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Miyabe Y, Fukuchi M, Tomizawa H, Nakamura Y, Jikei M, Matsuwaki Y, Arima M, Konno Y, Moritoki Y, Takeda M, Tanabe N, Shima H, Shiraishi Y, Hirai T, Ohta N, Takahata J, Matsubara A, Yamada T, Asano K, Miyairi I, Melo RCN, Weller PF, Ueki S. Aggregated eosinophils and neutrophils characterize the properties of mucus in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1306-1318. [PMID: 38181841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway obstruction caused by viscous mucus is an important pathophysiologic characteristic of persistent inflammation, which can result in organ damage. OBJECTIVE We investigated the hypothesis that the biophysical characteristics of accumulating granulocytes affect the clinical properties of mucus. METHODS Surgically acquired nasal mucus samples from patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and neutrophil-dominant, noneosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis were evaluated in terms of computed tomography density, viscosity, water content, wettability, and protein composition. Isolated human eosinophils and neutrophils were stimulated to induce the formation of extracellular traps, followed by the formation of aggregates. The biophysical properties of the aggregated cells were also examined. RESULTS Mucus from patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis had significantly higher computed tomography density, viscosity, dry weight, and hydrophobicity compared to mucus from patients with noneosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. The levels of eosinophil-specific proteins in mucus correlated with its physical properties. Eosinophil and neutrophil aggregates showed physical and pathologic characteristics resembling those of mucus. Cotreatment with deoxyribonuclease and heparin, which slenderizes the structure of eosinophil extracellular traps, efficiently induced reductions in the viscosity and hydrophobicity of both eosinophil aggregates and eosinophilic mucus. CONCLUSIONS The present study elucidated the pathogenesis of mucus stasis in infiltrated granulocyte aggregates from a novel perspective. These findings may contribute to the development of treatment strategies for eosinophilic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tomizawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Jikei
- Department of Materials Science, Akita University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Misaki Arima
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiraishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Takahata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsubara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Miyabe Y, Kobayashi Y, Fukuchi M, Saga A, Moritoki Y, Saga T, Akuthota P, Ueki S. Eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the absence of eosinophilia. Asia Pac Allergy 2021; 11:e30. [PMID: 34386406 PMCID: PMC8331253 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of eosinophil levels is a hallmark of type-2 inflammation. Blood eosinophil counts act as a convenient biomarker for asthma phenotyping and the selection of biologics, and they are even used as a prognostic factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019. However, the circulating eosinophil count does not always reflect tissue eosinophilia and vice versa. The mismatch of blood and tissue eosinophilia can be seen in various clinical settings. For example, blood eosinophil levels in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia are often within normal range despite the marked symptoms and increased number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histological studies using immunostaining for eosinophil granule proteins have revealed the extracellular deposition of granule proteins coincident with pathological conditions, even in the absence of a significant eosinophil infiltrate. The marked deposition of eosinophil granule proteins in tissue is often associated with cytolytic degranulation. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) is a major mechanism of cytolysis. Cytolytic ETosis is a total cell degranulation in which cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, including DNA and histones that act as alarmins, are also released. In the present review, eosinophil-mediated inflammation in such mismatch conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Miyabe
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Stavropoulos F, Georgiou E, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA. Dysregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier and Exacerbated Inflammatory Response in Cx47-Deficient Mice after Induction of EAE. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070621. [PMID: 34203192 PMCID: PMC8308522 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in connexin 32 (Cx32) or Cx47 knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in oligodendrocyte gap junctions (GJs) results in a more severe disease course. In particular, Cx47 KO EAE mice experience an earlier EAE onset and more pronounced disease severity, accompanied by dysregulated pro-inflammatory responses preceding the disease manifestations. In this study, analysis of relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild type EAE, Cx32 KO EAE, and Cx47 KO EAE mice revealed altered expression of Vcam-1 preceding EAE [7 days post injection (dpi)], of Ccl2 at the onset of EAE (12 dpi), and of Gm-csf at the peak of EAE (24 dpi) in Cx47 KO EAE mice. Moreover, Cx47 KO EAE mice exhibited more severe blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, enhanced astrogliosis with defects in tight junction formation at the glia limitans, and increased T-cell infiltration prior to disease onset. Thus, Cx47 deficiency appears to cause dysregulation of the inflammatory profile and BSCB integrity, promoting early astrocyte responses in Cx47 KO EAE mice that lead to a more severe EAE outcome. Further investigation into the role of oligodendrocytic Cx47 in EAE and multiple sclerosis pathology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (F.S.); (E.G.); (I.S.)
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-22-358600; Fax: +357-22-392786
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Structural alterations and markers of endothelial activation in pulmonary and bronchial arteries in fatal asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:50. [PMID: 31485240 PMCID: PMC6714380 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is interest in better understanding vessel pathology in asthma, given the findings of loss of peripheral vasculature associated with disease severity by imaging and altered markers of endothelial activation. To date, vascular changes in asthma have been described mainly at the submucosal capillary level of the bronchial microcirculation, with sparse information available on the pathology of bronchial and pulmonary arteries. The aim of this study was to describe structural and endothelial activation markers in bronchial arteries (BAs) and pulmonary arteries (PAs) of asthma patients who died during a fatal asthma attack. Methods Autopsy lung tissue was obtained from 21 smoking and non-smoking patients who died of an asthma attack and nine non-smoking control patients. Verhoeff–Masson trichrome staining was used to analyse the structure of arteries. Using immuno-histochemistry and image analyses, we quantified extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagen I, collagen III, versican, tenascin, fibronectin, elastic fibres), adhesion molecules [vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)] and markers of vascular tone/dysfunction [endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2)] in PAs and BAs. Results There were no significant differences in ECM components, ICAM-1, ET-1 or AT2 between asthma patients and controls. Smoking asthma patients presented with decreased content of collagen III in both BA (p = 0.046) and PA (p = 0.010) walls compared to non-smoking asthma patients. Asthma patients had increased VCAM-1 content in the BA wall (p = 0.026) but not in the PA wall. Conclusion Our data suggest that the mechanisms linking asthma and arterial functional abnormalities might involve systemic rather than local mediators. Loss of collagen III in the PA was observed in smoking asthma patients, and this was compatible with the degradative environment induced by cigarette smoking. Our data also reinforce the idea that the mechanisms of leukocyte efflux via adhesion molecules differ between bronchial and pulmonary circulation, which might be relevant to understanding and treating the distal lung in asthma.
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5
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Castano R, Yucesoy B, Johnson VJ, Castellanos L, Cartier A. Inflammatory proteins in nasal lavage of workers exposed to occupational agents. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1566-1573. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Castano
- Department of Otolaryngology; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Research Center; Axe Maladies Chroniques; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - B. Yucesoy
- Formerly of the Health Effects Laboratory Division; CDC/NIOSH; Morgantown WV USA
| | - V. J. Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc.; Morrisville NC USA
| | - L. Castellanos
- Research Center; Axe Maladies Chroniques; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
| | - A. Cartier
- Department of Chest Medicine; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
- Research Center; Axe Maladies Chroniques; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Montreal QC Canada
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6
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Shen ZJ, Hu J, Kashi VP, Kelly EA, Denlinger LC, Lutchman K, McDonald JG, Jarjour NN, Malter JS. Epstein-Barr Virus-induced Gene 2 Mediates Allergen-induced Leukocyte Migration into Airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1576-1585. [PMID: 28125291 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1580oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Leukocyte recruitment to sites of allergic inflammation depends on the local production of priming cytokines, chemokines, and potentially other mediators. Previously, we showed that eosinophils (Eos) express numerous orphan G-protein-coupled receptors, including Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2). Despite its contribution to inflammatory diseases, the role of EBI2 in pulmonary eosinophilia is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether oxysterol ligands for EBI2 are increased in asthma exacerbation, and if or how they promote Eos pulmonary migration. METHODS EBI2 ligands and pulmonary eosinophilia were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with mild asthma 48 hours after acute allergen challenge. In vitro, the ability of EBI2 ligands alone or in combination with IL-5 priming to induce the migration of human blood Eos was assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS EBI2 was constitutively and stably expressed in peripheral blood Eos. Eos treated with the EBI2 ligands showed significantly increased transwell migration that was enhanced by priming with physiologic doses of IL-5. Migration was suppressed by inhibitors of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 or by pertussis toxin. EBI2 signaling activated Pin1 isomerase activity through a cascade that was sensitive to ERK inhibitors and pertussis toxin. The concentration of EBI2 ligands was significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 48 hours after segmental allergen challenge and strongly correlated with the increased numbers of Eos, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the airways. CONCLUSIONS Oxysterols are increased in inflamed airways after allergen challenge and, through G-protein subunit α, ERK, and Pin1 signaling, likely participate in the regulation of Eos migration into the lung in people with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Hu
- 1 Department of Pathology and
| | | | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- 2 Department of Medicine, Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Loren C Denlinger
- 2 Department of Medicine, Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- 3 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- 2 Department of Medicine, Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Mishra A, Guo Y, Zhang L, More S, Weng T, Chintagari NR, Huang C, Liang Y, Pushparaj S, Gou D, Breshears M, Liu L. A Critical Role for P2X7 Receptor-Induced VCAM-1 Shedding and Neutrophil Infiltration during Acute Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2828-37. [PMID: 27559050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary neutrophils are the initial inflammatory cells that are recruited during lung injury and are crucial for innate immunity. However, pathological recruitment of neutrophils results in lung injury. The objective of this study is to determine whether the novel neutrophil chemoattractant, soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1), recruits pathological levels of neutrophils to injury sites and amplifies lung inflammation during acute lung injury. The mice with P2X7 receptor deficiency, or treated with a P2X7 receptor inhibitor or anti-VCAM-1 Abs, were subjected to a clinically relevant two-hit LPS and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury. Neutrophil infiltration and lung inflammation were measured. Neutrophil chemotactic activities were determined by a chemotaxis assay. VCAM-1 shedding and signaling pathways were assessed in isolated lung epithelial cells. Ab neutralization of sVCAM-1 or deficiency or antagonism of P2X7R reduced neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The ligands for sVCAM-1 were increased during acute lung injury. sVCAM-1 had neutrophil chemotactic activities and activated alveolar macrophages. VCAM-1 is released into the alveolar airspace from alveolar epithelial type I cells through P2X7 receptor-mediated activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM-17. In conclusion, sVCAM-1 is a novel chemoattractant for neutrophils and an activator for alveolar macrophages. Targeting sVCAM-1 provides a therapeutic intervention that could block pathological neutrophil recruitment, without interfering with the physiological recruitment of neutrophils, thus avoiding the impairment of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Mishra
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Yujie Guo
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Li Zhang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Sunil More
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Tingting Weng
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Narendranath Reddy Chintagari
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Yurong Liang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Samuel Pushparaj
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; and
| | - Melanie Breshears
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Department of Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - Lin Liu
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078;
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8
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Ueki S, Konno Y, Takeda M, Moritoki Y, Hirokawa M, Matsuwaki Y, Honda K, Ohta N, Yamamoto S, Takagi Y, Wada A, Weller PF. Eosinophil extracellular trap cell death-derived DNA traps: Their presence in secretions and functional attributes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:258-267. [PMID: 26070883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated human eosinophils, as well as neutrophils, can release extracellular chromatin to form DNA traps through cytolytic extracellular trap cell death (ETosis). Although formations of neutrophil DNA traps are recognized in patients with various inflammatory conditions, neither the presence of ETosis-derived eosinophil DNA traps in human allergic diseases nor the characteristics of these DNA traps have been studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated the presence of ETosis-derived DNA traps in eosinophil-rich sinus and ear secretions and the functional attributes of ETosis DNA traps. METHODS Eosinophil-rich secretions obtained from patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and eosinophilic otitis media were studied microscopically. In vitro studies of ETosis and DNA trap formation used blood-derived eosinophils and neutrophils, and studies of the binding capacities of DNA traps used labeled bacteria and fluorescent microbeads. Stabilities of DNA traps were evaluated by using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Abundant nuclear histone H1-bearing DNA traps formed in vivo in the eosinophilic secretions and contributed to their increased viscosity. In vitro, after brief shear flow, eosinophil ETosis-elicited DNA traps assembled to form stable aggregates. Eosinophil DNA traps entrapped bacteria and fungi and, through hydrophobic interactions, microbeads. In comparison with neutrophil-derived DNA traps, eosinophil DNA traps ultrastructurally exhibited thicker fibers with globular structures and were less susceptible to leukocyte-derived proteolytic degradation, likely because of the lesser protease activities of eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS In human allergic diseases local cytolysis of eosinophils not only releases free eosinophil granules but also generates nuclear-derived DNA traps that are major extracellular structural components within eosinophil-rich secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuwaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Honda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Cell Analysis Center, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuri Takagi
- Cell Analysis Center, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wada
- Cell Analysis Center, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Peter F Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Expression and functional roles of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in human eosinophils. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:72-78. [PMID: 24718279 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in asthma links the estrogen and allergic immune responses. The function of estrogen was classically believed to be mediated through its nuclear receptors, i.e., estrogen receptors (ERs). However, recent studies established the important roles of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) as a novel membrane receptor for estrogen. To date, the role of GPER in allergic inflammation is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether GPER might affect the functions of eosinophils, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Here, we demonstrated that GPER was expressed in purified human peripheral blood eosinophils both at the mRNA and protein levels. Although GPER agonist G-1 did not induce eosinophil chemotaxis or chemokinesis, preincubation with G-1 enhanced eotaxin (CCL11)-directed eosinophil chemotaxis. G-1 inhibited eosinophil spontaneous apoptosis and caspase-3 activities. The anti-apoptotic effect was not affected by the cAMP-phospodiesterase inhibitor rolipram or phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors. In contrast to resting eosinophils, G-1 induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3 activities when eosinophils were co-stimulated with IL-5. No effect of G-1 was observed on eosinophil degranulation in terms of release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). The current study indicates the functional capacities of GPER on human eosinophils and also provides the previously unrecognized mechanisms of interaction between estrogen and allergic inflammation.
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10
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Saito Y, Takeda M, Nishikawa J, Konno Y, Tamaki M, Itoga M, Kobayashi Y, Moritoki Y, Ito W, Chihara J, Ueki S. The effect of pharmacological PI3Kγ inhibitor on eotaxin-induced human eosinophil functions. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:164-9. [PMID: 24333185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation caused by activation of immune cells including Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) γ deficient asthmatic mice did not develop lung eosinophilia, although the detailed mechanisms are not well known. A CC chemokine eotaxin (CCL11) plays a prominent role in developing eosinophilic inflammation through CCR3. In this study, we tested the roles of PI3Kγ in eotaxin-induced eosinophil functions using a pharmacological inhibitor. METHOD Human peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated by CD16-negative selection method. The effect of AS605240, synthetic PI3Kγ inhibitor on eotaxin-induced adhesion, chemotaxis, and degranulation were studied using intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-coated plates, Boyden chamber system, ELISA for eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels in the culture supernatant, respectively. CCR3 expression levels and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation were assessed by flowcytometry. Involvement of PI3Kγ in spontaneous apoptosis was studied using flowcytometry. RESULTS Although AS605240 did not affect the eosinophil spontaneous apoptosis, eotaxin-induced chemotaxis, adhesion to ICAM-1 coated plate, and EDN release were inhibited by AS605240. AS605240 also inhibited the eotaxin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without down-regulation of surface CCR3 expression. CONCLUSION These results indicate that PI3Kγ inhibitor attenuates eotaxin-induced eosinophil functions by suppressing the downstream signaling of CCR3 without significant cytotoxicity. PI3Kγ plays an important role in the development of eosinophilic inflammation and blockade of PI3Kγ might be a therapeutic strategy for treatment of eosinophil-related diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Saito
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Junko Nishikawa
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mami Tamaki
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masamichi Itoga
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Wataru Ito
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Junichi Chihara
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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11
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Yamamoto R, Ueki S, Moritoki Y, Kobayashi Y, Oyamada H, Konno Y, Tamaki M, Itoga M, Takeda M, Ito W, Chihara J. Adiponectin attenuates human eosinophil adhesion and chemotaxis: implications in allergic inflammation. J Asthma 2013; 50:828-35. [PMID: 23777560 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.816725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence has shown an association between obesity and asthma. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine, is known to have anti-inflammatory effects with reduced concentrations in obese subjects. Recent findings raised the intriguing possibility that adiponectin might play a role in allergic inflammation, although the mechanistic basis for their relationship remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adiponectin might affect functions of eosinophils, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. METHODS Human peripheral blood eosinophils were purified to study expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 using RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The effect of adiponectin on eosinophil survival was investigated using annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Eotaxin-induced cell adhesion was investigated using ICAM-1-coated plates. A Boyden chamber and real-time horizontal migration system were used for eotaxin-directed chemotaxis assay. Expression of eotaxin receptor CCR3 and intracellular calcium influx were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were expressed in human eosinophils. Adiponectin did not affect eosinophil survival or CCR3 expression; however, eotaxin-enhanced adhesion was inhibited by pretreatment with adiponectin. Adiponectin also diminished eotaxin-directed chemotactic responses by disturbing both velocity and directionality. Calcium influx in response to eotaxin was attenuated by adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that adiponectin attenuates the eosinophil functions induced by eotaxin without affecting cell viability. The inhibitory effect was associated with diminished calcium signaling rather than altering of surface receptor expression. Increasing circulating adiponectin might be a novel therapeutic modality for treatment of asthma, especially in obese asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yamamoto
- Department of Infection, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita , Japan
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12
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Lee JH, Sohn JH, Ryu SY, Hong CS, Moon KD, Park JW. A novel human anti-VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates airway inflammation and remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1271-81. [PMID: 23855490 PMCID: PMC4159019 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by Type 2 helper T cells and eosinophils. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) has been implicated in recruiting eosinophils and lymphocytes to pathological sites in asthma as a regulatory receptor. Accordingly, monoclonal antibody (mAb) against VCAM-1 may attenuate allergic inflammation and pathophysiological features of asthma. We attempted to evaluate whether a recently developed human anti-VCAM-1 mAb can inhibit the pathophysiological features of asthma in a murine asthma model induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Leucocyte adhesion inhibition assay was performed to evaluate the in vitro blocking activity of human anti-VCAM-1 mAb. OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice were treated with human anti-VCAM-1 mAb or isotype control Ab before intranasal OVA challenge. We evaluated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, measured inflammatory cytokines and examined histopathological features. The human anti-VCAM-1 mAb bound to human and mouse VCAM-1 molecules and inhibited adhesion of human leucocytes in vitro. AHR and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced in mice treated with human anti-VCAM-1 mAb as compared with a control Ab. The levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, as well as transforming growth factor-β, in lung tissue were decreased in treated mice. Human anti-VCAM-1 mAb reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and peribronchial fibrosis. In vivo VCAM-1 expression decreased in the treated group. In conclusion, human anti-VCAM-1 mAb attenuated allergic inflammation and the pathophysiological features of asthma in OVA-induced murine asthma model. The results suggested that human anti-VCAM-1 mAb could potentially be used as an additional anti-asthma therapeutic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Bryant J, Ahern DJ, Brennan FM. CXCR4 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 are key chemokine/adhesion receptors in the migration of cytokine-activated T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Cook-Mills JM, Marchese ME, Abdala-Valencia H. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1607-38. [PMID: 21050132 PMCID: PMC3151426 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is immunoregulatory in that inhibiting the function of vascular adhesion molecules blocks leukocyte recruitment and thus tissue inflammation. The function of endothelial cells during leukocyte recruitment is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. In inflammatory sites and lymph nodes, the endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte binding. Upon leukocyte binding, these adhesion molecules activate endothelial cell signal transduction that then alters endothelial cell shape for the opening of passageways through which leukocytes can migrate. If the stimulation of this opening is blocked, inflammation is blocked. In this review, we focus on the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of VCAM-1 is induced on endothelial cells during inflammatory diseases by several mediators, including ROS. Then, VCAM-1 on the endothelium functions as both a scaffold for leukocyte migration and a trigger of endothelial signaling through NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. These ROS induce signals for the opening of intercellular passageways through which leukocytes migrate. In several inflammatory diseases, inflammation is blocked by inhibition of leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 or by inhibition of VCAM-1 signal transduction. VCAM-1 signal transduction and VCAM-1-dependent inflammation are blocked by antioxidants. Thus, VCAM-1 signaling is a target for intervention by pharmacological agents and by antioxidants during inflammatory diseases. This review discusses ROS and antioxidant functions during activation of VCAM-1 expression and VCAM-1 signaling in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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15
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Bosnjak B, Stelzmueller B, Erb KJ, Epstein MM. Treatment of allergic asthma: modulation of Th2 cells and their responses. Respir Res 2011; 12:114. [PMID: 21867534 PMCID: PMC3179723 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory response in the airways. It is currently treated and, more or less, controlled depending on severity, with bronchodilators e.g. long-acting beta agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), leukotriene modifiers, theophyline and anti-IgE therapy. Unfortunately, none of these treatments are curative and some asthmatic patients do not respond to intense anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, the use of long-term oral steroids has many undesired side effects. For this reason, novel and more effective drugs are needed. In this review, we focus on the CD4+ Th2 cells and their products as targets for the development of new drugs to add to the current armamentarium as adjuncts or as potential stand-alone treatments for allergic asthma. We argue that in early disease, the reduction or elimination of allergen-specific Th2 cells will reduce the consequences of repeated allergic inflammatory responses such as lung remodelling without causing generalised immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bosnjak
- Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Experimental Allergy Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Diskin CJ, Stokes TJ, Dansby LM, Radcliff L, Carter TB. The prevalence and meaning of eosinophilia in renal diseases on a nephrology consultation service. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:2549-58. [PMID: 21239387 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, we have come to understand that the eosinophil is more than the end point in clearance of parasitic infection or a maladaptive response to asthma and allergic reactions. Since eosinophilia has been reported to be common in renal diseases, we thought that an evaluation of the associations of eosinophilia on a renal consultation service would add some value to the understanding of their role in renal disease. METHODS This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 1339 consecutive patients referred to the nephrology service after hospitalization who were evaluated for the relationship of the amount of serum eosinophils to their diagnosis, gender, age and the presence of autoimmune disease, cancer, infection, liver disease, pleural effusions, allergies and use of prednisone, beta-blockers or beta agonists, in addition to the total white blood count, urine protein, serum concentration creatinine and phosphorus levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS The presence of vascular disease correlated the most strongly with increased eosinophil count (partial correlation coefficient, r = 0.18, P = 0.006), followed by pleural effusions (r = 0.17, P = 0.001), while total white cell count (r = -0.18, P = 0.008) and administration of beta-blockers (r = -0.13, P = 0.047) demonstrated significant inverse correlations and the presence of autoimmune disease, cancer, allergies, proteinuria and serum phosphorus concentration demonstrated no significant correlation. CONCLUSION There are multiple associations with increased eosinophil counts in patients seen on a nephrology consultant service; however, their presence appears less often in association with allergies or uremia and more often with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Diskin
- Department of Hypertension, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Auburn University, Opelika, AL 36801, USA.
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17
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Vanderstocken G, Bondue B, Horckmans M, Di Pietrantonio L, Robaye B, Boeynaems JM, Communi D. P2Y2 receptor regulates VCAM-1 membrane and soluble forms and eosinophil accumulation during lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3702-7. [PMID: 20720203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP has been defined as a key mediator of asthma. In this study, we evaluated lung inflammation in mice deficient for the P2Y(2) purinergic receptor. We observed that eosinophil accumulation, a distinctive feature of lung allergic inflammation, was defective in OVA-treated P2Y(2)-deficient mice compared with OVA-treated wild type animals. Interestingly, the upregulation of VCAM-1 was lower on lung endothelial cells of OVA-treated P2Y(2)(-/-) mice compared with OVA-treated wild type animals. Adhesion assays demonstrated that the action of UTP on leukocyte adhesion through the regulation of endothelial VCAM-1 was abolished in P2Y(2)-deficient lung endothelial cells. Additionally, the level of soluble VCAM-1, reported as an inducer of eosinophil chemotaxis, was strongly reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of P2Y(2)-deficient mice. In contrast, we observed comparable infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the BALF of LPS-aerosolized P2Y(2)(+/+) and P2Y(2)(-/-) mice. This difference could be related to the much lower level of ATP in the BALF of LPS-treated mice compared with OVA-treated mice. Our data define P2Y(2) as a regulator of membrane and soluble forms of VCAM-1 and eosinophil accumulation during lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Vanderstocken
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Ezra DG, Ellis JS, Beaconsfield M, Collin R, Bailly M. Changes in fibroblast mechanostat set point and mechanosensitivity: an adaptive response to mechanical stress in floppy eyelid syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3853-63. [PMID: 20220050 PMCID: PMC2910631 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is an acquired hyperelasticity disorder affecting the upper eyelid. The tarsal plate becomes hyperelastic with a loss of intrinsic rigidity. As a result, the eyelid is subjected to cyclic mechanical stress. This condition was used as a model to investigate changes in dynamic fibroblast contractility in the context of chronic cyclic mechanical stress. METHODS Contractile efficiency was investigated in a free-floating, three-dimensional collagen matrix model. Intrinsic cellular force measurements and responses to changes in gel tension were explored using a tensioning culture force monitor (t-CFM). Gene expression differences between cell lines exhibiting differences in contractile phenotype were explored with a genome level microarray platform and RT-PCR. RESULTS FES tarsal plate fibroblasts (TFs) showed an increased contractile efficiency compared with the control, and t-CFM measurements confirmed a higher intrinsic cellular force at plateau levels. Cyclic stretch/relaxation experiments determined that TFs in FES maintained a functional tensional homeostasis response but with an altered sensitivity, operating around a higher mechanostat set point. Gene expression array and RT-PCR analysis identified V-CAM1 and PPP1R3C as being upregulated in FES TFs. CONCLUSIONS These changes may represent an adaptive response that allows tensional homeostasis to be maintained at the high levels of tissue stress experienced in FES. Gene expression studies point to a role for V-CAM1 and PPP1R3C in mediating changes in the dynamic range of mechanosensitivity of TFs. This work identifies FES as a useful model for the study of adaptive physiological responses to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Ezra
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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