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Jameson PE. Cytokinin Translocation to, and Biosynthesis and Metabolism within, Cereal and Legume Seeds: Looking Back to Inform the Future. Metabolites 2023; 13:1076. [PMID: 37887400 PMCID: PMC10609209 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in the history of cytokinins, it was clear that Zea mays seeds contained not just trans-zeatin, but its nucleosides and nucleotides. Subsequently, both pods and seeds of legumes and cereal grains have been shown to contain a complex of cytokinin forms. Relative to the very high quantities of cytokinin detected in developing seeds, only a limited amount appears to have been translocated from the parent plant. Translocation experiments, and the detection of high levels of endogenous cytokinin in the maternal seed coat tissues of legumes, indicates that cytokinin does not readily cross the maternal/filial boundary, indicating that the filial tissues are autonomous for cytokinin biosynthesis. Within the seed, trans-zeatin plays a key role in sink establishment and it may also contribute to sink strength. The roles, if any, of the other biologically active forms of cytokinin (cis-zeatin, dihydrozeatin and isopentenyladenine) remain to be elucidated. The recent identification of genes coding for the enzyme that leads to the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin in rice (OsCYP735A3 and 4), and the identification of a gene coding for an enzyme (CPN1) that converts trans-zeatin riboside to trans-zeatin in the apoplast, further cements the key role played by trans-zeatin in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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2
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Hertig C, Rutten T, Melzer M, Schippers JHM, Thiel J. Dissection of Developmental Programs and Regulatory Modules Directing Endosperm Transfer Cell and Aleurone Identity in the Syncytial Endosperm of Barley. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1594. [PMID: 37111818 PMCID: PMC10142620 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm development in barley starts with the formation of a multinucleate syncytium, followed by cellularization in the ventral part of the syncytium generating endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) as first differentiating subdomain, whereas aleurone (AL) cells will originate from the periphery of the enclosing syncytium. Positional signaling in the syncytial stage determines cell identity in the cereal endosperm. Here, we performed a morphological analysis and employed laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based RNA-seq of the ETC region and the peripheral syncytium at the onset of cellularization to dissect developmental and regulatory programs directing cell specification in the early endosperm. Transcriptome data revealed domain-specific characteristics and identified two-component signaling (TCS) and hormone activities (auxin, ABA, ethylene) with associated transcription factors (TFs) as the main regulatory links for ETC specification. On the contrary, differential hormone signaling (canonical auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin) and interacting TFs control the duration of the syncytial phase and timing of cellularization of AL initials. Domain-specific expression of candidate genes was validated by in situ hybridization and putative protein-protein interactions were confirmed by split-YFP assays. This is the first transcriptome analysis dissecting syncytial subdomains of cereal seeds and provides an essential framework for initial endosperm differentiation in barley, which is likely also valuable for comparative studies with other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Jos H. M. Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Johannes Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
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3
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Influence of Sink Size on 15N and 13C Allocation during Different Phenological Phases of Spring Wheat Cultivars. NITROGEN 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific objective of this study was to answer the question of whether sink limitation is also true for high quality wheat varieties. We examined the incorporation of 15N and 13C during phenological phases into vegetative parts and grains of Elite wheat Triso (E) and Quality wheat Naxos (A) when the spike is halved. Three splits of fertilizer were applied at EC 11, EC 30, EC 59, whereby 10% at EC 30 and EC 59 was 15N, and plants were also labelled with 13CO2. The application of only the third split as 15N, combined with spike-halving, resulted in a significantly higher 15N-content (+11%) of 0.486 mg 15N/g DM, compared to the control (0.437 mg15N/g DM). Labelling whole plants with 13CO2 at EC 59 resulted in a significantly higher 13C-content—40%—(0.223 mg 13C/g DM) of the grains of the control for Triso at the fully-ripe stage (EC 89), compared to Naxos (0.160 mg 13C/g DM). This superiority was reduced to 34%, and was also demonstrated by spike-halving (0.226 mg 13C/g DM, 0.169 mg 13C/g DM). Remobilization of 15N for control and spike-halving treatments were 68.2% and 61.1%, respectively. This clearly demonstrates that the reduction of the sink size by spike-halving leads to a 7% reduction in the remobilization of 15N from vegetative to reproductive tissues.
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Liu D, Zeng M, Wu Y, Du Y, Liu J, Luo S, Zeng Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the molecular basis underlying pre-harvest sprouting in rice. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:771. [PMID: 36434522 PMCID: PMC9701047 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious rice production constraints in areas where prolonged rainfall occurs during harvest. However, the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation underlying PHS remain largely unknown. RESULTS In the current study, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed to characterize the similarities and differences between two rice varieties: PHS-sensitive Jiuxiangzhan (JXZ) and PHS-resistant Meixiangxinzhan (MXXZ). The physiological experimental results indicated that PHS causes a significant decrease in starch content and, in contrast, a significant increase in soluble sugar content and amylase activity. The extent of change in these physiological parameters in the sensitive variety JXZ was greater than that in the resistant variety MXXZ. A total of 9,602 DEGs were obtained from the transcriptome sequencing data, and 5,581 and 4,021 DEGs were identified in JXZ and MXXZ under high humidity conditions, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that many DEGs under high humidity treatment were mainly linked to plant hormone signal transduction, carbon metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the number of upregulated genes involved in these pathways was much higher in JXZ than in MXXZ, while the number of downregulated genes was higher in MXXZ than in JXZ. These results suggest that the physiological and biochemical processes of these pathways are more active in the PHS-sensitive JXZ than in the PHS-resistant MXXZ. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we inferred that PHS in rice results from altered phytohormone regulation, more active carbon metabolism and energy production, and enhanced phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Our study provides a theoretical foundation for further elucidation of the complex regulatory mechanism of PHS in rice and the molecular breeding of PHS-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Mingyang Zeng
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Yan Wu
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Yanli Du
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Jianming Liu
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Shaoqiang Luo
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
| | - Yongjun Zeng
- grid.411859.00000 0004 1808 3238Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045 China
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Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Expression Profiling of the Peanut Small Seed Mutant Identified Genes Involved in Seed Size Control. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179726. [PMID: 36077124 PMCID: PMC9456316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed size is a key factor affecting crop yield and a major agronomic trait concerned in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding. However, little is known about the regulation mechanism of peanut seed size. In the present study, a peanut small seed mutant1 (ssm1) was identified through irradiating peanut cultivar Luhua11 (LH11) using 60Coγ ray. Since the globular embryo stage, the embryo size of ssm1 was significantly smaller than that of LH11. The dry seed weight of ssm1 was only 39.69% of the wild type LH14. The seeds were wrinkled with darker seed coat. The oil content of ssm1 seeds were also decreased significantly. Seeds of ssm1 and LH11 were sampled 10, 20, and 40 days after pegging (DAP) and were used for RNA-seq. The results revealed that genes involved in plant hormones and several transcription factors related to seed development were differentially expressed at all three stages, especially at DAP10 and DAP20. Genes of fatty acid biosynthesis and late embryogenesis abundant protein were significantly decreased to compare with LH11. Interestingly, the gene profiling data suggested that PKp2 and/or LEC1 could be the key candidate genes leading to the small seed phenotype of the mutant. Our results provide valuable clues for further understanding the mechanisms underlying seed size control in peanut.
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van Voorthuizen MJ, Song J, Novák O, Jameson PE. Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K Underperform in Cereal Field Trials. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112309. [PMID: 34834672 PMCID: PMC8618831 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using plant growth regulators to alter cytokinin homeostasis with the aim of enhancing endogenous cytokinin levels has been proposed as a strategy to increase yields in wheat and barley. The plant growth regulators INCYDE and CPPU inhibit the cytokinin degrading enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), while TD-K inhibits the process of senescence. We report that the application of these plant growth regulators in wheat and barley field trials failed to enhance yields, or change the components of yields. Analyses of the endogenous cytokinin content showed a high concentration of trans-zeatin (tZ) in both wheat and barley grains at four days after anthesis, and statistically significant, but probably biologically insignificant, increases in cisZ-O-glucoside, along with small decreases in cZ riboside (cZR), dihydro Z (DHZ), and DHZR and DHZOG cytokinins, following INCYDE application to barley at anthesis. We discuss possible reasons for the lack of efficacy of the three plant growth regulators under field conditions and comment on future approaches to manipulating yield in the light of the strong homeostatic mechanisms controlling endogenous cytokinin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. van Voorthuizen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Gomez-Sanchez A, Santamaria ME, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Muszynska A, Matthess C, Martinez M, Diaz I. Repression of barley cathepsins, HvPap-19 and HvPap-1, differentially alters grain composition and delays germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3474-3485. [PMID: 33454762 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During barley germination, cysteine proteases are essential in the mobilization of storage compounds providing peptides and amino acids to sustain embryo growth until photosynthesis is completely established. Knockdown barley plants, generated by artificial miRNA, for the cathepsins B- and F-like HvPap-19 and HvPap-1 genes, respectively, showed less cysteine protease activities and consequently lower protein degradation. The functional redundancy between proteases triggered an enzymatic compensation associated with an increase in serine protease activities in both knockdown lines, which was not sufficient to maintain germination rates and behaviour. Concomitantly, these transgenic lines showed alterations in the accumulation of protein and carbohydrates in the grain. While the total amount of protein increased in both transgenic lines, the starch content decreased in HvPap-1 knockdown lines and the sucrose concentration was reduced in silenced HvPap-19 grains. Consequently, phenotypes of HvPap-1 and HvPap-19 artificial miRNA lines showed a delay in the grain germination process. These data demonstrate the potential of exploring the properties of barley proteases for selective modification and use in brewing or in the livestock feeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez-Sanchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid (UPM), Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid (UPM), Spain
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid (UPM), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Muszynska
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christiane Matthess
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid (UPM), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid (UPM), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Tai L, Wang HJ, Xu XJ, Sun WH, Ju L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Sun J, Chen KM. Pre-harvest sprouting in cereals: genetic and biochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2857-2876. [PMID: 33471899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the growth of the global population and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, crop yields must be steadily increased to enhance human adaptability to risks. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a term mainly used to describe the phenomenon in which grains germinate on the mother plant directly before harvest, is a serious global problem for agricultural production. After domestication, the dormancy level of cultivated crops was generally lower than that of their wild ancestors. Although the shortened dormancy period likely improved the industrial performance of cereals such as wheat, barley, rice, and maize, the excessive germination rate has caused frequent PHS in areas with higher rainfall, resulting in great economic losses. Here, we systematically review the causes of PHS and its consequences, the major indicators and methods for PHS assessment, and emphasize the biological significance of PHS in crop production. Wheat quantitative trait loci functioning in the control of PHS are also comprehensively summarized in a meta-analysis. Finally, we use Arabidopsis as a model plant to develop more complete PHS regulatory networks for wheat. The integration of this information is conducive to the development of custom-made cultivated lines suitable for different demands and regions, and is of great significance for improving crop yields and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Hang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Basunia MA, Nonhebel HM. Hormonal regulation of cereal endosperm development with a focus on rice (Oryza sativa). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:493-506. [PMID: 30955506 DOI: 10.1071/fp18323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm of cereal grain forms the staple diet for most of the world's population, and feeds much of their stock. Grain size and quality are determined largely by events taking place during coenocytic nuclear division, endosperm cellularisation and cell differentiation, and the production of storage molecules. Thus, understanding the complex signalling processes occurring at each of these steps is essential for maintaining and improving our food supply. Here, we critically review evidence for the effects of phytohormones on grain size, as well as hormone homeostasis, signalling and crosstalk. We focus on rice endosperm due to the importance of rice as a food crop and a model grass, as well as its relative neglect in recent reviews; however, data from other cereals are also discussed due to strong evidence for conserved signalling networks operating during grain development. Discussion is restricted to auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid and gibberellin. Our review highlights the need for accurate hormone determinations combined with information on gene expression. We present evidence for separate, localised signalling roles for auxin at different stages of grain development and highlight key research questions for other hormones where much less data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafroz A Basunia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Heather M Nonhebel
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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10
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Guo T, Wang N, Xue Y, Guan Q, van Nocker S, Liu C, Ma F. Overexpression of the RNA binding protein MhYTP1 in transgenic apple enhances drought tolerance and WUE by improving ABA level under drought condition. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:397-407. [PMID: 30824018 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MhYTP1 is involved in post-transcriptional regulation as a member of YT521-homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins. We previously cloned MhYTP1 and found it participated in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, its function in long-term moderate drought has not been verified. Thus, we explored its biological role in response to drought. Under drought condition, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly elevated in MhYTP1-overexpressing (OE) apple plants when compared with the non-transgenic (NT) controls. Further analysis indicated MhYTP1 expression was associated with elevated ABA content, increased stomatal density and reduced stomatal aperture. In addition, to gain insight into the function of stem-specific expression of MhYTP1, grafting experiments were performed. Interestingly, lower transpiration rate (Tr) and higher WUE were observed when transgenic plants were used as scions as opposed to rootstocks and when transgenic rather than NT plants were used as rootstocks, indicating MhYTP1 plays crucial roles in grafted plants. These results define a function for MhYTP1 in promoting tolerance to drought conditions, and suggest that MhYTP1 can serve as a candidate gene for future apple drought resistance breeding with the help of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangchun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Steven van Nocker
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Du L, Xu F, Fang J, Gao S, Tang J, Fang S, Wang H, Tong H, Zhang F, Chu J, Wang G, Chu C. Endosperm sugar accumulation caused by mutation of PHS8/ISA1 leads to pre-harvest sprouting in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:545-556. [PMID: 29775500 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is an unfavorable trait in cereal crops that could seriously decrease grain yield and quality. Although some PHS-associated quantitative trait loci or genes in cereals have been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying PHS remains largely elusive. Here, we characterized a rice mutant, phs8, which exhibits PHS phenotype accompanied by sugary endosperm. Map-based cloning revealed that PHS8 encodes a starch debranching enzyme named isoamylase1. Mutation in PHS8 resulted in the phytoglycogen breakdown and sugar accumulation in the endosperm. Intriguingly, with increase of sugar contents, decreased expression of OsABI3 and OsABI5 as well as reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) were found in the phs8 mutant. Using rice suspension cell system, we confirmed that exogenous sugar is sufficient to suppress the expression of both OsABI3 and OsABI5. Furthermore, overexpression of OsABI3 or OsABI5 could partially rescue the PHS phenotype of phs8. Therefore, our study presents important evidence supporting that endosperm sugar not only acts as an essential energy source for seed germination but also determines seed dormancy and germination by affecting ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongning Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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13
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Radchuk V, Tran V, Radchuk R, Diaz-Mendoza M, Weier D, Fuchs J, Riewe D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Munz E, Heinzel N, Rolletschek H, Martinez M, Borisjuk L. Vacuolar processing enzyme 4 contributes to maternal control of grain size in barley by executing programmed cell death in the pericarp. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1127-1142. [PMID: 28836669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. The elimination of cell layers of the maternal seed coat by programmed cell death (PCD) could provide space and nutrition to the filial organs. Using the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed as a model, we elucidated the role of vacuolar processing enzyme 4 (VPE4) in cereals by using an RNAi approach and targeting the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. A comparative characterization of transgenic versus wild-type plants included transcriptional and metabolic profiling, flow cytometry, histology and nuclear magnetic imaging of grains. The recombinant VPE4 protein exhibited legumain and caspase-1 properties in vitro. Pericarp disintegration was delayed in the transgenic grains. Although the VPE4 gene and enzymatic activity was decreased in the early developing pericarp, storage capacity and the size of the endosperm and embryo were reduced in the mature VPE4-repressed grains. The persistence of the pericarp in the VPE4-affected grains constrains endosperm and embryo growth and leads to transcriptional reprogramming, perturbations in signalling and adjustments in metabolism. We conclude that VPE4 expression executes PCD in the pericarp, which is required for later endosperm filling, and argue for a role of PCD in maternal control of seed size in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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14
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Zhang XW, Wang Q, Zhang LL, Zhong XJ, Jiang QT, Ma J, Qi PF, Li W, Chen GY, Lan XJ, Deng M, Lu ZX, Pu ZJ, Wei YM, Zheng YL. Cloning and characterization of Agp1, the gene encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat and its relatives. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Götz KP, Erekul O, Wutzke KD, Koca YO, Aksu T. 15N allocation into wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) influenced by sowing rate and water supply at flowering under a Mediterranean climate. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:274-285. [PMID: 28024415 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1260011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a reduced wheat sowing rate (250 vs. 500 grains m-2) on grain yield, uptake of 15N into grains, and the incorporation into gluten and non-gluten proteins of wheat under field conditions in the Aegean region. A single 15N application was applied at stem elongation, at flowering, or at both developmental stages. Each 15N treatment included either additional water supply, or no additional water supply at flowering. Sowing rate (either 250 or 500 grains m-2) had no impact on grain yield. Grain yield increased with additional water supply, but at the expense of protein quality, because of a decrease in the protein content of gluten. The 15N content of the gluten and non-gluten proteins at grain maturity was not different among cultivars. 15N applied at both stem elongation and flowering was found in comparable amounts in grains and protein fractions, irrespective of sowing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Götz
- a Agricultural Climatology , Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Osman Erekul
- b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey
| | - Klaus Dieter Wutzke
- c Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital , University of Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Yakup Onur Koca
- b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Aksu
- b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey
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16
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Sestili F, Sparla F, Botticella E, Janni M, D'Ovidio R, Falini G, Marri L, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Trost P, Lafiandra D. The down-regulation of the genes encoding Isoamylase 1 alters the starch composition of the durum wheat grain. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:230-238. [PMID: 27717459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In rice, maize and barley, the lack of Isoamylase 1 activity materially affects the composition of endosperm starch. Here, the effect of this deficiency in durum wheat has been characterized, using transgenic lines in which Isa1 was knocked down via RNAi. Transcriptional profiling confirmed the partial down-regulation of Isa1 and revealed a pleiotropic effect on the level of transcription of genes encoding other isoamylases, pullulanase and sucrose synthase. The polysaccharide content of the transgenic endosperms was different from that of the wild type in a number of ways, including a reduction in the content of starch and a moderate enhancement of both phytoglycogen and β-glucan. Some alterations were also induced in the distribution of amylopectin chain length and amylopectin fine structure. The amylopectin present in the transgenic endosperms was more readily hydrolyzable after a treatment with hydrochloric acid, which disrupted its semi-crystalline structure. The conclusion was that in durum wheat, Isoamylase 1 is important for both the synthesis of amylopectin and for determining its internal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Michela Janni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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17
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Guo B, Luan H, Lin S, Lv C, Zhang X, Xu R. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Two Barley Cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) with Contrasting Grain Protein Content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:542. [PMID: 27200019 PMCID: PMC4843811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Grain protein contents (GPCs) of barley seeds are significantly different between feed and malting barley cultivars. However, there is still no insight into the proteomic analysis of seed proteins between feed and malting barley cultivars. Also, the genetic control of barley GPC is still unclear. GPCs were measured between mature grains of Yangsimai 3 and Naso Nijo. A proteome profiling of differentially expressed protein was established by using a combination of 2-DE and tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 502 reproducible protein spots in barley seed proteome were detected with a pH range of 4-7 and 6-11, among these 41 protein spots (8.17%) were detected differentially expressed between Yangsimai 3 and Naso Nijo. Thirty-four protein spots corresponding to 23 different proteins were identified, which were grouped into eight categories, including stress, protein degradation and post-translational modification, development, cell, signaling, glycolysis, starch metabolism, and other functions. Among the identified proteins, enolase (spot 274) and small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (spot 271) are exclusively expressed in barley Yangsimai 3, which may be involved in regulating seed protein expression. In addition, malting quality is characterized by an accumulation of serpin protein, Alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor CMb and Alpha-amylase inhibitor BDAI-1. Most noticeably, globulin, an important storage protein in barley seed, undergoes post-translational processing in both cultivars, and also displays different expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Haiye Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
- JiangSu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural SciencesYancheng, China
| | - Shen Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Rugen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
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18
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Starch Granule Re-Structuring by Starch Branching Enzyme and Glucan Water Dikinase Modulation Affects Caryopsis Physiology and Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149613. [PMID: 26891365 PMCID: PMC4758647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is of fundamental importance for plant development and reproduction and its optimized molecular assembly is potentially necessary for correct starch metabolism. Re-structuring of starch granules in-planta can therefore potentially affect plant metabolism. Modulation of granule micro-structure was achieved by decreasing starch branching and increasing starch-bound phosphate content in the barley caryopsis starch by RNAi suppression of all three Starch Branching Enzyme (SBE) isoforms or overexpression of potato Glucan Water Dikinase (GWD). The resulting lines displayed Amylose-Only (AO) and Hyper-Phosphorylated (HP) starch chemotypes, respectively. We studied the influence of these alterations on primary metabolism, grain composition, starch structural features and starch granule morphology over caryopsis development at 10, 20 and 30 days after pollination (DAP) and at grain maturity. While HP showed relatively little effect, AO showed significant reduction in starch accumulation with re-direction to protein and β-glucan (BG) accumulation. Metabolite profiling indicated significantly higher sugar accumulation in AO, with re-partitioning of carbon to accumulate amino acids, and interestingly it also had high levels of some important stress-related metabolites and potentially protective metabolites, possibly to elude deleterious effects. Investigations on starch molecular structure revealed significant increase in starch phosphate and amylose content in HP and AO respectively with obvious differences in starch granule morphology at maturity. The results demonstrate that decreasing the storage starch branching resulted in metabolic adjustments and re-directions, tuning to evade deleterious effects on caryopsis physiology and plant performance while only little effect was evident by increasing starch-bound phosphate as a result of overexpressing GWD.
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19
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Chen T, Xu G, Wang Z, Zhang H, Yang J, Zhang J. Expression of proteins in superior and inferior spikelets of rice during grain filling under different irrigation regimes. Proteomics 2015; 16:102-21. [PMID: 26442785 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor grain filling of later-flowering inferior spikelets is a serious problem in modern rice cultivars, but the reason and regulation remain unclear. This study investigated post-anthesis protein expression in relation with grain filling and the possibility to use irrigation methods to enhance grain filling through regulating protein expression. One japonica rice cultivar was field-grown under three irrigation treatments imposed during the grain filling period: alternate wetting and moderate soil-drying (WMD), alternate wetting and severe soil-drying (WSD), and conventional irrigation. High resolution 2DE, combined with MALDI/TOF, was used to compare differential protein expression between superior and inferior spikelets. Results showed that the expression of proteins that function in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism and defense responses were largely down-regulated in inferior spikelets compared to those in superior spikelets. The WMD treatment enhanced grain filling rate and the expression of these proteins, whereas the WSD treatment decreased them. Similar results were observed for transcript levels of the genes encoding these proteins. These results suggest that down-regulated expression of the proteins associated with grain filling contribute to the poor grain filling of inferior spikelets, and post-anthesis WMD could improve grain filling through regulating protein expression in the spikelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Genwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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20
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Bihmidine S, Hunter CT, Johns CE, Koch KE, Braun DM. Regulation of assimilate import into sink organs: update on molecular drivers of sink strength. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:177. [PMID: 23761804 PMCID: PMC3671192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments have altered our view of molecular mechanisms that determine sink strength, defined here as the capacity of non-photosynthetic structures to compete for import of photoassimilates. We review new findings from diverse systems, including stems, seeds, flowers, and fruits. An important advance has been the identification of new transporters and facilitators with major roles in the accumulation and equilibration of sugars at a cellular level. Exactly where each exerts its effect varies among systems. Sugarcane and sweet sorghum stems, for example, both accumulate high levels of sucrose, but may do so via different paths. The distinction is central to strategies for targeted manipulation of sink strength using transporter genes, and shows the importance of system-specific analyses. Another major advance has been the identification of deep hypoxia as a feature of normal grain development. This means that molecular drivers of sink strength in endosperm operate in very low oxygen levels, and under metabolic conditions quite different than previously assumed. Successful enhancement of sink strength has nonetheless been achieved in grains by up-regulating genes for starch biosynthesis. Additionally, our understanding of sink strength is enhanced by awareness of the dual roles played by invertases (INVs), not only in sucrose metabolism, but also in production of the hexose sugar signals that regulate cell cycle and cell division programs. These contributions of INV to cell expansion and division prove to be vital for establishment of young sinks ranging from flowers to fruit. Since INV genes are themselves sugar-responsive "feast genes," they can mediate a feed-forward enhancement of sink strength when assimilates are abundant. Greater overall productivity and yield have thus been attained in key instances, indicating that even broader enhancements may be achievable as we discover the detailed molecular mechanisms that drive sink strength in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia Bihmidine
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Missouri Maize Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Charles T. Hunter
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E. Johns
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen E. Koch
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - David M. Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Missouri Maize Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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21
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Sreenivasulu N, Wobus U. Seed-development programs: a systems biology-based comparison between dicots and monocots. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:189-217. [PMID: 23451786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seeds develop differently in dicots and monocots, especially with respect to the major storage organs. High-resolution transcriptome data have provided the first insights into the molecular networks and pathway interactions that function during the development of individual seed compartments. Here, we review mainly recent data obtained by systems biology-based approaches, which have allowed researchers to construct and model complex metabolic networks and fluxes and identify key limiting steps in seed development. Comparative coexpression network analyses define evolutionarily conservative (FUS3/ABI3/LEC1) and divergent (LEC2) networks in dicots and monocots. Finally, we discuss the determination of seed size--an important yield-related characteristic--as mediated by a number of processes (maternal and epigenetic factors, fine-tuned regulation of cell death in distinct seed compartments, and endosperm growth) and underlying genes defined through mutant analyses. Altogether, systems approaches can make important contributions toward a more complete and holistic knowledge of seed biology and thus support strategies for knowledge-based molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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23
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Shu X, Backes G, Rasmussen SK. Genome-wide association study of resistant starch (RS) phenotypes in a barley variety collection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10302-11. [PMID: 22998083 DOI: 10.1021/jf3031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley is primarily grown for feed and malt, but in some regions of the world it is also considered to be a staple food. Some barley types such as high-amylose barley have also gained importance as health-promoting foods. Starch that is not readily digested in the upper mammalian gastrointestinal system, or resistant starch (RS), is considered to be valuable because it prevents some diet-related diseases such as colon cancer. RS was quantified in a diverse collection of 209 spring barley varieties released in Europe during the past 100 years. The RS content varied from <1% to >15% in the collection, with 13 varieties having high RS content (>11%) and 15 varieties below 1%. Combined with genome-wide association scanning (GWAS), SNP markers and candidate genes controlling the RS content in grains were identified. This identified 40 SNP markers with a LOD score above 2, located on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, and 6H, respectively. Among these SNPs, 10 genes with a known role in starch biosynthesis were associated on the basis of synteny conservation to the rice genome. The β-glucan content was quantified in 61 varieties selected to represent extreme as well as medium RS values. The β-glucan amount in the 15 varieties with RS <1% ranged from 1.7 to 3.2%, ranged from 1.76 to 2.54% in the 13 varieties with RS >11%, and ranged from 1.95 to 2.82% for those with 1%< RS < 11%. No statistically significant correlation between RS content and β-glucan content was found. This association analysis of commercial varieties revealed a large variation in RS content and identified a number of SNP markers that can be explored for selection and further dissection of the pathway and control of RS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Copenhagen University, 1876 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Howard TP, Fahy B, Craggs A, Mumford R, Leigh F, Howell P, Greenland A, Smith AM. Barley mutants with low rates of endosperm starch synthesis have low grain dormancy and high susceptibility to preharvest sprouting. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:158-167. [PMID: 22300545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
• Studies of embryo dormancy in relation to preharvest sprouting (PHS) in cereals have focused on ABA and other hormones. The relationship between these phenomena and the rate of grain filling has not been investigated. • A collection of barley mutants impaired in starch synthesis was assessed for preharvest sprouting in the field. In subsequent glasshouse experiments, developing grains were assayed for germination index, sugars, abscisic acid (ABA) and the effects of temperature and exogenous ABA on germination. • Mutant lines displayed greater preharvest sprouting in the field than parental lines. In the glasshouse, nondeep physiological dormancy was reduced in developing grains of five lines with mutations affecting proteins involved in endosperm starch synthesis. Inhibition of germination by exogenous ABA and elevated temperature was decreased in developing mutant grains. Sugar concentrations were high but embryo and endosperm ABA contents were unaltered. • We reveal a direct connection between grain filling and the extent of grain dormancy. Impaired endosperm starch synthesis directly influences the acquisition of embryo dormancy, perhaps because endosperm sugar concentrations modulate the ABA responsiveness of the embryo. Thus environmental or genetic factors that reduce grain filling are likely to reduce dormancy and enhance susceptibility to PHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Howard
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brendan Fahy
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Craggs
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel Mumford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fiona Leigh
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Phil Howell
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andy Greenland
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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