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Akashi Y, Nagasaki A, Okawa H, Matsumoto T, Kondo T, Yatani H, Nishimura I, Egusa H. Cyclic pressure-induced cytokines from gingival fibroblasts stimulate osteoclast activity: Clinical implications for alveolar bone loss in denture wearers. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:77-86. [PMID: 35185110 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_21_00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The involvement of oral mucosa cells in mechanical stress-induced bone resorption is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclic pressure-induced cytokines from oral mucosal cells (human gingival fibroblasts: hGFs) on osteoclast activity in vitro.Methods Cyclic pressure at 50 kPa, which represents high physiologic occlusal force of dentures on the molar area, was applied to hGFs. NFAT-reporter stable RAW264.7 preosteoclasts (NFAT/Luc-RAW cells) were cultured in conditioned medium collected from hGF cultures under cyclic pressure or static conditions. NFAT activity and osteoclast formation were determined by luciferase reporter assay and TRAP staining, respectively. Cyclic pressure-induced cytokines in hGF culture were detected by ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, and cytokine array analyses.Results Conditioned media from hGFs treated with 48 hours of cyclic pressure significantly induced NFAT activity and increased multinucleated osteoclast formation. Furthermore, the cyclic pressure significantly increased the bone resorption activity of RAW264.7 cells. Cyclic pressure significantly increased the expression of major inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β/IL-1β, IL-6/IL-6, IL-8/IL-8 and MCP-1/CCL2 in hGFs compared to hGFs cultured under static conditions, and it suppressed osteoprotegerin (OPG/OPG) expression. A cytokine array detected 12 cyclic pressure-induced candidates. Among them, IL-8, decorin, MCP-1 and ferritin increased, whereas IL-28A and PDGF-BB decreased, NFAT activation of NFAT/Luc-RAW cells.Conclusions These results suggest that cyclic pressure-induced cytokines from hGFs promote osteoclastogenesis, possibly including up-regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1, and down-regulation of OPG. These findings introduce the possible involvement of GFs in mechanical stress-induced alveolar ridge resorption, such as in denture wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Akashi
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Nagasaki
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Takeru Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan.,Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hirofumi Yatani
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, Japan
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D'Urso M, Kurniawan NA. Mechanical and Physical Regulation of Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Transition: From Cellular Mechanoresponse to Tissue Pathology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:609653. [PMID: 33425874 PMCID: PMC7793682 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.609653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are cells present throughout the human body that are primarily responsible for the production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the tissues. They have the capability to modify the mechanical properties of the ECM within the tissue and transition into myofibroblasts, a cell type that is associated with the development of fibrotic tissue through an acute increase of cell density and protein deposition. This transition from fibroblast to myofibroblast-a well-known cellular hallmark of the pathological state of tissues-and the environmental stimuli that can induce this transition have received a lot of attention, for example in the contexts of asthma and cardiac fibrosis. Recent efforts in understanding how cells sense their physical environment at the micro- and nano-scales have ushered in a new appreciation that the substrates on which the cells adhere provide not only passive influence, but also active stimulus that can affect fibroblast activation. These studies suggest that mechanical interactions at the cell-substrate interface play a key role in regulating this phenotype transition by changing the mechanical and morphological properties of the cells. Here, we briefly summarize the reported chemical and physical cues regulating fibroblast phenotype. We then argue that a better understanding of how cells mechanically interact with the substrate (mechanosensing) and how this influences cell behaviors (mechanotransduction) using well-defined platforms that decouple the physical stimuli from the chemical ones can provide a powerful tool to control the balance between physiological tissue regeneration and pathological fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko D'Urso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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3
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Guida G, Riccio AM. Immune induction of airway remodeling. Semin Immunol 2019; 46:101346. [PMID: 31734128 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is accepted to be a determining component within the natural history of asthma. It is a phenomenon characterized by changes in the airways structures that marches in parallel with and can be influenced by airway inflammation, floating at the interface between both natural and adaptive immunity and physical and mechanical cells behavior. In this review we aimed to highlight the comprehensive, yet not exhaustive, evidences of how immune cells induce, regulate and adapt to the recognized markers of airway remodeling. Mucous cell hyperplasia, epithelial dysfunction and mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix protein synthesis and restructuration, fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, airway smooth muscle proliferation, bioactive and contractile properties, and vascular remodeling encompass complex physiopathological mechanisms that can be induced, suppressed or regulated by different cellular and molecular pathways. Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules expressed or derived either from the immune network of cells infiltrating the asthmatic airways and involving T helper lymphocytes, immune lymphoid cells, dendritic cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells or by the structural components such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myocytes, airway smooth muscle cells concur with protein cellular matrix component and metalloproteases in modifying the airway structure in a detrimental way. The consequences in lung function decline, fixed airway obstruction and clinical severity of the disease suggest the possibility of identify among the immune molecular pathway of remodeling some biological parameters or signal pathway to be either a good tracer for monitoring the disease evolution or a target for hypothetical phenotypes and endotypes. In the era of personalized medicine, a biomarker of remodeling might predict a response to small-molecule inhibitors or biologicals potentially targeting a fundamental aspect of asthma pathogenesis that impacts on the low responsiveness to airway inflammation directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guida
- Allergology and Lung Pathology, Santa Croce and Carle Hospital, Cuneo - Antonio Carle Hospital, Via Antonio Carle 5, 12100, Confreria (CN), Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Riccio
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases - Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
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Michalik M, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Paw M, Wnuk D, Koczurkiewicz P, Sanak M, Pękala E, Madeja Z. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in bronchial asthma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3943-3961. [PMID: 30101406 PMCID: PMC6182337 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which bronchial wall remodelling plays a significant role. This phenomenon is related to enhanced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells, elevated extracellular matrix protein secretion and an increased number of myofibroblasts. Phenotypic fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition represents one of the primary mechanisms by which myofibroblasts arise in fibrotic lung tissue. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition requires a combination of several types of factors, the most important of which are divided into humoural and mechanical factors, as well as certain extracellular matrix proteins. Despite intensive research on the nature of this process, its underlying mechanisms during bronchial airway wall remodelling in asthma are not yet fully clarified. This review focuses on what is known about the nature of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in asthma. We aim to consider possible mechanisms and conditions that may play an important role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition but have not yet been discussed in this context. Recent studies have shown that some inherent and previously undescribed features of fibroblasts can also play a significant role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Differences observed between asthmatic and non-asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts (e.g., response to transforming growth factor β, cell shape, elasticity, and protein expression profile) may have a crucial influence on this phenomenon. An accurate understanding and recognition of all factors affecting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition might provide an opportunity to discover efficient methods of counteracting this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Milena Paw
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Serum–glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 contributes to mechanical stretch-induced inflammatory responses in cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 445:67-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Manuyakorn W, Smart DE, Noto A, Bucchieri F, Haitchi HM, Holgate ST, Howarth PH, Davies DE. Mechanical Strain Causes Adaptive Change in Bronchial Fibroblasts Enhancing Profibrotic and Inflammatory Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153926. [PMID: 27101406 PMCID: PMC4839664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by periodic episodes of bronchoconstriction and reversible airway obstruction; these symptoms are attributable to a number of factors including increased mass and reactivity of bronchial smooth muscle and extracellular matrix (ECM) in asthmatic airways. Literature has suggested changes in cell responses and signaling can be elicited via modulation of mechanical stress acting upon them, potentially affecting the microenvironment of the cell. In this study, we hypothesized that mechanical strain directly affects the (myo)fibroblast phenotype in asthma. Therefore, we characterized responses of bronchial fibroblasts, from 6 normal and 11 asthmatic non-smoking volunteers, exposed to cyclical mechanical strain using flexible silastic membranes. Samples were analyzed for proteoglycans, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagens I and III, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 & 9 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by qRT-PCR, Western blot, zymography and ELISA. Mechanical strain caused a decrease in αSMA mRNA but no change in either αSMA protein or proteoglycan expression. In contrast the inflammatory mediator IL-8, MMPs and interstitial collagens were increased at both the transcriptional and protein level. The results demonstrate an adaptive response of bronchial fibroblasts to mechanical strain, irrespective of donor. The adaptation involves cytoskeletal rearrangement, matrix remodelling and inflammatory cytokine release. These results suggest that mechanical strain could contribute to disease progression in asthma by promoting inflammation and remodelling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiparat Manuyakorn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Smart
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Noto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- BIONEC Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, IEMEST, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- BIONEC Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, IEMEST, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Asthma "of horses and men"--how can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences? Mol Immunol 2014; 66:97-105. [PMID: 25547716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been studied to unravel etiological, immunopathological, and genetic attributes leading to asthma. However, while experiments in which the disease is artificially induced have helped discovering biological and molecular pathways leading to allergic airway inflammation, their contribution to the understanding of the causality of the disease has been more limited. Horses naturally suffer from an asthma-like condition called "heaves" which presents sticking similarities with human asthma. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and a predominant Th2 immune response. This model allows one to investigate the role of neutrophils in asthma, which remains contentious, the regulation of chronic neutrophilic inflammation, and their possible implication in pulmonary allergic responses. Furthermore, the pulmonary remodeling features in heaves closely resemble those of human asthma, which makes this model unique to investigate the kinetics, reversibility, as well as the physiological consequences of tissue remodeling. In conclusion, heaves and asthma share common clinical presentation and also important immunological and tissue remodeling features. This makes heaves an ideal model for the discovery of novel pathways implicated in the asthmatic inflammation and associated tissue remodeling.
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Yang Y, Zhang N, Lan F, Van Crombruggen K, Fang L, Hu G, Hong S, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathways in inflammatory airway diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:699-707. [PMID: 24750111 DOI: 10.1111/all.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported being involved in the remodeling and immunosuppression processes of inflammatory airway diseases; understanding the regulation of TGF-β1 is therefore a key to unravel the pathomechanisms of these diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on the influencing factors for driving TGF-β1 and its regulatory pathways in inflammatory airway diseases and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to TGF-β1 control. The factors include smoking and oxidative stress, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), bradykinin (BK), and microRNAs (miRs). Based on the summary, new innovative treatment strategies may be developed for inflammatory airway diseases with an impaired expression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - F. Lan
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Fang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - G. Hu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - S. Hong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Manuyakorn W. Airway remodelling in asthma: role for mechanical forces. Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4:19-24. [PMID: 24527406 PMCID: PMC3921863 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease with functional and structural changes, leading to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction. Airway structural changes or airway remodelling consist of epithelial injury, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial layer thickening, airway smooth muscle hyperplasia and angiogenesis. These changes were previously considered as a consequence of chronic airway inflammation. Even though inhaled corticosteroids can suppress airway inflammation, the natural history of asthma is still unaltered after inhaled corticosteroid treatment. As such there is increasing evidence for the role of mechanical forces within the asthmatic airway contributing to airway structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiparat Manuyakorn
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Poon AH, Mahboub B, Hamid Q. Vitamin D deficiency and severe asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:148-55. [PMID: 23792089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has received tremendous amount of attention recently due to the ever-increasing reports of association between vitamin D deficiency and a wide range of conditions, from cancer to fertility to longevity. The fascination of disease association with vitamin D deficiency comes from the relatively easy solution to overcome such a risk factor, that is, either by increase in sun exposure and/or diet supplementation. Many reviews have been written on a protective role of vitamin D in asthma and related morbidities; here, we will summarize the epidemiological evidence supporting a role of vitamin D against hallmark features of severe asthma, such as airway remodeling and asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, we discuss data from in vitro and in vivo studies which provide insights on the potential mechanisms of how vitamin D may protect against severe asthma pathogenesis and how vitamin D deficiency may lead to the development of severe asthma. Approximately 5-15% of asthmatic individuals suffer from the more severe forms of disease in spite of aggressive therapies and they are more likely to have irreversible airflow obstruction associated with airway remodeling. At present drugs commonly used to control asthma symptoms, such as corticosteroids, do not significantly reverse or reduce remodeling in the airways. Hence, if vitamin D plays a protective role against the development of severe asthma, then the most effective therapy may simply be a healthy dose of sunshine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Poon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Canada
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Zhang J, Wu L, Qu JM, Bai CX, Merrilees MJ, Black PN. Pro-inflammatory phenotype of COPD fibroblasts not compatible with repair in COPD lung. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1522-32. [PMID: 22117690 PMCID: PMC3823220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by loss of elastic fibres from small airways and alveolar walls, with the decrease in elastin increasing with disease severity. It is unclear why there is a lack of repair of elastic fibres. We have examined fibroblasts cultured from lung tissue from subjects with or without COPD to determine if the secretory profile explains lack of tissue repair. In this study, fibroblasts were cultured from lung parenchyma of patients with mild COPD [Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 1, n= 5], moderate to severe COPD (GOLD 2–3, n= 12) and controls (non-COPD, n= 5). Measurements were made of proliferation, senescence-associated β-galactosidase-1, mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, tropoelastin and versican, and protein levels for IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, tropoelastin, insoluble elastin, and versican. GOLD 2–3 fibroblasts proliferated more slowly (P < 0.01), had higher levels of senescence-associated β-galactosidase-1 (P < 0.001) than controls and showed significant increases in mRNA and/or protein for IL-6 (P < 0.05), IL-8 (P < 0.01), MMP-1 (P < 0.05), PGE2 (P < 0.05), versican (P < 0.05) and tropoelastin (P < 0.05). mRNA expression and/or protein levels of tropoelastin (P < 0.01), versican (P < 0.05), IL-6 (P < 0.05) and IL-8 (P < 0.05) were negatively correlated with FEV1% of predicted. Insoluble elastin was not increased. In summary, fibroblasts from moderate to severe COPD subjects display a secretory phenotype with up-regulation of inflammatory molecules including the matrix proteoglycan versican, and increased soluble, but not insoluble, elastin. Versican inhibits assembly of tropoelastin into insoluble elastin and we conclude that the pro-inflammatory phenotype of COPD fibroblasts is not compatible with repair of elastic fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Pires-Neto RC, Morales MMB, Lancas T, Inforsato N, Duarte MIS, Amato MBP, de Carvalho CRR, da Silva LFF, Mauad T, Dolhnikoff M. Expression of acute-phase cytokines, surfactant proteins, and epithelial apoptosis in small airways of human acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Crit Care 2012; 28:111.e9-111.e15. [PMID: 22835422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies suggest a role for distal airway injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The epithelium lining the small airways secretes a large number of molecules such as surfactant components and inflammatory mediators. There is little information on how these small airway secretory functions are altered in ARDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the lungs of 31 patients with ARDS (Pao(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen ≤200, 45 ± 14 years, 16 men) and 11 controls (52 ± 16 years, 7 men) submitted to autopsy and quantified the expression of interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, surfactant proteins (SP) A and SP-B in the epithelium of small airways using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. In addition, an index of airway epithelial apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine-triphosphatase nick-end labeling assay, caspase 3, and Fas/Fas ligand expression. The density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 and IL-8 within the small airway walls was also quantified. RESULTS Acute respiratory distress syndrome airways showed an increase in the epithelial expression of IL-8 (P = .006) and an increased density of inflammatory cells expressing IL-6 (P = .004) and IL-8 (P < .001) compared with controls. There were no differences in SP-A and SP-B epithelium expression or in epithelial apoptosis index between ARDS and controls. CONCLUSION Distal airways are involved in ARDS lung inflammation and show a high expression of proinflammatory interleukins in both airway epithelial and inflammatory cells. Apoptosis may not be a major mechanism of airway epithelial cell death in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Camargo Pires-Neto
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory-LIM05, Sao Paulo University Medical School, 01246903 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Pujols L, Fernández-Bertolín L, Fuentes-Prado M, Alobid I, Roca-Ferrer J, Agell N, Mullol J, Picado C. Proteasome inhibition reduces proliferation, collagen expression, and inflammatory cytokine production in nasal mucosa and polyp fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:184-97. [PMID: 22787116 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.190710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors, used in cancer treatment for their proapoptotic effects, have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on animal models of various inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Their effects in cells from patients affected by either inflammatory or fibrotic diseases have been poorly investigated. Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sinus mucosa characterized by tissue inflammation and remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that proteasome inhibition of nasal polyp fibroblasts might reduce their proliferation and inflammatory and fibrotic response. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of the proteasome inhibitor Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-B(OH)(2) (MG262) on cell viability and proliferation and on the production of collagen and inflammatory cytokines in nasal polyp and nasal mucosa fibroblasts obtained from surgery specimens. MG262 reduced the viability of nasal mucosa and polyp fibroblasts concentration- and time-dependently, with marked effects after 48 h of treatment. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib provoked a similar effect. MG262-induced cell death involved loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation, induction of c-Jun phosphorylation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression. Low concentrations of MG262 provoked growth arrest, inhibited DNA replication and retinoblastoma phosphorylation, and increased expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. MG262 concentration-dependently inhibited basal and transforming growth factor-β-induced collagen mRNA expression and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in both fibroblast types. MG262 inhibited IL-1β/tumor necrosis factor-α-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB. We conclude that noncytotoxic treatment with MG262 reduces the proliferative, fibrotic, and inflammatory response of nasal fibroblasts, whereas high MG262 concentrations induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pujols
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigaciones Respiratorias en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hawwa RL, Hokenson MA, Wang Y, Huang Z, Sharma S, Sanchez-Esteban J. IL-10 inhibits inflammatory cytokines released by fetal mouse lung fibroblasts exposed to mechanical stretch. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:640-9. [PMID: 21337733 PMCID: PMC3103753 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which excessive stretch induces lung inflammation are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated in vitro the contribution of lung mesenchymal cells to the inflammatory response mediated by mechanical stretch and the potential protective role of IL-10. METHODS Fetal mouse lung fibroblasts isolated during the saccular stage of lung development were exposed to 20% cyclic stretch to simulate mechanical injury. The phenotype of cultured fibroblasts was investigated by red oil O and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining. Cell necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation were analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase release, cleaved caspase-3 activation and release of cytokines and chemokines into the supernatant, respectively. RESULTS First, we characterized the phenotype of the cultured fibroblasts and found an absence of red oil O staining and 100% positive staining for α-SMA, indicating that cultured fibroblasts were myofibroblasts. Mechanical stretch increased necrosis and apoptosis by two- and three-fold, compared to unstretched samples. Incubation of monolayers with IL-10 prior to stretch did not affect necrosis but significantly decreased apoptosis. Mechanical stretch increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines IL-1β, MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, KC and TNF-α into the supernatant by 1.5- to 2.5-fold, and administration of IL-10 before stretch blocked that release. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that lung interstitial cells may play a significant role in the inflammatory cascade triggered by mechanical stretch. IL-10 protects fetal fibroblasts from injury secondary to stretch. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:640-649. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renda L Hawwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA
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Habijan T, Glogowski T, Kühn S, Pohl M, Wittsiepe J, Greulich C, Eggeler G, Schildhauer T, Köller M. Can human mesenchymal stem cells survive on a NiTi implant material subjected to cyclic loading? Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2733-9. [PMID: 21345390 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (NiTi-SMAs) exhibit mechanical and chemical properties which make them attractive candidate materials for various types of biomedical applications. However, the high nickel content of NiTi-SMAs may result in adverse tissue reactions, especially when they are considered for load-bearing implants. It is generally assumed that a protective titanium oxide layer separates the metallic alloy from its environment and that this explains the good biocompatibility of NiTi. Cyclic loading may result in failure of the protective oxide layer. The scientific objective of this work was to find out whether cyclic dynamic strain, in a range relevant for orthopedic implants, diminishes the biocompatibility of NiTi-SMAs. In order to analyze the biocompatibility of NiTi-SMA surfaces subjected to cyclic loading, NiTi-SMA tensile specimens were preloaded with mesenchymal stem cells, transferred to a sterile cell culture system and fixed to the pull rods of a tensile testing machine. Eighty-six thousand and four hundred strain cycles at 2% pseudoelastic strain were performed for a period of 24 h or 7 days. Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF) and nickel ion release were determined within the cell culture medium. Adherent cells on the tensile specimens were stained with calcein-AM and propidium iodide to determine cell viability. Dynamic loading of the tensile specimens did not influence the viability of adherent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) after 24 h or 7 days compared with the non-strained control. Dynamic cycles of loading and unloading did not affect nickel ion release from the tensile specimens. The release of IL-6 from hMSCs cultured under dynamic conditions was significantly higher after mechanical load (873 pg ml(-1)) compared with static conditions (323 pg ml(-1)). The present work demonstrates that a new type of mechanical in vitro cell culture experiment can provide information which previously could only be obtained in large animal experiments.
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Jönsson D, Nebel D, Bratthall G, Nilsson BO. The human periodontal ligament cell: a fibroblast-like cell acting as an immune cell. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:153-7. [PMID: 21118418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament cells are fibroblast-like cells characterized by collagen production but also possessing some osteoblastic features. In the light of numerous studies presented during recent times, which show that human periodontal ligament cells also produce cytokines and chemokines in response to inflammation promoters, it is reasonable to suggest that periodontal ligament cells play a role as promoters of periodontal inflammation through these mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal ligament, which harbours the periodontal ligament cells, is a part of the attachment apparatus comprised of periodontal ligament cells, extracellular matrix and fibres, attaching the root cement to the alveolar bone. Periodontal ligament cells are in close proximity to bacteria within the plaque and the pocket, and thus these cells are readily accessible to bacterial endotoxins and other promoters of inflammation. RESULTS Cytokines and chemokines, released by periodontal ligament cells upon stimulation with inflammation promoters, reach the blood vessels easily thanks to rich vascularization of the periodontium stimulating recruitment of white blood cells to the site of inflammation. In addition to classical inflammatory cells, such as leucocytes, macrophages and mast cells, the periodontal ligament cells also contribute to periodontal inflammation via their production and release of cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSION Therefore, pharmacological treatment of periodontitis should aim to reduce the release of proinflammatory agents not only from classical inflammatory cells but also from periodontal ligament cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jönsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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ERK1/2 is involved in cyclic compressive force-induced IL-6 secretion in MLO-Y4 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:339-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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