1
|
Zhang D, He T, Wang X, Zhou C, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang S, He S, Guo Y, Liu Z, Chen M. Transcription factor DIVARICATA1 positively modulates seed germination in response to salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2997-3009. [PMID: 38687890 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Seed germination is a critical checkpoint for plant growth under unfavorable environmental conditions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathways play important roles in modulating seed germination. However, the molecular links between salinity stress and ABA/GA signaling are not well understood. Herein, we showed that the expression of DIVARICATA1 (DIV1), which encodes a MYB-like transcription factor, was induced by GA and repressed by ABA, salinity, and osmotic stress in germinating seeds. DIV1 positively regulated seed germination in response to salinity stress by directly regulating the expression of DELAY OF GERMINATION 1-LIKE 3 (DOGL3) and GA-STIMULATED ARABIDOPSIS 4 (GASA4) and indirectly regulating the expression of several germination-associated genes. Moreover, NUCLEAR FACTOR-YC9 (NF-YC9) directly repressed the expression of DIV1 in germinating seeds in response to salinity stress. These results help reveal the function of the NF-YC9-DIV1 module and provide insights into the regulation of ABA and GA signaling in response to salinity stress during seed germination in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xumin Wang
- Ningxia Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuangcheng He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du X, Liu N, Lu P, Wang Y, Lu B, Tian S, Zhang Z. RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of early fruit development in Chieh-qua and analysis of related transcription factors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13489. [PMID: 38866931 PMCID: PMC11169226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chieh-qua (Benincasa hispida Cogn. var. Chieh-qua How.) fruit development starts post pollination. With the continuous expansion of the fruit, the soluble solid content of the fruit decreases. Because there are no reports on the early development of Chieh-qua fruit, this study compared fruit transcriptomes at 0-, 3-, and 7 day post pollination (dpp). 104,747 unigenes were assembled from clean reads and compared using six public databases for similarity searching. Compared with those of 0 dpp (C), there were differences in the expression of 12,982 and 6541 genes in the fruit tissue at 3 dpp and 7 dpp, respectively. Compared with 3 dpp (B), there were 14,314 differentially expressed genes in the fruit at 7 dpp (A). Based on the analysis of transcription factors, 213 nucleotides in the MYB superfamily were identified; among them, 94 unigenes of the MYB superfamily were differentially expressed at the three stages. In the pairwise comparison of differential expression, eight unigenes (Gene_id: TRINITY_DN32880_c1_g2, TRINITY_DN35142_c2_g2, TRINITY_DN32454_c11_g6, TRINITY_DN34105_c2_g7, TRINITY_DN32758_c3_g3, TRINITY_DN33604_c4_g10, TRINITY_DN34466_c3_g1, TRINITY_DN35924_c3_g2) were homologous to those of MYB59, MYB-GT3b, MYB18, MYB4, MYB108, MYB306, MYB340, and MYB-bHLH13. These unigenes differed significantly among the three stages. Furthermore, MYB59 and MYB18 exhibited higher expression at 7 dpp. MYB4, MYB-GT3b, MYB108, and MYB306 showed the highest expression levels in fruits at 3 dpp. In addition, MYB340 and MYB-bHLH13 showed higher expression levels during the unpollinated stage. MYB59, MYB-GT3b, MYB18, MYB4, MYB108, MYB306, MYB340, and MYB-bHLH13 may play crucial roles in Chieh-qua fruit development, defense, and blossoming. This study provides a basis for further investigation of MYB superfamily genes involved in early fruit expansion in chieh-qua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Du
- Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Na Liu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Panling Lu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Information Research Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoubo Tian
- Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Zhuanghang Comprehensive Experiment Station, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu L, Zhang J, Xu J, Li Y, Lv H, Wang F, Guo J, Lin T, Zhao B, Li XX, Guo YD, Zhang N. SlMYC2 promotes SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion in tomato fruit development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1872-1888. [PMID: 38481350 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a plant-specific transcription factor, lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) protein was reported to regulate plant growth and stress response, but the functional research of subfamily II genes is limited. SlMYC2, a master regulator of Jasmonic acid response, has been found to exhibit high expression levels in fruit and has been implicated in the regulation of fruit ripening and resistance to Botrytis. However, its role in fruit expansion remains unknown. In this study, we present evidence that a subfamily II member of LBD, namely SlLBD40, collaborates with SlMYC2 in the regulation of fruit expansion. Overexpression of SlLBD40 significantly promoted fruit growth by promoting mesocarp cell expansion, while knockout of SlLBD40 showed the opposite result. Similarly, SlMYC2 knockout resulted in a significant decrease in cell expansion within the fruit. Genetic analysis indicated that SlLBD40-mediated cell expansion depends on the expression of SlMYC2. SlLBD40 bound to the promoter of SlEXPA5, an expansin gene, but did not activate its expression directly. While, the co-expression of SlMYC2 and SlLBD40 significantly stimulated the activation of SlEXPA5, leading to an increase in fruit size. SlLBD40 interacted with SlMYC2 and enhanced the stability and abundance of SlMYC2. Furthermore, SlMYC2 directly targeted and activated the expression of SlLBD40, which is essential for SlLBD40-mediated fruit expansion. In summary, our research elucidates the role of the interaction between SlLBD40 and SlMYC2 in promoting cell expansion in tomato fruits, thus providing novel insights into the molecular genetics underlying fruit growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junxin Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Xu Li
- Beijing Cuihu Agritech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamano K, Haseda A, Iwabuchi K, Osabe T, Sudo Y, Pachakkil B, Tanaka K, Suzuki Y, Toyoda A, Hirakawa H, Onodera Y. QTL analysis of femaleness in monoecious spinach and fine mapping of a major QTL using an updated version of chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296675. [PMID: 38394294 PMCID: PMC10890751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although spinach is predominantly dioecious, monoecious plants with varying proportions of female and male flowers are also present. Recently, monoecious inbred lines with highly female and male conditions have been preferentially used as parents for F1-hybrids, rather than dioecious lines. Accordingly, identifying the loci for monoecism is an important issue for spinach breeding. We here used long-read sequencing and Hi-C technology to construct SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule, a set of six pseudomolecules of spinach chromosomes (total length: 879.2 Mb; BUSCO complete 97.0%) that are longer and more genetically complete than our previous version of pseudomolecules (688.0 Mb; 81.5%). Three QTLs, qFem2.1, qFem3.1, and qFem6.1, responsible for monoecism were mapped to SOL_r2.0_pseudomolecule. qFem3.1 had the highest LOD score and corresponded to the M locus, which was previously identified as a determinant of monoecious expression, by genetic analysis of progeny from female and monoecious plants. The other QTLs were shown to modulate the ratio of female to male flowers in monoecious plants harboring a dominant allele of the M gene. Our findings will enable breeders to efficiently produce highly female- and male-monoecious parental lines for F1-hybrids by pyramiding the three QTLs. Through fine-mapping, we narrowed the candidate region for the M locus to a 19.5 kb interval containing three protein-coding genes and one long non-coding RNA gene. Among them, only RADIALIS-like-2a showed a higher expression in the reproductive organs, suggesting that it might play a role in reproductive organogenesis. However, there is no evidence that it is involved in the regulation of stamen and pistil initiation, which are directly related to the floral sex differentiation system in spinach. Given that auxin is involved in reproductive organ formation in many plant species, genes related to auxin transport/response, in addition to floral organ formation, were identified as candidates for regulators of floral sex-differentiation from qFem2.1 and qFem6.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yamano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akane Haseda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Osabe
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Babil Pachakkil
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- The Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Onodera
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Wen B, Yang Y, Long S, Liu J, Li M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the RADIALIS-like Gene Family in Camellia sinensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3039. [PMID: 37687288 PMCID: PMC10490161 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The RADIALIS-like (RL) proteins are v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB)-related transcription factors (TFs), and are involved in many biological processes, including metabolism, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the studies on the RL genes of Camellia sinensis are not comprehensive enough. Therefore, we undertook this study and identified eight CsaRLs based on the typical conserved domain SANT Associated domain (SANT) of RL. These genes have low molecular weights and theoretical pI values ranging from 5.67 to 9.76. Gene structure analysis revealed that six CsaRL genes comprise two exons and one intron, while the other two contain a single exon encompassing motifs 1 and 2, and part of motif 3. The phylogenetic analysis divided one hundred and fifty-eight RL proteins into five primary classes, in which CsaRLs clustered in Group V and were homologous with CssRLs of the Shuchazao variety. In addition, we selected different tissue parts to analyze the expression profile of CsaRLs, and the results show that almost all genes displayed variable expression levels across tissues, with CsaRL1a relatively abundant in all tissues. qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR) was used to detect the relative expression levels of the CsaRL genes under various abiotic stimuli, and it was found that CsaRL1a expression levels were substantially higher than other genes, with abscisic acid (ABA) causing the highest expression. The self-activation assay with yeast two-hybrid system showed that CsaRL1a has no transcriptional activity. According to protein functional interaction networks, CsaRL1a was well connected with WIN1-like, lysine histidine transporter-1-like, β-amylase 3 chloroplastic-like, carbonic anhydrase-2-like (CA2), and carbonic anhydrase dnaJC76 (DJC76). This study adds to our understanding of the RL family and lays the groundwork for further research into the function and regulatory mechanisms of the CsaRLs gene family in Camellia sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.W.); (B.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Meifeng Li
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.W.); (B.W.); (Y.Y.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang M, Zhu X, Bai H, Wang C, Gou N, Zhang Y, Chen C, Yin M, Wang L, Wuyun T. Comparative Anatomical and Transcriptomics Reveal the Larger Cell Size as a Major Contributor to Larger Fruit Size in Apricot. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108748. [PMID: 37240096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit size is one of the essential quality traits and influences the economic value of apricots. To explore the underlying mechanisms of the formation of differences in fruit size in apricots, we performed a comparative analysis of anatomical and transcriptomics dynamics during fruit growth and development in two apricot cultivars with contrasting fruit sizes (large-fruit Prunus armeniaca 'Sungold' and small-fruit P. sibirica 'F43'). Our analysis identified that the difference in fruit size was mainly caused by the difference in cell size between the two apricot cultivars. Compared with 'F43', the transcriptional programs exhibited significant differences in 'Sungold', mainly in the cell expansion period. After analysis, key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) most likely to influence cell size were screened out, including genes involved in auxin signal transduction and cell wall loosening mechanisms. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that PRE6/bHLH was identified as a hub gene, which interacted with 1 TIR1, 3 AUX/IAAs, 4 SAURs, 3 EXPs, and 1 CEL. Hence, a total of 13 key candidate genes were identified as positive regulators of fruit size in apricots. The results provide new insights into the molecular basis of fruit size control and lay a foundation for future breeding and cultivation of larger fruits in apricot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xuchun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Haikun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ningning Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Mingyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Tana Wuyun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viola IL, Gonzalez DH. TCP Transcription Factors in Plant Reproductive Development: Juggling Multiple Roles. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050750. [PMID: 37238620 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) are plant-specific transcriptional regulators exerting multiple functions in plant growth and development. Ever since one of the founding members of the family was described, encoded by the CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene from Antirrhinum majus and involved in the regulation of floral symmetry, the role of these TFs in reproductive development was established. Subsequent studies indicated that members of the CYC clade of TCP TFs were important for the evolutionary diversification of flower form in a multitude of species. In addition, more detailed studies of the function of TCPs from other clades revealed roles in different processes related to plant reproductive development, such as the regulation of flowering time, the growth of the inflorescence stem, and the correct growth and development of flower organs. In this review, we summarize the different roles of members of the TCP family during plant reproductive development as well as the molecular networks involved in their action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana L Viola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong R, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Sun S, Wang H, Ren H, Cui X, Li R. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2-LIKE are partially redundant genes and essential for fruit development in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36932869 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit size and shape are controlled by genes expressed during the early developmental stages of fruit. Although the function of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 (AS2) in promoting leaf adaxial cell fates has been well characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, the molecular mechanisms conferring freshy fruit development as a spatial-temporal expression gene in tomato pericarp remain unclear. In the present study, we verified the transcription of SlAS2 and SlAS2L, two homologs of AS2, in the pericarp during early fruit development. Disruption of SlAS2 or SlAS2L caused a significant decrease in pericarp thickness as a result of a reduction in the number of pericarp cell layers and cell area, leading to smaller tomato fruit size, which revealed their critical roles in tomato fruit development. In addition, leaves and stamens exhibited severe morphological defects in slas2 and slas2l single mutants, as well as in the double mutants. These results demonstrated the redundant and pleiotropic functions of SlAS2 and SlAS2L in tomato fruit development. Yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays showed that both SlAS2 and SlAS2L physically interact with SlAS1. Molecular analyses further indicated that SlAS2 and SlAS2L regulate various downstream genes in leaf and fruit development, and that some genes participating in the regulation of cell division and cell differentiation in the tomato pericarp are affected by these genes. Our findings demonstrate that SlAS2 and SlAS2L are vital transcription factors required for tomato fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, College of Horticulture Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Ren Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Y, Sun Y, Cao K, Zhang X, Bian J, Han C, Jiang Y, Xu L, Wang X. Combined use of specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA) for rapid identification of genes influencing fiber content of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:250. [PMID: 35596150 PMCID: PMC9123736 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), an ancient crop, is a significant source of high-quality fiber that primarily caters to the textile industry worldwide. Fiber content is a crucial quantitative trait for evaluating fiber yield in hemp. Understanding the genetic mechanisms involved in hemp breeding is essential for improving yield. In this study, we developed 660 F1 plants from a cross between Jindao-15 (high fiber content fiber-use variety) and Fire No.1 (low fiber content fiber-use variety), and thirty plants each with high and low fiber content were selected from 305 monoecious plants of this population according to 5%-10% of population size for quantitative traits. The DNA from these plants was extracted to establish two bulk DNA pools and then subjected to the restriction digestion by the enzymes RsaI and HaeIII to obtain 314-364 bp digestion fragments and subjected to sequencing using specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). Finally, we successfully developed 368,404 SLAF tags, which led to the detection of 25,133 high-quality SNPs. Combing with the resequencing results of parents, the SNPs of mixed pools were then subjected to the SNP-Index correlation algorithm, which revealed four candidate regions related to fiber content traits on Chromosome 1, with a length of 8.68 Mb and containing 389 annotated genes. The annotation information and the comparison results identified 15 genes that were highly likely to modulate the fiber content of hemp. Further, qPCR validation identified six genes (LOC115705530, LOC115705875, LOC115704794, LOC115705371, LOC115705688 and LOC115707511) that were highly positively correlated with influencing the hemp fiber content. These genes were involved in the transcription regulation, auxin and water transportion, one carbon and sugar metabolism. And non-synnoumous mutation SNPs which may play vital role in influencing the fiber content were detected in LOC115705875, LOC115704794, LOC115705688 and LOC115707511. Thus, our study highlights the importance of the combined use of SLAF-Seq and Bulked Segregant analysis (BSA) to locate genes related to hemp fiber content rapidly. Hence, our study provides novel mechanistic inputs for the fast identification of genes related to important agronomic traits of hemp and other crops catering to the textile industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chengwei Han
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of RR-Type MYB-Related Transcription Factors in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence have indicated that RR-type MYB-related transcription factors (TFs) are functionally diverse in regulating floral development, fruit development, leaf senescence, ABA response, and drought and salt responses. Several RR-type MYB-related TFs in Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum and rice are identified and characterized. However, the complete RR-type MYB-related family in tomato has not been studied to date. Here, a genome-wide identification of tomato RR-type MYB-related TFs (SlMYBR) was performed by bioinformatics analysis, and their expression patterns were analyzed. A total of thirteen SlMYBR genes, which were mainly distributed in the head or tail of the chromosome, were identified from tomato and were divided into three groups. Group II was all MYBR genes from eudicots without genes from monocots. For Group I and Group III, the phylogenetic tree was in accord with the evolutionary relationship of these species. SlMYBR proteins were unstable proteins and located in the nucleus. The promoters of SlMYBR contained multiple important cis-acting elements related to abiotic stress or hormone responses. SlMYBR genes had various temporal and spatial expression patterns. Experiments of spraying exogenous hormone demonstrated that the expression of most genes containing hormone response elements was changed, indicating that the expression patterns were associated with the amount of cis-acting elements. The comprehensive investigation of tomato SlMYBR genes in the present study helps to clearly understand the evolution of RR-type MYB-related TFs and provides a useful reference for the further functional study of SlMYBR genes in tomato.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu F, Bi X, Liu H, Fu X, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wu R, Li G, Lv Y, Huang J, Luo X, Shi R. Transcriptome and carotenoid profiling of different varieties of Coffea arabica provides insights into fruit color formation. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:322-334. [PMID: 35769592 PMCID: PMC9209900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The processability and ultimate quality of coffee (C offea arabica) are determined by the composition of the matured fruits. The basis of genetic variation in coffee fruit quality could be explained by studying color formation during fruit maturation. Transcriptome profiling was conducted on matured fruits of four C. arabica varieties (orange colored fruits (ORF); purple colored fruits (PF); red colored fruits (RF) and yellow colored fruits (YF)) to identify key color-regulating genes, biosynthesis pathways and transcription factors implicated in fruit color formation. A total of 39,938 genes were identified in the transcriptomes of the four C. arabica varieties. In all, 2745, 781 and 1224 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in YF_vs_PF, YF_vs_RF and YF_vs_ORF, respectively, with 1732 DEGs conserved among the three pairwise groups. Functional annotation of the DEGs led to the detection of 28 and 82 key genes involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins, respectively. Key transcription factors bHLH, MYB, NAC, MADS, and WRKY implicated in fruit color regulation were detected. The high expression levels of gene-LOC113688784 (PSY), gene-LOC113730013 (β-CHY), gene-LOC113728842 (CCD7), gene-LOC113689681 (NCED) and gene-LOC113729473 (ABA2) in YF may have accounted for the yellow coloration. The differential expression of several anthocyanin and carotenoid-specific genes in the fruits substantially account for the purple (PF), red (RF), and orange (ORF) colorations. This study provides important insights into fruit color formation and variations in C. arabica and will help to develop coffee varieties with specific color and quality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faguang Hu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofei Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xingfei Fu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Ruirui Wu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Yulan Lv
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jiaxiong Huang
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xinping Luo
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo H, Mao M, Deng Y, Sun L, Chen R, Cao P, Lai J, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li C, Li Y, Bai Q, Tan T, Yang J, Wang S. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals That SlERF.D6 Synergistically Regulates SGAs and Fruit Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860577. [PMID: 35463452 PMCID: PMC9024245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that contribute to the pathogen defense in tomato but are toxic and considered to be antinutritional compounds to humans. APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors (TFs) play an indispensable role in various biological processes, such as plant growth and development, fruit ripening, biotic and abiotic stresses responses, and SGA biosynthesis. In this study, we identified 176 AP2/ERF genes that were domesticated or improved SlAP2/ERF in the tomato variome (Solanum lycopersicum) within either domestication or improvement sweeps, respectively. According to the RNA-sequencing data, 93 of the ERF genes with high transcriptional level (Transcripts Per Million, TPM > 1) belong to six clusters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and metabolite-based genome-wide association study (mGWAS) analyses revealed that the expression level of the Solyc04g071770 (SlERF.D6) gene in the cluster six gradually increased as the fruit matured. Transient transformation verified that the overexpression of SlERF.D6 significantly promoted fruit ripening and regulated the expression of multiple genes in the SGA synthesis pathway, thereby affecting the SGA content of the fruit. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that the silencing of SlERF.D6 delayed fruit ripening and influenced the content of SGAs. Our data provide new insights into AP2/ERF TFs in tomato, offer a candidate TF for fruit development and steroidal glycoalkaloids, and provide new resources for tomato breeding and improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengdi Mao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Lisong Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Ridong Chen
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jun Lai
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yueran Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiran Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qunhang Bai
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingting Tan
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bergero R. A symmetry gene restores femaleness. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:198-199. [PMID: 35301444 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bergero
- Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences Department, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sengupta A, Hileman LC. A CYC-RAD-DIV-DRIF interaction likely pre-dates the origin of floral monosymmetry in Lamiales. EvoDevo 2022; 13:3. [PMID: 35093179 PMCID: PMC8801154 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outstanding question in evolutionary biology is how genetic interactions defining novel traits evolve. They may evolve either by de novo assembly of previously non-interacting genes or by en bloc co-option of interactions from other functions. We tested these hypotheses in the context of a novel phenotype-Lamiales flower monosymmetry-defined by a developmental program that relies on regulatory interaction among CYCLOIDEA, RADIALIS, DIVARICATA, and DRIF gene products. In Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), representing Lamiales, we tested whether components of this program likely function beyond their previously known role in petal and stamen development. In Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), representing Solanales which diverged from Lamiales before the origin of Lamiales floral monosymmetry, we additionally tested for regulatory interactions in this program. RESULTS We found that RADIALIS, DIVARICATA, and DRIF are expressed in snapdragon ovaries and developing fruit, similar to their homologs during tomato fruit development. In addition, we found that a tomato CYCLOIDEA ortholog positively regulates a tomato RADIALIS ortholog. CONCLUSION Our results provide preliminary support to the hypothesis that the developmental program defining floral monosymmetry in Lamiales was co-opted en bloc from a function in carpel development. This expands our understanding of novel trait evolution facilitated by co-option of existing regulatory interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Sengupta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- St. Albert Hall, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Room 257, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lena C Hileman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mauxion JP, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Complex cellular and molecular events determining fruit size. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1023-1038. [PMID: 34158228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of plant organ-size determination represents an important challenge, especially because of the significant role of plants as food and renewable energy sources and the increasing need for plant-derived products. Most of the knowledge on the regulation of organ growth and the molecular network controlling cell division and cell expansion, the main drivers of growth, is derived from arabidopsis. The increasing use of crops such as tomato for research is now bringing essential information on the mechanisms underlying size control in agronomically important organs. This review describes our current knowledge, still very scarce, of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing tomato fruit size and proposes future research to better understand the regulation of growth in this important crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. @inrae.fr
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee YS, Herrera-Tequia A, Silwal J, Geiger JH, Grotewold E. A hydrophobic residue stabilizes dimers of regulatory ACT-like domains in plant basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100708. [PMID: 33901489 PMCID: PMC8202348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
About a third of the plant basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors harbor a C-terminal aspartate kinase, chorismate mutase, and TyrA (ACT)-like domain, which was originally identified in the maize R regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, where it modulates the ability of the bHLH to dimerize and bind DNA. Characterization of other bHLH ACT-like domains, such as the one in the Arabidopsis R ortholog, GL3, has not definitively confirmed dimerization, raising the question of the overall role of this potential regulatory domain. To learn more, we compared the dimerization of the ACT-like domains of R (RACT) and GL3 (GL3ACT). We show that RACT dimerizes with a dissociation constant around 100 nM, over an order of magnitude stronger than GL3ACT. Structural predictions combined with mutational analyses demonstrated that V568, located in a hydrophobic pocket in RACT, is important: when mutated to the Ser residue present in GL3ACT, dimerization affinity dropped by almost an order of magnitude. The converse S595V mutation in GL3ACT significantly increased the dimerization strength. We cloned and assayed dimerization for all identified maize ACT-like domains and determined that 12 of 42 formed heterodimers in yeast two-hybrid assays, irrespective of whether they harbored V568, which was often replaced by other aliphatic amino acids. Moreover, we determined that the presence of polar residues at that position occurs only in a small subset of anthocyanin regulators. The combined results provide new insights into possibly regulatory mechanisms and suggest that many of the other plant ACT-like domains associate to modulate fundamental cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Andres Herrera-Tequia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jagannath Silwal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genetic Mapping and Identification of the Candidate Gene for White Seed Coat in Cucurbita maxima. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062972. [PMID: 33804065 PMCID: PMC8000038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed coat color is an important agronomic trait of edible seed pumpkin in Cucurbita maxima. In this study, the development pattern of seed coat was detected in yellow and white seed coat accessions Wuminglv and Agol. Genetic analysis suggested that a single recessive gene white seed coat (wsc) is involved in seed coat color regulation in Cucurbita maxima. An F2 segregating population including 2798 plants was used for fine mapping and a candidate region containing nine genes was identified. Analysis of 54 inbred accessions revealed four main Insertion/Deletion sites in the promoter of CmaCh15G005270 encoding an MYB transcription factor were co-segregated with the phenotype of seed coat color. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that some genes involved in phenylpropanoid/flavonoid metabolism pathway displayed remarkable distinction in Wuminglv and Agol during the seed coat development. The flanking InDel marker S1548 was developed to predict the seed coat color in the MAS breeding with an accuracy of 100%. The results may provide valuable information for further studies in seed coat color formation and structure development in Cucurbitaceae crops and help the molecular breeding of Cucurbita maxima.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang L, Yin Y, Jing X, Wang M, Zhao M, Yu J, Qiu Z, Li YF. Profiling of MicroRNAs Involved in Mepiquat Chloride-Mediated Inhibition of Internode Elongation in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643213. [PMID: 33719323 PMCID: PMC7943613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mepiquat chloride (MC) is the most important plant growth retardant that is widely used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production to suppress excessive vegetative growth and improve plant architecture. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important gene expression regulators that control plant growth and development. However, miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in MC-induced growth inhibition remains unclear. In this study, the dynamic expression profiles of miRNAs responsive to MC in cotton internodes were investigated. A total of 508 known miRNAs belonging to 197 families and five novel miRNAs were identified. Among them, 104 miRNAs were differentially expressed at 48, 72, or 96 h post MC treatment compared with the control (0 h); majority of them were highly conserved miRNAs. The number of differentially expressed miRNAs increased with time after treatment. The expression of 14 known miRNAs was continuously suppressed, whereas 12 known miRNAs and one novel miRNA were continuously induced by MC. The expression patterns of the nine differentially expressed miRNAs were verified using qRT-PCR. The targets of the known and novel miRNAs were predicted. Four conserved and six novel targets were validated using the RLM-5' RACE assay. This study revealed that miRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in the MC-induced inhibition of internode elongation. It can improve our understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation in MC-mediated growth inhibition and could potentially facilitate the breeding of dwarf cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Li Wang,
| | - Ying Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Menglei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zongbo Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yong-Fang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Fang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Radial or Bilateral? The Molecular Basis of Floral Symmetry. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040395. [PMID: 32268578 PMCID: PMC7230197 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant kingdom, the flower is one of the most relevant evolutionary novelties. Floral symmetry has evolved multiple times from the ancestral condition of radial to bilateral symmetry. During evolution, several transcription factors have been recruited by the different developmental pathways in relation to the increase of plant complexity. The MYB proteins are among the most ancient plant transcription factor families and are implicated in different metabolic and developmental processes. In the model plant Antirrhinum majus, three MYB transcription factors (DIVARICATA, DRIF, and RADIALIS) have a pivotal function in the establishment of floral dorsoventral asymmetry. Here, we present an updated report of the role of the DIV, DRIF, and RAD transcription factors in both eudicots and monocots, pointing out their functional changes during plant evolution. In addition, we discuss the molecular models of the establishment of flower symmetry in different flowering plants.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Su K, Shi X, Liu D, Zhang J. High-density genetic linkage-map construction of hawthorn and QTL mapping for important fruit traits. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229020. [PMID: 32045463 PMCID: PMC7012432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few reports exist on QTL mapping of the important economic traits of hawthorn. We hybridized the cultivars ‘Shandongdamianqiu’ (female parent) and ‘Xinbinruanzi’ (male parent), and 130 F1 individuals and the two parents were used for RAD-seq, SNP development, and high-density linkage map construction. Three genetic maps were obtained, one for each of the parents and an integrated one. In these three maps, 17 linkage groups were constructed. The female and male parent maps contained 2657 and 4088 SNP markers, respectively, and had genetic distances of 2689.65 and 2558.41 cM, respectively, whereas the integrated map was 2470.02 cM, and contained 6,384 SNP markers. QTL mapping based on six agronomic traits, namely fruit transverse diameter, vertical diameter, single fruit weight, pericarp brittleness, pericarp puncture hardness, and average sarcocarp firmness were conducted, and 25 QTLs were detected in seven linkage groups. Explained phenotypic variation rate ranged from 17.7% to 35%. This genetic map contains the largest number of molecular markers ever obtained from hawthorn and will provide an important future reference for fine QTL mapping of economic traits and molecular assisted selection of hawthorn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
| | - Yidi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
| | - Yinshan Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, P.R.C
- * E-mail: (YG); (JZ)
| | - Kai Su
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
| | - Xiaochang Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
| | - Di Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R.C
| | - Jijun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R.C
- * E-mail: (YG); (JZ)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bartlett M. Looking back to look forward: protein-protein interactions and the evolution of development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1127-1133. [PMID: 31494948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary modification of development was fundamental in generating extant plant diversity. Similarly, the modification of development is a path forward to engineering the plants of the future, provided we know enough about what to modify. Understanding how extant diversity was generated will reveal productive pathways forward for modifying development. Here, I discuss four examples of developmental pathways that have been remodeled by changes to protein-protein interactions. These are cases where changes to developmental pathways have been paralleled by recent changes, selected for or engineered by humans. Extant plant diversity represents a vast treasure trove of molecular solutions to ecological problems. Mining this treasure trove will allow for the intentional modification of plant development for solving future problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Bartlett
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, 221 Morrill 2, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raimundo J, Sobral R, Laranjeira S, Costa MMR. Successive Domain Rearrangements Underlie the Evolution of a Regulatory Module Controlled by a Small Interfering Peptide. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2873-2885. [PMID: 30203071 PMCID: PMC6278869 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of new interactions between transcriptional regulators increases the regulatory diversity that drives phenotypic novelty. To understand how such interactions evolve, we have studied a regulatory module (DDR) composed by three MYB-like proteins: DIVARICATA (DIV), RADIALIS (RAD), and DIV-and-RAD-Interacting Factor (DRIF). The DIV and DRIF proteins form a transcriptional complex that is disrupted in the presence of RAD, a small interfering peptide, due to the formation of RAD–DRIF dimers. This dynamic interaction result in a molecular switch mechanism responsible for the control of distinct developmental processes in plants. Here, we have determined how the DDR regulatory module was established by analyzing the origin and evolution of the DIV, DRIF, and RAD protein families and the evolutionary history of their interactions. We show that duplications of a pre-existing MYB domain originated the DIV and DRIF protein families in the ancestral lineage of green algae, and, later, the RAD family in seed plants. Intraspecies interactions between the MYB domains of DIV and DRIF proteins are detected in green algae, whereas the earliest evidence of an interaction between DRIF and RAD proteins occurs in the gymnosperms, coincident with the establishment of the RAD family. Therefore, the DDR module evolved in a stepwise progression with the DIV–DRIF transcription complex evolving prior to the antagonistic RAD–DRIF interaction that established the molecular switch mechanism. Our results suggest that the successive rearrangement and divergence of a single protein domain can be an effective evolutionary mechanism driving new protein interactions and the establishment of novel regulatory modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Raimundo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Rómulo Sobral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Laranjeira
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela R Costa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Madrigal Y, Alzate JF, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution of RADIALIS and DIVARICATA gene lineages in flowering plants with an expanded sampling in non-core eudicots. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:334-351. [PMID: 30845367 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Bilateral symmetry in core eudicot flowers is established by the differential expression of CYCLOIDEA (CYC), DICHOTOMA (DICH), and RADIALIS (RAD), which are restricted to the dorsal portion of the flower, and DIVARICATA (DIV), restricted to the ventral and lateral petals. Little is known regarding the evolution of these gene lineages in non-core eudicots, and there are no reports on gene expression that can be used to assess whether the network predates the diversification of core eudicots. METHODS Homologs of the RAD and DIV lineages were isolated from available genomes and transcriptomes, including those of three selected non-core eudicot species, the magnoliid Aristolochia fimbriata and the monocots Cattleya trianae and Hypoxis decumbens. Phylogenetic analyses for each gene lineage were performed. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression and putative contribution to floral symmetry in dissected floral organs of the selected species. KEY RESULTS RAD-like genes have undergone at least two duplication events before eudicot diversification, three before monocots and at least four in Orchidaceae. DIV-like genes also duplicated twice before eudicot diversification and underwent independent duplications specific to Orchidaceae. RAD-like and DIV-like genes have differential dorsiventral expression only in C. trianae, which contrasts with the homogeneous expression in the perianth of A. fimbriata. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a common genetic regulatory network for floral symmetry in monocots and core eudicots, while alternative genetic mechanisms are likely driving the bilateral perianth symmetry in the early-diverging angiosperm Aristolochia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Madrigal
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226, Cl. 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Fernando Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, SIU, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, AA. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226, Cl. 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Valoroso MC, Sobral R, Saccone G, Salvemini M, Costa MMR, Aceto S. Evolutionary Conservation of the Orchid MYB Transcription Factors DIV, RAD, and DRIF. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1359. [PMID: 31736999 PMCID: PMC6838138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The MYB transcription factors DIVARICATA (DIV), DIV-and-RAD-Interacting-Factor (DRIF), and the small interfering peptide RADIALIS (RAD) can interact, forming a regulatory module that controls different plant developmental processes. In the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus, this module, together with the TCP transcription factor CYCLOIDEA (CYC), is responsible for the establishment of floral dorsoventral asymmetry. The spatial gene expression pattern of the OitDIV, OitDRIF, and OitRAD homologs of Orchis italica, an orchid with zygomorphic flowers, has suggested a possible conserved role of these genes in bilateral symmetry of the orchid flower. Here, we have identified four DRIF genes of orchids and have reconstructed their genomic organization and evolution. In addition, we found snapdragon transcriptional cis-regulatory elements of DIV and RAD loci generally conserved within the corresponding orchid orthologues. We have tested the biochemical interactions among OitDIV, OitDRIF1, and OitRAD of O. italica, showing that OitDRIF1 can interact both with OitDIV and OitRAD, whereas OitDIV and OitRAD do not directly interact, as in A. majus. The analysis of the quantitative expression profile of these MYB genes revealed that in zygomorphic orchid flowers, the DIV, DRIF1, and RAD transcripts are present at higher levels in the lip than in lateral inner tepals, whereas in peloric orchid flowers they show similar expression levels. These results indicate that MYB transcription factors could have a role in shaping zygomorphy of the orchid flower, potentially enriching the underlying orchid developmental code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rómulo Sobral
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Saccone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Ribeiro Costa
- BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Serena Aceto,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fang Q, Wang Q, Mao H, Xu J, Wang Y, Hu H, He S, Tu J, Cheng C, Tian G, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang C, Luo K. AtDIV2, an R-R-type MYB transcription factor of Arabidopsis, negatively regulates salt stress by modulating ABA signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1499-1511. [PMID: 30014159 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AtDIV2 integrates ABA signaling to negatively regulate salt stress in Arabidopsis. AmDIV (DIVARICATA) is a functional MYB transcription factor (TF) that regulates ventral identity during floral development in Antirrhinum. There are six members of DIV homologs in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of these proteins are largely unknown. Here, we characterized an R-R-type MYB TF AtDIV2, which is involved in salt stress responses and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Although universally expressed in tissues, the nuclear-localized AtDIV2 appeared not to be involved in seedling development processes. However, upon exposure to salt stress and exogenous ABA, the transcripts of AtDIV2 are markedly increased in wild-type (Wt) plants. The loss-of-function mutant div2 displayed much more tolerance to salt stress, and several salt-responsive genes were up-regulated. In addition, the div2 mutant showed higher sensitivity to ABA during seed germination. And the germination variance between the Wt and div2 mutant cannot be rectified by treatment with both ABA and sodium tungstate at the same time. ELISA results showed that the endogenous ABA content in the div2 mutant is clearly increased than that in Wt plants. Furthermore, the transcriptional expressions of several ABA-related genes, including ABA1 and ABI3, were elevated. Taken together, our results suggest that the R-R-type MYB TF AtDIV2 plays negative roles in salt stress and is required for ABA signaling in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Shuai He
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Junchu Tu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Guozheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Xianqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Unraveling the Roles of Regulatory Genes during Domestication of Cultivated Camellia: Evidence and Insights from Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100488. [PMID: 30308953 PMCID: PMC6211025 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing power of DNA sequencing, the genomics-based approach is becoming a promising resolution to dissect the molecular mechanism of domestication of complex traits in trees. Genus Camellia possesses rich resources with a substantial value for producing beverage, ornaments, edible oil and more. Currently, a vast number of genetic and genomic research studies in Camellia plants have emerged and provided an unprecedented opportunity to expedite the molecular breeding program. In this paper, we summarize the recent advances of gene expression and genomic resources in Camellia species and focus on identifying genes related to key economic traits such as flower and fruit development and stress tolerances. We investigate the genetic alterations and genomic impacts under different selection programs in closely related species. We discuss future directions of integrating large-scale population and quantitative genetics and multiple omics to identify key candidates to accelerate the breeding process. We propose that future work of exploiting the genomic data can provide insights related to the targets of domestication during breeding and the evolution of natural trait adaptations in genus Camellia.
Collapse
|
27
|
Allan AC, Espley RV. MYBs Drive Novel Consumer Traits in Fruits and Vegetables. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:693-705. [PMID: 30033210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eating plant-derived compounds can lead to a longer and healthier life and also benefits the environment. Innovation in the fresh food sector, as well as new cultivars, can improve consumption of fruit and vegetables, with MYB transcription factors being a target to drive this novelty. Plant MYB transcription factors are implicated in diverse roles including development, hormone signalling, and metabolite biosynthesis. The reds and blues of fruit and vegetables provided by anthocyanins, phlobaphenes, and betalains are controlled by specific R2R3 MYBs. New studies are now revealing that MYBs also control carotenoid biosynthesis and other quality traits, such as flavour and texture. Future breeding techniques may manipulate or create alleles of key MYB transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Richard V Espley
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Petzold HE, Chanda B, Zhao C, Rigoulot SB, Beers EP, Brunner AM. DIVARICATA AND RADIALIS INTERACTING FACTOR (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:1076-1087. [PMID: 29383783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DIVARICATA AND RADIALIS INTERACTING FACTOR (DRIF) from snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a MYB/SANT protein that interacts with related MYB/SANT proteins, RADIALIS and DIVARICATA, through its N-terminal MYB/SANT domain. In addition to the MYB/SANT domain, DRIF contains a C-terminal domain of unknown function (DUF3755). Here we describe novel protein-protein interactions involving a poplar (Populus trichocarpa) homolog of DRIF, PtrDRIF1. In addition to interacting with poplar homologs of RADIALIS (PtrRAD1) and DIVARICATA (PtrDIV4), PtrDRIF1 interacted with members of other families within the homeodomain-like superfamily, including PtrWOX13c, a WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX protein, and PtrKNAT7, a KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX protein. PtrRAD1 and PtrDIV4 interacted with the MYB/SANT-containing N-terminal portion of PtrDRIF1, whereas DUF3755 was both necessary and sufficient for interactions with PtrWOX13c and PtrKNAT7. Of the two MYB/SANT domains present in PtrDIV4, only the N-terminal MYB/SANT domain interacted with PtrDRIF1. GFP-PtrDRIF1 expressed alone or with PtrRAD1 localized to the cytoplasm, whereas co-expression of GFP-PtrDRIF1 with PtrDIV4, PtrWOX13c or PtrKNAT7 resulted in nuclear localization of GFP-PtrDRIF1. Modified yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments using PtrDRIF1 as a bridge protein revealed that PtrDRIF1 simultaneously interacted with PtrRAD1 and PtrWOX13c, but could not form a heterotrimeric complex when PtrDIV4 was substituted for PtrRAD1. Moreover, a Y2H competition assay indicated that PtrKNAT7 inhibits the interaction between PtrRAD1 and PtrDRIF1. The discovery of an additional protein-protein interaction domain in DRIF proteins, DUF3755, and its ability to form heterodimers and heterotrimers involving MYB/SANT and wood-associated homeodomain proteins, implicates DRIF proteins as mediators of a broader array of processes than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Earl Petzold
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Bidisha Chanda
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | - Eric P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Petzold HE, Rigoulot SB, Zhao C, Chanda B, Sheng X, Zhao M, Jia X, Dickerman AW, Beers EP, Brunner AM. Identification of new protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions linked with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:362-377. [PMID: 29040741 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular processes, such as signal transduction and cell wall deposition, are organized by macromolecule interactions. Experimentally determined protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein-DNA interactions (PDIs) relevant to woody plant development are sparse. To begin to develop a Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray wood interactome, we applied the yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assay in different ways to enable the discovery of novel PPIs and connected networks. We first cloned open reading frames (ORFs) for 361 genes markedly upregulated in secondary xylem compared with secondary phloem and performed a binary Y2H screen with these proteins. By screening a xylem cDNA library for interactors of a subset of these proteins and then recapitulating the process by using a subset of the interactors as baits, we ultimately identified 165 PPIs involving 162 different ORFs. Thirty-eight transcription factors (TFs) included in our collection of P. trichocarpa wood ORFs were used in a Y1H screen for binding to promoter regions of three genes involved in lignin biosynthesis resulting in 40 PDIs involving 20 different TFs. The network incorporating both the PPIs and PDIs included 14 connected subnetworks, with the largest having 132 members. Protein-protein interactions and PDIs validated previous reports and also identified new candidate wood formation proteins and modules through their interactions with proteins and promoters known to be involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Selected examples are discussed including a PPI between Mps one binder (MOB1) and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (M4K) that was further characterized by assays confirming the PPI as well as its effect on subcellular localization. Mapping of published transcriptomic data showing developmentally detailed expression patterns across a secondary stem onto the network supported that the PPIs and PDIs are relevant to wood formation, and also illustrated that wood-associated interactions involve gene products that are not upregulated in secondary xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Earl Petzold
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bidisha Chanda
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allan W Dickerman
- The Biocomplexity Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu S, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Qin L, Pan C, Lamin-Samu AT, Lu G. Tomato AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 regulates fruit set and development via the mediation of auxin and gibberellin signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2971. [PMID: 29445121 PMCID: PMC5813154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) encode transcriptional factors that function in the regulation of plant development processes. A tomato ARF gene, SlARF5, was observed to be expressed at high levels in emasculated ovaries but maintained low expression levels in pollinated ovaries. The amiRNA SlARF5 lines exhibited ovary growth and formed seedless fruits following emasculation. These parthenocarpic fruits developed fewer locular tissues, and the fruit size and weight were decreased in transgenic lines compared to those of wild-type fruits. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that several genes involved in the auxin-signaling pathway were downregulated, whereas some genes involved in the gibberellin-signaling pathway were enhanced by the decreased SlARF5 mRNA levels in transgenic plants, indicating that SlARF5 may play an important role in regulating both the auxin- and gibberellin-signaling pathways during fruit set and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiushuo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changtian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anthony Tumbeh Lamin-Samu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gao A, Zhang J, Zhang W. Evolution of RAD- and DIV-Like Genes in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091961. [PMID: 28902138 PMCID: PMC5618610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental genetic studies of Antirrhinum majus demonstrated that two transcription factors from the MYB gene family, RADIALIS (RAD) and DIVIRICATA (DIV), interact through antagonism to regulate floral dorsoventral asymmetry. Interestingly, similar antagonistic interaction found among proteins of FSM1 (RAD-like) and MYBI (DIV-like) in Solanum lycopersicum is involved in fruit development. Here, we report the reconstruction of the phylogeny of I-box-like and R-R-type clades, where RAD- and DIV-like genes belong, respectively. We also examined the homology of these antagonistic MYB proteins using these phylogenies. The results show that there are likely three paralogs of RAD-/I-box-like genes, RAD1, RAD2, and RAD3, which originated in the common ancestor of the core eudicots. In contrast, R-R-type sequences fall into two major clades, RR1 and RR2, the result of gene duplication in the common ancestor of both monocots and dicots. RR1 was divided into clades RR1A, RR1B, and RR1C, while RR2 was divided into clades RR2A/DIV1, RR2B/DIV2, and RR2C/DIV3. We demonstrate that among similar antagonistic interactions in An. Majus and So. lycopersicum, RAD-like genes originate from the RAD2 clade, while DIV-like genes originate from distantly related paralogs of the R-R-type lineage. The phylogenetic analyses of these two MYB clades lay the foundation for future comparative studies including testing the evolution of the antagonistic relationship of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Gao
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Wenheng Zhang
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Su S, Xiao W, Guo W, Yao X, Xiao J, Ye Z, Wang N, Jiao K, Lei M, Peng Q, Hu X, Huang X, Luo D. The CYCLOIDEA-RADIALIS module regulates petal shape and pigmentation, leading to bilateral corolla symmetry in Torenia fournieri (Linderniaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1582-1593. [PMID: 28691160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The diverse pigmentation patterns of flower corollas probably result from pollinator-mediated selection. Previous studies demonstrated that R2R3-MYB factors may have been recruited in the regulation of corolla pigmentation. However, how R2R3-MYBs became so diverse in their regulation of different pigmentation patterns remains unclear. Here, we studied a Lamiales species, Torenia fournieri, which has elaborate zygomorphic flowers with dorsal-ventral asymmetries in corolla pigmentation. We found recent gene duplication events in CYCLOIDEA-like (CYC-like) and RADIALIS-like (RAD-like) genes, and functionally analyzed three dorsal-specific expression factors: TfCYC1, TfCYC2, and TfRAD1. We found that the CYC-RAD module coordinates petal shape and corolla pigmentation, as ectopic expression of TfCYC2 or TfRAD1 disrupted the asymmetric corolla pigmentation pattern and produced strongly dorsalized flowers. Dorsal petal identity was lost when TfCYC2 was down-regulated or when TfRAD1 was knocked out. In T. fournieri, the diversified CYC and RAD genes have evolved regulatory loops, and TfCYC2 binds directly to the regulatory regions of an R2R3-MYB factor gene, TfMYB1, which might lead to its asymmetric expression and ultimately establish the asymmetric pigmentation pattern. These findings support the existence of a regulatory module that integrates dorsal-ventral patterning and asymmetric corolla pigmentation in T. fournieri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wuxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xinran Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junqing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ziqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Keyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Mengqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qincheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaohe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xanthopoulou A, Ganopoulos I, Psomopoulos F, Manioudaki M, Moysiadis T, Kapazoglou A, Osathanunkul M, Michailidou S, Kalivas A, Tsaftaris A, Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P. De novo comparative transcriptome analysis of genes involved in fruit morphology of pumpkin cultivars with extreme size difference and development of EST-SSR markers. Gene 2017; 622:50-66. [PMID: 28435133 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of fruit size and shape was investigated for the first time in Cucurbita species and genetic loci associated with fruit morphology have been identified. Although extensive genomic resources are available at present for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), genomic databases for Cucurbita species are limited. Recently, our group reported the generation of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) transcriptome databases from two contrasting cultivars with extreme fruit sizes. In the current study we used these databases to perform comparative transcriptome analysis in order to identify genes with potential roles in fruit morphology and fruit size. Differential Gene Expression (DGE) analysis between cv. 'Munchkin' (small-fruit) and cv. 'Big Moose' (large-fruit) revealed a variety of candidate genes associated with fruit morphology with significant differences in gene expression between the two cultivars. In addition, we have set the framework for generating EST-SSR markers, which discriminate different C. pepo cultivars and show transferability to related Cucurbitaceae species. The results of the present study will contribute to both further understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating fruit morphology and furthermore identifying the factors that determine fruit size. Moreover, they may lead to the development of molecular marker tools for selecting genotypes with desired morphological traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Xanthopoulou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece; Lab of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources ELGO-DEMETER (ex NAGREF), Thermi, Macedonia GR-57001, Greece
| | - Fotis Psomopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece
| | - Maria Manioudaki
- Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Moysiadis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece
| | - Aliki Kapazoglou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece
| | - Maslin Osathanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece
| | - Apostolos Kalivas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources ELGO-DEMETER (ex NAGREF), Thermi, Macedonia GR-57001, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsaftaris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece; Lab of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Lab of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thermi, Thessaloniki 570 01, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang F, Li W, Jiang N, Yu H, Morohashi K, Ouma WZ, Morales-Mantilla DE, Gomez-Cano FA, Mukundi E, Prada-Salcedo LD, Velazquez RA, Valentin J, Mejía-Guerra MK, Gray J, Doseff AI, Grotewold E. A Maize Gene Regulatory Network for Phenolic Metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:498-515. [PMID: 27871810 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The translation of the genotype into phenotype, represented for example by the expression of genes encoding enzymes required for the biosynthesis of phytochemicals that are important for interaction of plants with the environment, is largely carried out by transcription factors (TFs) that recognize specific cis-regulatory elements in the genes that they control. TFs and their target genes are organized in gene regulatory networks (GRNs), and thus uncovering GRN architecture presents an important biological challenge necessary to explain gene regulation. Linking TFs to the genes they control, central to understanding GRNs, can be carried out using gene- or TF-centered approaches. In this study, we employed a gene-centered approach utilizing the yeast one-hybrid assay to generate a network of protein-DNA interactions that participate in the transcriptional control of genes involved in the biosynthesis of maize phenolic compounds including general phenylpropanoids, lignins, and flavonoids. We identified 1100 protein-DNA interactions involving 54 phenolic gene promoters and 568 TFs. A set of 11 TFs recognized 10 or more promoters, suggesting a role in coordinating pathway gene expression. The integration of the gene-centered network with information derived from TF-centered approaches provides a foundation for a phenolics GRN characterized by interlaced feed-forward loops that link developmental regulators with biosynthetic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Haidong Yu
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wilberforce Zachary Ouma
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel E Morales-Mantilla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Success in Graduate Education (SiGuE) Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fabio Andres Gomez-Cano
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric Mukundi
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Luis Daniel Prada-Salcedo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Roberto Alers Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Success in Graduate Education (SiGuE) Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jasmin Valentin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Success in Graduate Education (SiGuE) Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Katherine Mejía-Guerra
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43560, USA
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brkljacic J, Grotewold E. Combinatorial control of plant gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1860:31-40. [PMID: 27427484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial gene regulation provides a mechanism by which relatively small numbers of transcription factors can control the expression of a much larger number of genes with finely tuned temporal and spatial patterns. This is achieved by transcription factors assembling into complexes in a combinatorial fashion, exponentially increasing the number of genes that they can target. Such an arrangement also increases the specificity and affinity for the cis-regulatory sequences required for accurate target gene expression. Superimposed on this transcription factor combinatorial arrangement is the increasing realization that histone modification marks expand the regulatory information, which is interpreted by histone readers and writers that are part of the regulatory apparatus. Here, we review the progress in these areas from the perspective of plant combinatorial gene regulation, providing examples of different regulatory solutions and comparing them to other metazoans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks, edited by Dr. Erich Grotewold and Dr. Nathan Springer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brkljacic
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS),The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS),The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gupta Y, Pathak AK, Singh K, Mantri SS, Singh SP, Tuli R. De novo assembly and characterization of transcriptomes of early-stage fruit from two genotypes of Annona squamosa L. with contrast in seed number. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:86. [PMID: 25766098 PMCID: PMC4336476 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annona squamosa L., a popular fruit tree, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Annona. The lack of transcriptomic and genomic information limits the scope of genome investigations in this important shrub. It bears aggregate fruits with numerous seeds. A few rare accessions with very few seeds have been reported for Annona. A massive pyrosequencing (Roche, 454 GS FLX+) of transcriptome from early stages of fruit development (0, 4, 8 and 12 days after pollination) was performed to produce expression datasets in two genotypes, Sitaphal and NMK-1, that show a contrast in the number of seeds set in fruits. The data reported here is the first source of genome-wide differential transcriptome sequence in two genotypes of A. squamosa, and identifies several candidate genes related to seed development. Results Approximately 1.9 million high-quality clean reads were obtained in the cDNA library from the developing fruits of both the genotypes, with an average length of about 568 bp. Quality-reads were assembled de novo into 2074 to 11004 contigs in the developing fruit samples at different stages of development. The contig sequence data of all the four stages of each genotype were combined into larger units resulting into 14921 (Sitaphal) and 14178 (NMK-1) unigenes, with a mean size of more than 1 Kb. Assembled unigenes were functionally annotated by querying against the protein sequences of five different public databases (NCBI non redundant, Prunus persica, Vitis vinifera, Fragaria vesca, and Amborella trichopoda), with an E-value cut-off of 10−5. A total of 4588 (Sitaphal) and 2502 (NMK-1) unigenes did not match any known protein in the NR database. These sequences could be genes specific to Annona sp. or belong to untranslated regions. Several of the unigenes representing pathways related to primary and secondary metabolism, and seed and fruit development expressed at a higher level in Sitaphal, the densely seeded cultivar in comparison to the poorly seeded NMK-1. A total of 2629 (Sitaphal) and 3445 (NMK-1) Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) motifs were identified respectively in the two genotypes. These could be potential candidates for transcript based microsatellite analysis in A. squamosa. Conclusion The present work provides early-stage fruit specific transcriptome sequence resource for A. squamosa. This repository will serve as a useful resource for investigating the molecular mechanisms of fruit development, and improvement of fruit related traits in A. squamosa and related species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1248-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Gupta
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase-8, -160071, Mohali, India.
| | - Ashish K Pathak
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase-8, -160071, Mohali, India.
| | - Kashmir Singh
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Shrikant S Mantri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase-8, -160071, Mohali, India.
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase-8, -160071, Mohali, India.
| | - Rakesh Tuli
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase-8, -160071, Mohali, India. .,University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jiang L, Yan S, Yang W, Li Y, Xia M, Chen Z, Wang Q, Yan L, Song X, Liu R, Zhang X. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the roles of microtubule-related genes and transcription factors in fruit length regulation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Rep 2015; 5:8031. [PMID: 25619948 PMCID: PMC5379036 DOI: 10.1038/srep08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit is a type of fleshy fruit that is harvested immaturely. Early fruit development directly determines the final fruit length and diameter, and consequently the fruit yield and quality. Different cucumber varieties display huge variations of fruit length, but how fruit length is determined at the molecular level remains poorly understood. To understand the genes and gene networks that regulate fruit length in cucumber, high throughout RNA-Seq data were used to compare the transcriptomes of early fruit from two near isogenic lines with different fruit lengths. 3955 genes were found to be differentially expressed, among which 2368 genes were significantly up-regulated and 1587 down-regulated in the line with long fruit. Microtubule and cell cycle related genes were dramatically activated in the long fruit, and transcription factors were implicated in the fruit length regulation in cucumber. Thus, our results built a foundation for dissecting the molecular mechanism of fruit length control in cucumber, a key agricultural trait of significant economic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Mengxue Xia
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liying Yan
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burdo B, Gray J, Goetting-Minesky MP, Wittler B, Hunt M, Li T, Velliquette D, Thomas J, Gentzel I, Brito MDS, Mejía-Guerra MK, Connolly LN, Qaisi D, Li W, Casas MI, Doseff AI, Grotewold E. The Maize TFome--development of a transcription factor open reading frame collection for functional genomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:356-66. [PMID: 25053252 PMCID: PMC4283594 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the architecture of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) responsible for controlling the transcription of all genes in an organism is a natural development that follows elucidation of the genome sequence. Reconstruction of the GRN requires the availability of a series of molecular tools and resources that so far have been limited to a few model organisms. One such resource consists of collections of transcription factor (TF) open reading frames (ORFs) cloned into vectors that facilitate easy expression in plants or microorganisms. In this study, we describe the development of a publicly available maize TF ORF collection (TFome) of 2034 clones corresponding to 2017 unique gene models in recombination-ready vectors that make possible the facile mobilization of the TF sequences into a number of different expression vectors. The collection also includes several hundred co-regulators (CoREGs), which we classified into well-defined families, and for which we propose here a standard nomenclature, as we have previously done for TFs. We describe the strategies employed to overcome the limitations associated with cloning ORFs from a genome that remains incompletely annotated, with a partial full-length cDNA set available, and with many TF/CoREG genes lacking experimental support. In many instances this required the combination of genome-wide expression data with gene synthesis approaches. The strategies developed will be valuable for developing similar resources for other agriculturally important plants. Information on all the clones generated is available through the GRASSIUS knowledgebase (http://grassius.org/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Burdo
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biology, University of ToledoToledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | | | - Bettina Wittler
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Hunt
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tai Li
- Department of Biology, University of ToledoToledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | | | - Julie Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of ToledoToledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Irene Gentzel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael dos Santos Brito
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of CampinasCampinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Katherine Mejía-Guerra
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Layne N Connolly
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dalya Qaisi
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maria I Casas
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of CampinasCampinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, 43210, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Raimundo J, Sobral R, Bailey P, Azevedo H, Galego L, Almeida J, Coen E, Costa MMR. A subcellular tug of war involving three MYB-like proteins underlies a molecular antagonism in Antirrhinum flower asymmetry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:527-38. [PMID: 23638688 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of meristematic domains with different transcriptional activity is essential for many developmental processes. The asymmetry of the Antirrhinum majus flower is established by transcription factors with an asymmetric pattern of activity. To understand how this asymmetrical pattern is established, we studied the molecular mechanism through which the dorsal MYB protein RADIALIS (RAD) restricts the activity of the MYB transcription factor DIVARICATA (DIV) to the ventral region of the flower meristem. We show that RAD competes with DIV for binding with other MYB-like proteins, termed DRIF1 and DRIF2 (DIV- and-RAD-interacting-factors). DRIF1 and DIV interact to form a protein complex that binds to the DIV-DNA consensus region, suggesting that the DRIFs act as co-regulators of DIV transcriptional activity. In the presence of RAD, the interaction between DRIF1 and DIV bound to DNA is disrupted. Moreover, the DRIFs are sequestered in the cytoplasm by RAD, thus, preventing or reducing the formation of DRIF-DIV heterodimers in the nuclei. Our results suggest that in the dorsal region of the Antirrhinum flower meristem the dorsal protein RAD antagonises the activity of the ventral identity protein DIV in a subcellular competition for a DRIF protein promoting the establishment of the asymmetric pattern of gene activity in the Antirrhinum flower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Raimundo
- Center for Biodiversity Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|