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Sarnoch SO, Pepić A, Schmitz L, Becker B, Betz C, Hoffmann AS. The value of biomarkers in the therapy of CRSwNP with biologicals-a long-term follow-up of dupilumab therapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024:10.1007/s00405-024-08574-4. [PMID: 38709320 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since its release, Dupilumab has shown great results in treating severe uncontrolled CRSwNP. However, there is a lack of real-world data beyond 12 months of follow-up, and it is not clear to what extent biomarkers are appropriate for monitoring and predicting the Dupilumab therapy success. Hence, this study aims to analyze biomarkers for monitoring therapy, predicting therapy success and assess the effect of Dupilumab in real-world settings. METHODS The follow-up was performed with 104 patients retrospectively up to 22 months, assessing SNOT-22, NPS, olfactometry, ACS, FEV-1, and blood biomarkers (total serum IgE, Eosinophils, ECP). Patients were divided into subgroups depending on their pretherapeutic biomarker levels and subsequent development was analyzed. RESULTS There was substantially improvement in all clinical parameters up to 1 year and then continuously up to month 22. Patients with initially elevated baseline blood eosinophil counts (> 0.5 billion/L) had a trend of better SNOT-22 development after 1 year (- 12.19 points, p = 0.03). The course of total serum IgE showed moderate correlation with almost all clinical variables obtained. Therapy was well tolerated with only mild and transient adverse events. CONCLUSION Dupilumab has considerably reduced symptoms and disease severity even beyond 1 year of treatment, supporting its role as targeted and effective treatment option for CRSwNP. Our data shows that total serum IgE is a promising biomarker for the monitoring during the treatment with Dupilumab. Elevated pre-therapeutic serum eosinophil counts may be a predictor of good subjective response to therapy. Larger cohorts and a long-term-follow-up over years are needed to further consolidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ole Sarnoch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Amra Pepić
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmitz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang H, Vandesompele J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Nucleic acid degradation as barrier to gene delivery: a guide to understand and overcome nuclease activity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:317-360. [PMID: 38073448 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is on its way to revolutionize the treatment of both inherited and acquired diseases, by transferring nucleic acids to correct a disease-causing gene in the target cells of patients. In the fight against infectious diseases, mRNA-based therapeutics have proven to be a viable strategy in the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Although a growing number of gene therapies have been approved, the success rate is limited when compared to the large number of preclinical and clinical trials that have been/are being performed. In this review, we highlight some of the hurdles which gene therapies encounter after administration into the human body, with a focus on nucleic acid degradation by nucleases that are extremely abundant in mammalian organs, biological fluids as well as in subcellular compartments. We overview the available strategies to reduce the biodegradation of gene therapeutics after administration, including chemical modifications of the nucleic acids, encapsulation into vectors and co-administration with nuclease inhibitors and discuss which strategies are applied for clinically approved nucleic acid therapeutics. In the final part, we discuss the currently available methods and techniques to qualify and quantify the integrity of nucleic acids, with their own strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhang
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Jesenak M, Diamant Z, Simon D, Tufvesson E, Seys SF, Mukherjee M, Lacy P, Vijverberg S, Slisz T, Sediva A, Simon HU, Striz I, Plevkova J, Schwarze J, Kosturiak R, Alexis NE, Untersmayr E, Vasakova MK, Knol E, Koenderman L. Eosinophils-from cradle to grave: An EAACI task force paper on new molecular insights and clinical functions of eosinophils and the clinical effects of targeted eosinophil depletion. Allergy 2023; 78:3077-3102. [PMID: 37702095 DOI: 10.1111/all.15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, eosinophils have become a focus of scientific interest, especially in the context of their recently uncovered functions (e.g. antiviral, anti-inflammatory, regulatory). These versatile cells display both beneficial and detrimental activities under various physiological and pathological conditions. Eosinophils are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases which can be classified into primary (clonal) and secondary (reactive) disorders and idiopathic (hyper)eosinophilic syndromes. Depending on the biological specimen, the eosinophil count in different body compartments may serve as a biomarker reflecting the underlying pathophysiology and/or activity of distinct diseases and as a therapy-driving (predictive) and monitoring tool. Personalized selection of an appropriate therapeutic strategy directly or indirectly targeting the increased number and/or activity of eosinophils should be based on the understanding of eosinophil homeostasis including their interactions with other immune and non-immune cells within different body compartments. Hence, restoring as well as maintaining homeostasis within an individual's eosinophil pool is a goal of both specific and non-specific eosinophil-targeting therapies. Despite the overall favourable safety profile of the currently available anti-eosinophil biologics, the effect of eosinophil depletion should be monitored from the perspective of possible unwanted consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Jesenak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
- Department of Paediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
- Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Palliative Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department Microbiology Immunology & Transplantation, KU Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Palliative Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven F Seys
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manali Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susanne Vijverberg
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Slisz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Plevkova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Jurgen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Radovan Kosturiak
- Department of Paediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovak Republic
- Outpatient Clinic for Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Neil E Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, Department of Paediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Koziar Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edward Knol
- Department Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department Center of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Benidis KD, Tzortzaki E, Georgiou A, Zachariadou T, Adamidi T, Zannetos S, Bakakos P, Koulouris NG, Rovina N. Prevalence and Characteristics of Self-Reported Adult Asthma in Cyprus: A Population-Based Observational Study. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:215-226. [PMID: 36874225 PMCID: PMC9974514 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s397784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To estimate the prevalence of asthma in adults, by gender and age, in urban and rural areas of Cyprus. Patients and Methods This was a population-based, random-digit dialing, telephone nation-wide survey to recruit patients with asthma. Among 8996 random landline-telephone contacted from the five major urban and rural regions of Cyprus, 1914 were finally met the age criterion of ≥18 years old and 572 completed valid screening for prevalence estimation. The participants filled a short screening questionnaire in order for asthma cases to be recognized. Then, asthma cases filled the main ECRHS II questionnaire and were evaluated by a pulmonary physician. All underwent spirometry. Data on demographic characteristics, educational level, profession, smoking status, Body Mass Index (BMI), Total IgE and Eosinophil Cationic Protein levels were measured. Results The overall prevalence of bronchial asthma in adults in Cyprus was 5.57% (61.1% men and 38.9% women). Among the participants with self-reported bronchial asthma 36.1% were current smokers, while 12.3% were obese (BMI >30). A total value of IgE >115 IU and Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) >20 IU was found in 40% of the participants with established bronchial asthma. Wheezing and chest tightness were the most frequently reported symptoms in asthma patients (36.1% and 34.5%, respectively), while 36.5% experienced at least one exacerbation during the last year. Interestingly, most of the patients were under-treated (14.2% were on maintenance asthma treatment, and 18% used solely reliever medication). Conclusion This was the first study estimating asthma prevalence in Cyprus. Asthma affects almost 6% of the adult population, with higher prevalence in urban areas and in men compared to women. Interestingly, one-third of the patients were uncontrolled and under-treated. This study revealed that in Cyprus there is space for improvement in the management of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Georgiou
- Respiratory Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Tonia Adamidi
- Respiratory Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas Zannetos
- Department of Healthcare Management, Neapolis University Paphos, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Petros Bakakos
- 1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Sotiria" Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Koulouris
- 1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Sotiria" Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Rovina
- 1st Respiratory Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Sotiria" Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Xi Y, Deng YQ, Li HD, Jiao WE, Chen J, Chen JJ, Tao ZZ. Diagnostic Value of a Novel Eosinophil Cationic Protein-Myeloperoxidase Test Paper Before and After Treatment for Allergic Rhinitis. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1005-1019. [PMID: 35958353 PMCID: PMC9359790 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s375069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qin Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han-Da Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wo-Er Jiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Jian-Jun Chen, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Jianghan District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13659851719, Fax +86 27 85726300, Email
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ze-Zhang Tao, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13907141892, Fax +86 27 88043958, Email
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6
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Hotz JF, Kaczirek K, Stremitzer S, Waneck F, Auer H, Perkmann T, Kussmann M, Bauer PK, Chen RY, Kriz R, Burgmann H, Ramharter M, Lagler H. Evaluation of Eosinophilic Cationic Protein as a Marker of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020261. [PMID: 35215203 PMCID: PMC8878807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic disease and a worldwide public health problem caused by infection with the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. In vitro studies have demonstrated a protoscolecidal effect of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), a granule protein of eosinophilic granulocytes, against E. granulosus. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate ECP as a biomarker in the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE). Data were collected retrospectively from the Vienna Echinococcosis Cohort over 7 years until December 2020. Altogether, 32 patients (16 AE and 16 CE) were included. In the selected patients, serum ECP values were compared before and after the beginning of an operative and/or benzimidazole (BMZ) therapy. Mean ECP serum levels before intervention were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated at 34.0 ± 22.9 μg/L in AE patients and at 38.6 ± 19.9 μg/L in CE patients compared to the control group. After the intervention, mean ECP levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to 20.4 ± 14.6 μg/L in AE patients and to 22.4 ± 8.3 μg/L in CE patients. Furthermore, ECP showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation of k = 0.56 with PET–CTI. Based on the significant decrease after operative and/or BMZ treatment and the correlation with clinical markers such as PET–CTI, it is recommended to investigate ECP more intensively as a marker of AE and CE in prospective studies with larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Frederic Hotz
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaczirek
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Stremitzer
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Fredrik Waneck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Herbert Auer
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Philipp Karl Bauer
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Rui-Yang Chen
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Richard Kriz
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Heinz Burgmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine & I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.F.H.); (M.K.); (P.K.B.); (R.-Y.C.); (R.K.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-40400-44400
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Amin K, Issa SM, Ali KM, Aziz MI, Hama Amieen HM, Bystrom J, Janson C. Evidence for eosinophil and IL-17 mediated inflammation in allergic rhinitis. Clin Mol Allergy 2020; 18:6. [PMID: 32280308 PMCID: PMC7129325 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-020-00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim was to determine the level of inflammatory cytokines, eosinophil cationic protein and IgE in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Subjects and methods Blood samples were taken from 88 AR patients and 88 healthy controls (HC). Each sample was analysed for eosinophil counts by flow cytometry, IgE by ECLIA, ECP, IL-17, and IL-33 by using ELISA test. Results There was no significant difference between AR patients and the control group in age and gender. Levels of eosinophils, IgE, ECP, IL-17, IL-33 and the total symptom scores were significantly higher in AR patients than the HC (P = 0.0001). Serum ECP correlated with IL-17 (P = 0.041, r = 0.42), IL-33 (P = 0.0001, r = 080), and IgE levels (P = 0.017, r = 0.45) in the R patients. There was no correlation between IL-17 and IL-33. There was a correlation between symptom scores and eosinophils (P = 0.026, r = 0.52), and IgE (P = 0.001, r = 0.60) in the patients. No correlation was observed between symptom scores and ECP, IL-17, and IL-33 in the AR patient. Conclusions Patients with AR have significant higher serum levels of ECP, IL-17, and IL-33 than healthy controls. This indicates that these markers could be used to in order to diagnose AR and to monitor disease. Inhibitory molecules to IL-17 and IL-33 may be considered as novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawa Amin
- 1Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq.,2Department of Medical Science, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sulaf Mosa Issa
- 1Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq
| | - Kosar Mohammad Ali
- 1Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq
| | - Muaid Ismiel Aziz
- 1Department of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq
| | | | - Jonas Bystrom
- 4Expermiental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - Christer Janson
- 2Department of Medical Science, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Diop G, Derbois C, Loucoubar C, Mbengue B, Ndao BN, Thiam F, Thiam A, Ndiaye R, Dieye Y, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Dieye A. Genetic variants of RNASE3 (ECP) and susceptibility to severe malaria in Senegalese population. Malar J 2018; 17:61. [PMID: 29402293 PMCID: PMC5800030 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe forms of malaria (SM) are an outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and can cause death especially in children under 4 years of age. RNASE3 (ECP) has been identified as an inhibitor of Plasmodium parasites growth in vitro, and genetic analysis in hospitalized Ghanaian subjects has revealed the RNASE3 +371G/C (rs2073342) polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for cerebral malaria. The +371 C allele results in an Arg/Thr mutation that abolishes the cytotoxic activity of the ECP protein. The present study aims to investigate RNASE3 gene polymorphisms and their putative link to severe malaria in a malaria cohort from Senegal. Methods/results Patients enrolled from hospitals were classified as having either uncomplicated (UM) or severe malaria (SM). The analysis of the RNASE3 gene polymorphisms was performed in 241 subjects: 178 falciparum infected (96 SM, 82 UM) and 63 non-infected subjects as population control group (CTR). Six frequent SNPs (MAF > 3%) were identified, and one SNP was associated with malaria severity by performing a logistic regression analysis SM vs.UM: RNASE3 +499G/C (rs2233860) under age, sex as covariates and HbS/HbC polymorphisms adjustment (p = 0.003, OR 0.43, CI 95% 0.20–0.92). The polymorphisms: +371G/C (rs2073342), +499G/C (rs2233860) and +577A/T (rs8019343) defined a haplotype risk (G-G-T) for malaria severity (Fisher exact test, p = 0.03) (OR 4.1, IC 95% (1.1–14.9). Conclusion In addition to the previously described association of +371G/C polymorphism in Ghanaians cohort, the RNASE3 +499G/C polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to SM in a Senegalese population. The haplotype +371G/+499G/+577T defined by RNASE3 polymorphisms was associated with severity. The genetic association identified independently in the Senegalese population provide additional evidence of a role of RNASE3 (ECP) in malaria severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gora Diop
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie animale, Unité postulante de Biologie Génétique, Génomique et Bioinformatique (G2B), Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Sénégal. .,Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Céline Derbois
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Groupe G4, Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Mbengue
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bineta Niakhana Ndao
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Département de Biologie animale, Unité postulante de Biologie Génétique, Génomique et Bioinformatique (G2B), Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Fatou Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Génie chimique et Biologie appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alassane Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rokhaya Ndiaye
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yakhya Dieye
- Département de Génie chimique et Biologie appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Robert Olaso
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Unité de Moyen-bas Débit, Institut de Génomique-CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5721, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Alioune Dieye
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36, avenue Pasteur, BP: 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Service d'Immunologie, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, UCAD, Avenue Cheikh Anta DIOP, BP: 5005, Dakar, Senegal
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9
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Gu W, Jiang W, Zhang X, Chen Z, Yan Y, Huang L, Wang M, Shao X, Wang S, Ji W. Refractory wheezing in Chinese children under 3 years of age: bronchial inflammation and airway malformation. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:145. [PMID: 27568177 PMCID: PMC5002096 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wheezing is a common symptom in early childhood. However, refractory wheezing is difficult to treat, and it may thus account for extensive use of medical resources. It is therefore important to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of refractory childhood wheezing. Methods In this descriptive study, we studied 156 children with refractory wheezing using fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and compared the results with a control group of 46 children with various pulmonary diseases but no wheezing. Etiology and cell classification were analyzed for each BAL sample. Results Overall, 21.8 % of children with refractory wheezing had airway malformations including tracheomalacia, airway stenosis, and tracheal bronchus. The incidence of airway malformations increased to 31 % in infants under 12 months of age. A significant increase in neutrophil ratio and decrease in macrophage ratio were observed in BAL from children with refractory wheezing compared with controls. Pathogen infection led to a higher ratio of neutrophils in the wheezing group compared with controls. However, there were no significant differences in neutrophil ratios among children with various pathogen infections. Furthermore, children with refractory wheezing had a high rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Conclusions Airway malformations might play an important role in children under 3 years of age with refractory wheezing, especially in infants under 12 months of age. Neutrophil-mediated airway inflammation was characteristic of refractory wheezing in children under 3 years of age. In addition, infections such as M. pneumoniae may aggravate airway inflammation and affect refractory wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gu
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Wujun Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China.
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10
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Elmose C, Sverrild A, van der Sluis S, Kyvik KO, Backer V, Thomsen SF. Genetic factors explain half of all variance in serum eosinophil cationic protein. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1525-30. [PMID: 25354326 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is one of four basic proteins of the secretory granules of eosinophils. It has a variety of functions associated with inflammatory responses. Little is known about the causes for variation in serum ECP levels. AIM To identify factors associated with variation in serum ECP and to determine the relative proportion of the variation in ECP due to genetic and non-genetic factors, in an adult twin sample. METHODS A sample of 575 twins, selected through a proband with self-reported asthma, had serum ECP, lung function, airway responsiveness to methacholine, exhaled nitric oxide, and skin test reactivity, measured. Linear regression analysis and variance component models were used to study factors associated with variation in ECP and the relative genetic influence on ECP levels. RESULTS Sex (regression coefficient = -0.107, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (0.007, P = 0.028), and airway responsiveness to methacholine (0.074, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with ECP. Adjusted for these factors, ECP correlated 0.53 (P < 0.001) and 0.27 (P = 0.001) in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, respectively (P-value for difference = 0.05). According to the most parsimonious variance component model, genetic factors accounted for 57% (CI: 42-72%, P < 0.001) of the variance in ECP levels, whereas the remainder (43%) was ascribable to non-shared environmental factors. The genetic correlation between ECP and airway responsiveness to methacholine was statistically non-significant (r = -0.11, P = 0.50). CONCLUSION Around half of all variance in serum ECP is explained by genetic factors. Serum ECP is influenced by sex, BMI, and airway responsiveness. Serum ECP and airway responsiveness seem not to share genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elmose
- Department of Dermato-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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11
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Salazar VA, Rubin J, Moussaoui M, Pulido D, Nogués MV, Venge P, Boix E. Protein post-translational modification in host defense: the antimicrobial mechanism of action of human eosinophil cationic protein native forms. FEBS J 2014; 281:5432-46. [PMID: 25271100 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the contribution of protein glycosylation in host defense antimicrobial peptides is still scarce. We have studied here how the post-translational modification pattern modulates the antimicrobial activity of one of the best characterized leukocyte granule proteins. The human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), an eosinophil specific granule protein secreted during inflammation and infection, can target a wide variety of pathogens. Previous work in human eosinophil extracts identified several ECP native forms and glycosylation heterogeneity was found to contribute to the protein biological properties. In this study we analyze for the first time the antimicrobial activity of the distinct native proteins purified from healthy donor blood. Low and heavy molecular weight forms were tested on Escherichia coli cell cultures and compared with the recombinant non-glycosylated protein. Further analysis on model membranes provided an insight towards an understanding of the protein behavior at the cytoplasmic membrane level. The results highlight the significant reduction in protein toxicity and bacteria agglutination activity for heavy glycosylated fractions. Notwithstanding, the lower glycosylated fraction mostly retains the lipopolysaccharide binding affinity together with the cytoplasmic membrane depolarization and membrane leakage activities. From structural analysis we propose that heavy glycosylation interferes with the protein self-aggregation, hindering the cell agglutination and membrane disruption processes. The results suggest the contribution of post-translational modifications to the antimicrobial role of ECP in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Shimoda T, Obase Y, Kishikawa R, Iwanaga T. Association of matrix metalloproteinase 8 genetic polymorphisms with bronchial asthma in a Japanese population. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2014; 4:e132-9. [PMID: 24498518 PMCID: PMC3911802 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2013.4.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Asthma has a strong genetic component. The final disease phenotype results from complex interactions between environment and multiple genes of small-to-modest effects. We investigated whether the polymorphism in genes encoding inflammatory mediators and cytokines is important for solving the onset and progression of asthma. We investigated whether 31 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding cytokines or monokines (interleukin [IL]-5R, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] 8, beta2 adrenergic receptor, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4, IL-3, C-reactive protein, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, CYP3A4, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase [ADAM] 33, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor [CysLTR] 1, CysLTR2, eosinophilic cationic protein, glucocorticoid receptor, and leukotriene A 4 hydrolase) are related to asthma development in 206 Japanese bronchial asthma patients and 127 healthy controls. Using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR), we identified rs17099451 in MMP8, using a single locus model, with a mean cross-validation of 87.0%. Using a two-locus model, combinations of MMP8 and rs44707 in ADAM33, and MMP8 and rs40401 in IL-3, were identified, with mean cross-validation consistencies reaching 45.0%. Of the SNPs selected by the MDR method, rs17099451 in MMP8 and rs40401 in IL-3 were regarded as the most significant results in a 2 × 2 dominant model analysis. The finding that an MMP8 allele was most strongly related to asthma development indicates that metalloproteinase function is crucial to the airflow limitation process involved in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terufumi Shimoda
- Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, and
| | - Yasushi Obase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishikawa
- Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, and
| | - Tomoaki Iwanaga
- Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, and
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13
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de Oliveira PCR, de Lima PO, Oliveira DT, Pereira MC. Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1442-6. [PMID: 22845733 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a small polypeptide that originates from activated eosinophil granulocytes. A wide range of stimuli has been shown to induce the secretion of ECP. The gene that encodes the human ECP is located on chromosome 14, and the protein shares the overall three-dimensional structure and the RNase active-site residues with other proteins in the RNase A superfamily. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human ECP gene have been currently described. ECP has many biological functions, including an immunoregulatory function, the regulation of fibroblast activity, and the induction of mucus secretion in the airway. Additionally, the protein is a potent cytotoxic molecule and has the capacity to kill mammalian and nonmammalian cells. The purpose of this article was to review the known biological and genetic characteristics of ECP that contribute to the understanding of this protein's role in the development and progression of a wide variety of diseases.
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14
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Adu B, Dodoo D, Adukpo S, Gyan BA, Hedley PL, Goka B, Adjei GO, Larsen SO, Christiansen M, Theisen M. Polymorphisms in the RNASE3 gene are associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Ghanaian children. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29465. [PMID: 22216286 PMCID: PMC3246477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and a major cause of death in children from 2 to 4 years of age. A hospital based study in Ghana showed that P. falciparum induces eosinophilia and found a significantly higher serum level of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in CM patients than in uncomplicated malaria (UM) and severe malaria anemia (SA) patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been described in the ECP encoding-gene (RNASE3) of which the c.371G>C polymorphism (rs2073342) results in an arginine to threonine amino acid substitution p.R124T in the polypeptide and abolishes the cytotoxicity of ECP. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between polymorphisms in RNASE3 and CM. Methodology/Principal Findings The RNASE3 gene and flanking regions were sequenced in 206 Ghanaian children enrolled in a hospital based malaria study. An association study was carried out to assess the significance of five SNPs in CM (n = 45) and SA (n = 56) cases, respectively. The two severe case groups (CM and SA) were compared with the non-severe control group comprising children suffering from UM (n = 105). The 371G allele was significantly associated with CM (p = 0.00945, OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.22–4.32) but not with SA. Linkage disequilibrium analysis demonstrated significant linkage between three SNPs and the haplotype combination 371G/*16G/*94A was strongly associated with susceptibility to CM (p = 0.000913, OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.79–9.56), thus, defining a risk haplotype. The RNASE3 371GG genotype was found to be under frequency-dependent selection. Conclusions/Significance The 371G allele of RNASE3 is associated with susceptibility to CM and forms part of a risk associated haplotype GGA defined by the markers: rs2073342 (G-allele), rs2233860 (G-allele) and rs8019343 (A-allele) respectively. Collectively, these results suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for eosinophils in CM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Adu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selorme Adukpo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben A. Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George O. Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences-University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Severin O. Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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15
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Barnes KC. Genetic studies of the etiology of asthma. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY 2011; 8:143-8. [PMID: 21543791 PMCID: PMC3131830 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201103-030ms] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease for which a strong genetic basis is firmly established. Although the generally accepted definition includes three domains of symptoms (variable airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation), there is general agreement that, rather than being a single disease entity, asthma consists of related, overlapping syndromes. A considerable proportion of asthma is IgE-mediated, but the observation that not all individuals with asthma are atopic adds to the heterogeneity. Although a genetic basis for asthma is undeniable, elucidation of polymorphisms that are "causal" is greatly hampered by variability in the clinical phenotype, which is likely due to the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying the complex pathological processes involved in disease development and progression. One objective of this review is to consider progress that has been made to date in gene discovery in the field of asthma, with a focus on the evolution of molecular genetic methods that have led to the discoveries thus far, and with a particular focus on the major advances owed to the published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on asthma to date. A second objective is to consider a Darwinian approach toward understanding the genetic underpinnings of asthma, including evidence supporting a modified Hygiene Hypothesis, which suggests that there are co-associations between asthma risk polymorphisms and polymorphisms associated with another IgE-mediated disease, schistosomiasis. The overall conclusion is that the huge research efforts and expense committed to asthma genetics have changed the perception about disease etiology in general and the functional relevance of the asthma genes identified thus far in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Barnes
- The Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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16
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Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D. Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein--a clue to the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res 2011; 12:10. [PMID: 21235798 PMCID: PMC3030543 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil granulocytes reside in respiratory mucosa including lungs, in the gastro-intestinal tract, and in lymphocyte associated organs, the thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen. In parasitic infections, atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma, the numbers of the circulating eosinophils are frequently elevated. In conditions such as Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES) circulating eosinophil levels are even further raised. Although, eosinophils were identified more than hundred years ago, their roles in homeostasis and in disease still remain unclear. The most prominent feature of the eosinophils are their large secondary granules, each containing four basic proteins, the best known being the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). This protein has been developed as a marker for eosinophilic disease and quantified in biological fluids including serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal secretions. Elevated ECP levels are found in T helper lymphocyte type 2 (atopic) diseases such as allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis but also occasionally in other diseases such as bacterial sinusitis. ECP is a ribonuclease which has been attributed with cytotoxic, neurotoxic, fibrosis promoting and immune-regulatory functions. ECP regulates mucosal and immune cells and may directly act against helminth, bacterial and viral infections. The levels of ECP measured in disease in combination with the catalogue of known functions of the protein and its polymorphisms presented here will build a foundation for further speculations of the role of ECP, and ultimately the role of the eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kawa Amin
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
- College of Medicine, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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17
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NMR structural determinants of eosinophil cationic protein binding to membrane and heparin mimetics. Biophys J 2010; 98:2702-11. [PMID: 20513415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a highly stable, cytotoxic ribonuclease with the ability to enter and disrupt membranes that participates in innate immune defense against parasites but also kills human cells. We have used NMR spectroscopy to characterize the binding of ECP to membrane and heparin mimetics at a residue level. We believe we have identified three Arg-rich surface loops and Trp(35) as crucial for membrane binding. Importantly, we have provided evidence that the interaction surface of ECP with heparin mimetics is extended with respect to that previously described (fragment 34-38). We believe we have identified new sites involved in the interaction for the first time, and shown that the N-terminal alpha-helix, the third loop, and the first and last beta-strands are key for heparin binding. We have also shown that a biologically active ECP N-terminal fragment comprising the first 45 residues (ECP1-45) retains the capacity to bind membrane and heparin mimetics, thus neither the ECP tertiary structure nor its high conformational stability are required for cytotoxicity.
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18
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Jönsson UB, Håkansson LD, Jõgi R, Janson C, Venge P. Associations of ECP (eosinophil cationic protein)-gene polymorphisms to allergy, asthma, smoke habits and lung function in two Estonian and Swedish sub cohorts of the ECRHS II study. BMC Pulm Med 2010; 10:36. [PMID: 20534163 PMCID: PMC2890597 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) is a potent multifunctional protein. Three common polymorphisms are present in the ECP gene, which determine the function and production of the protein. The aim was to study the relationship of these ECP gene polymorphisms to signs and symptoms of allergy and asthma in a community based cohort (The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)). Methods Swedish and Estonian subjects (n = 757) were selected from the larger cohort of the ECRHS II study cohort. The prevalence of the gene polymorphisms ECP434(G>C) (rs2073342), ECP562(G>C) (rs2233860) and ECP c.-38(A>C) (rs2233859) were analysed by DNA sequencing and/or real-time PCR and related to questionnaire-based information of allergy, asthma, smoking habits and to lung functions. Results Genotype prevalence showed both ethnic and gender differences. Close associations were found between the ECP434(G>C) and ECP562(G>C) genotypes and smoking habits, lung function and expression of allergic symptoms. Non-allergic asthma was associated with an increased prevalence of the ECP434GG genotype. The ECP c.-38(A>C) genotypes were independently associated to the subject being atopic. Conclusion Our results show associations of symptoms of allergy and asthma to ECP-genotypes, but also to smoking habits. ECP may be involved in impairment of lung functions in disease. Gender, ethnicity and smoking habits are major confounders in the evaluations of genetic associations to allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla-Britt Jönsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Chang KC, Lo CW, Fan TC, Chang MDT, Shu CW, Chang CH, Chung CT, Fang SL, Chao CC, Tsai JJ, Lai YK. TNF-alpha mediates eosinophil cationic protein-induced apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:6. [PMID: 20089176 PMCID: PMC2819994 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic granulocytes are important for the human immune system. Many cationic proteins with cytotoxic activities, such as eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), are released from activated eosinophils. ECP, with low RNase activity, is widely used as a biomarker for asthma. ECP inhibits cell viability and induces apoptosis to cells. However, the specific pathway underlying the mechanisms of ECP-induced cytotoxicity remains unclear. This study investigated ECP-induced apoptosis in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells and elucidated the specific pathway during apoptosis. Results To address the mechanisms involved in ECP-induced apoptosis in human BEAS-2B cells, investigation was carried out using chromatin condensation, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), sub-G1 distribution in cell cycle, annexin V labeling, and general or specific caspase inhibitors. Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis was demonstrated by cleavage of caspase-8 after recombinant ECP treatment, accompanied with elevated level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, ECP-induced apoptosis was effectively inhibited in the presence of neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody. Conclusion In conclusion, our results have demonstrated that ECP increased TNF-α production in BEAS-2B cells and triggered apoptosis by caspase-8 activation through mitochondria-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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20
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Laurents DV, Bruix M, Jiménez MA, Santoro J, Boix E, Moussaoui M, Nogués MV, Rico M. The (1)H, (13)C, (15)N resonance assignment, solution structure, and residue level stability of eosinophil cationic protein/RNase 3 determined by NMR spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2010; 91:1018-28. [PMID: 19189375 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)/human RNase 3, a member of the RNase A family, is a remarkably cytotoxic protein implicated in asthma and allergies. These activities are probably due to ECP's ability to interact with and disrupt membranes and depend on two Trp, 19 Arg, and possibly an extremely high conformational stability. Here, we have used NMR spectroscopy to assign essentially all (1)H, (15)N, and backbone (13)C resonances, to solve the 3D structure in aqueous solution and to quantify its residue-level stability. The NMR solution structure was determined on the basis of 2316 distance constraints and is well-defined (backbone RMSD = 0.81 A). The N-terminus and the loop composed of residues 114-123 are relatively well-ordered; in contrast, conformational diversity is observed for the loop segments 17-22, 65-68, and 92-95 and most exposed sidechains. The side chain NH groups of the two Trp and 19 Arg showed no significant protection against hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The most protected NH groups belong to the first and last two beta-strands, and curiously, the first alpha-helix. Analysis of their exchange rates reveals a strikingly high global stability of 11.8 kcal/mol. This value and other stability measurements are used to better quantify ECP's unfolding thermodynamics.
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21
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Koo JW, Kang DB, Park WC, Lee YH, Kang IH, Chae SC, Lee JK. Association of RNase3 Polymorphisms with the Susceptibility of Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2010.78.5.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Wook Koo
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Dong Baek Kang
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Won Cheol Park
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - In Hong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Soo Cheon Chae
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Identification of polymorphisms in the RNase3 gene and the association with allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 267:391-5. [PMID: 19760211 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-1103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a potent cytotoxic molecule, is released by activated eosinophils. ECP has been suggested to be involved in tissue remodeling of allergic diseases. The ECP (RNase3) gene is a candidate gene in atopic diseases. RNase3 polymorphisms have been reported to have an association with atopy. We determined whether polymorphisms in the RNase3 gene are associated with allergic rhinitis in a Korean population. The Taqman assay, restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and high-resolution melt (HRM) were used for genotyping. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; g.-550A>G, g.371G>C, and g.499G>C) were identified. The genotype of the SNPs was analyzed in patients with allergic rhinitis and controls without allergic rhinitis. The genotype and allele frequencies were compared between both groups. The genotype frequencies of the g.-550A>G and g.371G>C SNPs were not significantly different between patients with allergic rhinitis and controls (P > 0.05). However, in patients with allergic rhinitis, the genotype and allele frequencies of the g.499G>C SNP of RNase 3 were significantly different from those of the control group (P < 001, P = 0.034, respectively). Haplotype analysis demonstrated the presence of the following five different (-550)-(+371)-(+499) major haplotypes: A-G-G, G-C-C, G-G-G, G-C-G, and A-G-C. The G-C-G haplotype was positively associated with allergic rhinitis (P = 0.048), while the G-G-G haplotype was negatively associated with allergic rhinitis (P = 0.004). Our study suggests that RNase3 polymorphisms are potentially associated with susceptibility to allergic rhinitis.
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Rubin J, Zagai U, Blom K, Trulson A, Engström A, Venge P. The coding ECP 434(G>C) gene polymorphism determines the cytotoxicity of ECP but has minor effects on fibroblast-mediated gel contraction and no effect on RNase activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:445-51. [PMID: 19542456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a secretory protein of the eosinophil granulocyte, a cell involved in innate immunity. Functional studies have implicated ECP in numerous processes, such as tissue remodeling in allergic inflammation and cytotoxicity toward a variety of pathogens. Recent genetic studies have suggested that the ECP 434(G>C) polymorphism resulting in an arg97thr substitution would alter the function of ECP in vivo. Functional (in vitro) studies of ECP up until now have either been conducted with native preparations containing an unknown mixture of the ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) variants, or with recombinant proteins. Therefore, we have now for the first time extracted the native ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) variants from healthy blood donors and tested them functionally in vitro. Our results show that the arg97thr shift dramatically alters the cytotoxic capacity of ECP in vitro; the tested ECP(97arg) variants were cytotoxic toward the small-cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H69, whereas ECP(97thr) was noncytotoxic. RNase activity was unaffected by the arg97thr substitution. Both ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) stimulated fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, an experimental model, which depicts wound healing, in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the ECP 434(G>C) gene polymorphism affects the functional properties of native ECP, but also that there is a dissociation between different biological activities; the arg97thr substitution impairs the cytotoxic potential of ECP but less the gel contraction and not at all the RNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rubin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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24
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Bousquet J. Mometasone furoate: an effective anti-inflammatory with a well-defined safety and tolerability profile in the treatment of asthma. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:806-19. [PMID: 19392928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended as a controller medication in the most recent Global Initiative for Asthma and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute guidelines. Mometasone furoate (MF) is an effective, well-tolerated inhaled steroid and is indicated for the maintenance treatment of adult and adolescent patients (> or = 12 years) with persistent asthma. MF is approved for once or bid maintenance treatment of asthma (in patients previously receiving ICS or bronchodilators). Low systemic bioavailability and high relative binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor are properties of MF that allow for a favourable efficacy and tolerability profile. Inhaled MF has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated controller medication for those patients with mild, moderate or severe persistent asthma. MF has recently been approved by the US regulatory authorities for use in children (4-11 years). Future developments include the combination of MF with the long-acting bronchodilators, formoterol and indacaterol, to provide additional options in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier Cedex, France.
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25
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Niccoli G, Schiavino D, Belloni F, Ferrante G, La Torre G, Conte M, Cosentino N, Montone RA, Sabato V, Burzotta F, Trani C, Leone AM, Porto I, Pieroni M, Patriarca G, Crea F. Pre-intervention eosinophil cationic protein serum levels predict clinical outcomes following implantation of drug-eluting stents. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:1340-7. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Parwez Q, Stemmler S, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Variation in genes encoding eosinophil granule proteins in atopic dermatitis patients from Germany. J Negat Results Biomed 2008; 7:9. [PMID: 19014520 PMCID: PMC2596079 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is believed to result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. A main feature of AD as well as other allergic disorders is serum and tissue eosinophilia. Human eosinophils contain high amounts of cationic granule proteins, including eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and major basic protein (MBP). Recently, variation in genes encoding eosinophil granule proteins has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. We therefore genotyped selected single nucleotide polymorphisms within the ECP, EDN, EPO and MBP genes in a cohort of 361 German AD patients and 325 healthy controls. Results Genotype and allele frequencies did not differ between patients and controls for all polymorphisms investigated in this study. Haplotype analysis did not reveal any additional information. Conclusion We did not find evidence to support an influence of variation in genes encoding eosinophil granule proteins for AD pathogenesis in this German cohort.
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