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Lukacs M, Nymo IH, Madslien K, Våge J, Veiberg V, Rolandsen CM, Bøe CA, Sundaram AYM, Grimholt U. Functional immune diversity in reindeer reveals a high Arctic population at risk. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1058674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate changes the geographic range of both species as well as pathogens, causing a potential increase in the vulnerability of populations or species with limited genetic diversity. With advances in high throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies, we can now define functional expressed genetic diversity of wild species at a larger scale and identify populations at risk. Previous studies have used genomic DNA to define major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II diversity in reindeer. Varying numbers of expressed genes found in many ungulates strongly argues for using cDNA in MHC typing strategies to ensure that diversity estimates relate to functional genes. We have used available reindeer genomes to identify candidate genes and established an HTS approach to define expressed MHC class I and class II diversity. To capture a broad diversity we included samples from wild reindeer from Southern Norway, semi-domesticated reindeer from Northern Norway and reindeer from the high Artic archipelago Svalbard. Our data show a medium MHC diversity in semi-domesticated and wild Norwegian mainland reindeer, and low MHC diversity reindeer in Svalbard reindeer. The low immune diversity in Svalbard reindeer provides a potential risk if the pathogenic pressure changes in response to altered environmental conditions due to climate change, or increased human-related activity.
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What Can Genetics Do for the Control of Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172176. [PMID: 36077896 PMCID: PMC9454762 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious diseases place an economic burden on aquaculture and a limitation to its growth. This state-of-the-art review describes the application of genetics and genomics as novel tools to control infectious disease in aquaculture. Abstract Infectious diseases place an economic burden on aquaculture and a limitation to its growth. An innovative approach to mitigate their impact on production is breeding for disease resistance: selection for domestication, family-based selection, marker-assisted selection, and more recently, genomic selection. Advances in genetics and genomics approaches to the control of infectious diseases are key to increasing aquaculture efficiency, profitability, and sustainability and to reducing its environmental footprint. Interaction and co-evolution between a host and pathogen can, however, turn breeding to boost infectious disease resistance into a potential driver of pathogenic change. Parallel molecular characterization of the pathogen and its virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes is therefore essential to understand pathogen evolution over time in response to host immunity, and to apply appropriate mitigation strategies.
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3
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Liu M, Yang X, Zeng C, Zhao H, Li J, Hou Z, Wen H. Transcriptional Signatures of Immune, Neural, and Endocrine Functions in the Brain and Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Aeromonas salmonicida Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031340. [PMID: 35163263 PMCID: PMC8835788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serves as one of the most important commercial fish with an annual production of around 800,000 tonnes. However, infectious diseases, such as furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida infection, results in great economic loss in trout culture. The brain and kidney are two important organs associated with “sickness behaviors” and immunomodulation in response to disease. Therefore, we worked with 60 trout and investigated transcriptional responses and enrichment pathways between healthy and infected trout. We observed that furunculosis resulted in the activation of toll-like receptors with neuroinflammation and neural dysfunction in the brain, which might cause the “sickness behaviors” of infected trout including anorexia and lethargy. We also showed the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication contributed to duplicated colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) paralogs, which play an important role in modulating brain immunomodulation. Enrichment analyses of kidneys showed up-regulated immunomodulation and down-regulated neural functions, suggesting an immune-neural interaction between the brain and kidney. Moreover, the kidney endocrine network was activated in response to A. salmonicida infection, further convincing the communications between endocrine and immune systems in regulating internal homeostasis. Our study provided a foundation for pathophysiological responses of the brain and kidney in response to furunculosis and potentially offered a reference for generating disease-resistant trout strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhishuai Hou
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
| | - Haishen Wen
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
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4
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Grimholt U, Lukacs M. Fate of MHCII in salmonids following 4WGD. Immunogenetics 2020; 73:79-91. [PMID: 33225379 PMCID: PMC7862078 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are key players in the adaptive immunity providing a defense against invading pathogens. Although the basic structures are similar when comparing mammalian and teleost MHC class II (MHCII) molecules, there are also clear-cut differences. Based on structural requirements, the teleosts non-classical MHCII molecules do not comply with a function similar to the human HLA-DM and HLA-DO, i.e., assisting in peptide loading and editing of classical MHCII molecules. We have previously studied the evolution of teleost class II genes identifying various lineages and tracing their phylogenetic occurrence back to ancient ray-finned fishes. We found no syntenic MHCII regions shared between cyprinids, salmonids, and neoteleosts, suggesting regional instabilities. Salmonids have experienced a unique whole genome duplication 94 million years ago, providing them with the opportunity to experiment with gene duplicates. Many salmonid genomes have recently become available, and here we set out to investigate how MHCII has evolved in salmonids using Northern pike as a diploid sister phyla, that split from the salmonid lineage prior to the fourth whole genome duplication (4WGD) event. We identified 120 MHCII genes in pike and salmonids, ranging from 11 to 20 genes per species analyzed where DB-group genes had the most expansions. Comparing the MHC of Northern pike with that of Atlantic salmon and other salmonids species provides a tale of gene loss, translocations, and genome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Grimholt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Morten Lukacs
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Sundaram AYM, Garseth ÅH, Maccari G, Grimholt U. An Illumina approach to MHC typing of Atlantic salmon. Immunogenetics 2020; 72:89-100. [PMID: 31713647 PMCID: PMC6970960 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The IPD-MHC Database represents the official repository for non-human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) sequences, overseen and supported by the Comparative MHC Nomenclature Committee, providing access to curated MHC data and associated analysis tools. IPD-MHC gathers allelic MHC class I and class II sequences from classical and non-classical MHC loci from various non-human animals including pets, farmed and experimental model animals. So far, Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout are the only teleost fish species with MHC class I and class II sequences present. For the remaining teleost or ray-finned species, data on alleles originating from given classical locus is scarce hampering their inclusion in the database. However, a fast expansion of sequenced genomes opens for identification of classical loci where high-throughput sequencing (HTS) will enable typing of allelic variants in a variety of new teleost or ray-finned species. HTS also opens for large-scale studies of salmonid MHC diversity challenging the current database nomenclature and analysis tools. Here we establish an Illumina approach to identify allelic MHC diversity in Atlantic salmon, using animals from an endangered wild population, and alter the salmonid MHC nomenclature to accommodate the expected sequence expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Y M Sundaram
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Helen Garseth
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Maccari
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Unni Grimholt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Smith NC, Rise ML, Christian SL. A Comparison of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, and Lobe-Finned Fish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2292. [PMID: 31649660 PMCID: PMC6795676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is composed of two subsystems-the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and does not retain memory of previous responses. Innate immune responses are evolutionarily older than adaptive responses and elements of innate immunity can be found in all multicellular organisms. If a pathogen persists, the adaptive immune system will engage the pathogen with specificity and memory. Several components of the adaptive system including immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), are assumed to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates-the Gnathostomata. This review will discuss and compare components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in Gnathostomes, particularly in Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and in Osteichthyes [bony fish: the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)]. While many elements of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are conserved within these species and with higher level vertebrates, some elements have marked differences. Components of the innate immune system covered here include physical barriers, such as the skin and gastrointestinal tract, cellular components, such as pattern recognition receptors and immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils, and humoral components, such as the complement system. Components of the adaptive system covered include the fundamental cells and molecules of adaptive immunity: B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), immunoglobulins (Igs), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Comparative studies in fish such as those discussed here are essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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7
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Gao FY, Zhang D, Lu MX, Cao JM, Liu ZG, Ke XL, Wang M, Zhang DF. MHC Class IIB gene polymorphisms associated with resistance/susceptibility to Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:253-261. [PMID: 31187732 DOI: 10.3354/dao03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class IIB was tested in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and the association between the MHC IIB alleles and disease resistance was also studied. F3 fry offspring (n = 1200) from 12 full-sib families were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae, which caused significantly different mortalities in different Nile tilapia families (11.00-81.10%). Twenty fry (F1) from each of the 12 families were selected to study the polymorphisms of the MHC Class IIB gene using PCR followed by cloning and sequencing methods. The results showed that the size of the amplified fragment was 770-797 bp. Thirty-seven sequences from 240 individuals revealed 22 different alleles, which belonged to 9 major allele types. Up to 63.58% of nucleotide positions were variable, while the proportion of the amino acid variable positions was up to 68.73%. According to the survival rate of offspring (F3) from 12 full-sib families, we deduced that the alleles Orni-DAB*0107, Orni-DAB*0201 and Orni-DAB*0302 were highly associated with resistance to S. agalactiae, while the allele Orni-DAB*0701 was associated with susceptibility to S. agalactiae. In addition, our previous study found that the allele Orni-DAB*0201 was more frequently distributed in the disease-resistant groups. Therefore, the allele Orni-DAB*0201 could be used as an S. agalactiae resistance-related MHC marker in molecular marker-assisted selective breeding programs for S. agalactiae-resistant Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ying Gao
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, PR China
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8
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Molecular and Structural Characterization of MHC Class II β Genes Reveals High Diversity in the Cold-Adapted Icefish Chionodraco hamatus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5523. [PMID: 30940855 PMCID: PMC6445107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the presence of two distinct MHC class II β genes in the Antarctic icefish Chionodraco hamatus, belonging to the classical (ChhaDAB) and nonclassical (ChhaDBB) evolutionary lineages. By the application of targeted sequencing approach, a remarkable molecular diversity in the exon 2 sequence of the highly expressed gene ChhaDAB has been observed, resulting in an estimate of 92 different variants translated in 87 different peptides from 54 analysed icefish individuals. A highly conservative estimate, based on a 95% sequence identity threshold clustering, translate this variability in 41 different peptide clusters belonging to four different clades and showing the signature of different kinds of selection. In stark contrast, the poorly expressed ChhaDBB gene displayed a very low level of molecular diversity within exon 2, in agreement with expectations for a nonclassical MHC class II β gene.
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Braden LM, Whyte SK, Brown ABJ, Iderstine CV, Letendre C, Groman D, Lewis J, Purcell SL, Hori T, Fast MD. Vaccine-Induced Protection Against Furunculosis Involves Pre-emptive Priming of Humoral Immunity in Arctic Charr. Front Immunol 2019; 10:120. [PMID: 30778356 PMCID: PMC6369366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to salmonid aquaculture, one of the most important bacterial pathogens due to high mortality and antibiotic usage is the causative agent of typical furunculosis, Aeromonas salmonicida spp. salmonicida (Asal). In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the host response during infections with Asal is well-documented, with furunculosis outbreaks resulting in significant mortality in commercial settings. However, less is known about the host-pathogen interactions in the emerging aquaculture species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Furthermore, there is no data on the efficacy or response of this species after vaccination with commonly administered vaccines against furunculosis. To this end, we examined the immunological response of S. alpinus during infection with Asal, with or without administration of vaccines (Forte Micro®, Forte Micro® + Renogen®, Elanco Animal Health). Artic charr (vaccinated or unvaccinated) were i.p.-injected with a virulent strain of Asal (106 CFUs/mL) and tissues were collected pre-infection/post-vaccination, 8, and 29 days post-infection. Unvaccinated Arctic charr were susceptible to Asal with 72% mortalities observed after 31 days. However, there was 72–82% protection in fish vaccinated with either the single or dual-vaccine, respectively. Protection in vaccinated fish was concordant with significantly higher serum IgM concentrations, and following RNA sequencing and transcriptome assembly, differential expression analysis revealed several patterns and pathways associated with the improved survival of vaccinated fish. Most striking was the dramatically higher basal expression of complement/coagulation factors, acute phase-proteins, and iron hemostasis proteins in pre-challenged, vaccinated fish. Remarkably, following Asal infection, this response was abrogated and instead the transcriptome was characterized by a lack of immune-stimulation compared to that of unvaccinated fish. Furthermore, where pathways of actin assembly and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis were significantly differentially regulated in unvaccinated fish, vaccinated fish showed either the opposite regulation (ForteMicro®), or no impact at all (ForteMicro®Renogen®). The present data indicates that vaccine-induced protection against Asal relies on the pre-activation and immediate control of humoral immune parameters that is coincident with reduced activation of apoptotic (e.g., NF-κB) and actin-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Alyson B J Brown
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Carter Van Iderstine
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Corinne Letendre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jeff Lewis
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tiago Hori
- Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Souris, PE, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Cárdenas C, Ojeda N, Labra Á, Marshall SH. Molecular features associated with the adaptive evolution of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV) in Chile. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:203-211. [PMID: 30592977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an Orthomyxovirus challenging salmon production, with a particular impact in Chile. During 2007-2010 a devastating and of unexpected consequences epizootic event almost destroyed a blooming industry in the country. The event was caused by an aggressive variant with a distinctive deletion in Segment 6, one of the eight genomic segments of the virus. After the outburst, although the infective viral variant seemed to have disappeared, a non-infective variant, not previously reported, was discovered and is characterized by a complete, non-deleted coding segment 6, which has prevailed in the fish population until now. This variant, known as HPR0, appears to be the ancestor strain of ISAV from which novel infective variants are generated. Additional variations in segment 5 have also been associated with the virulence observed in the field, an analysis of the differences in these two protein coding segments has been performed. It appears to us that a combinatorial effect exists between the features displayed by segments 5 and 6 which modulate the intensity of viral outbursts. As a result, a theoretical integrative model is presented which explains the different degree of virulence observed in the field based only on molecular data, this could help estimating the intensity of damage a given variant might exert over a productive farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Cárdenas
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Nicolás Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Álvaro Labra
- Laboratorio de referencia ISAV - OIE- Sernapesca, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Sergio H Marshall
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Laboratorio de referencia ISAV - OIE- Sernapesca, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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11
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Gao FY, Zhang D, Lu MX, Cao JM, Liu ZG, Ke XL, Wang M, Zhang DF, Yi MM. MHC class IIA polymorphisms and their association with resistance-susceptibility to Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:1207-1215. [PMID: 30345515 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA polymorphisms and the severity of infection by Streptococcus agalactiae was investigated using 40 susceptible and 40 resistant individuals of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty-five alleles were identified from 80 individuals, which belong to 22 major allele types. High polymorphism of mhcIIa gene and at least two loci were discovered in O. niloticus. In peptide-binding region (PBR) and non-PBR, the ratio of nonsynonymous substitution (dN) to synonymous substitution (dS) was 1.294 (>1) and 1.240 (>1), suggesting that the loci are evolving under positive balancing selection. Association analysis showed that the allele, orni-daa*0501, was significantly associated with resistance to S. agalactiae, while the alleles, orni-daa*1101, orni-daa*1301, orni-daa*1401 and orni-daa*1201, were associated with susceptibility to S. agalactiae. To confirm these correlations, another independent challenge experiment was performed in the Huizhou population of the O. niloticus. The frequency distribution showed that the orni-daa*1101 allele was significantly more frequent in the Huizhou-Susceptible group (HZ-SG) than in the Huizhou-Resistant group (HZ-RG) (P < 0.05), which was consistent with the first challenge. However, orni-daa*0501 did not present in HZ-SG and HZ-RG and the distribution frequencies of the orni-daa*1201, orni-daa*1301 and orni-daa*1401 alleles were not significantly more frequent in HZ-SG than in HZ-RG. These results indicate that the orni-daa*1101 allele confers susceptibility to S. agalactia infection. These results suggest that the diversity of exon 2 of mcaIIa alleles could be used to explore the association between disease susceptibility or resistance and the multiformity of mcaIIa and to achieve the molecular-assisted selection of O. niloticus with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ying Gao
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mai-Xin Lu
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Meng Cao
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ke
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Feng Zhang
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Yi
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Aquaculture and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Pritchard VL, Mäkinen H, Vähä JP, Erkinaro J, Orell P, Primmer CR. Genomic signatures of fine-scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis and immune defence-related genes. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2560-2575. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannu Mäkinen
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Vähä
- Kevo Subarctic Research Institute; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | | | - Panu Orell
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE); Oulu Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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13
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Bateson ZW, Hammerly SC, Johnson JA, Morrow ME, Whittingham LA, Dunn PO. Specific alleles at immune genes, rather than genome‐wide heterozygosity, are related to immunity and survival in the critically endangered Attwater's prairie‐chicken. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4730-44. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Bateson
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee PO Box 413 Milwaukee WI 53201 USA
| | - Susan C. Hammerly
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Applied Sciences University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Jeff A. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Applied Sciences University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Michael E. Morrow
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge PO Box 519 Eagle Lake TX 77434 USA
| | - Linda A. Whittingham
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee PO Box 413 Milwaukee WI 53201 USA
| | - Peter O. Dunn
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee PO Box 413 Milwaukee WI 53201 USA
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Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kumar G, Saleh M, El-Matbouli M. Aeromonas salmonicida: updates on an old acquaintance. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:49-68. [PMID: 27304870 DOI: 10.3354/dao03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is the oldest known infectious agent to be linked to fish disease and constitutes a major bacterial pathogen of fish, in particular of salmonids. This bacterium can be found almost worldwide in both marine and freshwater environments and has been divided into several sub-species. In this review, we present the most recent developments concerning our understanding of this pathogen, including how the characterization of new isolates from non-salmonid hosts suggests a more nuanced picture of the importance of the so‑called 'atypical isolates'. We also describe the clinical presentation regarding the infection across several fish species and discuss what is known about the virulence of A. salmonicida and, in particular, the role that the type 3 secretion system might play in suppressing the immune response of its hosts. Finally, isolates have displayed varied levels of antibiotic resistance. Hence, we review a number of solutions that have been developed both to prevent outbreaks and to treat them once they occur, including the application of pre- and probiotic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Grimholt U. MHC and Evolution in Teleosts. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010006. [PMID: 26797646 PMCID: PMC4810163 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are key players in initiating immune responses towards invading pathogens. Both MHC class I and class II genes are present in teleosts, and, using phylogenetic clustering, sequences from both classes have been classified into various lineages. The polymorphic and classical MHC class I and class II gene sequences belong to the U and A lineages, respectively. The remaining class I and class II lineages contain nonclassical gene sequences that, despite their non-orthologous nature, may still hold functions similar to their mammalian nonclassical counterparts. However, the fact that several of these nonclassical lineages are only present in some teleost species is puzzling and questions their functional importance. The number of genes within each lineage greatly varies between teleost species. At least some gene expansions seem reasonable, such as the huge MHC class I expansion in Atlantic cod that most likely compensates for the lack of MHC class II and CD4. The evolutionary trigger for similar MHC class I expansions in tilapia, for example, which has a functional MHC class II, is not so apparent. Future studies will provide us with a more detailed understanding in particular of nonclassical MHC gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Grimholt
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, Oslo N-0106, Norway.
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16
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Dirscherl H, McConnell SC, Yoder JA, de Jong JLO. The MHC class I genes of zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:11-23. [PMID: 24631581 PMCID: PMC4031684 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the immune response and in the recognition of non-self. Found in all jawed vertebrate species, including zebrafish and other teleosts, MHC genes are considered the most polymorphic of all genes. In this review we focus on the multi-faceted diversity of zebrafish MHC class I genes, which are classified into three sequence lineages: U, Z, and L. We examine the polygenic, polymorphic, and haplotypic diversity of the zebrafish MHC class I genes, discussing known and postulated functional differences between the different class I lineages. In addition, we provide the first comprehensive nomenclature for the L lineage genes in zebrafish, encompassing at least 15 genes, and characterize their sequence properties. Finally, we discuss how recent findings have shed new light on the remarkably diverse MHC loci of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Dirscherl
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; The Joint Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of North Carolina-North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sean C McConnell
- Section of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, KCBD 5120, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Jill L O de Jong
- Section of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, KCBD 5120, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Vanden Bergh P, Frey J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in the light of its type-three secretion system. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 7:381-400. [PMID: 24119189 PMCID: PMC4229320 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an important pathogen in salmonid aquaculture and is responsible for the typical furunculosis. The type-three secretion system (T3SS) is a major virulence system. In this work, we review structure and function of this highly sophisticated nanosyringe in A. salmonicida. Based on the literature as well as personal experimental observations, we document the genetic (re)organization, expression regulation, anatomy, putative functional origin and roles in the infectious process of this T3SS. We propose a model of pathogenesis where A. salmonicida induces a temporary immunosuppression state in fish in order to acquire free access to host tissues. Finally, we highlight putative important therapeutic and vaccine strategies to prevent furunculosis of salmonid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanden Bergh
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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McClelland EK, Ming TJ, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Beacham TD, Withler RE, Miller KM. Patterns of selection and allele diversity of class I and class II major histocompatibility loci across the species range of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4783-800. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. McClelland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Tobi J. Ming
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Karia H. Kaukinen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Terry D. Beacham
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Ruth E. Withler
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
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Fischer U, Koppang EO, Nakanishi T. Teleost T and NK cell immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:197-206. [PMID: 23664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The main function of the immune system is to maintain the organism's homeostasis when invaded by foreign material or organisms. Prior to successful elimination of the invader it is crucial to distinguish self from non-self. Most pathogens and altered cells can be recognized by immune cells through expressed pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS or DAMPS, respectively), through non-self (e.g. allogenic or xenogenic cells) or missing major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules (some virus-infected target cells), and by presenting foreign non-self peptides of intracellular (through MHC class I-e.g. virus-infected target cells) or extracellular (through MHC class II-e.g. from bacteria) origin. In order to eliminate invaders directly or by destroying their ability to replicate (e.g. virus-infected cells) specialized immune cells of the innate and adaptive responses appeared during evolution. The first line of defence is represented by the evolutionarily ancient macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. These innate mechanisms are well developed in bony fish. Two types of NK cell homologues have been described in fish: non-specific cytotoxic cells and NK-like cells. Adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) requires key molecules expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and target cells. CTLs kill host cells harbouring intracellular pathogens by binding of their T cell receptor (TCR) and its co-receptor CD8 to a complex of MHC class I and bound peptide on the infected host cell. Alternatively, extracellular antigens are taken up by professional antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells to process those antigens and present the resulting peptides in association with MHC class II to CD4(+) T helper cells. During recent years, genes encoding MHC class I and II, TCR and its co-receptors CD8 and CD4 have been cloned in several fish species and antibodies have been developed to study protein expression in morphological and functional contexts. Functional assays for innate and adaptive lymphocyte responses have been developed in only a few fish species. This review summarizes and discusses recent results and developments in the field of T and NK cell responses with focus on economically important and experimental model fish species in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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MHC class I of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): polymorphism and balancing selection. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:825-38. [PMID: 22864956 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Saltwater crocodiles are in high demand for the production of luxury fashion items. However, their susceptibility to disease incurs substantial losses and it is hoped to be able to genetically select these animals for disease resistance. So far, this has only been enabled by phenotypic selection. Investigating the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) could provide insight into the ability of an individual to respond to pathogens acting as a selective pressure on the host. Here, we assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 3 among 42 saltwater crocodiles from nine river basins in the Northern Territory, Australia. We generated 640 sequences using cloning and sequencing methods and identified 43 MHC variants among them. Phylogenetic analyses clustered these variants into two major clades, which may suggest two gene lineages. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between one and seven, indicating that there are at least four gene loci in this species. Selection detection analyses revealed an elevated ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (mean = 1.152 per codon), suggesting balancing selection. Population differentiation analyses revealed that the MHC did not show structuring among the river basins, and there were some shared variants among them. This may be a result of possible gene flow and/or similar selection pressures among populations. These findings provide background knowledge to identify potential MHC markers, which could be used for selecting genetically variable individuals for future disease associations. All MHC class I exon 3 sequences reported in this paper were submitted to the GenBank database with following accession numbers: HQ008785-HQ008789, HQ008791-HQ008798, HQ008808-HQ008815, HQ008824, HQ008826-HQ008830, HQ008835, HQ008839, HQ008842-HQ008850, and JX023536-JX023540.
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21
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Baltic salmon, Salmo salar, from Swedish river Lule älv is more resistant to furunculosis compared to rainbow trout. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29571. [PMID: 22276121 PMCID: PMC3262780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, continues to be a major health problem for the growing salmonid aquaculture. Despite effective vaccination programs regular outbreaks occur at the fish farms calling for repeated antibiotic treatment. We hypothesized that a difference in natural susceptibility to this disease might exist between Baltic salmon and the widely used rainbow trout. Study Design A cohabitation challenge model was applied to investigate the relative susceptibility to infection with A. salmonicida in rainbow trout and Baltic salmon. The course of infection was monitored daily over a 30-day period post challenge and the results were summarized in mortality curves. Results A. salmonicida was recovered from mortalities during the entire test period. At day 30 the survival was 6.2% and 34.0% for rainbow trout and Baltic salmon, respectively. Significant differences in susceptibility to A. salmonicida were demonstrated between the two salmonids and hazard ratio estimation between rainbow trout and Baltic salmon showed a 3.36 higher risk of dying from the infection in the former. Conclusion The finding that Baltic salmon carries a high level of natural resistance to furunculosis might raise new possibilities for salmonid aquaculture in terms of minimizing disease outbreaks and the use of antibiotics.
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22
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Millán A, Gómez-Tato A, Pardo BG, Fernández C, Bouza C, Vera M, Alvarez-Dios JA, Cabaleiro S, Lamas J, Lemos ML, Martínez P. Gene expression profiles of the spleen, liver, and head kidney in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) along the infection process with Aeromonas salmonicida using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1099-1114. [PMID: 21503602 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression profiles of turbot in the spleen, liver, and head kidney across five temporal points of the Aeromonas salmonicida infection process using an 8 × 15 K Agilent oligo-microarray. The microarray included 2,176 different fivefold replicated gene probes designed from a turbot 3' sequenced EST database. We were able to identify 471 differentially expressed (DE) genes (17.3% of the whole microarray), 223 in the spleen, 246 in the liver, and 125 in the head kidney, in at least one of the five temporal points sampled for each organ. Most of these genes could be annotated (83.0%) and functionally categorized using Gene Ontology terms (69.1%) after the additional sequencing of DE genes from the 5' end. Many DE genes were related to innate and acquired immune functions in accordance to previous studies with this pathogen in other fish species. A high proportion of DE genes were organ specific (77.1%), but their associated GO functions were rather similar in the three organs. The most striking difference in functional distribution was observed between the up- and down-regulated gene groups. Up-regulated genes were mostly associated to key immune functions while down-regulated ones mainly involved metabolism- and transport-related genes. Genetic response appeared clustered in groups of genes with similar expression profiles along the temporal series. The spleen showed the most clustering while the liver and head kidney displayed a higher diversification. The information obtained will aid to understand the turbot immune response and will specifically be valuable to develop strategies of defense to A. salmonicida to achieve more resistant broodstocks for turbot industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Millán
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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23
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Zhang Z, Niu C, Storset A, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Comparison of Aeromonas salmonicida resistant and susceptible salmon families: a high immune response is beneficial for the survival against Aeromonas salmonicida challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1-9. [PMID: 21232605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding has been employed to improve resistance to infectious diseases in aquaculture and it is of importance to investigate the expression profiles of immune genes together with complement activity of Atlantic salmon with different genetic background in response to pathogens, in particular against Aeromonas salmonicida. This study examined acute phase products, and several central T cell cytokines and a transcription factor in different tissues, namely head kidney, spleen and liver, in two families of Atlantic salmon with high and low mortalities, after challenge by A. salmonicida. The results showed that the expression pattern of target genes differed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in the two families. Generally, in lymphoid organs, higher expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TLR5M, TLR5S, GATA3, IFN-γ, IL-17D, as well as the pleiotropic cytokine gene IL-10 in the resistant family was observed at the same time point. One may speculate that a relatively high immune response is a pre-requisite for increased survival in a A. salmonicida challenge test. In addition, the resistant fish possessed higher complement activity pre-challenge compared to susceptible fish. Complement activity may be applied as an indicator in selective breeding for enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University(1), 100875 Beijing, China
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Loiseau C, Zoorob R, Robert A, Chastel O, Julliard R, Sorci G. Plasmodium relictum infection and MHC diversity in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1264-72. [PMID: 20943698 PMCID: PMC3049082 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites has been proposed as a mechanism maintaining genetic diversity in both host and parasite populations. In particular, the high level of genetic diversity usually observed at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is generally thought to be maintained by parasite-driven selection. Among the possible ways through which parasites can maintain MHC diversity, diversifying selection has received relatively less attention. This hypothesis is based on the idea that parasites exert spatially variable selection pressures because of heterogeneity in parasite genetic structure, abundance or virulence. Variable selection pressures should select for different host allelic lineages resulting in population-specific associations between MHC alleles and risk of infection. In this study, we took advantage of a large survey of avian malaria in 13 populations of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) to test this hypothesis. We found that (i) several MHC alleles were either associated with increased or decreased risk to be infected with Plasmodium relictum, (ii) the effects were population specific, and (iii) some alleles had antagonistic effects across populations. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that diversifying selection in space can maintain MHC variation and suggest a pattern of local adaptation where MHC alleles are selected at the local host population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Loiseau
- Laboratoire Parasitologie Evolutive, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7103, 7, quai St Bernard, Case 237, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Rima Zoorob
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Intégration des Fonctions Cellulaires, CNRS FRE 2937, 7 rue Guy Mocquet, 94801 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Robert
- Laboratoire Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 5173 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologique de Chizé, CNRS UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France
| | - Romain Julliard
- Laboratoire Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 5173 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- BioGéoSciences, Université de Bourgogne, CNRS UMR 5561, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Jacob A, Evanno G, Von Siebenthal BA, Grossen C, Wedekind C. Effects of different mating scenarios on embryo viability in brown trout. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:5296-307. [PMID: 21040055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mating with attractive or dominant males is often predicted to offer indirect genetic benefits to females, but it is still largely unclear how important such non-random mating can be with regard to embryo viability. We sampled a natural population of adult migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta), bred them in vitro in a half-sib breeding design to separate genetic from maternal environmental effects, raised 2098 embryos singly until hatching, and exposed them experimentally to different levels of pathogen stress at a late embryonic stage. We found that the embryos' tolerance to the induced pathogen stress was linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of their parents, i.e. certain MHC genotypes appeared to provide better protection against infection than others. We also found significant additive genetic variance for stress tolerance. Melanin-based dark skin patterns revealed males with 'good genes', i.e. embryos fathered by dark coloured males had a high tolerance to infection. Mating with large and dominant males would, however, not improve embryo viability when compared to random mating. We used simulations to provide estimates of how mate choice based on MHC or melanin-based skin patterns would influence embryos' tolerance to the experimentally induced pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Jacob
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Cárdenas C, Bidon-Chanal A, Conejeros P, Arenas G, Marshall S, Luque FJ. Molecular modeling of class I and II alleles of the major histocompatibility complex in Salmo salar. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:1035-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Rakus KŁ, Wiegertjes GF, Adamek M, Siwicki AK, Lepa A, Irnazarow I. Resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 is influenced by major histocompatibility (MH) class II B gene polymorphism. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:737-743. [PMID: 19328856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of MH class II B (Cyca-DAB1-like) genes in resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV) was analysed. The material consisted of 934 fish from six carp crosses. Fish were challenged with CyHV-3 at an age of 7 and 10 months. During challenge experiments the peak of mortality caused by CyHV-3 was observed at days 8-12 p.i. and the overall cumulative mortality reached 79.9%. Among six Cyca-DAB1-like genotypes, revealed by PCR-RF-SSCP analysis, one genotype (E) was found associated with higher resistance to CyHV-3. Three other genotypes (B, H and J) could be linked to higher susceptibility to CyHV-3. Analysis of the alleles that compose the Cyca-DAB1-like genotypes linked one particular allele (Cyca-DAB1*05) to significantly increased, and two alleles (Cyca-DAB1*02 and Cyca-DAB1*06) to significantly decreased resistance to CyHV-3. Our data indicate that MH class II B genes could be used as potential genetic markers in breeding of common carp for resistance to this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ł Rakus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, Chybie, Poland.
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Grimholt U, Johansen R, Smith AJ. A review of the need and possible uses for genetically standardized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in research. Lab Anim 2009; 43:121-6. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2008.008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) are used as research animals in basic research and to solve challenges related to the fish-farming industry. Most of this research is performed on farmed animals provided by local breeders or national breeding companies. The genetic constitution of these animals is usually unknown and highly variable. As a result, large numbers of fish are often needed to produce significant results, and results from one study are often impossible to reproduce in another facility. The production of standardized salmon could in many cases reduce the number of animals used in research and at the same time provide more reproducible results. This paper provides an overview of the methods available for the production of standardized Atlantic salmon, and discusses the pros and cons of each technique. The use of zebrafish and other well-defined laboratory fish species as a model for salmon is also discussed. Access to genetically defined fish would greatly benefit the scientific community, in the same way as genetically defined lines of rodents have revolutionized mammalian research.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Grimholt
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Johansen
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - A J Smith
- Norecopa, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed Atlantic salmon ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008; 6:736. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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