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Bernstein ZJ, Shenoy A, Chen A, Heller NM, Spangler JB. Engineering the IL-4/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:29-57. [PMID: 37283511 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The structurally and functionally related interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 cytokines play pivotal roles in shaping immune activity. The IL-4/IL-13 axis is best known for its critical role in T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated Type 2 inflammation, which protects the host from large multicellular pathogens, such as parasitic helminth worms, and regulates immune responses to allergens. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as non-hematopoietic cells, to coordinate various functions, including immune regulation, antibody production, and fibrosis. Due to its importance for a broad spectrum of physiological activities, the IL-4/IL-13 network has been targeted through a variety of molecular engineering and synthetic biology approaches to modulate immune behavior and develop novel therapeutics. Here, we review ongoing efforts to manipulate the IL-4/IL-13 axis, including cytokine engineering strategies, formulation of fusion proteins, antagonist development, cell engineering approaches, and biosensor design. We discuss how these strategies have been employed to dissect IL-4 and IL-13 pathways, as well as to discover new immunotherapies targeting allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Looking ahead, emerging bioengineering tools promise to continue advancing fundamental understanding of IL-4/IL-13 biology and enabling researchers to exploit these insights to develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anjali Shenoy
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Matera MG, Calzetta L, Rinaldi B, Cazzola M, Rogliani P. Strategies for overcoming the biological barriers associated with the administration of inhaled monoclonal antibodies for lung diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1085-1095. [PMID: 37715502 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2260310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) should be administered by inhalation rather than parenterally to improve their efficiency in lung diseases. However, the pulmonary administration of mAbs in terms of aerosol technology and the formulation for inhalation is difficult. AREAS COVERED The feasible or suitable strategies for overcoming the barriers associated with administering mAbs are described. EXPERT OPINION Providing mAbs via inhalation to individuals with lung disorders is still difficult. However, inhalation is a desirable method for mAb delivery. Inhaled mAb production needs to be well thought out. The illness, the patient group(s), the therapeutic molecule selected, its interaction with the biological barriers in the lungs, the formulation, excipients, and administration systems must all be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, to create inhaled mAbs that are stable and efficacious, it will be essential to thoroughly examine the problems linked to instability and protein aggregation. More excipients will also need to be manufactured, expanding the range of formulation design choices. Another crucial requirement is for novel carriers for topical delivery to the lungs since carriers might significantly enhance proteins' stability and pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases and Lung Function, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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3
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O'Byrne PM, Panettieri RA, Taube C, Brindicci C, Fleming M, Altman P. Development of an inhaled anti-TSLP therapy for asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 78:102184. [PMID: 36535465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine, acts as a key mediator in airway inflammation and modulates the function of multiple cell types, including dendritic cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. TSLP plays a role in asthma pathogenesis as an upstream cytokine, and data suggest that TSLP blockade with the anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab, could be efficacious in a broad asthma population. Currently approved asthma biologic therapies target allergic or eosinophilic disease and require phenotyping; therefore, an unmet need exists for a therapy that can address Type 2 (T2)-high and T2-low inflammation in asthma. All currently approved biologic treatments are delivered intravenously or subcutaneously; an inhaled therapy route that allows direct targeting of the lung with reduced systemic impact may offer advantages. Currently in development, ecleralimab (CSJ117) represents the first inhaled anti-TSLP antibody fragment that binds soluble TSLP and prevents TSLP receptor activation, thereby inhibiting further inflammatory signalling cascades. This anti-TSLP antibody fragment is being developed for patients with severe uncontrolled asthma despite standard of care inhaled therapy. A Phase IIa proof of concept study, using allergen bronchoprovocation as a model for asthma exacerbations, found that ecleralimab was well-tolerated and reduced allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in adult patients with mild asthma. These results suggest ecleralimab may be a promising, new therapeutic class for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, New Jersey, USA.
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Elarekibep (PRS-060/AZD1402), a new class of inhaled Anticalin medicine targeting IL-4Ra for type 2 endotype asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 151:966-975. [PMID: 36592703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 endotype asthma is driven by IL-4 and IL-13 signaling via IL-4Ra, which is highly expressed on airway epithelium, airway smooth muscle, and immunocytes in the respiratory mucosa, suggesting potential advantages of an inhalable antagonist. Lipocalin 1 (Lcn1), a 16 kDa protein abundant in human periciliary fluid, has a robust drug-like structure well suited to protein engineering, but it has never been used to make an inhaled Anticalin protein therapeutic. OBJECTIVES We sought to reengineer Lcn1 into an inhalable IL-4Ra antagonist and assess its pharmacodynamic/kinetic profile. METHODS Lcn1 was systematically modified by directed protein mutagenesis yielding a high-affinity, slowly dissociating, long-acting full antagonist of IL-4Ra designated PRS-060 with properties analogous to dupilumab, competitively antagonizing IL-4Ra-dependent cell proliferation, mucus induction, and eotaxin expression in vitro. Because PRS-060 displayed exquisite specificity for human IL-4Ra, with no cross-reactivity to rodents or higher primates, we created a new triple-humanized mouse model substituting human IL-4Ra, IL-4, and IL-13 at their correct syntenic murine loci to model clinical dosing. RESULTS Inhaled PRS-060 strongly suppressed acute allergic inflammation indexes in triple-humanized mice with a duration of action longer than its bulk clearance, suggesting that it may act locally in the lung. CONCLUSION Lcn1 can be reengineered into the Anticalin antagonist PRS-060 (elarekibep), exemplifying a new class of inhaled topical, long-acting therapeutic drugs with the potential to treat type 2 endotype asthma.
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Czechtizky W, Su W, Ripa L, Schiesser S, Höijer A, Cox RJ. Advances in the design of new types of inhaled medicines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 61:93-162. [PMID: 35753716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of small molecule drugs has proven very efficacious for the treatment of respiratory diseases due to enhanced efficacy and a favourable therapeutic index compared with other dosing routes. It enables targeted delivery to the lung with rapid onset of therapeutic action, low systemic drug exposure, and thereby reduced systemic side effects. An increasing number of pharmaceutical companies and biotechs are investing in new modalities-for this review defined as therapeutic molecules with a molecular weight >800Da and therefore beyond usual inhaled small molecule drug-like space. However, our experience with inhaled administration of PROTACs, peptides, oligonucleotides (antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, miRs and antagomirs), diverse protein scaffolds, antibodies and antibody fragments is still limited. Investigating the retention and metabolism of these types of molecules in lung tissue and fluid will contribute to understanding which are best suited for inhalation. Nonetheless, the first such therapeutic molecules have already reached the clinic. This review will provide information on the physiology of healthy and diseased lungs and their capacity for drug metabolism. It will outline the stability, aggregation and immunogenicity aspects of new modalities, as well as recap on formulation and delivery aspects. It concludes by summarising clinical trial outcomes with inhaled new modalities based on information available at the end of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werngard Czechtizky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Wu Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lena Ripa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schiesser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Höijer
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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Lightwood D, Tservistas M, Zehentleitner M, Sarkar K, Turner A, Bracher M, Smith B, Lamour S, Bourne T, Shaw S, Gozzard N, Palframan RT. Efficacy of an Inhaled IL-13 Antibody Fragment in a Model of Chronic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:610-619. [PMID: 29883204 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2382oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE IL-13 is an important cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and is an attractive target for an inhaled therapeutic. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of CDP7766, a nebulized inhaled anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody Fab fragment, in a model of allergic asthma in cynomolgus macaques naturally sensitized to Ascaris suum. METHODS CDP7766 was nebulized using a vibrating-membrane nebulizer on the basis of eFlow technology. The aerosol generated was analyzed to determine the particle size profile and the biophysical and functional properties of CDP7766. Nebulized CDP7766 (0.1-60 mg/animal, once daily for 5 d) was delivered via the inhaled route. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The investigational eFlow nebulizer used in this study generated a respirable aerosol of CDP7766 with no evidence of degradation, loss of potency, aggregation, or formation of particulates. Inhaled CDP7766 was well tolerated in the model (no adverse effects related to local irritation) and significantly inhibited BAL allergen-induced cytokine and chemokine upregulation (60 mg vs. vehicle: eotaxin-3, P < 0.0008; MIP [macrophage inflammatory protein]-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, P ≤ 0.01). CDP7766 significantly inhibited the increase in pulmonary resistance stimulated by inhaled allergen, measured 15 minutes and 24 hours after allergen challenge. CONCLUSION Inhaled CDP7766 potently inhibited the function of IL-13 generated during the airway response to inhaled allergen in cynomolgus macaques, demonstrating the potential of inhaled anti-IL-13 therapeutics for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alison Turner
- 1 UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Bryan Smith
- 1 UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Tim Bourne
- 1 UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stevan Shaw
- 1 UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil Gozzard
- 1 UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ryeol Kim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jin R, Hu S, Liu X, Guan R, Lu L, Lin R. Intranasal instillation of miR‑410 targeting IL‑4/IL‑13 attenuates airway inflammation in OVA‑induced asthmatic mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:895-900. [PMID: 30535486 PMCID: PMC6323201 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterised by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. The present study was designed to clarify the effect of intranasal miR-410 administration in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. It was found that miR-410 expression was significantly decreased in the lungs of OVA-induced asthmatic mice (P<0.05) and miR-410 was overexpressed via intranasal instillation. Bioinformatics indicated that the 3′-untranslated regions of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) contain miR-410 binding sites. The IL-4 and IL-13 genes were confirmed to be miR-410-regulated using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, intranasal administration of miR-410 markedly attenuated airway inflammation and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.05) as determined by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis. Moreover, miR-410 significantly decreased the lung expression of IL-4 and IL-13 (P<0.05), although the levels of mRNAs encoding IL-4 and IL-13 in lungs did not change significantly as determined by real-time PCR analysis. In conclusion, we found that intranasal administration of miR-410 effectively inhibited airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthmatic mice by targeting IL-4 and IL-13 at the post-transcriptional level. miR-410 is thus a promising treatment for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Renzheng Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Rongjun Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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9
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Proudfoot A, Bayliffe A, O'Kane CM, Wright T, Serone A, Bareille PJ, Brown V, Hamid UI, Chen Y, Wilson R, Cordy J, Morley P, de Wildt R, Elborn S, Hind M, Chilvers ER, Griffiths M, Summers C, McAuley DF. Novel anti-tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) domain antibody prevents pulmonary inflammation in experimental acute lung injury. Thorax 2018; 73:723-730. [PMID: 29382797 PMCID: PMC6204954 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine with both injurious and protective functions, which are thought to diverge at the level of its two cell surface receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. In the setting of acute injury, selective inhibition of TNFR1 is predicted to attenuate the cell death and inflammation associated with TNF-α, while sparing or potentiating the protective effects of TNFR2 signalling. We developed a potent and selective antagonist of TNFR1 (GSK1995057) using a novel domain antibody (dAb) therapeutic and assessed its efficacy in vitro, in vivo and in a clinical trial involving healthy human subjects. METHODS We investigated the in vitro effects of GSK1995057 on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) and then assessed the effects of pretreatment with nebulised GSK1995057 in a non-human primate model of acute lung injury. We then tested translation to humans by investigating the effects of a single nebulised dose of GSK1995057 in healthy humans (n=37) in a randomised controlled clinical trial in which subjects were subsequently exposed to inhaled endotoxin. RESULTS Selective inhibition of TNFR1 signalling potently inhibited cytokine and neutrophil adhesion molecule expression in activated HMVEC-L monolayers in vitro (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), and also significantly attenuated inflammation and signs of lung injury in non-human primates (P<0.01 in all cases). In a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nebulised GSK1995057 in 37 healthy humans challenged with a low dose of inhaled endotoxin, treatment with GSK1995057 attenuated pulmonary neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokine release (P<0.01 in all cases) and signs of endothelial injury (P<0.05) in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples. CONCLUSION These data support the potential for pulmonary delivery of a selective TNFR1 dAb as a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01587807.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy
- Acute Lung Injury/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Macaca fascicularis
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Nebulizers and Vaporizers
- Pharmacology, Clinical
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Translational Research, Biomedical
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia M O'Kane
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tracey Wright
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Adrian Serone
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Brown
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Umar I Hamid
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Younan Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Wilson
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Joanna Cordy
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Peter Morley
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ruud de Wildt
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Stuart Elborn
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Francis McAuley
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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11
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Identification and characterization of the tyrosinase gene (TYR) and its transcript variants (TYR_1 and TYR_2) in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Gene 2017; 630:21-27. [PMID: 28756020 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme that regulates melanin biosynthesis and is encoded by the tyrosinase (TYR) gene. Previous studies demonstrated that mutations in TYR could lead to oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) owing to the failure of melanin formation. Although a previous study found that albinism in the rhesus monkey was derived from a mutation in TYR, the identification and characterization of this gene in non-human primates has not been achieved thus far. Thus, using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and internal reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) we identified the full-length sequence of TYR in the crab-eating macaque, and two different transcript variants (TYR_1 and TYR_2). While TYR_1 comprised five exons and its coding sequence was highly similar to that of humans, TYR_2 comprised four exons and was generated by a third-exon-skipping event. Interestingly, these two transcripts were also present in the African green monkey (Old World monkey) and the common marmoset (New World monkey). Deduced amino acid sequence analyses revealed that TYR_2 had a shorter C-terminal region than TYR_1 owing to the exon-skipping event. Thus, the present study is the first to identify and characterize a full-length TYR gene in a non-human primate, while the further validation of the third-exon-skipping in TYR indicates that this event is well conserved in the primate lineage. Therefore, this study provides useful and important information for the study of albinism using non-human primate models.
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Van Heeke G, Allosery K, De Brabandere V, De Smedt T, Detalle L, de Fougerolles A. Nanobodies® † †Nanobody is a registered trademark of Ablynx NV. as inhaled biotherapeutics for lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 169:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chung SI, Horton JA, Ramalingam TR, White AO, Chung EJ, Hudak KE, Scroggins BT, Arron JR, Wynn TA, Citrin DE. IL-13 is a therapeutic target in radiation lung injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39714. [PMID: 28004808 PMCID: PMC5177927 DOI: 10.1038/srep39714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a potentially lethal late adverse event of thoracic irradiation. Prior research indicates that unrestrained TGF-β1 and/or type 2 cytokine-driven immune responses promote fibrosis following radiation injury, but the full spectrum of factors governing this pathology remains unclear. Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a key factor in fibrotic disease associated with helminth infection, but it is unclear whether it plays a similar role in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Using a mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that IL-13 drives the progression of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Irradiated lungs from wild-type c57BL/6NcR mice accumulated alternatively-activated macrophages, displayed elevated levels of IL-13, and extensive fibrosis, whereas IL-13 deficient mice were resistant to these changes. Furthermore, plasma from irradiated wild-type mice showed a transient increase in the IL-13 saturated fraction of the circulating decoy receptor IL-13Rα2. Finally, we determined that therapeutic neutralization of IL-13, during the period of IL-13Rα2 saturation was sufficient to protect mice from lung fibrosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-13 is a major regulator of radiation-induced lung injury and demonstrates that strategies focusing on IL-13 may be useful in screening for timely delivery of anti-IL-13 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su I Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason A Horton
- Musculoskeletal Science Research Center, Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Ayla O White
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hudak
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley T Scroggins
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc. MS 231c, 1 DNA way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Memorial Drive, Room 211C, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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May RD, Fung M. Strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in disease. Cytokine 2016; 75:89-116. [PMID: 26255210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 cytokines are known to mediate host defense against parasites but they can also trigger disease if their activities are dysregulated. In this review we discuss the rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blocking IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13 together.
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15
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Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27165851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on Interlukin-4 (IL-4) disclosed great deal of information about its various physiological and pathological roles. All these roles depend upon its interaction and signaling through either type-I (IL-4Rα/common γ-chain) or type-II (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα) receptors. Another cytokine, IL-13, shares some of the functions of IL-4, because both cytokines use a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα. Here in this review, we discuss the structural details of IL-4 and IL-4Rα subunit and the structural similarities between IL-4 and IL-13. We also describe detailed chemistry of type-I and type-II receptor complexes and their signaling pathways. Furthermore, we elaborate the strength of type-II hetero dimer signals in response to IL-4 and IL-13. These cytokines are prime players in pathogenesis of allergic asthma, allergic hypersensitivity, different cancers, and HIV infection. Recent advances in the structural and binding chemistry of these cytokines various types of inhibitors were designed to block the interaction of IL-4 and IL-13 with their receptor, including several IL-4 mutant analogs and IL-4 antagonistic antibodies. Moreover, different targeted immunotoxins, which is a fusion of cytokine protein with a toxin or suicidal gene, are the new class of inhibitors to prevent cancer progression. In addition few small molecular inhibitors such as flavonoids have also been developed which are capable of binding with high affinity to IL-4Rα and, therefore, can be very effective in blocking IL-4-mediated responses.
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16
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Targeting the JAK-STAT pathway in the treatment of 'Th2-high' severe asthma. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:405-19. [PMID: 26934038 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Phenotyping and/or endotyping can lead to a more personalized treatment strategy, improving the efficacy of novel drugs. Atopic asthma is associated with high levels of Th2 cells, implicated in a number of inflammatory responses. Differentiation of these cells from naive T cells occurs primarily via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Targeting this pathway through inhibition of activating cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) and their receptors, the JAKs or the STATs, has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on asthma pathology. There are a number of novel drugs currently in development, which target various pathway components; these include both biologics and small molecules at various stages of development.
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Martin PL, Nnane IP, Branigan P, Louden C. Unexpected Toxicology Findings in Rats Dosed With an Antihuman IL-13 Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:393-407. [PMID: 26124191 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815591840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a type 2 helper T cytokine involved in allergic inflammation and immune responses to parasites. CNTO5825 is an antihuman IL-13 monoclonal antibody that inhibits the pharmacological activity of human, cynomolgus monkey, and rat IL-13. Repeated dose toxicology studies of 1- to 6-month duration were conducted in both rats and monkeys at doses of 20 to 100 mg/kg/wk. A decrease in the T cell-dependent antibody response to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin immunization was observed in monkeys but not in rats. In the 6-month rat study, there was a 2.2-fold increase in eosinophils in males at 3 and 6 months that was reversible. At necropsy (main and 4-month recovery), rats from control and CNTO5825-dosed groups were found to have pin worms, which may have contributed to the elevations in eosinophil. Testicular toxicity (dilatation of seminiferous tubules, atrophy, and degeneration of the germinal epithelium) was observed in 2 rats at 20 mg/kg and in 5 rats at 100 mg/kg (main and recovery). Brain lesions (unilateral focal accumulation of cells in the white matter of the cerebral cortex) were observed in 2 rats at 100 mg/kg, and vascular neoplasms (1 fatal multicentric hemangiosarcoma and 1 benign hemangioma) were observed at 100 mg/kg/wk. Overall, these studies show that CNTO5825 was without toxicity when administered to rats for up to 6 weeks and to monkeys for up to 6 months. However, when administered to rats for 6 months, a number of seemingly unrelated events occurred that could not be clearly linked to CNTO5825 administration, inhibition of IL-13, or to the immunological status of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo P Nnane
- Janssen Research and Development Inc, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Calvert Louden
- Janssen Research and Development Inc, Spring House, PA, USA
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Kuehl PJ, Cherrington A, Dobry DE, Edgerton D, Friesen DT, Hobbs C, Leach CL, Murri B, Neal D, Lyon DK, Vodak DT, Reed MD. Biologic comparison of inhaled insulin formulations: Exubera™ and novel spray-dried engineered particles of dextran-10. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1545-50. [PMID: 25106135 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled peptides and proteins have promise for respiratory and systemic disease treatment. Engineered spray-dried powder formulations have been shown to stabilize peptides and proteins and optimize aerosol properties for pulmonary delivery. The current study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro and in vivo inhalation performance of a model spray-dried powder of insulin and dextran 10 in comparison to Exubera™. Dextrans are a class of glucans that are generally recognized as safe with optimum glass transition temperatures well suited for spray drying. A 70% insulin particle loading was prepared by formulating with 30% (w/v) dextran 10. Physical characterization revealed a "raisin like" particle. Both formulations were generated to produce a similar bimodal particle size distribution of less than 3.5 μm MMAD. Four female Beagle dogs were exposed to each powder in a crossover design. Similar presented and inhaled doses were achieved with each powder. Euglycemia was achieved in each dog prior and subsequent to dosing and blood samples were drawn out to 245 min post-exposure. Pharmacokinetic analyses of post-dose insulin levels were similar for both powders. Respective dextran 10-insulin and Exubera exposures were similar producing near identical area under the curve (AUC), 7,728 ± 1,516 and 6,237 ± 2,621; concentration maximums (C max), 126 and 121 (μU/mL), and concentration-time maximums, 20 and 14 min, respectively. These results suggest that dextran-10 and other dextrans may provide a novel path for formulating peptides and proteins for pulmonary delivery.
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Radonjic-Hoesli S, Valent P, Klion AD, Wechsler ME, Simon HU. Novel targeted therapies for eosinophil-associated diseases and allergy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:633-56. [PMID: 25340931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases often present with life-threatening manifestations and/or chronic organ damage. Currently available therapeutic options are limited to a few drugs that often have to be prescribed on a lifelong basis to keep eosinophil counts under control. In the past 10 years, treatment options and outcomes in patients with clonal eosinophilic and other eosinophilic disorders have improved substantially. Several new targeted therapies have emerged, addressing different aspects of eosinophil expansion and inflammation. In this review, we discuss available and currently tested agents as well as new strategies and drug targets relevant to both primary and secondary eosinophilic diseases, including allergic disorders.
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20
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Abstract
Asthma is a common medical condition affecting 300 million people worldwide. Airway inflammation, smooth muscle bronchoconstriction leading to airflow obstruction, and mucous hypersecretion are clinical hallmarks of asthma. The NHLBI Expert Panel Report 3 recommends inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) target gene transcription through their interactions with the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) at the glucocorticoid response element (GRE). The GC/GR complex enhances anti-inflammatory but inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator production. Classically, asthma has been described as a Th2-associated eosinophil-predominant disease, but recently alternative models have been described including a Th17-mediated neutrophil-predominant phenotype resulting in patients with more severe disease who may be less responsive to steroids. Additional mechanisms of steroid resistance include increased activity of GR phosphorylating kinases which modify the interactions of GR with transcription factors to inhibit the ability of GR to bind with GRE, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Oxidative stress also affects the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene transcription through the modification of transcription factors and cofactors (such as PI3K) leading to the inhibition of histone deacetylase 2. Continued investigations into the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid resistance will lead to novel treatments that improve control of severe refractory asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Trevor
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
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21
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Fey RA, Templin MV, McDonald JD, Yu RZ, Hutt JA, Gigliotti AP, Henry SP, Reed MD. Local and systemic tolerability of a 2'O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting interleukin-4 receptor-α delivery by inhalation in mouse and monkey. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:452-63. [PMID: 24932560 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.907587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bind and facilitate degradation of RNA and inhibit protein expression in pathways not easily targeted with small molecules or antibodies. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 potentiate signaling through the shared IL-4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) subunit of their receptors. ASO targeting of IL-4Rα mRNA in a mouse model of asthma led to attenuation of airway hyperactivity, demonstrating potential benefit in asthma patients. This study focused on tolerability of inhaled IL-4Rα-targeting ASOs. Toxicity studies were performed with mouse- (ISIS 23189) and human-specific (ISIS 369645) sequences administered by inhalation. Four week (monkey) or 13 week (mouse) repeat doses at levels of up to 15 mg/kg/exposure (exp) and 50 mg/kg/exp, respectively, demonstrated dose-dependent effects limited to increases in macrophage size and number in lung and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The changes were largely non-specific, reflecting adaptive responses that occur during active exposure and deposition of ASO and other material in the lung. Reversibility was observed at a rate consistent with the kinetics of tissue clearance of ASO. Systemic bioavailability was minimal, and no systemic toxicity was observed at exposure levels appreciably above pharmacological doses and doses proposed for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fey
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, CA , USA and
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22
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ZHANG TING, ZHOU XIANGDONG. Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:763-767. [PMID: 24660026 PMCID: PMC3961124 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus hypersecretion is a significant clinical and pathological feature of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Its clinical presentations include recurrent coughing and phlegm. Airway mucus is closely associated with the occurrence, development and prognosis of chronic inflammatory airway diseases and critically affects the lung function, quality of life, hospitalization rate and mortality of patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Therefore, expectorant therapies targeting the potential mechanisms of mucus hypersecretion have been the focus of numerous studies. Conventional expectorants are mainly mucoactive medicines, including nausea-stimulating expectorants, mucolytics, mucokinetics, and proteases and nucleases. In addition, certain traditional Chinese herbal medicines and non-mucoactive agents, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists and macrolide antibiotics, have also shown expectorant effects. Several novel medicines for expectorant therapy have emerged, including cholesterol-lowering statins, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, stanozolol, surfactants, flavonoids, tachykinin receptor antagonists, protease inhibitors, cytokine antagonists and purinergic agonists. With the increasing number of multidisciplinary studies, the effectiveness of expectorant therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases has been confirmed. Therefore, the development of novel expectorants and the standardization of expectorant therapy are the direction and focus of future studies, thus benefiting patients who have a chronic inflammatory airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- TING ZHANG
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - XIANGDONG ZHOU
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Duppatla V, Gjorgjevikj M, Schmitz W, Hermanns HM, Schäfer CM, Kottmair M, Müller T, Sebald W. IL-4 analogues with site-specific chemical modification at position 121 inhibit IL-4 and IL-13 biological activities. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:52-62. [PMID: 24341642 DOI: 10.1021/bc400307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 signaling into a cell occurs via assembly of a receptor complex that consists of a high-affinity IL-4Rα chain and a low affinity chain, where the low-affinity chain is either γc or IL-13Rα1. It has been previously shown that mutational disruption of the low affinity interface in the IL-4DM (double mutein) yields an antagonist that inhibits IL-4 as well as IL-13-dependent responses. The present study reveals that new types of IL-4 antagonists can be generated by site-specific chemical modification. The chemically modified IL-4 analogues consist of (1) mixed disulfides created by refolding IL-4 cysteine muteins in the presence of different thiol compounds or (2) maleimide conjugates created by modifying cysteine muteins with maleimide derivatives. IL-4 analogues chemically modified at position 121 retain marginal binding affinity to γc or IL-13Rα1 receptor ectodomains during SPR interaction analysis. The biological activity of the analogues is strongly reduced in HEK-Blue IL-4/IL-13 cells as well as in Jurkat cells. Since the IL-4 analogues modified at position 121 have the ability to inhibit γc (IL-4)- and IL13Rα1 (IL-4/IL-13)-dependent responses in Jurkat and HEK-Blue cell lines, they effectively act as IL-4 antagonists. The results of our IL-4 study provide the first example of a cytokine that is transformed into a competitive inhibitor by site-specific chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanadham Duppatla
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Li G, Fox J, Liu Z, Liu J, Gao GF, Jin Y, Gao H, Wu M. Lyn mitigates mouse airway remodeling by downregulating the TGF-β3 isoform in house dust mite models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5359-70. [PMID: 24127553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic airway remodeling is a serious consequence of asthma, which is caused by complex but largely unknown mechanisms. Despite versatile functions, the role of Lyn in chronic airway remodeling remains undefined. Using Lyn(-/-) mice, we show that continual exposure (for 8 wk) of house dust mite extracts induced a severe phenotype of chronic airway remodeling, including exacerbated mucus production, collagen deposition, dysregulated cytokine secretion, and elevated inflammation. Strikingly, a significant increase in TGF-β3 rather than TGF-β1 was observed in Lyn(-/-) mouse lungs compared with lungs in wild-type mice. Furthermore, TGF-β3 neutralizing Abs not only inhibited the expression of STAT6 and Smad2/3 but also decreased phosphorylation of Smad2 and NF-κB in Lyn(-/-) mouse lungs. In addition, both recombinant and adenoviral TGF-β3 significantly promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and intensified collagen I production and MUC5AC expression. Further examination of chronic asthma patients showed that a decreased Lyn correlated with the severity of airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Finally, Lyn may critically regulate airway remodeling by directly interacting with TGF-β3. Collectively, these findings revealed that Lyn regulates TGF-β3 isoform and modulates the development of airway remodeling, which may have therapeutic implications for severe chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
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25
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Romeo MJ, Agrawal R, Pomés A, Woodfolk JA. A molecular perspective on TH2-promoting cytokine receptors in patients with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:952-60. [PMID: 24084078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin play a key role in allergic disease by virtue of their ability to initiate, maintain, and augment TH2 responses. These molecules mediate their effects through type 1 cytokine receptors, which bind cytokines with a characteristic structure. Receptors are expressed on a broad array of immune cell types and are integral to complex cytokine networks operating in health and disease. TH2-promoting cytokines bind different configurations of receptors. Receptor subunits can exist in surface-bound or soluble forms, as well as in isolation or in partnership with other subunits. Sharing of receptor subunits among different cytokine receptor complexes adds to the intricate landscape. This article describes the characteristics of receptors for IL-4, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin and their respective ligands from a structure-function perspective. We detail the mechanisms of receptor complex assembly, the interrelated nature of these receptors, and the effect on allergic inflammation. The ability for novel and atypical types of receptors to modulate inflammatory processes is also discussed. We highlight current and emerging treatments that target TH2-promoting receptor complexes. Understanding the molecular features of these receptors provides insight into different disease phenotypes and the variable clinical outcomes arising from targeted therapies. These considerations can be used to inform future directions for research and creative strategies for treating individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Romeo
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Rachana Agrawal
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
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26
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Gibeon D, Menzies-Gow AN. Targeting interleukins to treat severe asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 6:423-39. [PMID: 22971067 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma is thought to be a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes predicated primarily on the nature of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and response to corticosteroid therapy. This group of patients often has refractory disease with an associated increase in morbidity and mortality, and there remains a need for better therapies for severe asthmatics. Inflammatory changes in asthma are driven by immune mechanisms, within which interleukins play an integral role. Interleukins are cell-signaling cytokines that are produced by a variety of cells, predominantly T cells. Knowledge about their actions has improved the understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma and provided potential targets for novel therapies. To date, this has not translated into clinical use. However, there are ongoing clinical trials that use monoclonal antibodies for various interleukins, some of which have shown to be promising in Phase II studies.
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27
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Asthma in children and adolescents: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 43:98-137. [PMID: 22187333 PMCID: PMC7091307 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease that has a significant impact on quality of life and is particularly important in children and adolescents, in part due to the higher incidence of allergies in children. The incidence of asthma has increased dramatically during this time period, with the highest increases in the urban areas of developed countries. It seems that the incidence in developing countries may follow this trend as well. While our knowledge of the pathophysiology of asthma and the available of newer, safer medication have both improved, the mortality of the disease has undergone an overall increase in the past 30 years. Asthma treatment goals in children include decreasing mortality and improving quality of life. Specific treatment goals include but are not limited to decreasing inflammation, improving lung function, decreasing clinical symptoms, reducing hospital stays and emergency department visits, reducing work or school absences, and reducing the need for rescue medications. Non-pharmacological management strategies include allergen avoidance, environmental evaluation for allergens and irritants, patient education, allergy testing, regular monitoring of lung function, and the use of asthma management plans, asthma control tests, peak flow meters, and asthma diaries. Achieving asthma treatment goals reduces direct and indirect costs of asthma and is economically cost-effective. Treatment in children presents unique challenges in diagnosis and management. Challenges in diagnosis include consideration of other diseases such as viral respiratory illnesses or vocal cord dysfunction. Challenges in management include evaluation of the child’s ability to use inhalers and peak flow meters and the management of exercise-induced asthma.
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28
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Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Maselli R. The potential of biologics for the treatment of asthma. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Huh JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Kim DS, Lee SR, Kim KM, Jeong KJ, Kim JS, Song BS, Sim BW, Kim SU, Kim SH, Chang KT. Large-scale transcriptome sequencing and gene analyses in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) for biomedical research. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:163. [PMID: 22554259 PMCID: PMC3496626 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a human replacement, the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is an invaluable non-human primate model for biomedical research, but the lack of genetic information on this primate has represented a significant obstacle for its broader use. RESULTS Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of 16 tissues originated from two individuals of crab-eating macaque (male and female), and identified genes to resolve the main obstacles for understanding the biological response of the crab-eating macaque. From 4 million reads with 1.4 billion base sequences, 31,786 isotigs containing genes similar to those of humans, 12,672 novel isotigs, and 348,160 singletons were identified using the GS FLX sequencing method. Approximately 86% of human genes were represented among the genes sequenced in this study. Additionally, 175 tissue-specific transcripts were identified, 81 of which were experimentally validated. In total, 4,314 alternative splicing (AS) events were identified and analyzed. Intriguingly, 10.4% of AS events were associated with transposable element (TE) insertions. Finally, investigation of TE exonization events and evolutionary analysis were conducted, revealing interesting phenomena of human-specific amplified trends in TE exonization events. CONCLUSIONS This report represents the first large-scale transcriptome sequencing and genetic analyses of M. fascicularis and could contribute to its utility for biomedical research and basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, Republic of Korea
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30
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Maes T, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Targeting interleukin-4 in asthma: lost in translation? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:261-70. [PMID: 22538865 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0080tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The first discovery that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is crucial in the development of allergic airway inflammation originates from the early 1990s. Whereas initial studies in experimental animal models provided the community with the optimistic view that targeting IL-4 would be the ultimate solution for treating asthma, the translation of these findings to the clinic has not been evident and has not yet fulfilled the expectations. Many technical challenges have been encountered in the attempts to modulate IL-4 expression or activity and in transferring knowledge of preclinical studies to clinical trials. Moreover, biological redundancies between IL-4 and IL-13 have compelled a simultaneous blockade of both cytokines. A number of phase I/II studies are now providing us with clinical evidence that targeting IL-4/IL-13 may provide some clinical benefit. However, the initial view that asthma is a purely Th2-mediated disease had to be revised. Currently, different asthma phenotypes have been described, implying that blocking specifically Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, should be targeted to only a specific subset of patients. Taking this into consideration, IL-4 (together with IL-13) deserves attention as subject of further investigations to treat asthma. In this review, we will address the role of IL-4 in asthma, describe IL-4 signaling, and give an overview of preclinical and clinical studies targeting the IL-4 Receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maes
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Slager RE, Otulana BA, Hawkins GA, Yen YP, Peters SP, Wenzel SE, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER. IL-4 receptor polymorphisms predict reduction in asthma exacerbations during response to an anti-IL-4 receptor α antagonist. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:516-22.e4. [PMID: 22541248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first large pharmacogenetic investigation of the inflammatory IL-4/IL-13 pathway in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. We analyzed genomic DNA from participants in a 12-week placebo-controlled efficacy trial of pitrakinra (1, 3, or 10 mg twice daily), a novel IL-4/IL-13 pathway antagonist (Clinicaltrials.govNCT00801853). OBJECTIVES The primary hypothesis for this analysis is that amino acid changes in the 3' end of the IL-4 receptor α gene (IL4RA) or closely proximal variants would predict reductions in asthma exacerbations for subjects randomized to pitrakinra therapy. METHODS Nineteen IL4RA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in 407 non-Hispanic white subjects for association with the primary clinical end point of asthma exacerbations and changes in secondary end points for asthma symptom scores. RESULTS The most consistent pharmacogenetic associations were observed for the correlated tagging SNPs rs8832 and rs1029489 in the IL4RA 3' untranslated and proximal regions, respectively. Subjects homozygous for the rs8832 common G allele randomized to pitrakinra (placebo group nonsignificant) had decreased asthma exacerbations and decreased nocturnal awakenings and activities limited by asthma. There was also a significant pitrakinra dose-response relationship (placebo/1 mg/3 mg/10 mg) for exacerbations in subjects homozygous for the common allele in rs1029489 (P = .005) and rs8832 (P= .009) and the intronic SNPs rs3024585, rs3024622, and rs4787956 (P = .03). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a significant pharmacogenetic interaction between anti-IL-4 receptor α therapy and IL4RA gene variation, identifying an asthma subgroup that is more responsive to therapy with this antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Slager
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Yatim N, Albert M. Dying to Replicate: The Orchestration of the Viral Life Cycle, Cell Death Pathways, and Immunity. Immunity 2011; 35:478-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Small animals models for drug discovery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:513-24. [PMID: 21601000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of studies of animal models of asthma in the past 20 years. The elucidation of fundamental immunological mechanisms underlying the development of allergy and the complex cytokine and chemokines networks underlying the responses have been substantially unraveled. Translation of findings to human asthma have been slow and hindered by the varied phenotypes that human asthma represents. New areas for expansion of modeling include virally mediated airway inflammation, oxidant stress, and the interactions of stimuli triggering innate immune and adaptive immune responses.
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Hansbro PM, Kaiko GE, Foster PS. Cytokine/anti-cytokine therapy - novel treatments for asthma? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:81-95. [PMID: 21232048 PMCID: PMC3085870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and there are no preventions or cures. Inflammatory cells through the secretion of cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules are thought to play a critical role in pathogenesis. Type 2 CD4(+) lymphocytes (Th2 cells) and their cytokines predominate in mild to moderate allergic asthma, whereas severe steroid-resistant asthma has more of a mixed Th2/Th1 phenotype with a Th17 component. Other immune cells, particularly neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, as well structural cells such as epithelial and airway smooth muscle cells also produce disease-associated cytokines in asthma. Increased levels of these immune cells and cytokines have been identified in clinical samples and their potential role in disease demonstrated in studies using mouse models of asthma. Clinical trials with inhibitors of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, -5 and tumour necrosis factor-α have had success in some studies but not others. This may reflect the design of the clinical trials, including treatments regimes and the patient population included in these studies. IL-13, -9 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or preclinically and the outcome of these studies is eagerly awaited. Roles for IL-25, -33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interferon-γ, IL-17 and -27 in the regulation of asthma are just emerging, identifying new ways to treat inflammation. Careful interpretation of results from mouse studies will inform the development and application of therapeutic approaches for asthma. The most effective approaches may be combination therapies that suppress multiple cytokines and a range of redundant and disconnected pathways that separately contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Astute application of these approaches may eventually lead to the development of effective asthma therapeutics. Here we review the current state of knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Slager RE, Hawkins GA, Ampleford EJ, Bowden A, Stevens LE, Morton MT, Tomkinson A, Wenzel SE, Longphre M, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA. IL-4 receptor α polymorphisms are predictors of a pharmacogenetic response to a novel IL-4/IL-13 antagonist. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:875-8. [PMID: 20920778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In asthma IL-4 and IL-13 have been demonstrated to play major pathogenic roles and therefore their blockade would potentially represent a plausible therapeutic approach. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Pitrakinra is a dual IL-4/IL-13 inhibitor currently under development for asthma and the existing preclinical and clinical data are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Inhaled pitrakinra demonstrated a good anti-inflammatory potential and a good safety profile on a short-term basis but its place in asthma therapy is still to be found. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Specific anticytokine therapies might in the near future reshape asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Antoniu
- Department of Medicine II -Pulmonary Disease, Gr T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, 30 Dr I Cihac Str, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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