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Elgendy DI, Othman AA, Eid MM, El-Kowrany SI, Sallam FA, Mohamed DA, Zineldeen DH. The impact of β-glucan on the therapeutic outcome of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2807-2818. [PMID: 37737322 PMCID: PMC10667415 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis that is caused mainly by Trichinella spiralis infection. The human disease ranges from mild to severe and fatality may occur. The treatment of trichinellosis still presents a challenge for physicians. Anti-inflammatory drugs are usually added to antiparasitic agents to alleviate untoward immuno-inflammatory responses and possible tissue damage but they are not without adverse effects. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of safe and effective compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of β-glucan during enteral and muscular phases of experimental T. spiralis infection as well as its therapeutic potential as an adjuvant to albendazole in treating trichinellosis. For this aim, mice were infected with T. spiralis and divided into the following groups: early and late β-glucan treatment, albendazole treatment, and combined treatment groups. Infected mice were subjected to assessment of parasite burden, immunological markers, and histopathological changes in the small intestines and muscles. Immunohistochemical evaluation of NF-κB expression in small intestinal and muscle tissues was carried out in order to investigate the mechanism of action of β-glucan. Interestingly, β-glucan potentiated the efficacy of albendazole as noted by the significant reduction of counts of muscle larvae. The inflammatory responses in the small intestine and skeletal muscles were mitigated with some characteristic qualitative changes. β-glucan also increased the expression of NF-κB in tissues which may account for some of its effects. In conclusion, β-glucan showed a multifaceted beneficial impact on the therapeutic outcome of Trichinella infection and can be regarded as a promising adjuvant in the treatment of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina I Elgendy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmad A Othman
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Eid
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Samy I El-Kowrany
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fersan A Sallam
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dareen A Mohamed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Zineldeen
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, 51942, Albukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Carloto ACM, Bortoleti BTDS, Rodrigues ACJ, Silva TF, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Bidóia DL, Gonçalves MD, Assolini JP, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Botryosphaeran, [(1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan], induces apoptosis-like death in promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, and exerts a leishmanicidal effect on infected macrophages by activating NF-kB and producing pro-inflammatory molecules. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109713. [PMID: 34699765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious-parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. The available treatments are based upon expensive drugs bearing adverse side-effects. The search for new therapeutic alternatives that present a more effective action without causing adverse effects to the patient is therefore important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of botryosphaeran, a (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan, on the promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The direct activity of botryosphaeran on promastigote forms was evaluated in vitro and inhibited proliferation, the IC50 7 μg/mL in 48 h was calculated. After 48 h treatment, botryosphaeran induced nitric oxide production (NO), caused mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and accumulation of lipid vesicles in promastigotes, resulting in apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, and was accompanied by morphological and ultrastructural changes. The range of concentrations used did not alter the viability of peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice and erythrocytes of sheep. Botryosphaeran was able to reduce the number of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophage at 12.5 μg/mL (50.75% ± 6.48), 25 μg/mL (55.66% ± 3.93) and 50 μg/mL (72.9% ± 6.98), and IC50 9.3 μg/mL (±0.66) for intracellular amastigotes forms. The leishmanicidal effect was due to activation of NF-κB and promoted an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), iNOS and microbial-derived ROS and NO, in addition to decreasing the levels of SOD. Based upon the data obtained, we infer that botryosphaeran exerted an active leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effect, acting on promastigotes through autophagic, apoptotic and necrosis processes, and in the intracellular amastigote form, through the action of ROS and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Gonçalo Moniz Institute (FIOCRUZ/Bahia), 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/FIOCRUZ/Paraná), 81310-020, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Medical Pathology, Health Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, 80060-240, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidóia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Exact Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Assolini
- Alto Vale University of Rio Do Peixe, 89500-000, Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Postgradute Program in Environmental Engineering, Paraná Technological University, Londrina Campus, 86036-370, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Beta-Glucan Pharmaceuticals EIRELI, Lote 24A, Zirconia Block, Paraná Technological University, Londrina Campus, Avenue João Miguel Caram 731, 86036-700, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Postgradute Program in Environmental Engineering, Paraná Technological University, Londrina Campus, 86036-370, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Beta-Glucan Pharmaceuticals EIRELI, Lote 24A, Zirconia Block, Paraná Technological University, Londrina Campus, Avenue João Miguel Caram 731, 86036-700, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Lindenwald DL, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectins in Veterinary Species: Recent Advancements and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145122. [PMID: 32698416 PMCID: PMC7403975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of glycan-binding receptors, play a pivotal role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis of higher animals and humans. CTLs in innate immunity serve as pattern recognition receptors and often bind to glycan structures in damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. While CTLs are found throughout the whole animal kingdom, their ligand specificities and downstream signaling have mainly been studied in humans and in model organisms such as mice. In this review, recent advancements in CTL research in veterinary species as well as potential applications of CTL targeting in veterinary medicine are outlined.
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Abstract
Immunosuppression caused by parasitic infections represents the foremost way by which the parasites overcome or escape the host’s immune response. Glucan is a well-established natural immunomodulator with the ability to significantly improve immune system, from innate immunity to both branches of specific immunity. Our review is focused on the possible role of glucan’s action in antiparasite therapies and vaccine strategies. We concluded that the established action of glucan opens a new window in treatment and protection against parasitic infections.
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Lenzi J, Costa TM, Alberton MD, Goulart JAG, Tavares LBB. Medicinal fungi: a source of antiparasitic secondary metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5791-5810. [PMID: 29749562 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regions with a tropical climate are frequently affected by endemic diseases caused by pathogenic parasites. More than one billion people worldwide are exposed directly to tropical parasites. The literature cites several antiparasitic metabolites obtained from medicinal plants or via synthetic pathways. However, fungi produce a diversity of metabolites that play important biological roles in human well-being. Thus, they are considered a potential source of novel natural agents for exploitation in the pharmaceutical industry. In this brief review article, we will provide an overview of the current situation regarding antiparasitic molecules derived from filamentous fungi, in particular, those which are effective against protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, vectors of some neglected tropical diseases. Diseases and parasitic agents are described and classified, and the antiparasitic properties of natural compounds produced by the fungi of the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are reviewed herein, in order to explore a topic only sparsely addressed in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lenzi
- Environmental Engineering Postgraduate, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca,, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, CEP 89030-080, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade,, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Debiasi Alberton
- Environmental Engineering Postgraduate, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca,, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, CEP 89030-080, Brazil
| | - Juliane Araújo Greinert Goulart
- Environmental Engineering Postgraduate, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca,, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, CEP 89030-080, Brazil
| | - Lorena Benathar Ballod Tavares
- Environmental Engineering Postgraduate, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca,, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, CEP 89030-080, Brazil.
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Zimara N, Chanyalew M, Aseffa A, van Zandbergen G, Lepenies B, Schmid M, Weiss R, Rascle A, Wege AK, Jantsch J, Schatz V, Brown GD, Ritter U. Dectin-1 Positive Dendritic Cells Expand after Infection with Leishmania major Parasites and Represent Promising Targets for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:263. [PMID: 29535708 PMCID: PMC5834765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant mouse strains mount a protective T cell-mediated immune response upon infection with Leishmania (L.) parasites. Healing correlates with a T helper (Th) cell-type 1 response characterized by a pronounced IFN-γ production, while susceptibility is associated with an IL-4-dependent Th2-type response. It has been shown that dermal dendritic cells are crucial for inducing protective Th1-mediated immunity. Additionally, there is growing evidence that C-type lectin receptor (CLR)-mediated signaling is involved in directing adaptive immunity against pathogens. However, little is known about the function of the CLR Dectin-1 in modulating Th1- or Th2-type immune responses by DC subsets in leishmaniasis. We characterized the expression of Dectin-1 on CD11c+ DCs in peripheral blood, at the site of infection, and skin-draining lymph nodes of L. major-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and in peripheral blood of patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Both mouse strains responded with an expansion of Dectin-1+ DCs within the analyzed tissues. In accordance with the experimental model, Dectin-1+ DCs expanded as well in the peripheral blood of CL patients. To study the role of Dectin-1+ DCs in adaptive immunity against L. major, we analyzed the T cell stimulating potential of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in the presence of the Dectin-1 agonist Curdlan. These experiments revealed that Curdlan induces the maturation of BMDCs and the expansion of Leishmania-specific CD4+ T cells. Based on these findings, we evaluated the impact of Curdlan/Dectin-1 interactions in experimental leishmaniasis and were able to demonstrate that the presence of Curdlan at the site of infection modulates the course of disease in BALB/c mice: wild-type BALB/c mice treated intradermally with Curdlan developed a protective immune response against L. major whereas Dectin-1-/- BALB/c mice still developed the fatal course of disease after Curdlan treatment. Furthermore, the vaccination of BALB/c mice with a combination of soluble L. major antigens and Curdlan was able to provide a partial protection from severe leishmaniasis. These findings indicate that the ligation of Dectin-1 on DCs acts as an important checkpoint in adaptive immunity against L. major and should therefore be considered in future whole-organism vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zimara
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anne Rascle
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schatz
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Broadway PR, Carroll JA, Sanchez NCB. Live Yeast and Yeast Cell Wall Supplements Enhance Immune Function and Performance in Food-Producing Livestock: A Review (†,)(‡). Microorganisms 2015; 3:417-27. [PMID: 27682097 PMCID: PMC5023245 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
More livestock producers are seeking natural alternatives to antibiotics and antimicrobials, and searching for supplements to enhance growth performance, and general animal health and well-being. Some of the compounds currently being utilized and studied are live yeast and yeast-based products derived from the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These products have been reported to have positive effects both directly and indirectly on the immune system and its subsequent biomarkers, thereby mitigating negative effects associated with stress and disease. These yeast-based products have also been reported to simultaneously enhance growth and performance by enhancing dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) perhaps through the establishment of a healthy gastrointestinal tract. These products may be especially useful in times of potential stress such as during birth, weaning, early lactation, and during the receiving period at the feedlot. Overall, yeast supplements appear to possess the ability to improve animal health and metabolism while decreasing morbidity, thereby enhancing profitability of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Broadway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA.
| | - Jeffery A Carroll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA.
| | - Nicole C Burdick Sanchez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA.
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Eicher SD, McKee CA, Carroll JA, Pajor EA. Supplemental vitamin C and yeast cell wall β-glucan as growth enhancers in newborn pigs and as immunomodulators after an endotoxin challenge after weaning1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2352-60. [PMID: 16908637 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To test possible dietary immune modulators, 32 crossbred male pigs were given 1 of 4 dietary treatments (8 pigs/treatment): control, Saccharomyces cerevisiae with beta-glucan (Energy Plus, Natural Chem Industries LTD, Houston, TX; 0.312 g/kg of BW, 2.5% of diet), vitamin C (Stay C 35, DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Prisippany, NJ; 75 ppm), or beta-glucan plus vitamin C together (combination; 0.312 g/kg of BW and 75 ppm, respectively). Supplements were given in whole milk within 36 h of birth and then daily for 2 wk until weaning, when the supplement was given in feed for an additional 2 wk. Growth was recorded during the 4 wk of supplement delivery. An i.v. lipopolysaccharide challenge (LPS; 150 microg/kg) was given 14 d postweaning at 0900. Behavior was observed, and blood samples were collected every 30 min for 4 h via a jugular catheter from -1 (0800) to 3 (1200) h relative to challenge (-60, -30, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), and tissues were collected after exsanguination. Beta-glucan (glucan and combination) increased (P < 0.05) BW and ADG compared with vitamin C and control. Cortisol concentrations showed an interaction (P < 0.05) of the beta-glucan and vitamin C. Intestinal expression of tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA was greatest for vitamin C and beta-glucan compared with control and combination, and liver TNF-alpha mRNA expression showed a main effect (P < 0.01) of beta-glucan. Lung expression of TNF-alpha mRNA exhibited a vitamin C effect (P < 0.01). In contrast, spleen had greater (P < 0.01) relative abundance of TNF-alpha mRNA in beta-glucan pigs. Intestinal expression of IL-1Ra mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) for vitamin C and beta-glucan treatments compared with the control and combination pigs. Liver expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNA exhibited a vitamin C effect (P < 0.01). Lying and sleeping behaviors differed (P < 0.05) among treatments early in the observations (0700 to 0720), then sporadically until 50 min after the LPS injection. The vitamin C group slept less (P < 0.05) on those occasions. The time spent lying was least (P < 0.05) for the glucan and combination pigs immediately after the injection. These results show a complex interaction between vitamin C and this yeast product after LPS challenge, with differential expression in tissues by 2 h after LPS injections. The combination enhanced postweaning growth and reduced TNF-alpha expression of the intestinal and liver tissues, suggesting an important immunomodulatory role of the combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Eicher
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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VILELA ESD, SGARBIERI VC, ALVIM ID. Valor nutritivo da biomassa de células íntegras, do autolisado e do extrato de levedura originária de cervejaria. REV NUTR 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732000000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo verificar a capacidade da levedura e seus derivados, autolisado e extrato, em manter o crescimento de ratos recém-desmamados, quando usados em substituição parcial a uma dieta-padrão ideal. Usou-se substituição de 10, 20 ou 30% da dieta-padrão recomendada pelo American Institute of Nutrition -- 93G, por uma mistura (amido de milho + produto de levedura + óleo de soja), mantendo as dietas modificadas isoprotéicas (20% proteína) e isocalóricas. Com as substituições, os produtos de levedura participaram das dietas nas concentrações de 4, 8 ou 12%, respectivamente. As dietas substituídas, contendo diferentes proporções de produtos de levedura, provocaram crescimento dos ratos igual ou superior ao da dieta-padrão. O ritmo de crescimento foi proporcional ao aumento da participação dos produtos de levedura. Os índices séricos de ácido úrico, uréia e atividade de transaminases não revelaram sintomas de intoxicação pelo uso dos produtos de levedura.
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10
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Yun CH, Estrada A, Van Kessel A, Gajadhar A, Redmond M, Laarveld B. Immunomodulatory effects of oat beta-glucan administered intragastrically or parenterally on mice infected with Eimeria vermiformis. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 42:457-65. [PMID: 9688080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1998.tb02309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory effect of intragastrically or parenterally administered beta-(1-->3; 1-->4) glucan, extracted from oats (ObetaG), on disease resistance to Eimeria vermiformis was studied in C57BL/6 mice. Multiple administrations of ObetaG by intragastric or subcutaneous routes reduced fecal oocyst shedding compared to the non-treated control group. The administration of ObetaG by subcutaneous route resulted in higher levels of total serum immunoglobulins and antigen (sporozoite and merozoite)-specific immunoglobulins as compared with the non-treated group. To evaluate the effect of a single subcutaneous dose, groups of mice were treated with ObetaG 2 days before E. vermiformis infection, at the time of infection and at 2 or 6 days after infection. From day 11 post-infection the oocyst discharge was significantly diminished (P<0.05-0.01) in the ObetaG-treated groups, except in those treated 6 days after infection, as compared to the non-treated control group. The proliferative responses to E. vermiformis sporozoite antigen of lymphocytes isolated from the spleen were significantly increased (P<0.05) when ObetaG was administered 2 days before or at the time of E. vermiformis infection. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to merozoite antigen were not influenced by treatment. In conclusion, ObetaG appeared to up-regulate immune mechanisms and provide enhanced resistance against eimerian coccidiosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yun
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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11
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Hetland G, Løvik M, Wiker HG. Protective effect of beta-glucan against mycobacterium bovis, BCG infection in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:548-53. [PMID: 9652822 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-glucan is a potent stimulator of macrophage functions and has a protective effect against a range of infections in rodent models. We examined whether the agent could also protect against the intracellular Mycobacterium bovis, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection in mice. BCG-susceptible BALB/c mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with beta-glucan or vehicle 3 days before, or with beta-glucan 7 days after i.v. challenge with live BCG bacilli. The animals were killed 4 or 8 weeks later, their organs were homogenized and applied to object slides and stained with auramin for counting of bacilli, or seeded onto agar in Petri dishes. Mice treated with beta-glucan both pre- and postchallenge had significantly lower numbers of BCG bacilli and BCG colony-forming units in spleen homogenates compared with controls 4 weeks after challenge. A similar, but not statistically significant, tendency was observed in spleen homogenates from mice killed 8 weeks after challenge. In homogenates of liver and lungs there were similar findings, but less pronounced. There was a dose-dependent effect of beta-glucan injected before BCG challenge on the number of BCG bacilli found in spleen and liver homogenates. In addition, antibody cross-reactivity was demonstrated between M. tuberculosis cell wall and beta-glucan. The results suggest that beta-glucan has a protective effect against M. bovis, BCG infection in susceptible mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hetland
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Estrada A, Yun CH, Van Kessel A, Li B, Hauta S, Laarveld B. Immunomodulatory activities of oat beta-glucan in vitro and in vivo. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 41:991-8. [PMID: 9492185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that beta-glucans extracted from yeast or fungi potentiate immune responses. In the present study, the immunomodulatory activities of beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucan, derived from oats, were investigated. The ability of oat beta-glucan (ObetaG) to stimulate IL-1 and TNF-alpha release from murine peritoneal macrophages and the murine macrophage cell line P338D1, was assessed. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with ObetaG resulted in the production of IL-1 in a dose and time-dependent manner, whereas only small amounts of TNF-alpha could be detected in the culture supernatants. ObetaG also induced the production of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in cultured spleen cells. The intraperitoneal administration of ObetaG in mice resulted in the accumulation of leucocytes, predominantly macrophages, in the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, ObetaG was tested for its ability to enhance non-specific resistance to a bacterial challenge in mice. Survival of mice challenged with Staphylococcus aureus was enhanced by a single intraperitoneal administration of 500 microg of ObetaG 3 days prior to bacterial challenge. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that ObetaG possesses immunomodulatory activities capable of stimulating immune functions both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Yun CH, Estrada A, Van Kessel A, Gajadhar AA, Redmond MJ, Laarveld B. beta-(1-->3, 1-->4) oat glucan enhances resistance to Eimeria vermiformis infection in immunosuppressed mice. Int J Parasitol 1997; 27:329-37. [PMID: 9138036 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of intragastrically or parenterally administered beta-glucan, extracted from oats, on the enhancement of disease resistance to Eimeria vermiformis was studied in C57BL/6 mice. Groups of mice were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (DXM), infected with oocysts of E. vermiformis and treated with oat beta-glucan by the intragastric (i.g.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Faecal oocyst shedding was reduced in the beta-glucan-treated groups compared to the non-treated group. Immunosuppressed mice which received no beta-glucan treatment showed more severe clinical signs of the disease and a 50% mortality, while minimal clinical signs and no mortality were recorded in the beta-glucan-treated groups. Total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins in the serum of beta-glucan-treated groups were overall higher than those in the non-treated group. Specific IgG anti-sporozoite and merozoite immunoglobulins in serum were significantly higher in the beta-glucan-treated groups than in the non-treated animals. No significant differences were found in the levels of intestinal IgA anti-sporozoite and anti-merozoite immunoglobulins. IFN-gamma- and IL-4-secreting cells, in response to sporozoite antigen, were detected in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of the beta-glucan-treated groups only. In conclusion, the i.g. and s.c. oat beta-glucan treatment increased the resistance to E. vermiformis infection in immunosuppressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yun
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Tewari AK, Sharma NN, Rao JR, Mishra AK, Das SK. Effect of Mycobacterium phlei on the development of immunity to Babesia bigemina. Vet Parasitol 1996; 62:223-30. [PMID: 8686168 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory role of Mycobacterium phlei against intracellular blood protozoan Babesia bigemina was demonstrated following experimental immunisation and challenge in bovine calves. A lysate of erythrocytes infected (6 x 10(9)) with B. bigemina was used as a source of dead antigen either with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or with a trypsinised culture of M. phlei as a non-specific immunomodulation (NSI) agent with appropriate controls. Following virulent challenge with B. bigemina infected erythrocytes (1 x 10(7)), the NSI printed calves showed 100% protection, while the dead antigen alone with FCA afforded 75% protection. The protective status of the immunising regimes was studied by clinicopathological parameters and assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The role of babesial dead antigen and the effects of M. phlei on the development of immunity to B. bigemina is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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Chapter 14. Biological Response Modification by β-D-Glucans. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Smith
- Institut für Parasitologie, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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