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Setotaw YB, Li J, Qi J, Ma C, Zhang M, Huang C, Wang L, Wu J. Salicylic acid positively regulates maize defenses against lepidopteran insects. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:519-529. [PMID: 39280976 PMCID: PMC11390602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
In response to insect attack, plants use intricate signaling pathways, including phytohormones, such as jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), and salicylic acid (SA), to activate defenses. Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important staple food crops around the world. Previous studies have shown that the JA and ET signaling play important roles in maize defense against insects, but little is known about whether and how SA regulates maize resistance to insect herbivores. In this study, we ectopically expressed the NahG (salicylate hydroxylase) gene in maize plants (NahG maize) to block the accumulation of SA. It was found that compared with the wild-type (WT) maize, the NahG maize exhibited decreased resistance to the generalist insects S podoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda and the specialist Mythimna separata, and the compromised resistance in the NahG maize was associated with decreased levels of defensive metabolites benzoxazinoids (Bxs) and chlorogenic acid (CA). Quantification of simulated S. litura feeding-induced JA, JA-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), and ET in the WT and NahG maize indicated that SA does not regulate JA or JA-Ile, but positively controls ET. We provide evidence suggesting that the SA pathway does not crosstalk with the JA or the ET signaling in regulating the accumulation of Bxs and CA. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the bHLH, ERF, and WRKY transcription factors might be involved in SA-regulated defenses. This study uncovers a novel and important phytohormone pathway in maize defense against lepidopterous larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Besufekad Setotaw
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Canrong Ma
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mou Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuilian Huang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Beijing 100093, China
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Shoji T, Hashimoto T, Saito K. Genetic regulation and manipulation of nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco: strategies to eliminate addictive alkaloids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1741-1753. [PMID: 37647764 PMCID: PMC10938045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a widely cultivated crop of the genus Nicotiana. Due to the highly addictive nature of tobacco products, tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death and disease. There is therefore a critical need to develop tobacco varieties with reduced or non-addictive nicotine levels. Nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids biosynthesized in the roots of tobacco plants are transported to the leaves, where they are stored in vacuoles as a defense against predators. Jasmonate, a defense-related plant hormone, plays a crucial signaling role in activating transcriptional regulators that coordinate the expression of downstream metabolic and transport genes involved in nicotine production. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in molecular and genomics research, revealing many metabolic and regulatory genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis. These advances have enabled us to develop tobacco plants with low or ultra-low nicotine levels through various methodologies, such as mutational breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing. We review the recent progress on genetic manipulation of nicotine production in tobacco, which serves as an excellent example of plant metabolic engineering with profound social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Shoji
- Instutute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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3
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Song N, Wu J. Synergistic induction of phytoalexins in Nicotiana attenuata by jasmonate and ethylene signaling mediated by NaWRKY70. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1063-1080. [PMID: 37870145 PMCID: PMC10837013 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Production of the phytoalexins scopoletin and scopolin is regulated by jasmonate (JA) and ethylene signaling in Nicotiana species in response to Alternaria alternata, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes brown spot disease. However, how these two signaling pathways are coordinated to control this process remains unclear. In this study, we found that the levels of these two phytoalexins and transcripts of their key enzyme gene, feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (NaF6'H1), were synergistically induced in Nicotiana attenuata by co-treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon. By combination of RNA sequencing and virus-induced gene silencing, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, NaWRKY70, which had a similar expression pattern to NaF6'H1 and was responsible for A. alternata-induced NaF6'H1 expression. Further evidence from stable transformed plants with RNA interference, knock out and overexpression of NaWRKY70 demonstrated that it is a key player in the synergistic induction of phytoalexins and plant resistance to A. alternata. Electrophoretic mobility shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, and dual-luciferase assays revealed that NaWRKY70 can bind directly to the NaF6'H1 promoter and activate its expression. Furthermore, the key regulator of the ethylene pathway, NaEIN3-like1, can directly bind to the NaWRKY70 promoter and activate its expression. Meanwhile, NaMYC2s, important JA pathway transcription factors, also indirectly regulate the expression of NaWRKY70 and NaF6'H1 to control scopoletin and scopolin production. Our data reveal that these phytoalexins are synergistically induced by JA and ethylene signaling during A. alternata infection, which is largely mediated by NaWRKY70, thus providing new insights into the defense responses against A. alternata in Nicotiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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Yuan P, Borrego E, Park YS, Gorman Z, Huang PC, Tolley J, Christensen SA, Blanford J, Kilaru A, Meeley R, Koiwa H, Vidal S, Huffaker A, Schmelz E, Kolomiets MV. 9,10-KODA, an α-ketol produced by the tonoplast-localized 9-lipoxygenase ZmLOX5, plays a signaling role in maize defense against insect herbivory. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1283-1303. [PMID: 37434355 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
13-Lipoxygenases (LOXs) initiate the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), the best-understood oxylipin hormone in herbivory defense. However, the roles of 9-LOX-derived oxylipins in insect resistance remain unclear. Here, we report a novel anti-herbivory mechanism mediated by a tonoplast-localized 9-LOX, ZmLOX5, and its linolenic acid-derived product, 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9,10-KODA). Transposon-insertional disruption of ZmLOX5 resulted in the loss of resistance to insect herbivory. lox5 knockout mutants displayed greatly reduced wound-induced accumulation of multiple oxylipins and defense metabolites, including benzoxazinoids, abscisic acid (ABA), and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile). However, exogenous JA-Ile failed to rescue insect defense in lox5 mutants, while applications of 1 μM 9,10-KODA or the JA precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), restored wild-type resistance levels. Metabolite profiling revealed that exogenous 9,10-KODA primed the plants for increased production of ABA and 12-OPDA, but not JA-Ile. While none of the 9-oxylipins were able to rescue JA-Ile induction, the lox5 mutant accumulated lower wound-induced levels of Ca2+, suggesting this as a potential explanation for lower wound-induced JA. Seedlings pretreated with 9,10-KODA exhibited rapid or more robust wound-induced defense gene expression. In addition, an artificial diet supplemented with 9,10-KODA arrested fall armyworm larvae growth. Finally, analysis of single and double lox5 and lox10 mutants showed that ZmLOX5 also contributed to insect defense by modulating ZmLOX10-mediated green leaf volatile signaling. Collectively, our study uncovered a previously unknown anti-herbivore defense and hormone-like signaling activity for a major 9-oxylipin α-ketol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA; Currently at Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA; Department of Plant Resources, Agriculture and Fisheries Life Science Research Institute, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam 32439, South Korea
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA
| | - Pei-Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA
| | - Jordan Tolley
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA; College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jantana Blanford
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37659, USA
| | - Robert Meeley
- Formerly at Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural Entomology, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840-2132, USA.
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Wang X, Chen Y, Liu S, Fu W, Zhuang Y, Xu J, Lou Y, Baldwin IT, Li R. Functional dissection of rice jasmonate receptors involved in development and defense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2144-2158. [PMID: 36869435 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones, jasmonates (JAs), mediate many plant developmental processes and their responses to important environmental stresses, such as herbivore attack. Bioactive JAs are perceived by CORONATINE INSENSITIVE (COI)-receptors, and associated JAZ proteins, to activate downstream responses. To date, the JA receptors of the important monocot crop plant, rice, remain to be explored. Here, we studied all three rice COI proteins, OsCOI1a, OsCOI1b, and OsCOI2, by ligand binding, genome editing, and phenotyping and examining some of the responsible mechanisms for the different responses. OsCOI2 binds to most individual OsJAZs in the presence of endogenous JA ligands, as OsCOI1a /1b do, albeit with greater partner selectivity. Single mutants of each OsCOI and OsCOI1a/1b double mutants were constructed by CRIPSR-Cas9-based genome editing and used to phenotype developmental and defense responses. OsCOI1b is involved in root growth and grain-size control and plays overlapping roles with OsCOI1a in spikelet development, while OsCOI2 regulates leaf senescence, male sterility, root growth, and grain size. All OsCOIs mediated resistance to the devastating rice pest, the brown planthopper. However, the defense sectors regulated by OsCOI1a/1b and OsCOI2 clearly differed. Our results revealed that all three OsCOIs are functional JA receptors that play diverse roles in regulating downstream JA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunqi Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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6
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Yang M, Cheng J, Yin M, Wu J. NaMLP, a new identified Kunitz trypsin inhibitor regulated synergistically by JA and ethylene, confers Spodoptera litura resistance in Nicotiana attenuata. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:723-734. [PMID: 36740647 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We identified a miraculin-like protein (NaMLP) who is a new Kunitz trypsin inhibitor regulated synergistically by JA and ethylene signals and confers Spodoptera litura resistance in wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. The findings revealed a new source of trypsin inhibitor activities after herbivory, and provide new insights into the complexity of the regulation of trypsin inhibitor-based defense after insect herbivore attack. Upon insect herbivore attack, wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata accumulates trypsin protease inhibitor (TPI) activities as a defense response from different protease inhibitor (PI) coding genes, including WRKY3-regulated NaKTI2, and JA-dependent NaPI. However, whether any other TPI gene exists in N. attenuata is still unclear. A miraculin-like protein gene (NaMLP) was highly up-regulated in N. attenuata after Alternaria alternata infection. However, silencing or overexpression of NaMLP had no effect on the lesion diameter developed on N. attenuata leaves after A. alternata inoculation. Meanwhile, the transcripts of NaMLP could be induced by wounding and amplified by Spodoptera litura oral secretions (OS). S. litura larvae gained significantly more biomass on NaMLP-silenced plants but less on NaMLP overexpressed plants. Although NaMLP showed low sequence similarity to NaKTI2, it had conserved reaction sites of Kunitz trypsin inhibitors, and exhibited TPI activities when its coding gene was overexpressed transiently or stably in N. attenuata. This was consistent with the worst performance of S. litura larvae on NaMLP overexpressed lines. Furthermore, NaMLP-silenced plants had reduced TPI activities and better S. litura performance. Finally, OS-elicited NaMLP was dramatically reduced in JA-deficient AOC silencing and ethylene-reduced ACO-silencing plants, and the expression of NaMLP could be significantly induced by methyl jasmonate or ethephon alone, but dramatically amplified by co-treatment of both methyl jasmonate and ethephon. Thus, our results demonstrate that in addition to JA-regulated NaPI, and WRKY3/6-dependent NaKTI2, N. attenuata plants also up-regulates TPI activities via NaMLP, which confers S. litura resistance through JA and ethylene signaling pathways in a synergistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Junbin Cheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Li Y, Tang J, Qi Y, Yang F, Su X, Fu J, Han X, He C, Xu Y, Zhan K, Xia H, Wu J, Wang L. Elevating herbivore-induced JA-Ile enhances potato resistance to the polyphagous beet armyworm but not to the oligophagous potato tuber moth. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:357-367. [PMID: 36176057 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oligophagous potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella, and the polyphagous beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, are two destructive pests of potato, and infestations can lead to serious reduction in potato yield. However, potato plant responses to the two herbivories are only poorly understood. Endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a signal responsible for the induction of plant anti-herbivore defenses. Elevation of JA-Ile by blocking its catabolism is considered to be an effective and sustainable approach to enhance plant resistance to insect pests. However, it is not clear whether this approach can enhance potato resistance to PTM and BAW. RESULTS We demonstrated that the transcriptional changes induced by simulated PTM and BAW feeding overlap to a large extent, and that 81.5% of the PTM- and 90.5% of the BAW-responsive genes were commonly regulated. We also generated potato transgenic lines, irStCYP94B3s, in which the three JA-Ile hydroxylases were all simultaneously silenced. These lines exhibited enhanced resistance only to BAW, but not to PTM, although levels of JA-Ile and its downstream induced defensive chemicals, including caffeoylputrescine, dicaffeoylspermidine, lyciumoside II, and the nicotianosides I, II, and VII, were all present at higher levels in PTM-infested than in BAW-infested irStCYP94B3s lines. CONCLUSION Our results provide support for the hypothesis that StCYP94B3 genes are able to act as potential targets for the control of polyphagous insect pests in potato, and reveal that the oligophagous PTM has evolved an effective mechanism to cope with JA-Ile-induced anti-herbivore defenses. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinxiang Tang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yuechen Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaohang Su
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Yunnan State Farms Zhaotong Agricultural Investment Co., Ltd, Zhaotong, China
| | - Xiaonv Han
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Caihua He
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Youxian Xu
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Xuanwei Seed Potato Research and Development Center, Xuanwei, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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8
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Fernandes LB, Ghag SB. Molecular insights into the jasmonate signaling and associated defense responses against wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 174:22-34. [PMID: 35121482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stress factors drastically limit plant growth and development as well as alter the physiological, biochemical and cellular processes. This negatively impacts plant productivity, ultimately leading to agricultural and economical loss. Plant defense mechanisms elicited in response to these stressors are crucially regulated by the intricate crosstalk between defense hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid and ethylene. These hormones orchestrate adaptive responses by modulating the gene regulatory networks leading to sequential changes in the root architecture, cell wall composition, secondary metabolite production and expression of defense-related genes. Fusarium wilt is a widespread vascular disease in plants caused by the soil-borne ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum and is known to attack several economically important plant cultivars. JA along with its conjugated forms methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid isoleucine critically tunes plant defense mechanisms by regulating the expression of JA-associated genes imparting resistance phenotype. However, it should be noted that some members of F. oxysporum utilize the JA signaling pathway for disease development leading to susceptibility in plants. Therefore, JA signaling pathway becomes one of the important targets amenable for modulation to develop resistance response against Fusarium wilt in plants. In this review, we have emphasized on the physiological and molecular aspects of JA and its significant role in mounting an early defense response against Fusarium wilt disease. Further, utilization of the inherent JA signaling pathway and/or exogenous application of JA in generating Fusarium wilt resistant plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle B Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz East, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhesh B Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz East, Mumbai, India.
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9
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Bai Y, Yang C, Halitschke R, Paetz C, Kessler D, Burkard K, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Li D. Natural history-guided omics reveals plant defensive chemistry against leafhopper pests. Science 2022; 375:eabm2948. [PMID: 35113706 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about plant traits that function in nonhost resistance against pathogens, little is known about nonhost resistance against herbivores, despite its agricultural importance. Empoasca leafhoppers, serious agricultural pests, identify host plants by eavesdropping on unknown outputs of jasmonate (JA)-mediated signaling. Forward- and reverse-genetics lines of a native tobacco plant were screened in native habitats with native herbivores using high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic tools to reveal an Empoasca-elicited JA-JAZi module. This module induces an uncharacterized caffeoylputrescine-green leaf volatile compound, catalyzed by a polyphenol oxidase in a Michael addition reaction, which we reconstitute in vitro; engineer in crop plants, where it requires a berberine bridge enzyme-like 2 (BBL2) for its synthesis; and show that it confers resistance to leafhoppers. Natural history-guided forward genetics reveals a conserved nonhost resistance mechanism useful for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Department of Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Burkard
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Yamada Y, Sato F. Transcription Factors in Alkaloid Engineering. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1719. [PMID: 34827717 PMCID: PMC8615522 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of low-molecular-weight and specialized secondary compounds. Among them, nitrogen-containing alkaloids are the most biologically active and are often used in the pharmaceutical industry. Although alkaloid chemistry has been intensively investigated, characterization of alkaloid biosynthesis, including biosynthetic enzyme genes and their regulation, especially the transcription factors involved, has been relatively delayed, since only a limited number of plant species produce these specific types of alkaloids in a tissue/cell-specific or developmental-specific manner. Recent advances in molecular biology technologies, such as RNA sequencing, co-expression analysis of transcripts and metabolites, and functional characterization of genes using recombinant technology and cutting-edge technology for metabolite identification, have enabled a more detailed characterization of alkaloid pathways. Thus, transcriptional regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis by transcription factors, such as basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF), and WRKY, is well elucidated. In addition, jasmonate signaling, an important cue in alkaloid biosynthesis, and its cascade, interaction of transcription factors, and post-transcriptional regulation are also characterized and show cell/tissue-specific or developmental regulation. Furthermore, current sequencing technology provides more information on the genome structure of alkaloid-producing plants with large and complex genomes, for genome-wide characterization. Based on the latest information, we discuss the application of transcription factors in alkaloid engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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11
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Roumani M, Besseau S, Gagneul D, Robin C, Larbat R. Phenolamides in plants: an update on their function, regulation, and origin of their biosynthetic enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2334-2355. [PMID: 33315095 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamides represent a family of specialized metabolites, consisting of the association of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Since the discovery of the first phenolamide in the late 1940s, decades of phytochemical analyses have revealed a high structural diversity for this family and a wide distribution in the plant kingdom. The occurrence of structurally diverse phenolamides in almost all plant organs has led to early hypotheses on their involvement in floral initiation and fertility, as well as plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In the present work, we critically review the literature ascribing functional hypotheses to phenolamides and recent evidence on the control of their biosynthesis in response to biotic stress. We additionally provide a phylogenetic analysis of the numerous N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases involved in the synthesis of phenolamides and discuss the potential role of other enzyme families in their diversification. The data presented suggest multiple evolutionary events that contributed to the extension of the taxonomic distribution and diversity of phenolamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Roumani
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA 2106, Biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales (BBV), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - David Gagneul
- UMR 1158, BioEcoAgro, Université de Lille, INRAe, Université de Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Université d'Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), Lille, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
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12
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Zhang C, Li J, Li S, Ma C, Liu H, Wang L, Qi J, Wu J. ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling negatively regulate the accumulation of anti-insect metabolites DIMBOA and DIMBOA-Glc in maize inbred line A188. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2273-2287. [PMID: 32996127 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and DIMBOA-glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc) are anti-insect benzoxazinoids in maize, yet very little information is known about how they are regulated. Reverse genetics, kinase activity analysis, phytohormone and DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc quantification, bioassays and transcriptome analysis were employed to study the function of ZmMPK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, in maize response to herbivory. ZmMPK6 was rapidly activated by wounding and simulated herbivory. Silencing ZmMPK6 in maize A188 compromised simulated herbivory-induced ethylene levels but not those of jasmonic acid or salicylic acid, and the ZmMPK6-silenced plants exhibited elevated DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc and insect resistance. An ethylene complementation experiment revealed that ZmMPK6 repressed the accumulation of DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc in an ethylene-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmMPK6 might meditate the transcription of BX1 by controlling a MYB transcription factor that is likely to be located in the ethylene signalling pathway and, furthermore, ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling also specifically and commonly regulate the transcription of other benzoxazinoid biosynthetic genes. We also show that different maize lines have very different responses to simulated herbivory in terms of ZmMPK6 activation, ethylene emission and benzoxazinoid levels. These results uncover that ZmMPK6 and ethylene pathway are novel repressors of DIMBOA/DIMBOA-Glc and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Canrong Ma
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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13
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Yang F, Tang J, Yang D, Yang T, Liu H, Luo W, Wu J, Jianqiang W, Wang L. Jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine and allene oxide cyclase-derived jasmonates differently regulate gibberellin metabolism in herbivory-induced inhibition of plant growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110627. [PMID: 33180707 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between plant growth and resistance to herbivory is thought to be at least partly mediated by the interactions between jasmonates and gibberellins (GAs). Insect herbivory activates jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling, and plant growth is concomitantly inhibited. Whether or not the herbivory-induced jasmonates suppress the accumulation of GAs and thus reduce plant growth, and which jasmonates are functional in this process, remain unclear. In this study, we show that herbivory-induced stunted growth of Nicotiana attenuata was completely dependent on allene oxide cyclase (AOC) and coronatine insensitive1 (COI1), which encode a JA biosynthetic enzyme and the receptor, respectively, but only partially dependent on jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), the bioactive jasmonate. Quantification of GAs and exogenous treatments indicated that herbivory-induced growth inhibition was caused by GA4 deficiency, and that the reduction in GA4 accumulation was strongly associated with both decreased concentrations of GA biosynthetic gene transcripts and transcriptional activation of GA catabolic genes. We further show that JA-Ile only positively regulated the levels of GA catabolic genes, while the accumulation of GA biosynthetic gene transcripts was controlled by certain AOC-derived jasmonate(s) rather than by JA-Ile. This work sheds light on the mechanisms by which plants adapt to herbivory by using intricate phytohormone signaling and transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jinxiang Tang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wanni Luo
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wu Jianqiang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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14
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Li D, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Information theory tests critical predictions of plant defense theory for specialized metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0381. [PMID: 32577508 PMCID: PMC7286674 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Different plant defense theories have provided important theoretical guidance in explaining patterns in plant specialized metabolism, but their critical predictions remain to be tested. Here, we systematically explored the metabolomes of Nicotiana attenuata, from single plants to populations, as well as of closely related species, using unbiased tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses and processed the abundances of compound spectrum-based MS features within an information theory framework to test critical predictions of optimal defense (OD) and moving target (MT) theories. Information components of plant metabolomes were consistent with the OD theory but contradicted the main prediction of the MT theory for herbivory-induced dynamics of metabolome compositions. From micro- to macroevolutionary scales, jasmonate signaling was confirmed as the master determinant of OD, while ethylene signaling provided fine-tuning for herbivore-specific responses annotated via MS/MS molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author. (E.G.); (I.T.B)
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author. (E.G.); (I.T.B)
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15
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Tang J, Yang D, Wu J, Chen S, Wang L. Silencing JA hydroxylases in Nicotiana attenuata enhances jasmonic acid-isoleucine-mediated defenses against Spodoptera litura. PLANT DIVERSITY 2020; 42:111-119. [PMID: 32373769 PMCID: PMC7195586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) plays important roles in plant resistance to insect herbivores. One important derivative of JA is 12-OH-JA, which is produced by two independent pathways: direct hydroxylation of JA by jasmonate-induced oxygenases (JOXs) or hydrolyzation of 12-OH-JA-Ile.Yet the function of 12-OH-JA in plant-herbivore interactions remains largely unknown. In this study, we silenced four JOX homologs independently in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and found that all four JOX homologs are involved in JA hydroxylation. Simultaneously silencing the four JA hydroxylases in VIGS-NaJOXs plants decreased herbivory-induced 12-OH-JA by 33%, but JA and JA-Ile levels increased by 45% and 30%, respectively, compared to those in control plants. Compared to direct hydroxylation from JA, hydrolyzation from 12-OH-JA-Ile is equally important for herbivory-induced 12-OH-JA accumulation: in the 12-OH-JA-Ile deficient irJAR4/6 plants, 12-OH-JA decreased 34%. Moreover, VIGS-NaJOXs plants exhibited enhanced resistance to the generalist herbivore Spodoptera litura. The poor larval performance was strongly correlated with high levels of several JA-Ile-dependent direct defense metabolites in the VIGS-NaJOXs plants. When we simultaneously silenced all four JA hydroxylases in the JA-Ile-deficient irJAR4/6 background, the enhanced herbivore resistance diminished, demonstrating that enhanced herbivore resistance resulted from elevated JA-Ile levels. Given that silencing these NaJOX-like genes did not detectably alter plant growth but highly increased plant defense levels, we propose that JOX genes are potential targets for genetic improvement of herbivore-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Tang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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16
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Zhang Q, Dai W, Wang X, Li J. Elevated CO 2 concentration affects the defense of tobacco and melon against lepidopteran larvae through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4060. [PMID: 32132576 PMCID: PMC7055285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The massive use of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution has led to a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. What effects elevated CO2 concentrations (ECO2) have on the defense mechanisms plants employ against insects remains poorly understood. This study showed that ECO2 of 750 ± 20 mmol/mol, increased the photosynthetic rate and biomass gain of tobacco and melon plants. However, while mass gain of Spodoptera litura, a nocturnal moth in the Noctuidae family, was higher when feeding on tobacco plants under ECO2, mass gain of Diaphania indica was reduced when feeding on melon plant at ECO2 compared to ambient CO2. Plants have many mechanisms to defend themselves against insects. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a crucial element of plant defense against lepidopteran insects. Our study showed that JA levels increased in tobacco plants under ECO2 but decreased in melon plants. It is speculated that ECO2 changes plant resistance to insects mainly by affecting the JA signaling pathway. Nutrient analysis suggested defensive metabolites rather than changes in the total nitrogen or protein content of the plants led to the changes in plant defense levels under ECO2. In summary, ECO2 affects the interaction between plants and insects. The results may provide a theoretical basis for studying the changes in crop resistance to pests under ECO2 and predicting the impact of ECO2 on future agro-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technolog, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technolog, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technolog, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China.
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17
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Paudel Timilsena B, Seidl-Adams I, Tumlinson JH. Herbivore-specific plant volatiles prime neighboring plants for nonspecific defense responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:787-800. [PMID: 31759336 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce species-specific herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) after damage. We tested the hypothesis that herbivore-specific HIPVs prime neighboring plants to induce defenses specific to the priming herbivore. Since Manduca sexta (specialist) and Heliothis virescens (generalist) herbivory induced unique HIPV profiles in Nicotiana benthamiana, we used these HIPVs to prime receiver plants for defense responses to simulated herbivory (mechanical wounding and herbivore regurgitant application). Jasmonic acid (JA) accumulations and emitted volatile profiles were monitored as representative defense responses since JA is the major plant hormone involved in wound and defense signaling and HIPVs have been implicated as signals in tritrophic interactions. Herbivore species-specific HIPVs primed neighboring plants, which produced 2 to 4 times more volatiles and JA after simulated herbivory when compared to similarly treated constitutive volatile-exposed plants. However, HIPV-exposed plants accumulated similar amounts of volatiles and JA independent of the combination of priming or challenging herbivore. Furthermore, volatile profiles emitted by primed plants depended only on the challenging herbivore species but not on the species-specific HIPV profile of damaged emitter plants. This suggests that feeding by either herbivore species primed neighboring plants for increased HIPV emissions specific to the subsequently attacking herbivore and is probably controlled by JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipana Paudel Timilsena
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Chemical Ecology Lab, Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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18
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Qin Y, Zhang J, Hettenhausen C, Liu H, Li S, Shen G, Cao G, Wu J. The host jasmonic acid pathway regulates the transcriptomic changes of dodder and host plant under the scenario of caterpillar feeding on dodder. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:540. [PMID: 31801469 PMCID: PMC6894313 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dodder (Cuscuta spp., Convolvulaceae) species are obligate leaf- and rootless parasites that totally depend on hosts to survive. Dodders naturally graft themselves to host stems to form vascular fusion, from which they obtain nutrients and water. In addition, dodders and their hosts also exchange various other molecules, including proteins, mRNAs, and small RNAs. It is very likely that vascular fusion also allows inter-plant translocation of systemic signals between dodders and host plants and these systemic signals may have profound impacts on the physiology of dodder and host plants. Herbivory is a common biotic stress for plants. When a dodder parasite is attacked by lepidopteran insects, how dodder responds to caterpillar feeding and whether there are inter-plant communications between the host plants and the parasites is still poorly understood. RESULTS Here, wild-type (WT) tobacco and a tobacco line in which jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis was silenced (AOC-RNAi) were used as the hosts, and the responses of dodders and their host plants to herbivory by Spodoptera litura caterpillars on the dodders were investigated. It was found that after caterpillar attack, dodders grown on AOC-RNAi tobacco showed much a smaller number of differentially expressed genes, although the genotypes of the tobacco plants did not have an effect on the simulated S. litura feeding-induced JA accumulation in dodders. We further show that S. litura herbivory on dodder also led to large changes in transcriptome and defensive metabolites in the host tobacco, leading to enhanced resistance to S. litura, and the JA pathway of tobacco host is critical for these systemic responses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that during caterpillar attack on dodder, the JA pathway of host plant is required for the proper transcriptomic responses of both dodder and host plants. This study highlights the importance of the host JA pathway in regulating the inter-plant systemic signaling between dodder and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, No.1 Xingyi Road, Xingyi City, 562400, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shalan Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guojing Shen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guoyan Cao
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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19
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Ray R, Li D, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Using natural variation to achieve a whole-plant functional understanding of the responses mediated by jasmonate signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:414-425. [PMID: 30927293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and biochemistry of jasmonate (JA) signaling have been the subject of several excellent recent reviews that have highlighted the phytohormonal function of this signaling pathway. Here, we focus on the responses mediated by JA signaling which have consequences for a plant's Darwinian fitness, i.e. the organism-level function of JA signaling. The most diverse module in the signaling cascade, the JAZ proteins, and their interactions with other proteins and transcription factors, allow this canonical signaling cascade to mediate a bewildering array of traits in different tissues at different times; the functional coherence of these diverse responses are best appreciated in an organismal/ecological context. From published work, it appears that jasmonates can function as the 'Swiss Army knife' of plant signaling, mediating many different biotic and abiotic stress and developmental responses that allow plants to contextualize their responses to their frequently changing local environments and optimize their fitness. We propose that a deeper analysis of the natural variation in both within-plant and within-population JA signaling components is a profitable means of attaining a coherent whole-plant functional perspective of this signaling cascade, and provide examples of this approach from the Nicotiana attenuata system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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20
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Zenkner FF, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Nicotine Biosynthesis inNicotiana: A Metabolic Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3381/18-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids are important compounds found in Nicotiana plants, essential in plant defense against herbivores. The main alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum, nicotine, is produced in roots and translocated to the leaves. Nicotine is formed by a pyrrolidine and a pyridine ring in a process involving several enzymes. The pyridine ring of nicotine is derived from nicotinic acid, whereas the pyrrolidine ring originates from polyamine putrescine metabolism. After synthesis in root cortical cells, a set of transporters is known to transport nicotine upward to the aerial part and store it in leaf vacuoles. Moreover, nicotine can be metabolized in leaves, giving rise to nornicotine through the N-demethylation process. Some Nicotiana wild species produce acyltransferase enzymes, which allow the plant to make N-acyl-nornicotine, an alkaloid with more potent insecticidal properties than nicotine. However, although we can find a wealth of information about the alkaloid production in Nicotiana spp., our understanding about nicotine biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism is still incomplete. This review will summarize these pathways on the basis on recent literature, as well as highlighting questions that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fleig Zenkner
- Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil
- JTI Processadora de Tabaco do Brasil LTDA, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
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21
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Zhang X, Niu M, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Jia Y, Xiao Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Identification and functional characterization of three new terpene synthase genes involved in chemical defense and abiotic stresses in Santalum album. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 30922222 PMCID: PMC6437863 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that aromatic essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Santalum album L. have wide economic value. However, little is known about the role of terpenoids in response to various adverse environmental stresses as other plants do in the form of signals during plant-environment interactions. RESULTS In this study, trace amounts of volatiles consisting of α-santalene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, α-santalol, β-santalol, (E)-α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene and β-bisabolene were found in the leaves of mature S. album trees. We identified more than 40 candidate terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes by mining publicly-available RNA-seq data and characterized the enzymes encoded by three cDNAs: one mono-TPS catalyzes the formation of mostly α-terpineol, and two multifunctional sesqui-TPSs, one of which produces (E)-α-bergamotene and sesquisabinene as major products and another which catalyzes the formation of (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-farnesol as main products. Metabolite signatures and gene expression studies confirmed that santalol content is closely related with santalene synthase (SaSSY) transcripts in heartwood, which is key enzyme responsible for santalol biosynthesis. However, the expression of three new SaTPS genes differed significantly from SaSSY in the essential oil-producing heartwood. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, were detected in different tissues of S. album plants after applying 1 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), or exposure to 4°C, 38°C and high light intensity. MeJA and SA dramatically induced the expression of SaTPS1 and SaTPS2 in leaves. SaTPS1 to 3 transcripts were differentially activated among different tissues under adverse temperature and light stresses. In contrast, almost all SaSSY transcripts decreased in response to these environmental stresses, unlike SaTPS1 to 3. CONCLUSIONS Multifunctional enzymes were biochemically characterized, including one chloroplastic mono-TPS and two cytosolic sesqui-TPSs in sandalwood. Our results suggest the ecological importance of these three new SaTPS genes in defensive response to biotic attack and abiotic stresses in S. album.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yueya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Xu Z, Song N, Ma L, Wu J. IRE1-bZIP60 Pathway Is Required for Nicotiana attenuata Resistance to Fungal Pathogen Alternaria alternata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:263. [PMID: 30941151 PMCID: PMC6434776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) splices the bZIP60 mRNA, and produces an active bZIP60 transcription factor that regulates genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) during ER stresses. This IRE1-bZIP60 pathway is conserved in plant species and recently implicated in plant-pathogen interaction. However, it is unclear whether this IRE1-bZIP60 pathway is involved in Nicotiana attenuata resistance to necrotic fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata. In this study, transcriptional levels of chaperone protein genes, including luminal binding protein (BiP), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), calnexin 1-like (CNX 1-like), and calreticulin (CRT), and genes involved in IRE1-bZIP60 pathway, were all significantly induced in N. attenuata leaves after A. alternata inoculation. Silencing IRE1 or bZIP60 led to N. attenuata plants more susceptible to A. alternata, which were associated with reduced gene expressions of Feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 (F6'H1), a gene encoding a key enzyme for phytoalexin scopoletin and scopolin biosynthesis. Further, electromobility shift assays (EMSA) indicated that bZIP60 protein of spliced form could directly bind to the promoter region of F6'H1 in vitro. JA signaling pathway is required for N. attenuata resistance to A. alternata. Interestingly, the fungus-elicited transcriptional levels of BiP, PDI, CNX 1-like, CRT, IRE1, and bZIP60(s) were all significantly decreased in JA-deficient or JA-insensitive plants. Meanwhile, those genes were significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) when applied exogenously. However, the transcriptional levels of JA-regulated genes allene oxide synthase (AOS) and lipoxygenease 3 (LOX3) were not affected in plants impaired with IRE1-bZIP60 pathway. Thus, it is concluded that IRE1-bZIP60 pathway is required for N. attenuata resistance to A. alternata, and JA signaling pathway plays an important role in the elicitation of chaperone protein genes and IRE1-bZIP60 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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23
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Malook SU, Qi J, Hettenhausen C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Zhang J, Lu C, Li J, Wang L, Wu J. The oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata) feeding induces systemic defence responses within and between maize leaves. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180307. [PMID: 30967023 PMCID: PMC6367157 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize ( Zea mays) is a staple cereal crop cultivated all over the world but that is threatened by various insects. Feeding of the lepidopteran insect Mythimna separata triggers defence signalling and increases anti-herbivore benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in the insect-damaged maize leaves. However, the herbivory-elicited within-leaf and leaf-to-leaf systemic signalling in maize remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that simulated M. separata herbivory and mechanical wounding elicited increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-Ile (JA-isoleucine conjugate) and Bxs in the damaged areas and in specific systemic regions within a leaf. Importantly, increased contents of Bxs were detected in a systemic leaf, and consistently, this leaf exhibited increased defence against M. separata. Increased JA/JA-Ile and altered transcriptome, including Bx biosynthesis genes, were detected in systemic leaves after wounding or simulated herbivory treatments, although only simulated herbivory induced increase of the contents of Bxs systemically. Promoter and co-expression analysis revealed that transcription factors bHLH57 and WRKY34 may regulate Bx biosynthesis genes in systemic leaves. Moreover, leaf ablation experiment indicated that the systemic signal rapidly exited the local leaves within 30 min after elicitation. This study provides new insight into the temporal and spatial regulation of defence responses of maize against lepidopteran insects. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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24
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Cheng J, Song N, Wu J. A patatin-like protein synergistically regulated by jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways plays a negative role in Nicotiana attenuata resistance to Alternaria alternata. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:7-12. [PMID: 30931412 PMCID: PMC6412105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although patatin was initially identified as a major storage protein in potato tubers, patatin-like proteins (PLPs) have been recently reported to be widely present in many plant species and shown to be involved in plant-pathogen interactions. However, it is not clear whether PLPs are involved in Nicotiana attenuata resistance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata. In this study we identified a NaPLP gene, whose expression was highly elicited by A. alternata inoculation. Silencing NaPLP enhanced N. attenuata resistance to A. alternata, which was associated with higher induction levels of JA and ethylene biosynthetic genes, NaACS1, NaACO1 and NaLOX3. The induction of NaPLP expression by the fungus was abolished in JA-deficient plants and significantly reduced in ethylene-insensitive plants. In addition, NaPLP transcripts were highly induced by exogenous treatment with either methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon. Co-treatment with MeJA and ethephon led to a much higher induction level of NaPLP transcripts, and this synergistic induction was largely dependent on endogenous JA and ethylene signaling pathways. Thus, we conclude that the NaPLP gene is elicited by A. alternata via JA and ethylene signaling pathways in a synergistic way; however, unlike other JA- and ethylene-induced defense genes, NaPLP negatively affects plant resistance to the fungus likely by suppressing JA and ethylene biosynthetic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Cheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Na Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, 650201, Kunming, China
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Qin J, Wu M, Liu H, Gao Y, Ren A. Endophyte Infection and Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased the Resistance of Achnatherum sibiricum to Insect Herbivores Independently. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:toxins11010007. [PMID: 30587763 PMCID: PMC6357071 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are usually thought to be responsible for protecting endophyte-infected (EI) grasses from their herbivores. For EI grasses that produce few alkaloids, can endophyte infection enhance their resistance to herbivores? Related studies are limited. In the Inner Mongolian steppe, Achnatherum sibiricum is highly infected by Epichloë endophytes, but produces few alkaloids. Locusts are the common insect herbivores of grasses. In this study, A. sibiricum was used as plant material. Methyl jasmonate (MJ, when applied exogenously, can induce responses similar to herbivore damage) treatment was performed. The effects of endophyte infection and MJ treatment on the resistance of A. sibiricum to Locusta migratoria were studied. We found that locusts preferred EF (endophyte-free) plants to EI plants in both choice and no-choice feeding experiments. Endophyte infection enhanced the resistance of A. sibiricum to locusts. Endophyte infection decreased soluble sugar concentrations, while it increased the total phenolic content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, which may contribute to the resistance of A. sibiricum to locusts. There was an interaction effect between MJ treatment and endophyte infection on the growth of the host. MJ treatment was a negative regulator of the plant growth-promoting effects of endophyte infection. There was no interaction effect between MJ treatment and endophyte infection on the defense characteristics of the host. In groups not exposed to locusts, MJ treatment and endophyte infection had a similar effect in decreasing the soluble sugar content, while increasing the total phenolic content and the PAL activity. In groups exposed to locusts, the effect of MJ treatment on the above characteristics disappeared, while the effect of endophyte infection became more obvious. All of these results suggest that even for endophytes producing few alkaloids, they could still increase the resistance of native grasses to insect herbivores. Furthermore, endophyte infection might mediate the defense responses of the host, independent of jasmonic acid (JA) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Man Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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26
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Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Field studies reveal functions of chemical mediators in plant interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5338-5353. [PMID: 29770376 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of most ecosystems, embedded in a rich network of ecological interactions in which they evolved. While their limited range and speed of motion precludes animal-typical behavior, plants are accomplished chemists, producing thousands of specialized metabolites which may function to convey information, or even to manipulate the physiology of other organisms. Plants' complex interactions and their underlying mechanisms are typically dissected within the controlled environments of growth chambers and glasshouses, but doing so introduces conditions alien to plants evolved in natural environments, such as being pot-bound, and receiving artificial light with a spectrum very different from sunlight. The mechanistic understanding gained from a reductionist approach provides the tools required to query and manipulate plant interactions in real-world settings. The few tests conducted in natural ecosystems and agricultural fields have highlighted the limitations of studying plant interactions only in artificial environments. Here, we focus on three examples of known or hypothesized chemical mediators of plants' interactions: the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET), more complex plant volatile blends, and as-yet-unknown mediators transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). We highlight how mechanistic knowledge has advanced research in all three areas, and the critical importance of field work if we are to put our understanding of chemical ecology on rigorous experimental and theoretical footing, and demonstrate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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27
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Brütting C, Crava CM, Schäfer M, Schuman MC, Meldau S, Adam N, Baldwin IT. Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects. eLife 2018; 7:e36268. [PMID: 30014847 PMCID: PMC6059766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic insects provide the textbook examples of herbivores that manipulate their host plant's physiology, putatively altering source/sink relationships by transferring cytokinins (CK) to create 'green islands' that increase the nutritional value of infested tissues. However, unambiguous demonstrations of CK transfer are lacking. Here we show that feeding by the free-living herbivore Tupiocoris notatus on Nicotiana attenuata is characterized by stable nutrient levels, increased CK levels and alterations in CK-related transcript levels in attacked leaves, in striking similarity to endophytic insects. Using 15N-isotope labeling, we demonstrate that the CK N6-isopentenyladenine (IP) is transferred from insects to plants via their oral secretions. In the field, T. notatus preferentially attacks leaves with transgenically increased CK levels; plants with abrogated CK-perception are less tolerant of T. notatus feeding damage. We infer that this free-living insect uses CKs to manipulate source/sink relationships to increase food quality and minimize the fitness consequences of its feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Cristina Maria Crava
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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28
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McGale E, Diezel C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Cry1Ac production is costly for native plants attacked by non-Cry1Ac-targeted herbivores in the field. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:714-727. [PMID: 29754424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems and have complex defense systems to protect their produce. Defense-deficient, high-yielding agricultural monocultures attract abundant nonhuman consumers, but are alternatively defended through pesticide application and genetic engineering to produce insecticidal proteins such as Cry1Ac (Bacillus thuringiensis). These approaches alter the balance between yield protection and maximization but have been poorly contextualized to known yield-defense trade-offs in wild plants. The native plant Nicotiana attenuata was used to compare yield benefits of plants transformed to be defenseless to those with a full suite of naturally evolved defenses, or additionally transformed to ectopically produce Cry1Ac. An insecticide treatment allowed us to examine yield under different herbivore loads in N. attenuata's native habitat. Cry1Ac, herbivore damage, and growth parameters were monitored throughout the season. Biomass and reproductive correlates were measured at season end. Non-Cry1Ac-targeted herbivores dominated on noninsecticide-treated plants, and increased the yield drag of Cry1Ac-producing plants in comparison with endogenously defended or undefended plants. Insecticide-sprayed Cry1Ac-producing plants lagged less in stalk height, shoot biomass, and flower production. In direct comparison with the endogenous defenses of a native plant, Cry1Ac production did not provide yield benefits for plants under observed herbivore loads in a field study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McGale
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
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29
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Lu C, Qi J, Hettenhausen C, Lei Y, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang C, Song J, Li J, Cao G, Malook SU, Wu J. Elevated CO 2 differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:412-431. [PMID: 29319235 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 levels are rapidly increasing due to human activities. However, the effects of elevated CO2 (ECO2 ) on plant defense against insects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that ECO2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants, and the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively. Consistently, under ECO2 , the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense-related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect-damaged tobacco and rice plants. Importantly, bioassays and quantification of defense-related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway. We further demonstrate that the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO2 . This study illustrates that ECO2 changes the interplay between plants and insects, and we propose that crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under ECO2 to predict the impact of ECO2 on future agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yunting Lei
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mou Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guoyan Cao
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Saif Ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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30
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Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Cheng T, Hu L, Wang P, Yang X, Peng Y, Lu Y, Chen J, Shi J. Carbon Monoxide Potentiates High Temperature-Induced Nicotine Biosynthesis in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E188. [PMID: 29316708 PMCID: PMC5796137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) acts as an important signal in many physiological responses in plants, but its role in plant secondary metabolism is still unknown. Nicotine is the main alkaloid generated in tobacco and the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) has previously been reported to efficiently induce its biosynthesis. Whether and how CO interacts with JA to regulate nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that high temperature (HT) induces quick accumulation of nicotine in tobacco roots, combined with an increase in CO and JA concentration. Suppressing CO generation reduced both JA and nicotine biosynthesis, whereas exogenous application of CO increased JA and nicotine content. CO causes an increased expression of NtPMT1 (a key nicotine biosynthesis enzyme), via promoting NtMYC2a binding to the G-box region of its promoter, leading to heightened nicotine levels under HT conditions. These data suggest a novel function for CO in stimulating nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco under HT stress, through a JA signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Liwei Hu
- Laboratory of Tobacco Agriculture, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry Administration, China Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Ye Peng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Ye Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jisen Shi
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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32
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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33
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Lee G, Joo Y, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. What happens in the pith stays in the pith: tissue-localized defense responses facilitate chemical niche differentiation between two spatially separated herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:414-425. [PMID: 28805339 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore attack is known to elicit systemic defense responses that spread throughout the host plant and influence the performance of other herbivores. While these plant-mediated indirect competitive interactions are well described, and the co-existence of herbivores from different feeding guilds is common, the mechanisms of co-existence are poorly understood. In both field and glasshouse experiments with a native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, we found no evidence of negative interactions when plants were simultaneously attacked by two spatially separated herbivores: a leaf chewer Manduca sexta and a stem borer Trichobaris mucorea. T. mucorea attack elicited jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine bursts in the pith of attacked stems similar to those that occur in leaves when M. sexta attacks N. attenuata leaves. Pith chlorogenic acid (CGA) levels increased 1000-fold to levels 6-fold higher than leaf levels after T. mucorea attack; these increases in pith CGA levels, which did not occur in M. sexta-attacked leaves, required JA signaling. With plants silenced in CGA biosynthesis (irHQT plants), CGA, as well as other caffeic acid conjugates, was demonstrated in both glasshouse and field experiments to function as a direct defense protecting piths against T. mucorea attack, but not against leaf chewers or sucking insects. T. mucorea attack does not systemically activate JA signaling in leaves, while M. sexta leaf-attack transiently induces detectable but minor pith JA levels that are dwarfed by local responses. We conclude that tissue-localized defense responses allow tissue-specialized herbivores to share the same host and occupy different chemical defense niches in the same hostplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straβe 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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34
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Ferrieri AP, Machado RAR, Arce CCM, Kessler D, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Localized micronutrient patches induce lateral root foraging and chemotropism in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:759-771. [PMID: 28650091 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients are distributed unevenly in the soil. Phenotypic plasticity in root growth and proliferation may enable plants to cope with this variation and effectively forage for essential nutrients. However, how micronutrients shape root architecture of plants in their natural environments is poorly understood. We used a combination of field and laboratory-based assays to determine the capacity of Nicotiana attenuata to direct root growth towards localized nutrient patches in its native environment. Plants growing in nature displayed a particular root phenotype consisting of a single primary root and a few long, shallow lateral roots. Analysis of bulk soil surrounding the lateral roots revealed a strong positive correlation between lateral root placement and micronutrient gradients, including copper, iron and zinc. In laboratory assays, the application of localized micronutrient salts close to lateral root tips led to roots bending in the direction of copper and iron. This form of chemotropism was absent in ethylene and jasmonic acid deficient lines, suggesting that it is controlled in part by these two hormones. This work demonstrates that directed root growth underlies foraging behavior, and suggests that chemotropism and micronutrient-guided root placement are important factors that shape root architecture in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P Ferrieri
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla C M Arce
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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35
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Li R, Wang M, Wang Y, Schuman MC, Weinhold A, Schäfer M, Jiménez-Alemán GH, Barthel A, Baldwin IT. Flower-specific jasmonate signaling regulates constitutive floral defenses in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7205-E7214. [PMID: 28784761 PMCID: PMC5576791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703463114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and leaves are protected by jasmonate (JA)-inducible defenses. Flowers are vehicles of Darwinian fitness in flowering plants and are attacked by herbivores and pathogens, but how they are defended is rarely investigated. We used Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model plant with well-characterized herbivore interactions to characterize defense responses in flowers. Early floral stages constitutively accumulate greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-α-bergamotene and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), which are also found in herbivore-induced leaves. Plants rendered deficient in JA biosynthesis or perception by RNA interference had significantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leaves. By RNA-seq, we found a JAZ gene, NaJAZi, specifically expressed in early-stage floral tissues. Gene silencing revealed that NaJAZi functions as a flower-specific jasmonate repressor that regulates JAs, (E)-α-bergamotene, TPIs, and a defensin. Flowers silenced in NaJAZi are more resistant to tobacco budworm attack, a florivore. When the defensin was ectopically expressed in leaves, performance of Manduca sexta larvae, a folivore, decreased. NaJAZi physically interacts with a newly identified NINJA-like protein, but not the canonical NINJA. This NINJA-like recruits the corepressor TOPLESS that contributes to the suppressive function of NaJAZi on floral defenses. This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which includes components that tailor JA signaling to provide flower-specific defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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36
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Bozorov TA, Dinh ST, Baldwin IT. JA but not JA-Ile is the cell-nonautonomous signal activating JA mediated systemic defenses to herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:552-571. [PMID: 28422432 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The whole-plant activation of defense responses to wounding and herbivory requires systemic signaling in which jasmonates (JAs) play a pivotal role. To examine the nature of the slower cell-nonautonomous as compared to the rapid cell-autonomous signal in mediating systemic defenses in Nicotiana attenuata, reciprocal stem grafting-experiments were used with plants silenced for the JA biosynthetic gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (irAOC) or plants transformed to create JA sinks by ectopically expressing Arabidopsis JA-O-methyltransferase (ovJMT). JA-impaired irAOC plants were defective in the cell-nonautonomous signaling pathway but not in JA transport. Conversely, ovJMT plants abrogated the production of a graft-transmissible JA signal. Both genotypes displayed unaltered cell-autonomous signaling. Defense responses (17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides, nicotine, and proteinase inhibitors) and metabolite profiles were differently induced in irAOC and ovJMT scions in response to graft-transmissible signals from elicited wild type stocks. The performance of Manduca sexta larvae on the scions of different graft combinations was consistent with the patterns of systemic defense metabolite elicitations. Taken together, we conclude that JA and possibly MeJA, but not JA-Ile, either directly functions as a long-distance transmissible signal or indirectly interacts with long distance signal(s) to activate systemic defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohir A Bozorov
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Yukori-Yuz, 111226, Kibray, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan
| | - Son Truong Dinh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology - Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ngo Xuan Quang Street, 100000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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37
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Zverev V, Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Ontogenetic changes in insect herbivory in birch (
Betula pubesecens
): The importance of plant apparency. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Zverev
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Elena L. Zvereva
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Mikhail V. Kozlov
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
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38
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Jasmonate-induced biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids depends on COI1 proteins in tomato. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:206-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Züst T, Agrawal AA. Trade-Offs Between Plant Growth and Defense Against Insect Herbivory: An Emerging Mechanistic Synthesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:513-534. [PMID: 28142282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be constrained by trade-offs that reflect the allocation of limiting resources. Recent advances in uncovering signal transduction networks have revealed that defense trade-offs are often the result of regulatory "decisions" by the plant, enabling it to fine-tune its phenotype in response to diverse environmental challenges. We place these results in the context of classic studies in ecology and evolutionary biology, and propose a unifying framework for growth-defense trade-offs as a means to study the plant's allocation of limiting resources. Pervasive physiological costs constrain the upper limit to growth and defense traits, but the diversity of selective pressures on plants often favors negative correlations at intermediate trait levels. Despite the ubiquity of underlying costs of defense, the current challenge is using physiological and molecular approaches to predict the conditions where they manifest as detectable trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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40
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Maag D, Köhler A, Robert CAM, Frey M, Wolfender JL, Turlings TCJ, Glauser G, Erb M. Highly localized and persistent induction of Bx1-dependent herbivore resistance factors in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:976-991. [PMID: 27538820 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The induced production of secondary metabolites in herbivore-attacked plants varies in space and time. However, the consequences of these spatiotemporal patterns for herbivore performance are not well understood. This is particularly true for 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs), the major induced defensive metabolites of maize. Here we report on the spatiotemporal dynamics of BX induction and its consequences for the leaf feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Defence-related phytohormones and transcript levels of BX biosynthetic genes were upregulated locally at the wound site within 12 h of herbivory. Within another 12 h, the insecticidal BX HDMBOA-Glc started to accumulate in a highly localized manner at the feeding site. Changes in BX metabolism away from the feeding site within the same leaf were much weaker and were undetected in systemic leaves. Following the removal of the caterpillars, local HDMBOA-Glc levels remained elevated for 7 days. Caterpillars that were forced to feed directly on locally induced leaf parts, but not on adjacent leaf parts, suffered from reduced growth. This effect was abolished in the BX-deficient bx1 mutant. We did not find any evidence that BXs regulate defensive phytohormones or their own accumulation. In summary, this study shows that induced herbivore resistance in maize is highly localized and dependent on BXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maag
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Köhler
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Frey
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 8, 85350, München, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
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41
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Morrell K, Kessler A. Plant communication in a widespread goldenrod: keeping herbivores on the move. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Morrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY14853 USA
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY14853 USA
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42
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Zhou W, Brockmöller T, Ling Z, Omdahl A, Baldwin IT, Xu S. Evolution of herbivore-induced early defense signaling was shaped by genome-wide duplications in Nicotiana. eLife 2016; 5:e19531. [PMID: 27813478 PMCID: PMC5115867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced defenses are widespread, rapidly evolving and relevant for plant fitness. Such induced defenses are often mediated by early defense signaling (EDS) rapidly activated by the perception of herbivore associated elicitors (HAE) that includes transient accumulations of jasmonic acid (JA). Analyzing 60 HAE-induced leaf transcriptomes from closely-related Nicotiana species revealed a key gene co-expression network (M4 module) which is co-activated with the HAE-induced JA accumulations but is elicited independently of JA, as revealed in plants silenced in JA signaling. Functional annotations of the M4 module were consistent with roles in EDS and a newly identified hub gene of the M4 module (NaLRRK1) mediates a negative feedback loop with JA signaling. Phylogenomic analysis revealed preferential gene retention after genome-wide duplications shaped the evolution of HAE-induced EDS in Nicotiana. These results highlight the importance of genome-wide duplications in the evolution of adaptive traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Brockmöller
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhihao Ling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashton Omdahl
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Brigham Young University, Provo, United States
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Yang L, Li J, Ji J, Li P, Yu L, Abd_Allah EF, Luo Y, Hu L, Hu X. High Temperature Induces Expression of Tobacco Transcription Factor NtMYC2a to Regulate Nicotine and JA Biosynthesis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:465. [PMID: 27833561 PMCID: PMC5081390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress elevates the level of jasmonic acid (JA) and activates the biosynthesis of nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by up-regulating the expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase 1 (NtPMT1), which encodes a putrescine N-methyl transferase that catalyzes nicotine formation. The JA signal suppressor JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN 1 (NtJAZ1) and its target protein, NtMYC2a, also regulate nicotine biosynthesis; however, how these proteins interact to regulate abiotic-induced nicotine biosynthesis is poorly understood. In this study, we found that high-temperature (HT) treatment activated transcription of NtMYC2a, which subsequently stimulated the transcription of genes associated with JA biosynthesis, including Lipoxygenase (LOX), Allene oxide synthase (AOS), Allene oxide cyclase (AOC), and 12-oxophytodienodate reductase (OPR). Overexpression of NtMYC2a increased nicotine biosynthesis by enhancing its binding to the promoter of NtPMT1. Overexpression of either NtJAZ1 or proteasome-resistant NtJAZ1ΔC suppressed nicotine production under normal conditions, but overexpression only of the former resulted in low levels of nicotine under HT treatment. These data suggest that HT induces NtMYC2a accumulation through increased transcription to activate nicotine synthesis; meanwhile, HT-induced NtMYC2a can activate JA synthesis to promote additional NtMYC2a activity by degrading NtJAZ1 at the post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of GeorgiaTifton, GA, USA
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Agronomy, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural SciencesKunming, China
| | - Jianhui Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Seed Pathology Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research CenterGiza, Egypt
| | - Yuming Luo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environment Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agriculture Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal UniversityHuaian, China
| | - Liwei Hu
- Laboratory of Tobacco Agriculture, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTCZhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai UniversityShanghai, China
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Goossens J, Fernández-Calvo P, Schweizer F, Goossens A. Jasmonates: signal transduction components and their roles in environmental stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:673-89. [PMID: 27086135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, oxylipin-type plant hormones, are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth development and interaction with the environment. Following diverse developmental and environmental cues, jasmonate is produced, conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine and perceived by a co-receptor complex composed of the Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the F-box CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). This event triggers the degradation of the JAZ proteins and the release of numerous transcription factors, including MYC2 and its homologues, which are otherwise bound and inhibited by the JAZ repressors. Here, we will review the role of the COI1, JAZ and MYC2 proteins in the interaction of the plant with its environment, illustrating the significance of jasmonate signalling, and of the proteins involved, for responses to both biotic stresses caused by insects and numerous microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses caused by adverse climatic conditions. It has also become evident that crosstalk with other hormone signals, as well as light and clock signals, plays an important role in the control and fine-tuning of these stress responses. Finally, we will discuss how several pathogens exploit the jasmonate perception and early signalling machinery to decoy the plants defence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Qi J, Sun G, Wang L, Zhao C, Hettenhausen C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Li J, Song J, Liu Z, Xu G, Lu X, Wu J. Oral secretions from Mythimna separata insects specifically induce defence responses in maize as revealed by high-dimensional biological data. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1749-1766. [PMID: 26991784 PMCID: PMC5295635 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Attack from insect herbivores poses a major threat to plant survival, and accordingly, plants have evolved sophisticated defence systems. Maize is cultivated as a staple crop worldwide, and insect feeding causes large production losses. Despite its importance in agriculture, little is known about how maize reacts to insect herbivory. Taking advantage of advances in sequencing and mass spectrometry technology, we studied the response of maize to mechanical wounding and simulated Mythimna separata (a specialist insect) herbivory by applying its oral secretions (OS) to wounds. In comparison to the responses induced by mechanical wounding, OS elicited larger and longer-lasting changes in the maize transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and phytohormones. Specifically, many genes, proteins and metabolites were uniquely induced or repressed by OS. Nearly 290 transcription factor genes from 39 families were involved in OS-induced responses, and among these, more transcription factor genes were specifically regulated by OS than by wounding. This study provides a large-scale omics dataset for understanding maize response to chewing insects and highlights the essential role of OS in plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Corresponding author: Jianqiang Wu, Phone/Fax: +86-871-65229562,
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46
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Chen X, Chen Q, Zhang X, Li R, Jia Y, Ef AA, Jia A, Hu L, Hu X. Hydrogen sulfide mediates nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) under high temperature conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 104:174-9. [PMID: 27035256 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) acts as a signal to induce many physiological processes in plants, but its role in controlling the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is not well established. In this study, we found that high temperature (HT) treatment induced nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and promoted the rapid accumulation of H2S. Furthermore, HT triggered the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), a plant hormone that promotes nicotine biosynthesis. Suppression of the H2S signal using chemical inhibitors or via RNAi suppression of l-cysteine desulphydrase (L-CD) in transgenic plants, compromised JA production and nicotine biosynthesis under HT treatments, and these inhibitory effects could be reversed by applying exogenous H2S. Based on these data, we propose that H2S is an important trigger of nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco under HT conditions, and that H2S acts upstream of JA signaling by modulating the transcription of genes associated with JA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abd Allah Ef
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, PO. Box. 2460 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiqun Jia
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Liwei Hu
- Laboratory of Tobacco Agriculture, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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47
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Machado RAR, McClure M, Hervé MR, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Benefits of jasmonate-dependent defenses against vertebrate herbivores in nature. eLife 2016; 5:e13720. [PMID: 27352734 PMCID: PMC4927296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous jasmonates are important regulators of plant defenses. If and how they enable plants to maintain their reproductive output when facing community-level herbivory under natural conditions, however, remains unknown. We demonstrate that jasmonate-deficient Nicotiana attenuata plants suffer more damage by arthropod and vertebrate herbivores than jasmonate-producing plants in nature. However, only damage by vertebrate herbivores translates into a significant reduction in flower production. Vertebrate stem peeling has the strongest negative impact on plant flower production. Stems are defended by jasmonate-dependent nicotine, and the native cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus nuttallii avoids jasmonate-producing N. attenuata shoots because of their high levels of nicotine. Thus, endogenous jasmonates enable plants to resist different types of herbivores in nature, and jasmonate-dependent defenses are important for plants to maintain their reproductive potential when facing vertebrate herbivory. Ecological and evolutionary models on plant defense signaling should aim at integrating arthropod and vertebrate herbivory at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo AR Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark McClure
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Washington, United States
| | - Maxime R Hervé
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institut de Génétique, Environment et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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48
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Chen SP, Lin IW, Chen X, Huang YH, Chang SC, Lo HS, Lu HH, Yeh KW. Sweet potato NAC transcription factor, IbNAC1, upregulates sporamin gene expression by binding the SWRE motif against mechanical wounding and herbivore attack. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:234-248. [PMID: 26996980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sporamin is a tuberous storage protein with trypsin inhibitory activity in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.), which accounts for 85% of the soluble protein in tubers. It is constitutively expressed in tuberous roots but is expressed in leaves only after wounding. Thus far, its wound-inducible signal transduction mechanisms remain unclear. In the present work, a 53-bp DNA region, sporamin wound-response cis-element (SWRE), was identified in the sporamin promoter and was determined to be responsible for the wounding response. Using yeast one-hybrid screening, a NAC domain protein, IbNAC1, that specifically bound to the 5'-TACAATATC-3' sequence in SWRE was isolated from a cDNA library from wounded leaves. IbNAC1 was constitutively expressed in root tissues and was induced earlier than sporamin following the wounding of leaves. Transgenic sweet potato plants overexpressing IbNAC1 had greatly increased sporamin expression, increased trypsin inhibitory activity, and elevated resistance against Spodoptera litura. We further demonstrated that IbNAC1 has multiple biological functions in the jasmonic acid (JA) response, including the inhibition of root formation, accumulation of anthocyanin, regulation of aging processes, reduction of abiotic tolerance, and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, IbNAC1 is a core transcription factor that reprograms the transcriptional response to wounding via the JA-mediated pathway in sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Peng Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - I Winnie Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Xuanyang Chen
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yin-Hao Huang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Chi Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Shan Lo
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hseuh-Han Lu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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49
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Luo J, Wei K, Wang S, Zhao W, Ma C, Hettenhausen C, Wu J, Cao G, Sun G, Baldwin IT, Wu J, Wang L. COI1-Regulated Hydroxylation of Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine Impairs Nicotiana attenuata's Resistance to the Generalist Herbivore Spodoptera litura. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2822-31. [PMID: 26985773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is well-known as the key signaling molecule that elicits plant defense responses after insect herbivory. Oxidation, which is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450s of the CYP94 family, is thought to be one of the main catabolic pathways of JA-Ile. In this study, we identified four CYP94B3 homologues in the wild tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata. Individually silencing the four homologues revealed that NaCYP94B3 like-1 and NaCYP94B3 like-2, but not NaCYP94B3 like-3 and NaCYP94B3 like-4, are involved in the C-12-hydroxylation of JA-Ile. Simultaneously silencing three of the NaCYP94B3 like genes, NaCYP94B3 like-1, -2, and -4, in the VIGS-NaCYP94B3s plants doubled herbivory-induced JA-Ile levels and greatly enhanced plant resistance to the generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera litura. The poor larval performance was strongly correlated with the high concentrations of several JA-Ile-dependent direct defense metabolites in VIGS-NaCYP94B3s plants. Furthermore, we show that the abundance of 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile was dependent on JA-Ile levels as well as COI1, the receptor of JA-Ile. COI1 appeared to transcriptionally control NaCYP94B3 like-1 and -2 and thus regulates the catabolism of its own ligand molecule, JA-Ile. These results highlight the important role of JA-Ile degradation in jasmonate homeostasis and provide new insight into the feedback regulation of JA-Ile catabolism. Given that silencing these CYP94 genes did not detectably alter plant growth and highly increased plant defense levels, we propose that CYP94B3 genes can be potential targets for genetic improvement of herbivore-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Luo
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shuanghua Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiye Zhao
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Canrong Ma
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guoyan Cao
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
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50
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Chen X, Zhang X, Jia A, Xu G, Hu H, Hu X, Hu L. Jasmonate mediates salt-induced nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). PLANT DIVERSITY 2016; 38:118-123. [PMID: 30159455 PMCID: PMC6112126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA), as an important signal, plays a key role in multiple processes of plant growth, development and stress response. Nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are essential secondary metabolites. Whether environmental factors control nicotine biosynthesis and the underlying mechanism remains previously unreported. Here, we applied physiological and biochemical approaches to investigate how salt stress affects nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco. We found that salt stress induced the biosynthesis of JA, which subsequently triggered the activation of JA-responsive gene expression and, ultimately, nicotine synthesis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the existence of many NtMYC2a-recognized G-box motifs in the promoter regions of NtLOX, NtAOS, NtAOC and NtOPR genes. Applying exogenous JA increased nicotine content, while suppressing JA biosynthesis reduced nicotine biosynthesis. Salt treatment could not efficiently induce nicotine biosynthesis in transgenic anti-COI1 tobacco plants. These results demonstrate that JA acts as the essential signal which triggers nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco after salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aiqun Jia
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Liwei Hu
- Laboratory of Tobacco Agriculture, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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