therapies where endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) might be key players. Our aim was to determine the influence of cerebral ischaemia and the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) on the angiogenic function of EPCs. Permanent focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in MMP-9/knockout (MMP-9/KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. EPCs were obtained for cell counting after ischaemia (6 and 24 hrs) and in control animals. Matrigel(™) assays and time-lapse imaging were conducted to monitor angiogenic function of WT and MMP9-deficient EPCs or after treatment with MMP-9 inhibitors. Focal cerebral ischaemia increased the number of early EPCs, while MMP-9 deficiency decreased their number in non-ischaemic mice and delayed their release after ischaemia. Late outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) from ischaemic mice shaped more vessel structures than controls, while MMP-9 deficiency reduced the angiogenic abilities of OECs to form vascular networks, in vitro. Treatment with the MMP inhibitor GM6001 and the specific MMP-9 inhibitor I also decreased the number of vessel structures shaped by both human and mouse WT OECs, while exogenous MMP-9 could not revert the impaired angiogenic function in MMP-9/KO OECs. Finally, time-lapse imaging showed that the extension of vascular networks was influenced by cerebral ischaemia and MMP-9 deficiency early during the vascular network formation followed by a dynamic vessel remodelling. We conclude that focal cerebral ischaemia triggers the angiogenic responses of EPCs, while MMP-9 plays a key role in the formation of vascular networks by EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morancho
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Knapp L, Gellért L, Herédi J, Kocsis K, Oláh G, Fuzik J, Kis Z, Vécsei L, Toldi J, Farkas T. A simple novel technique to induce short-lasting local brain ischaemia in the rat. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 40:603-9. [PMID: 23795719 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Brain ischaemia models are essential to study the pathomechanisms of stroke. Our aim was to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of our novel focal ischaemia-reperfusion model. METHODS To induce a cortical transient ischaemic attack, we lifted the distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) with a special hook. The early changes after 2 × 15-min occlusion were observed in the somatosensory evoked responses (SERs). The histological responses to 2 × 15-min MCA occlusion and to 30-, 45- or 60-min ischaemia were examined after a 1-day survival period by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Fluoro Jade C (FJC) staining. Another group, with 30-min ischaemia, was analysed histologically by FJC, S100 and CD11b labelling after a 5-day survival period. RESULTS The amplitudes of the SERs decreased immediately at the beginning of the ischaemic period, and remained at a reduced level during the ischaemia. Reperfusion resulted in increasing SER amplitudes, but they never regained the control level. The short-lasting ischaemia did not lead to brain infarction when evaluated with TTC, but intense labelling was found with FJC. The 30-min ischaemia did not result in FJC labelling after 1 day, but marked labelling was observed after 5 days with FJC, S100 and CD11b in the cortical area supplied by the MCA. CONCLUSIONS We present here a novel, readily reproducible method to induce focal brain ischaemia. The ischaemia-reperfusion results in noteworthy changes in the SERs and the appearance of conventional tissue damage markers. This method involves possibilities for precise blood flow regulation, and the setting of the required level of perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Knapp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Rosell A, Agin V, Rahman M, Morancho A, Ali C, Koistinaho J, Wang X, Vivien D, Schwaninger M, Montaner J. Distal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in mice: are we ready to assess long-term functional outcome? Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:297-307. [PMID: 24323300 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rodent animal models of stroke are widely used with brain ischemia inducible by various occlusion methods. Permanent or transient occlusion of the distal portion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) offers a reproducible model with low mortality rates, and it is the most likely model of choice for mid- and long-term studies to assess neurorepair or long-term effects of neuroprotective drugs. Therefore, a measurable and stable neurological assessment would be required to evaluate sensorimotor and cognitive deficits at short and long terms as suggested by the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable preclinical recommendations. We review the usefulness of different tests used to measure functional outcome after distal MCAO in mice and further sustain these data with our own multilaboratories' experience. Results show that several tests were suitable to detect neurological deterioration at short term. Grip strength and latency to move have shown some usefulness at long term, with important differences between strains, while less clear are the data for the corner test. Important strain differences in terms of infarct volume are also reported in this study. Statistical power analysis and sample size calculation of our data confirmed the value of grip strength and latency to move tests but suggest that larger sample size would be required. In conclusion, there are no robust data supporting the use of a specific behavior test to assess long-term functional outcome after distal MCAO in mice. This is an important limitation since translational basic research should provide data to help further clinical trial evaluation. New multicenter studies with larger sample size and specific mouse strains are needed to confirm the validity of tests, such as the corner, latency to move or grip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PasseigValld'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain,
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