1
|
Chen X, Kilmartin PA, Fedrizzi B, Quek SY. Elucidation of Endogenous Aroma Compounds in Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum) Using a Molecular Sensory Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9362-9375. [PMID: 34342975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidically bound volatiles (GBVs) are flavorless compounds in fruits and may undergo hydrolysis during fruit maturation, storage, and processing, releasing free aglycones that are odor active. However, the contribution of glycosidic aglycones to the sensory attributes of fruits remains unclear. Herein, the key odor-active aglycones in tamarillo fruits were elucidated through the molecular sensory approach. We extracted GBVs from three cultivars of tamarillo fruits using solid-phase extraction and subsequently prepared aglycone isolates by enzymatic hydrolysis of GBVs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) coupled with odor activity value (OAV) calculation, comparative aroma extract dilution analysis (cAEDA), and omission tests were used to identify key aromatic aglycones. A total of 42 odorants were determined by GC-MS-O analysis. Among them, trans-2,cis-6-nonadienal, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF), linalool, 4-vinylguaiacol, geraniol, and α-terpineol showed high OAVs. The cultivar Amber had more aglycones with flavor dilution (FD) factors >16 than the Mulligan cultivar (27 vs 21, respectively), and the Laird's Large fruit showed the highest FD of 1024 for glycosidic DMHF. Omission tests indicated 14 aglycones as essential odorants related to GBVs in tamarillo fruits. Moreover, the enzymatic liberation of aglycones affected the sensory attributes of the tamarillo juice, resulting in an intensified odor profile with noticeable fruity and sweet notes. This study gives insights into the role of endogenous aroma during tamarillo-flavor perception, which lays the groundwork for developing tamarillo-based products with improved sensory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bruno Fedrizzi
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Siew Young Quek
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence in Food Research, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zuk M, Pelc K, Szperlik J, Sawula A, Szopa J. Metabolism of the Cyanogenic Glucosides in Developing Flax: Metabolic Analysis, and Expression Pattern of Genes. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070288. [PMID: 32674262 PMCID: PMC7407305 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides (CG), the monoglycosides linamarin and lotaustralin, as well as the diglucosides linustatin and neolinustatin, have been identified in flax. The roles of CG and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), specifically the product of their breakdown, differ and are understood only to a certain extent. HCN is toxic to aerobic organisms as a respiratory inhibitor and to enzymes containing heavy metals. On the other hand, CG and HCN are important factors in the plant defense system against herbivores, insects and pathogens. In this study, fluctuations in CG levels during flax growth and development (using UPLC) and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes for their metabolism (valine N-monooxygenase, linamarase, cyanoalanine nitrilase and cyanoalanine synthase) using RT-PCR were analyzed. Linola cultivar and transgenic plants characterized by increased levels of sulfur amino acids were analyzed. This enabled the demonstration of a significant relationship between the cyanide detoxification process and general metabolism. Cyanogenic glucosides are used as nitrogen-containing precursors for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins and amines. Therefore, they not only perform protective functions against herbivores but are general plant growth regulators, especially since changes in their level have been shown to be strongly correlated with significant stages of plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Pelc
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Sawula
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sánchez-Pérez R, Pavan S, Mazzeo R, Moldovan C, Aiese Cigliano R, Del Cueto J, Ricciardi F, Lotti C, Ricciardi L, Dicenta F, López-Marqués RL, Møller BL. Mutation of a bHLH transcription factor allowed almond domestication. Science 2020; 364:1095-1098. [PMID: 31197015 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Wild almond species accumulate the bitter and toxic cyanogenic diglucoside amygdalin. Almond domestication was enabled by the selection of genotypes harboring sweet kernels. We report the completion of the almond reference genome. Map-based cloning using an F1 population segregating for kernel taste led to the identification of a 46-kilobase gene cluster encoding five basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, bHLH1 to bHLH5. Functional characterization demonstrated that bHLH2 controls transcription of the P450 monooxygenase-encoding genes PdCYP79D16 and PdCYP71AN24, which are involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway. A nonsynonymous point mutation (Leu to Phe) in the dimerization domain of bHLH2 prevents transcription of the two cytochrome P450 genes, resulting in the sweet kernel trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain. .,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy. .,Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Mazzeo
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C Moldovan
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R Aiese Cigliano
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Del Cueto
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain.,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Arboriculture Research Group, Agroscope, Conthey, Switzerland
| | - F Ricciardi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - C Lotti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - L Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - R L López-Marqués
- Transport Biology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - B Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Knudsen C, Bavishi K, Viborg KM, Drew DP, Simonsen HT, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Laursen T. Stabilization of dhurrin biosynthetic enzymes from Sorghum bicolor using a natural deep eutectic solvent. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 170:112214. [PMID: 31794881 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to extract and solubilize metabolites and biopolymers in quantities far beyond their solubility in oil and water. The hypothesis that naturally occurring metabolites are able to form a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), thereby constituting a third intracellular phase in addition to the aqueous and lipid phases, has prompted researchers to study the role of NADES in living systems. As an excellent solvent for specialized metabolites, formation of NADES in response to dehydration of plant cells could provide an appropriate environment for the functional storage of enzymes during drought. Using the enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of the defense compound dhurrin as an experimental model system, we demonstrate that enzymes involved in this pathway exhibit increased stability in NADES compared with aqueous buffer solutions, and that enzyme activity is restored upon rehydration. Inspired by nature, application of NADES provides a biotechnological approach for long-term storage of entire biosynthetic pathways including membrane-anchored enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Knudsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krutika Bavishi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Structural Biology, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ketil Mathiasen Viborg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Damian Paul Drew
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, SA 5112, Australia
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J. C. Jacobsen Gade, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cuny MAC, La Forgia D, Desurmont GA, Glauser G, Benrey B. Role of cyanogenic glycosides in the seeds of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus: defense, plant nutrition or both? PLANTA 2019; 250:1281-1292. [PMID: 31240396 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides present in the seeds of wild lima bean plants are associated with seedling defense but do not affect seed germination and seedling growth. Wild lima bean plants contain cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) that are known to defend the plant against leaf herbivores. However, seed feeders appear to be unaffected despite the high levels of CNGs in the seeds. We investigated a possible role of CNGs in seeds as nitrogen storage compounds that influence plant growth, as well as seedling resistance to herbivores. Using seeds from four different wild lima bean natural populations that are known to vary in CNG levels, we tested two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (1) seeds with higher levels of CNGs produce seedlings that are more resistant against generalist herbivores and, (2) seeds with higher levels of CNGs germinate faster and produce plants that exhibit better growth. Levels of CNGs in the seeds were negatively correlated with germination rates and not correlated with seedling growth. However, levels of CNGs increased significantly soon after germination and seeds with the highest CNG levels produced seedlings with higher CNG levels in cotyledons. Moreover, the growth rate of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis was lower in cotyledons with high-CNG levels. We conclude that CNGs in lima bean seeds do not play a role in seed germination and seedling growth, but are associated with seedling defense. Our results provide insight into the potential dual function of plant secondary metabolites as defense compounds and storage molecules for growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diana La Forgia
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), USDA-ARS, 810 Avenue de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Knudsen C, Gallage NJ, Hansen CC, Møller BL, Laursen T. Dynamic metabolic solutions to the sessile life style of plants. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1140-1155. [PMID: 30324199 PMCID: PMC6254060 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand dynamic biosynthesis and storage of a plethora of phytochemicals.
Covering: up to 2018 Plants are sessile organisms. To compensate for not being able to escape when challenged by unfavorable growth conditions, pests or herbivores, plants have perfected their metabolic plasticity by having developed the capacity for on demand synthesis of a plethora of phytochemicals to specifically respond to the challenges arising during plant ontogeny. Key steps in the biosynthesis of phytochemicals are catalyzed by membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes which in plants constitute a superfamily. In planta, the P450s may be organized in dynamic enzyme clusters (metabolons) and the genes encoding the P450s and other enzymes in a specific pathway may be clustered. Metabolon formation facilitates transfer of substrates between sequential enzymes and therefore enables the plant to channel the flux of general metabolites towards biosynthesis of specific phytochemicals. In the plant cell, compartmentalization of the operation of specific biosynthetic pathways in specialized plastids serves to avoid undesired metabolic cross-talk and offers distinct storage sites for molar concentrations of specific phytochemicals. Liquid–liquid phase separation may lead to formation of dense biomolecular condensates within the cytoplasm or vacuole allowing swift activation of the stored phytochemicals as required upon pest or herbivore attack. The molecular grid behind plant plasticity offers an endless reservoir of functional modules, which may be utilized as a synthetic biology tool-box for engineering of novel biological systems based on rational design principles. In this review, we highlight some of the concepts used by plants to coordinate biosynthesis and storage of phytochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Knudsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Del Cueto J, Møller BL, Dicenta F, Sánchez-Pérez R. β-Glucosidase activity in almond seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:163-172. [PMID: 29524803 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Almond bitterness is the most important trait for breeding programs since bitter-kernelled seedlings are usually discarded. Amygdalin and its precursor prunasin are hydrolyzed by specific enzymes called β-glucosidases. In order to better understand the genetic control of almond bitterness, some studies have shown differences in the location of prunasin hydrolases (PH, the β-glucosidase that degrades prunasin) in sweet and bitter genotypes. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize different PHs in sweet- and bitter-kernelled almonds to determine whether differences in their genomic or protein sequences are responsible for the sweet or bitter taste of their seeds. RNA was extracted from the tegument, nucellus and cotyledon of one sweet (Lauranne) and two bitter (D05-187 and S3067) almond genotypes throughout fruit ripening. Sequences of nine positive Phs were then obtained from all of the genotypes by RT-PCR and cloning. These clones, from mid ripening stage, were expressed in a heterologous system in tobacco plants by agroinfiltration. The PH activity was detected using the Feigl-Anger method and quantifying the hydrogen cyanide released with prunasin as substrate. Furthermore, β-glucosidase activity was detected by Fast Blue BB salt and Umbelliferyl method. Differences at the sequence level (SNPs) and in the activity assays were detected, although no correlation with bitterness was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Del Cueto
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, DK-1871 Copenhagen C, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sánchez MIG, McCullagh J, Guy RH, Compton RG. Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Metabolites from Living Plants and their Identification by Ion-chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:195-201. [PMID: 28029194 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification and characterisation of cellular metabolites has now become an important strategy to obtain insight into functional plant biology. However, the extraction of metabolites for identification and analysis is challenging and, at the present time, usually requires destruction of the plant. OBJECTIVE To detect different plant metabolites in living plants with no pre-treatment using the combination of iontophoresis and ion-chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. METHODOLOGY In this work, the simple and non-destructive method of reverse iontophoresis has been used to extract in situ multiple plant metabolites from intact Ocimum basilicum leaves. Subsequently, the analysis of these metabolites has been performed with ion chromatography coupled directly to high resolution mass spectrometric detection (IC-MS). RESULTS The application of reverse iontophoresis to living plant samples has avoided the need for complex pre-treatments. With this approach, no less than 24 compounds, including organic acids and sugars as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were successfully detected. CONCLUSION The research demonstrates that it is feasible to monitor, therefore, a number of important plant metabolites using a simple, relatively fast and non-destructive approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel González Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Castilla-La Mancha University, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - James McCullagh
- Mass Spectrometry Research Facility CRL, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Bjarnholt N, Kroymann J, Vogel H, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Bak S. Metabolism, excretion and avoidance of cyanogenic glucosides in insects with different feeding specialisations. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 66:119-28. [PMID: 26483288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) are widespread plant defence compounds releasing toxic hydrogen cyanide when hydrolysed by specific β-glucosidases after plant tissue damage. In contrast to specialist herbivores that have mechanisms to avoid toxicity from CNglcs, it is generally assumed that non-adapted herbivores are negatively affected by CNglcs. Recent evidence, however, implies that the defence potential of CNglcs towards herbivores may not be as effective as previously anticipated. Here, performance, metabolism and excretion products of insects not adapted to CNglcs were analysed, including species with different degrees of dietary specialisation (generalists, specialists) and different feeding modes (leaf-snipping lepidopterans, piercing-sucking aphids). Insects were reared either on cyanogenic or acyanogenic plants or on an artificial cyanogenic diet. Lepidopteran generalists (Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera exigua, Mamestra brassicae) were compared to lepidopteran glucosinolate-specialists (Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae, Plutella xylostella), and a generalist aphid (Myzus persicae) was compared to an aphid glucosinolate-specialist (Lipaphis erysimi). All insects were tolerant to cyanogenic plants; in lepidopterans tolerance was mainly due to excretion of intact CNglcs. The two Pieris species furthermore metabolized aromatic CNglcs to amino acid conjugates (Cys, Gly, Ser) and derivatives of these, which is similar to the metabolism of benzylglucosinolates in these species. Aphid species avoided uptake of CNglcs during feeding. Our results imply that non-adapted insects tolerate plant CNglcs either by keeping them intact for excretion, metabolizing them, or avoiding uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Rook F, Bak S. How insects overcome two-component plant chemical defence: plant β-glucosidases as the main target for herbivore adaptation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 89:531-51. [PMID: 25165798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is often restricted by glucosylated plant chemical defence compounds that are activated by plant β-glucosidases to release toxic aglucones upon plant tissue damage. Such two-component plant defences are widespread in the plant kingdom and examples of these classes of compounds are alkaloid, benzoxazinoid, cyanogenic and iridoid glucosides as well as glucosinolates and salicinoids. Conversely, many insects have evolved a diversity of counteradaptations to overcome this type of constitutive chemical defence. Here we discuss that such counter-adaptations occur at different time points, before and during feeding as well as during digestion, and at several levels such as the insects’ feeding behaviour, physiology and metabolism. Insect adaptations frequently circumvent or counteract the activity of the plant β-glucosidases, bioactivating enzymes that are a key element in the plant’s two-component chemical defence. These adaptations include host plant choice, non-disruptive feeding guilds and various physiological adaptations as well as metabolic enzymatic strategies of the insect’s digestive system. Furthermore, insect adaptations often act in combination, may exist in both generalists and specialists, and can act on different classes of defence compounds. We discuss how generalist and specialist insects appear to differ in their ability to use these different types of adaptations: in generalists, adaptations are often inducible, whereas in specialists they are often constitutive. Future studies are suggested to investigate in detail how insect adaptations act in combination to overcome plant chemical defences and to allow ecologically relevant conclusions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Fürstenberg-Hägg J, Zagrobelny M, Jørgensen K, Vogel H, Møller BL, Bak S. Chemical defense balanced by sequestration and de novo biosynthesis in a lepidopteran specialist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108745. [PMID: 25299618 PMCID: PMC4191964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sequestration (uptake and accumulation) relative to de novo biosynthesis of chemical defense compounds is poorly understood, as is the interplay between these two strategies. The Burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera) and its food-plant Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) poses an exemplary case study of these questions, as Z. filipendulae belongs to the only insect family known to both de novo biosynthesize and sequester the same defense compounds directly from its food-plant. Z. filipendulae and L. corniculatus both contain the two cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, which are defense compounds that can be hydrolyzed to liberate toxic hydrogen cyanide. The overall amounts and ratios of linamarin and lotaustralin in Z. filipendulae are tightly regulated, and only to a low extent reflect the ratio in the ingested food-plant. We demonstrate that Z. filipendulae adjusts the de novo biosynthesis of CNglcs by regulation at both the transcriptional and protein level depending on food plant composition. Ultimately this ensures that the larva saves energy and nitrogen while maintaining an effective defense system to fend off predators. By using in situ PCR and immunolocalization, the biosynthetic pathway was resolved to the larval fat body and integument, which infers rapid replenishment of defense compounds following an encounter with a predator. Our study supports the hypothesis that de novo biosynthesis of CNglcs in Z. filipendulae preceded the ability to sequester, and facilitated a food-plant switch to cyanogenic plants, after which sequestration could evolve. Preservation of de novo biosynthesis allows fine-tuning of the amount and composition of CNglcs in Z. filipendulae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fürstenberg-Hägg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bjarnholt N, Li B, D'Alvise J, Janfelt C. Mass spectrometry imaging of plant metabolites--principles and possibilities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:818-37. [PMID: 24452137 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2013 New mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques are gaining importance in the analysis of plant metabolite distributions, and significant technological improvements have been introduced in the past decade. This review provides an introduction to the different MSI techniques and their applications in plant science. The most common methods for sample preparation are described, and the review also features a comprehensive table of published studies in MSI of plant material. A number of significant works are highlighted for their contributions to advance the understanding of plant biology through applications of plant metabolite imaging. Particular attention is given to the possibility for imaging of surface metabolites since this is highly dependent on the methods and techniques which are applied in imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjarnholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gleadow RM, Møller BL. Cyanogenic glycosides: synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:155-85. [PMID: 24579992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs) are bioactive plant products derived from amino acids. Structurally, these specialized plant compounds are characterized as α-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins) that are stabilized by glucosylation. In recent years, improved tools within analytical chemistry have greatly increased the number of known CNglcs by enabling the discovery of less abundant CNglcs formed by additional hydroxylation, glycosylation, and acylation reactions. Cyanogenesis--the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide from endogenous CNglcs--is an effective defense against generalist herbivores but less effective against fungal pathogens. In the course of evolution, CNglcs have acquired additional roles to improve plant plasticity, i.e., establishment, robustness, and viability in response to environmental challenges. CNglc concentration is usually higher in young plants, when nitrogen is in ready supply, or when growth is constrained by nonoptimal growth conditions. Efforts are under way to engineer CNglcs into some crops as a pest control measure, whereas in other crops efforts are directed toward their removal to improve food safety. Given that many food crops are cyanogenic, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating cyanogenesis so that the impact of future environmental challenges can be anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Siegień I, Adamczuk A, Wróblewska K. Light affects in vitro organogenesis of Linum usitatissimum L. and its cyanogenic potential. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2013; 35:781-789. [PMID: 25834293 PMCID: PMC4372823 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-012-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between organogenesis of oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L., cv. 'Szafir') in vitro, cyanogenic potential (HCN-p) of these tissues and light were investigated. Shoot multiplication obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.05 mg L-1 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid and 1 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine (BA), was about twice higher in light-grown cultures than those in darkness. Light-grown explants showed also higher rate of roots regeneration (in medium containing 1 mg L-1 α-naphtaleneacetic acid and 0.05 mg L-1 BA) than dark-grown ones. The cyanogenic potential (expressed both as linamarin and lotaustralin content and linamarase activity) of flax cultured in vitro was tissue-specific and generally was higher under light conditions than in darkness. The highest concentration of linamarin and lotaustralin was detected in light-regenerated shoots, and its amount was twice as high as in roots, and about threefold higher than in callus tissue. The activities of linamarase and β-cyanoalanine synthase in light-regenerated organs were also higher than those in darkness. Thus, higher frequency of regeneration of light-grown cultures than dark-grown ones seems to be correlated with higher HCN-p of these tissues. We suggest that free HCN, released from cyanoglucosides potentially at higher level under light conditions, may be involved in some organogenetic processes which improve regeneration efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Siegień
- Institute of Biology, The University of Bialystok, Świerkowa 20b, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aneta Adamczuk
- Institute of Biology, The University of Bialystok, Świerkowa 20b, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wróblewska
- Institute of Biology, The University of Bialystok, Świerkowa 20b, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez-Pérez R, Belmonte FS, Borch J, Dicenta F, Møller BL, Jørgensen K. Prunasin hydrolases during fruit development in sweet and bitter almonds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1916-32. [PMID: 22353576 PMCID: PMC3320195 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic diglucoside and constitutes the bitter component in bitter almond (Prunus dulcis). Amygdalin concentration increases in the course of fruit formation. The monoglucoside prunasin is the precursor of amygdalin. Prunasin may be degraded to hydrogen cyanide, glucose, and benzaldehyde by the action of the β-glucosidase prunasin hydrolase (PH) and mandelonitirile lyase or be glucosylated to form amygdalin. The tissue and cellular localization of PHs was determined during fruit development in two sweet and two bitter almond cultivars using a specific antibody toward PHs. Confocal studies on sections of tegument, nucellus, endosperm, and embryo showed that the localization of the PH proteins is dependent on the stage of fruit development, shifting between apoplast and symplast in opposite patterns in sweet and bitter cultivars. Two different PH genes, Ph691 and Ph692, have been identified in a sweet and a bitter almond cultivar. Both cDNAs are 86% identical on the nucleotide level, and their encoded proteins are 79% identical to each other. In addition, Ph691 and Ph692 display 92% and 86% nucleotide identity to Ph1 from black cherry (Prunus serotina). Both proteins were predicted to contain an amino-terminal signal peptide, with the size of 26 amino acid residues for PH691 and 22 residues for PH692. The PH activity and the localization of the respective proteins in vivo differ between cultivars. This implies that there might be different concentrations of prunasin available in the seed for amygdalin synthesis and that these differences may determine whether the mature almond develops into bitter or sweet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Fara Sáez Belmonte
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Jonas Borch
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E–30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain (R.S.-P., F.D.); Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.S.-P., B.L.M., K.J.); Department of Bioimaging, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain (F.S.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5230 Odense M, Denmark (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kannangara R, Motawia MS, Hansen NKK, Paquette SM, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Jørgensen K. Characterization and expression profile of two UDP-glucosyltransferases, UGT85K4 and UGT85K5, catalyzing the last step in cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in cassava. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:287-301. [PMID: 21736650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Manihot esculenta (cassava) contains two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, biosynthesized from l-valine and l-isoleucine, respectively. In this study, cDNAs encoding two uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) paralogs, assigned the names UGT85K4 and UGT85K5, have been isolated from cassava. The paralogs display 96% amino acid identity, and belong to a family containing cyanogenic glucoside-specific UGTs from Sorghum bicolor and Prunus dulcis. Recombinant UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 produced in Escherichia coli were able to glucosylate acetone cyanohydrin and 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyronitrile, forming linamarin and lotaustralin. UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 show broad in vitro substrate specificity, as documented by their ability to glucosylate other hydroxynitriles, some flavonoids and simple alcohols. Immunolocalization studies indicated that UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 co-occur with CYP79D1/D2 and CYP71E7 paralogs, which catalyze earlier steps in cyanogenic glucoside synthesis in cassava. These enzymes are all found in mesophyll and xylem parenchyma cells in the first unfolded cassava leaf. In situ PCR showed that UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 are co-expressed with CYP79D1 and both CYP71E7 paralogs in the cortex, xylem and phloem parenchyma, and in specific cells in the endodermis of the petiole of the first unfolded leaf. Based on the data obtained, UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 are concluded to be the UGTs catalyzing in planta synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides. The localization of the biosynthetic enzymes suggests that cyanogenic glucosides may play a role in both defense reactions and in fine-tuning nitrogen assimilation in cassava.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubini Kannangara
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Villum Foundation Research Centre "Pro-Active Plants", UNIK Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucosidase that hydrolyzes flavonoid glucosides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1751-7. [PMID: 21216897 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01125-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) whole-cell bioconversions of naringenin 7-O-β-glucoside revealed considerable β-glucosidase activity, which impairs any strategy to generate or modify flavonoid glucosides in yeast transformants. Up to 10 putative glycoside hydrolases annotated in the S. cerevisiae genome database were overexpressed with His tags in yeast cells. Examination of these recombinant, partially purified polypeptides for hydrolytic activity with synthetic chromogenic α- or β-glucosides identified three efficient β-glucosidases (EXG1, SPR1, and YIR007W), which were further assayed with natural flavonoid β-glucoside substrates and product verification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preferential hydrolysis of 7- or 4'-O-glucosides of isoflavones, flavonols, flavones, and flavanones was observed in vitro with all three glucosidases, while anthocyanins were also accepted as substrates. The glucosidase activities of EXG1 and SPR1 were completely abolished by Val168Tyr mutation, which confirmed the relevance of this residue, as reported for other glucosidases. Most importantly, biotransformation experiments with knockout yeast strains revealed that only EXG1 knockout strains lost the capability to hydrolyze flavonoid glucosides.
Collapse
|