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Civieri G, Iop L, Tona F. Antibodies against Angiotensin II Type 1 and Endothelin 1 Type A Receptors in Cardiovascular Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020927. [PMID: 35055116 PMCID: PMC8778295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and endothelin-1 receptor type A (ETAR) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on the surface of a great variety of cells: immune cells, vascular smooth cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts express ETAR and AT1R, which are activated by endothelin 1 (ET1) and angiotensin II (AngII), respectively. Certain autoantibodies are specific for these receptors and can regulate their function, thus being known as functional autoantibodies. The function of these antibodies is similar to that of natural ligands, and it involves not only vasoconstriction, but also the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-6 (IL6), IL8 and TNF-α), collagen production by fibroblasts, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release by fibroblasts and neutrophils. The role of autoantibodies against AT1R and ETAR (AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs, respectively) is well described in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions (e.g., systemic sclerosis (SSc) and SSc-associated pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, and allograft dysfunction), but their implications in cardiovascular diseases are still unclear. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the effects of AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs in cardiovascular pathologies, highlighting their roles in heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support, preeclampsia, and acute coronary syndromes.
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Czick M, Shapter C, Shapter R. COVID's Razor: RAS Imbalance, the Common Denominator Across Disparate, Unexpected Aspects of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3169-3192. [PMID: 32982349 PMCID: PMC7495349 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s265518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A modern iteration of Occam's Razor posits that "the simplest explanation is usually correct." Coronavirus Disease 2019 involves widespread organ damage and uneven mortality demographics, deemed unexpected from what was originally thought to be "a straightforward respiratory virus." The simplest explanation is that both the expected and unexpected aspects of COVID-19 share a common mechanism. Silent hypoxia, atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), stroke, olfactory loss, myocarditis, and increased mortality rates in the elderly, in men, in African-Americans, and in patients with obesity, diabetes, and cancer-all bear the fingerprints of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, suggesting that RAS is the common culprit. This article examines what RAS is and how it works, then from that baseline, the article presents the evidence suggesting RAS involvement in the disparate manifestations of COVID-19. Understanding the deeper workings of RAS helps one make sense of severe COVID-19. In addition, recognizing the role of RAS imbalance suggests potential routes to mitigate COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Czick
- University of Connecticut, Department of Anesthesia, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Robert Shapter
- Independent Consultant ( Medical Research, Medical Communications, and Medical Education), Hartford, CT, USA
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Association between angiotensin II type-1 receptor A1166C polymorphism and the presence of angiographically-defined coronary artery disease in an Iranian population. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: There are reported associations between a polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R/A1166C) gene and coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, and myocardial infarction in some populations. Objective: Investigate the association between A1166C polymorphism and CAD in an Iranian population. Methods: Four hundred and thirteen patients with suspected CAD were recruited. Based on coronary angiography, the patients were classified into CAD+ (n=315) and CAD- (n=98) groups defined as >50% and <50% stenosis of any major coronary artery, respectively. One hundred and thirty-five healthy subjects were also recruited as the control group. The AT1R polymorphism was assessed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based method. Results: A higher frequency of the AC and CC genotypes and lower frequency of the AA genotype was observed in both CAD+ and CAD- groups, compared with the control group (p <0.05). CAD+ and CAD- groups also had a higher frequency of the C allele than controls (p <0.01). There was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients (p > 0.05). In addition, the AT1R genotype frequencies did not differ significantly among different subgroups of CAD+ patients, based on the number of affected coronary vessels (p >0.05). Conclusion: The frequency AT1R/A1166C polymorphism was higher among patients with some degrees of coronary stenosis who are candidates of coronary angiography.
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Sekuri C, Cam FS, Ercan E, Tengiz I, Sagcan A, Eser E, Berdeli A, Akin M. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms and premature coronary heart disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 6:38-42. [PMID: 16088850 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2005.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) affects the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and prognosis of coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype distribution and the allele frequencies of three RAS genes polymorphisms and their effects on premature CHD in a Turkish population. Materials and methods One-hundred and fifteen Turkish patients with premature CHD and 128 controls were included into the study. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results The patients group showed an increased frequency of the ACE D allele compared with controls (65% vs. 35%, p=0.0001). There was a significant association between the DD genotype and premature CHD (ACE DD vs. ID and II; odds ratio [OR]=2.82 [CI 95% 1.33—2.91, p=0.002]). Also, we observed increased premature CHD risk associated with higher frequencies of the AGT MM genotype in patients when compared with controls (AGT MM vs. TT and MT, OR=1.92 [CI 95% 1.11—3.33, p=0.018]). We found a significant association between AT1-receptor AA genotype and decreased risk of premature CHD (AT1R AA vs. AC and CC, OR= 0.57[CI 95% 0.34—0.95, p=0.03]). Conclusions We demonstrated that increased premature CHD risk is associated with higher frequencies of the ACE DD and AGT MM genotypes. These findings indicate a synergistic contribution of ACE DD and AGT MM polymorphisms to the development of premature CHD. Also, our results suggest that family history, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and ACE DD genotype were independent risk factors for premature CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevad Sekuri
- Department of Cardiology, Kent Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphism and sudden cardiac death in myocardial infarction. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:287-93. [PMID: 24167376 PMCID: PMC3787565 DOI: 10.1155/2013/731609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI). Angiotensin II (Ang II) has many adverse effects such as vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, and these actions are mediated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Patients and Methods. A total of 1376 patients were recruited from January 2010 to April 2012. The study group consisted of 749 patients with ACS (317 females and 432 males) and of 627 healthy controls. Results. The ACS patients demonstrated a lower proportion of AA genotypes and AC genotypes but higher proportions of CC genotypes than the control population. The AT1R CC genotype conferred a 2.76-fold higher risk of MI compared with the genotype AC and AA. In addition, the CC genotype was also associated with a 4.08 times higher risk of left anterior descending artery infarction and a 3.07 times higher risk of anterior wall infarction. We also found that the CC genotype was independently associated with sudden cardiac death. In Summary. This study demonstrated that the AT1R CC genotype is an independent risk factor for ACS incidence, and this genotype is associated with a greater ACS severity and greater risk of sudden cardiac death.
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Kumar R, Sharma RK, Agarwal S. Genetic predisposition for development of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biochem Genet 2013; 51:865-75. [PMID: 23846111 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-013-9613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism with development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Three groups were recruited during 2007-2011: 232 normal controls, 185 type 2 diabetics without nephropathy, and 407 type 2 diabetics with nephropathy. The ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were examined using PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. We found no significant association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy in genotype, allele, dominant, and recessive models. We observed a significant association of MTHFR C677T with development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetics. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism plays a significant role in predisposition of renal insufficiency in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Feng X, Zheng BS, Shi JJ, Qian J, He W, Zhou HF. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction susceptibility. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012. [PMID: 23178513 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312466927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Many reported studies have been conducted to investigate the association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C gene polymorphism with myocardial infarction (MI) susceptibility. However, the results from those reports are still conflicting. This meta-analysis was performed to study the relationship between AT1R A1166C gene polymorphism and MI risk. METHOD The databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched as of 1 March 2012, and eligible investigations were recruited into this meta-analysis. RESULTS Eighteen investigations were identified for the analysis of association between AT1R A1166C gene polymorphism and MI risk, 11 in Caucasians, three in Asians, two in Africans, one in the population of Brazil and one in the population of Durban, South Africa . There was a marked association between AT1R C allele and MI susceptibility for overall populations (odds ratio (OR)=1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.25, p=0.03), and AT1R AA genotype was associated with a lower risk of MI in overall populations (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.98, p=0.02). However, AT1R A1166C gene polymorphism was not associated with MI risk in the sub-groups of Caucasians, Asians, Africans, Brazil and Durban populations. CONCLUSIONS C allele is a risk factor for the MI susceptibility in overall populations, and AA genotype might be a protective factor against the MI risk in overall populations. However, more case-control association investigations on larger, stratified populations are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Feng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Bao-Shi Zheng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Hua-Fu Zhou
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
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Renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphism in Egyptians with premature coronary artery disease. Gene 2012; 498:270-5. [PMID: 22387727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetics polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) affects the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). We aimed to investigate the association between the RAS genes and premature CAD (PCAD) in Egyptians. 116 patients with PCAD, 114 patients with late onset CAD and 119 controls were included in the study. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATR1) and angiotensinogen (AGT) genes polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that ACE DD, AGT TT and ATR1 CC increased the risk of PCAD by 2.7, 2.8 and 2.86 respectively). Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol were independent risk factors for the development of PCAD. We conclude that the ACE DD, AGT TT and ATR1 CC genotypes may increase the susceptibility of an individual to have PCAD. The coexistence of CAD risk factors with these risky RAS genotypes may lead to the development of PCAD in Egyptian patients.
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Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JRA, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Van Someren K, Montgomery HE. The ACE gene and human performance: 12 years on. Sports Med 2011; 41:433-48. [PMID: 21615186 DOI: 10.2165/11588720-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some 12 years ago, a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene became the first genetic element shown to impact substantially on human physical performance. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not just as an endocrine regulator, but also within local tissue and cells, where it serves a variety of functions. Functional genetic polymorphic variants have been identified for most components of RAS, of which the best known and studied is a polymorphism of the ACE gene. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been associated with improvements in performance and exercise duration in a variety of populations. The I allele has been consistently demonstrated to be associated with endurance-orientated events, notably, in triathlons. Meanwhile, the D allele is associated with strength- and power-orientated performance, and has been found in significant excess among elite swimmers. Exceptions to these associations do exist, and are discussed. In theory, associations with ACE genotype may be due to functional variants in nearby loci, and/or related genetic polymorphism such as the angiotensin receptor, growth hormone and bradykinin genes. Studies of growth hormone gene variants have not shown significant associations with performance in studies involving both triathletes and military recruits. The angiotensin type-1 receptor has two functional polymorphisms that have not been shown to be associated with performance, although studies of hypoxic ascent have yielded conflicting results. ACE genotype influences bradykinin levels, and a common gene variant in the bradykinin 2 receptor exists. The high kinin activity haplotye has been associated with increased endurance performance at an Olympic level, and similar results of metabolic efficiency have been demonstrated in triathletes. Whilst the ACE genotype is associated with overall performance ability, at a single organ level, the ACE genotype and related polymorphism have significant associations. In cardiac muscle, ACE genotype has associations with left ventricular mass changes in response to stimulus, in both the health and diseased states. The D allele is associated with an exaggerated response to training, and the I allele with the lowest cardiac growth response. In light of the I-allele association with endurance performance, it seems likely that other regulatory mechanisms exist. Similarly in skeletal muscle, the D allele is associated with greater strength gains in response to training, in both healthy individuals and chronic disease states. As in overall performance, those genetic polymorphisms related to the ACE genotype, such as the bradykinin 2 gene, also influence skeletal muscle strength. Finally, the ACE genotype may influence metabolic efficiency, and elite mountaineers have demonstrated an excess of I alleles and I/I genotype frequency in comparison to controls. Interestingly, this was not seen in amateur climbers. Corroboratory evidence exists among high-altitude settlements in both South America and India, where the I allele exists in greater frequency in those who migrated from the lowlands. Unfortunately, if the ACE genotype does influence metabolic efficiency, associations with peak maximal oxygen consumption have yet to be rigorously demonstrated. The ACE genotype is an important but single factor in the determinant of sporting phenotype. Much of the mechanisms underlying this remain unexplored despite 12 years of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zudin Puthucheary
- University College London Institute for Human Health and Performance, London, UK.
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Zhang H, Sun ML, Peng J, Sun T, Zhang Y, Yang JM. Association of the angiotensin type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphisms with myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1258-60. [PMID: 21463477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mehri S, Mahjoub S, Finsterer J, Zaroui A, Mechmeche R, Baudin B, Hammami M. The CC genotype of the angiotensin II type I receptor gene independently associates with acute myocardial infarction in a Tunisian population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:595-600. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320310391833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a multifactorial disease influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to assess the association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATR1) gene polymorphisms with AMI as well as to evaluate the role of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and that of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in Tunisian AMI patients. One hundred and eighteen AMI patients were compared to 150 healthy controls. ATR1 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The ATR1 A1166C polymorphism was significantly associated with AMI ( p = 0.024). CC genotype and C allele frequencies were associated with increased AMI risk [CC vs. AC and AA: OR = 2.06; p = 0.045; 95 % CI (1.02–4.18); C vs. A: OR = 1.68; p = 0.004; 95 % CI (1.17–2.41)]. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, CC genotype, hypertension, diabetes, serum ACE activity and peak-cTnI were significant independent predictors of AMI. Increased serum ACE activity and cTnI peak levels were associated with the CC genotype in AMI patients. In conclusion, the ATR1 A1166C polymorphism is associated with AMI and the CC genotype associated with increased ACE activity and cTnI levels appear to predispose for AMI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounira Mehri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UR Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Tunisie
- Unité de Recherche, Epidémiologie Génétique et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Sinda Mahjoub
- Unité de Recherche, Epidémiologie Génétique et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung Vienne et Université de Danube Krems, Autriche
| | - Amira Zaroui
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiologiques, Hôpital La Rabta de Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rachid Mechmeche
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiologiques, Hôpital La Rabta de Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Bruno Baudin
- Service de Biochimie A, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UR Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Tunisie
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Mendizábal-Ruiz AP, Morales J, Castro Martinez X, Gutierrez Rubio SA, Valdez L, Vásquez-Camacho JG, Sanchez Corona J, Moran Moguel MC. RAS polymorphisms in cancerous and benign breast tissue. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 12:85-92. [PMID: 21109584 DOI: 10.1177/1470320310383735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent information has revealed new roles in the angiogenic processes linked to the rennin-angiotensin system. To date few studies have been done on the association between RAS genes and cancer and the majority focus mainly on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). For breast cancer there are three reports that include the angiotensin II receptor, subtype 1 (AGTR1), only one for angiotensinogen (AGT) and none for renin gene (REN). In the present study we investigate whether REN (Bgll), AGT (M235T), ACE (A245T, Indel), and AGTR1 (A1166C) are associated with breast cancer. Polymorphisms were analysed by PCR and RFPLs or sequence specific assay in three groups: breast cancer, benign breast disease (BBD) and general population. REN polymorphism shows that homozygous for A allele have an increased risk for BBD. Differences in M235T genotype frequencies were significant with less heterozygous in breast cancer. With different risk values ACE indel was associated with BBD and breast cancer. Association of AGTR1 was observed only in the breast cancer group, where C allele carriers present a reduced risk. Results of this work supports previous observations on the possible involvement of this system in breast cancer but it also suggests a role in benign disease.
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Xu M, Sham P, Ye Z, Lindpaintner K, He L. A1166C genetic variation of the angiotensin II type I receptor gene and susceptibility to coronary heart disease: collaborative of 53 studies with 20,435 cases and 23,674 controls. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:191-9. [PMID: 20732682 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II induces vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle growth via stimulation of the angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1). Some studies have reported an association between a genetic variant (A1166C) in the 3' un-translated region of AGTR1 and increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but other have yielded apparently conflicting results. METHODS Literature-based meta-analyses were performed on 48 papers including 53 studies published before June 2008 in relation to the A1166C polymorphism (NCBI, dbSNP: rs5186) of the AGTR1, involving a total of 20,435 CHD cases and 23,674 controls. We also explored potential sources of heterogeneity and conducted appropriate stratified analyses. RESULTS In a combined analysis, the per-allele odds ratio (OR) for CHD of the A1166C polymorphism was 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.19), but there is an indication of publication bias and heterogeneity among the 53 studies. Sample size and study quality were significant sources of heterogeneity among studies of the A1166C polymorphism with possibly overestimates in studies of smaller sample-size and poor-quality. When the analyses were restricted to 11 larger studies (≥500 cases), and to 8 high-quality studies (quality score: ≥11 points), the summary per-allele odds ratios were 0.992 (95% confidence interval, 0.944-1.042) and 0.990 (95% confidence interval, 0.915-1.072), respectively. CONCLUSIONS An overall weak association between the A1166C polymorphism and CHD is observed but this is likely to be due to publication bias and heterogeneity between studies. There were no significant associations among the larger sample-size and high-quality studies which are less prone to selective publication and have greater power to detect a true association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Xu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Di Mauro M, Izzicupo P, Santarelli F, Falone S, Pennelli A, Amicarelli F, Calafiore AM, Di Baldassarre A, Gallina S. ACE and AGTR1 polymorphisms and left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:915-21. [PMID: 19997001 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c29e79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the role of angiotensin type 1 receptor gene (AGTR1) polymorphism (A1166C) in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) mediated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in endurance athletes. METHODS A group of 74 white, healthy male endurance athletes, aged between 25 and 40 yr, were enrolled in this study. All of them participated primarily in isotonic sports, training for at least >10 h x wk(-1), for at least 5 yr. The ACE genotype (insertion [I] or deletion [D] alleles) was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction (DD in 35, ID in 36, and II in 3). Group II was excluded from the analysis because of its small size. No difference was found between the two groups as regards age, blood pressure, HR, and echocardiographic data. RESULTS The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was significantly higher in group DD rather than in group ID (P = 0.029). The group DD showed a slightly higher prevalence of subjects with LVH (LVMI > 131 g x m(-2); 62.9%) than group ID (44.4%, P = 0.120). No association was found between ACE-DD and LVH (odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% confidence interval = 0.82-5.46). Concerning the role of AGTR1 polymorphism, the highest LVMI was found in 15 athletes with ACE-DD and AGTR1-AC/CC genotypes (150 +/- 23 g x m(-2)); the lowest value of LVMI was found in the case of ACE-ID and AGTR1-AA (127 g x m(-2) +/- 18 g x m(-2)), whereas LVMI in subjects with ACE-DD + AGTR1-AA was similar to that in the ACE-ID + AGTR1-AC/CC group (134 +/- 18 g x m(-2) vs 133 +/- 20 g x m(-2), P = 0.880). The presence of ACE-DD + AGTR1 + AC/CC was strongly associated with LVH (OR = 4.6, P = 0.029). Moreover, subjects with LVH showed longer left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation time and higher end-systolic wall stress. The latter was strongly correlated to LVMI (r = 0.588), especially in the presence of ACE-DD + AGTR1 + AC/CC (r = 0.728). CONCLUSIONS LVMI may be greater in the presence of ACE- DD and AGTR1-AC/CC polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mauro
- Department of Human Movement, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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16
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Filipovský J. Genetic determinants of arterial properties and of heart disease. Artery Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bhoomi Reddy Pullareddy, Baddela Muni Venkata Srikanth Babu, Kolla Venkata Karunakar, Yasovanthi J, Potham Sampath Kumar, Sharath A, Jyothy A. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism in myocardial infarction patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:174-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320309342758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Acute myocardial infarction is commonly known as heart attack. It is a multifactorial disease influenced by environmental and genetic factors.The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A/C polymorphism in South Indian myocardial infarction patients. Subjects and methods. The present study included a total number of 221 subjects (107 myocardial infarction patients and 114 age- and sex-matched controls). Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Lipid profiles were estimated. DNA was isolated and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A/C polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Comparison of the lipid profiles between patients and controls showed that patients had statistically highly significant values (p=0.0001).The CC genotype of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor was not associated with myocardial infarction patients when compared to controls. CC vs. AA was χ2 = 2.08, odds ratio 2.30, 95% confidence interval 0.72 — 7.23, and p value was 0.14. Conclusion. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor CC genotype is not a risk factor for myocardial infarction in patients in a South Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeedigunta Yasovanthi
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India
| | | | - Annam Sharath
- Osmania General Hospital, Afzul Gunj, Hyderabad-500012, India
| | - Akka Jyothy
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India,
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Gürkan A, Emingil G, Saygan BH, Atilla G, Köse T, Baylas H, Berdeli A. Renin-angiotensin gene polymorphisms in relation to severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:204-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene polymorphisms in generalized aggressive periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:337-44. [PMID: 19162259 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Host response to periodontopathic microorganisms can be modulated by genetic factors. Accumulated evidence highlighted the role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in inflammatory response thus potential implication of this molecular system in the pathogenesis of periodontitis can be suggested. The present study investigated common genetic variants of molecules within the RAS family namely angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in relation to generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP). METHODS DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 103 G-AgP patients and 100 periodontally healthy subjects. ACE I/D, AGT M235T and AT1R A1166C polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Chi-square, ANOVA and logistic regression were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS Both ACE I/D and AT1R polymorphisms were similar in G-AgP and healthy groups (p>0.05). G-AgP subjects exhibited decreased AGT TT genotype and T allele frequency as compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05). The same trend was also observed in the nonsmoker subgroup regarding investigated RAS polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Present findings suggest that AGT M235T TT genotype and T allele might be associated with decreased risk for G-AgP in Turkish population.
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Lee JA, Sohn JA, Hong YM. Polymorphism of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor A1166C in Korean Hypertensive Adolescents. Korean Circ J 2008. [DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2008.38.8.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin A Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Marciante KD, Bis JC, Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Lumley T, Monks SA, Kooperberg C, Carlson C, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM. Renin-angiotensin system haplotypes and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166:19-27. [PMID: 17522061 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The products of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Studies examining RAS gene variants and cardiovascular disease have focused on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rather than haplotypes, which better characterize the patterns of genetic variation. The authors conducted a population-based, case-control study at Group Health (Seattle, Washington) between 1995 and 1999 to determine whether common haplotypes in the angiotensinogen gene (AGT), the renin gene, the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, and the angiotensin II receptor type 1 and receptor type 2 genes were associated with the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke among pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients. SNP discovery was done using 23 European-origin samples. Thirty tagSNPs (the minimum sets of SNPs that capture most of the haplotype diversity within a block) were genotyped in cases and controls. Haplotypes were inferred using the program PHASE (http://www.stat.washington.edu/stephens/software.html). The authors used weighted logistic regression to estimate associations and conducted a permutation test to estimate the probability of a chance finding. AGT haplotype B was associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (odds ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 2.35); however, results were not statistically significant given the number of tests performed (permutation p = 0.17). In this case-control study, RAS gene haplotypes were not significantly associated with increased risks of myocardial infarction or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Marciante
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Kondo DG, Speer MC, Krishnan KR, McQuoid DR, Slifer SH, Pieper CF, Billups AV, Steffens DC. Association of AGTR1 with 18-month treatment outcome in late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:564-72. [PMID: 17586781 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e31805470a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Converging lines of evidence implicate vascular factors in late-life depression, and argue that late-life depression is a distinct entity among the mood disorders. The A1166C polymorphism in the angiotensin II receptor, vascular type 1 (AGTR1) gene has been associated with a range of vascular diseases. This study investigated the association of AGTR1 genotype on 18-month treatment outcome in late-life depression. METHODS In a large, prospective cohort study, patients with late-life depression received individualized treatment using a standardized algorithm. The authors genotyped participants at the AGTR1 A1166C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using standardized methodology, then used survival analysis to estimate the impact of A1166C and demographic variables on time to remission during 18 months of follow-up. RESULTS The hazard ratio for AGTR1 homozygous C/C status was 0.37. The A1166C SNP showed evidence for genotypic and allelic association in a comparison of remitted and unremitted/censored subjects. CONCLUSION Consistent with its association with numerous vascular disorders, AGTR1 is associated with treatment outcome in late-life depression. Further studies are needed to replicate this finding, and to investigate the impact of other genetic markers of vascular disease on late-life depression outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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23
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Franco E, Palumbo L, Crobu F, Anselmino M, Frea S, Matullo G, Piazza A, Trevi GP, Bergerone S. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system polymorphisms: a role or a hole in occurrence and long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction at young age. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:27. [PMID: 17519002 PMCID: PMC1890543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is involved in the cardiovascular homeostasis as shown by previous studies reporting a positive association between specific RAAS genotypes and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Anyhow the prognostic role in a long-term follow-up has not been yet investigated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the most studied RAAS genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on the occurrence and the long-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at young age in an Italian population. Methods The study population consisted of 201 patients and 201 controls, matched for age and sex (mean age 40 ± 4 years; 90.5% males). The most frequent conventional risk factors were smoke (p < 0.001), family history for coronary artery diseases (p < 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.001) and hypertension (p = 0.002). The tested genetic polymorphisms were angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) A1166C and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) C-344T. Considering a long-term follow-up (9 ± 4 years) we compared genetic polymorphisms of patients with and without events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures). Results We found a borderline significant association of occurrence of AMI with the ACE D/I polymorphism (DD genotype, 42% in cases vs 31% in controls; p = 0.056). DD genotype remained statistically involved in the incidence of AMI also after adjustment for clinical confounders. On the other hand, during the 9-year follow-up (65 events, including 13 deaths) we found a role concerning the AGTR1: the AC heterozygous resulted more represented in the event group (p = 0.016) even if not independent from clinical confounders. Anyhow the Kaplan-Meier event free curves seem to confirm the unfavourable role of this polymorphism. Conclusion Polymorphisms in RAAS genes can be important in the onset of a first AMI in young patients (ACE, CYP11B2 polymorphisms), but not in the disease progression after a long follow-up period. Larger collaborative studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Palumbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Crobu
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Anselmino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Frea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Piazza
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Trevi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Bergerone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Italy
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Mehta PK, Griendling KK. Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C82-97. [PMID: 16870827 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1410] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is a central component of the physiological and pathological responses of cardiovascular system. Its primary effector hormone, angiotensin II (ANG II), not only mediates immediate physiological effects of vasoconstriction and blood pressure regulation, but is also implicated in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. The myriad effects of ANG II depend on time (acute vs. chronic) and on the cells/tissues upon which it acts. In addition to inducing G protein- and non-G protein-related signaling pathways, ANG II, via AT(1) receptors, carries out its functions via MAP kinases (ERK 1/2, JNK, p38MAPK), receptor tyrosine kinases [PDGF, EGFR, insulin receptor], and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases [Src, JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)]. AT(1)R-mediated NAD(P)H oxidase activation leads to generation of reactive oxygen species, widely implicated in vascular inflammation and fibrosis. ANG II also promotes the association of scaffolding proteins, such as paxillin, talin, and p130Cas, leading to focal adhesion and extracellular matrix formation. These signaling cascades lead to contraction, smooth muscle cell growth, hypertrophy, and cell migration, events that contribute to normal vascular function, and to disease progression. This review focuses on the structure and function of AT(1) receptors and the major signaling mechanisms by which angiotensin influences cardiovascular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja K Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, 319 WMB, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Spiering W, Kroon AA, Fuss-Lejeune MJ, de Leeuw PW. Genetic contribution to the acute effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. J Hypertens 2005; 23:753-8. [PMID: 15775779 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000163143.66965.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical observations point towards heterogeneity in patients' responses to antihypertensive drugs. As our earlier work showed that angiotensin II (AngII) sensitivity is associated with the A1166C polymorphism of the AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene, we conducted the present study in which the responses to acute AT1R blockade were evaluated. METHODS After 7 days of low and high sodium diet, the hormonal as well as systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to acute AT1R blockade with EXP3174 (active metabolite of losartan) were studied in 15 AA and 14 CC essential hypertensive patients. By means of platelet-binding studies the baseline AT1R density (Bmax) and affinity (KD) was tested. RESULTS During low and high salt diet, baseline Bmax and KD were comparable between both genotype groups. At baseline, during low salt diet, CC patients had significantly lower glomerular filtration rate and a trend towards lower effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) compared to AA patients. Blood pressure responses to EXP3174 during high salt were significantly blunted in CC patients compared to AA patients (mean arterial pressure: 1.8 versus 7.5%; P < 0.05). During low salt the increase in ERPF (12.9 versus 16.1%; P = 0.08), as well as the decrease in filtration fraction (9.0 versus 14.0%; P = 0.05) and renal vascular resistance (7.5 versus 15.1%; P = 0.06) were blunted in CC patients compared to AA patients. Humoral effects did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION This study shows that the systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to acute AT1R blockade are, at least in part, genetically determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilko Spiering
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pamies Andreu E, Vallejo Maroto I, Carneado de la Fuente J. Factores genéticos en la hipertensión arterial. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(03)71374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Rodríguez-Pérez JC, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Hernández-Perera O, Anabitarte A, Losada A, Medina A, Hernández E, Fiuza D, Avalos O, Yunis C, Ferrario CM. Association of angiotensinogen M235T and A(-6)G gene polymorphisms with coronary heart disease with independence of essential hypertension: the PROCAGENE study. Prospective Cardiac Gene. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1536-42. [PMID: 11345362 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene M235T polymorphism, the variant promoter of the AGT gene A(-6)G and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) in native Gran Canaria Island habitants, who have the highest rates of CHD in Spain. BACKGROUND Some studies subject that the ACE (I/D) polymorphism could be associated with CHD, while AGT (M235T) has been related to essential hypertension. METHODS We studied 304 subjects with angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease and a clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction or unstable angina and 315 age- and gender-matched controls. Blood was drawn and DNA extracted. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (I/D) gene polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AGT gene polymorphisms by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR and mutagenically-separated PCR. RESULTS The ACE (I/D) polymorphism showed no association with CHD, whereas the frequency distribution of AGT (M235T) genotypes among patients and controls (235T: 29.1% and 19.0%; M235T: 48.5% and 50.2%; M235: 22.4% and 30.8%, respectively) was statistically different (p = 0.005) and not related to the presence of essential hypertension. Similar results were observed with the AGT A(-6)G polymorphism. In multiple logistic regression analysis, CHD odds ratio associated with 235T and M235 homozygotes were 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) and 0.54 (0.36 to 0.82), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that genetic variation of the AGT (M235T), but not the ACE (I/D), genotypes contributes to the presence of CHD independently of blood pressure profile in a subset of the Spanish population with a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research Unit, Hemodynamic-Cardiology and Nephrology Services, Hospital de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Petrovic D, Zorc M, Kanic V, Peterlin B. Interaction between gene polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin system and metabolic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction. Angiology 2001; 52:247-52. [PMID: 11330506 DOI: 10.1177/000331970105200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). The authors investigated the association of genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with premature MI and interactive effects between gene polymorphisms and metabolic risk factors on MI risk. Their study compared 142 patients with MI younger than 55 years with 142 healthy subjects. Polymorphisms of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) gene (insertion/deletion), angiotensinogen gene (M235T), and angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AGT1R) gene (A1166C) were tested. The ACE-DD (deletion/deletion) genotype conferred a twofold independent risk for MI (confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.7; p = 0.01) after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, whereas angiotensinogen-TT genotype and AGT1R-AA genotype were not independent risk factors for MI. An interactive effect on MI risk was found between ACE-DD and AGT1R-AA genotypes (odds ratio [OR]=2, 95% CI= 1-3.9), between ACE-DD and angiotensinogen-TT genotypes (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1-7.3), as well as among ACE-DD, angiotensinogen-TT, and AGT1R-AA genotypes (OR=4.8, 95% CI = 1-22.8). Similarly, metabolic risk factors interacted with angiotensinogen-TT genotype (OR= 2, 95% CI = 1.1-3.9) on MI risk. The ACE-DD genotype is an independent risk factor for MI in patients younger than 55 years. Additionally, the authors provide evidence of an interactive effect on MI risk between risk genotypes of RAS, as well as between the angiotensinogen-TT genotype and metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Petrovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Steeds RP, Wardle A, Smith PD, Martin D, Channer KS, Samani NJ. Analysis of the postulated interaction between the angiotensin II sub-type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism and the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene on risk of myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154:123-8. [PMID: 11137090 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A synergistic interaction between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and an A/C transversion at nucleotide position 1166 within the angiotensin II sub-type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene on risk of myocardial infarction has been reported. The risk associated with the ACE DD genotype increased with the number of AT1R C alleles present. To investigate this further, ACE I/D and AT1R A1166C genotypes were determined in 541 cases recruited at the time of infarction and 507 population-based controls. There was no difference in either the genotype distribution or allele frequencies between cases and controls for either the ACE polymorphism (P=0.48 and 0.35 respectively) or the AT1R polymorphism (P=0.35 and 0.21 respectively). Odds ratios for risk of MI associated with the ACE DD and AT1R CC genotypes were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.82-1.45) and 1.06 (0.67-1.68) respectively. 3.1% of cases versus 3.6% of controls were homozygous for both the D and C alleles (P=0.71). There was no increase in risk associated with the DD genotype in the presence of either one or two AT1R C alleles in the whole cohorts (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.65-1.51 and 0.76, 95% CI 0.30-1.88, respectively) nor in sub-groups defined by specific risk factors. In conclusion, no evidence was found to support any interaction between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and the ATIR gene A1166C transversion in determining the risk of myocardial infarction in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Steeds
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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García-Fernández I, Llaneza J, Ramos M, Coto E, Vaquero F, Camblor L, Carreño J, Herrero A, Álvarez J, Olay J, Fernández-Solares J, Gutiérrez J. Variación genética y enfermedad aterosclerótica periférica: estudio preliminar. ANGIOLOGIA 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3170(01)74705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kee F, Morrison C, Poirier O, McCrum E, Mallet C, Nicaud V, McMaster D, Dallongeville J, Fruchart JC, Evans AE. Angiotensin II type-I receptor and ACE polymorphisms and risk of myocardial infarction in men and women. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:1076-82. [PMID: 11122322 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings relating an association between an insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and myocardial infarction (MI) have been mixed. While other loci, such as the angiotensin II type-I receptor (AT1R), may modulate risk, few studies have adequately documented the risk in women. We aimed to study whether the findings in respect of ACE and AT1R in UK men were borne out in women. METHODS Cases of MI (305 women, 391 men) in Belfast and Glasgow have been compared to controls (291 women, 356 men). These new samples augment the original men (200 cases, 181 controls) included from Belfast in the ECTIM study. RESULTS Among men, the odds ratio for MI for ACE (DD vs. ID + II) was 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) and among women, 0.69 (0.47, 1.01). This heterogeneity between the risks in men and women was significant in Glasgow (P = 0.02). Among men and women the odds ratio for MI for AT1R (CC vs. AC + AA) was 1.02 (0.71, 1.47). There was a small gradient in risk, such that the odds ratio for DD genotype was 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) among subjects homozygous for the common AT1R allele (AA): 0.94 (0.67, 1.30) among heterozygotes and 1.21 (0.53, 2.77) among CC subjects; but this interaction was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Some of the contradictory findings concerning the ACE polymorphism and the risk of MI may be due to heterogeneity in the risk between men and women. The AT1R1196 polymorphism is not an independent risk factor for MI in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kee
- Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Padmanabhan N, Padmanabhan S, Connell JM. Genetic basis of cardiovascular disease--the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a paradigm. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000; 1:316-24. [PMID: 11967817 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2000.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Salomon O, Dardik R, Steinberg DM, Kurtz S, Rosenberg N, Moisseiev J, Huna-Baron R. The role of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1717-20. [PMID: 10964835 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of nonartertic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). DESIGN Retrospective, case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-four patients with NAION diagnosed from 1984 through 1999. Seventy-one patients who visited the Eye Institute comprised the control group. TESTING INTERVENTION: DNA was extracted from whole blood obtained from all patients and control participants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for analysis of ACE and AT1R polymorphisms. RESULTS The frequency of the polymorphism for ACE among the NAION patients (39.2% deletion allele [DD], 54.0% deletion/insertion [D/I] locus, 6.8% insertion allele [II]) was similar to that of the control group (50.7% DD, 39.4% D/I, 9.9% II), with P = 0.21. The frequency of the polymorphism of AT1R in the NAION patients was 5.4% CC, 44.6% CA, 50% AA, and in the control group it was 4.2% CC, 33.8% CA, 62.0% AA, with P = 0.35. Participants less than 55 years of age and those more than 55 had quite similar distributions. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin converting enzyme and AT1R polymorphisms have no part in the mechanism of NAION. Thus drugs such as ACE inhibitors or AT1R antagonists are not specifically indicated for treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Salomon
- Institute of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Department of Haematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Surber R, Sigusch HH, Lehmann MH, Reinhardt D, Hoffmann A, Figulla HR. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with the severity but not prevalence of coronary artery disease. Clin Genet 2000; 58:237-8. [PMID: 11076048 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ashavaid TF, Shalia KK, Nair KG, Dalal JJ. Genes of renin angiotensin system and coronary heart disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 2000; 15:1-10. [PMID: 23105263 PMCID: PMC3454074 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronary constriction, proliferation of smooth muscle cells and arrhythmia are involved in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and its complications such as myocardial infarction and sudden death. All these effects are favoured by high angiotensin II levels. Angiotensin II is the main effector molecule of the renin angiotensin system and it acts through angiotensin II type receptors. Genetically determined differences in the expression of the components of this system could adversely affect angiotensin II concentration and subsequently heart. Consequently each component of this system represents a potential candidate in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. In this article we review the variation of the angiotensin I converting enzyme, angiotensin II type I receptor and angiotensinogen genes and their association with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Ashavaid
- Research Laboratories, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, 400 016 Mumbai
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Crisan D, Carr J. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme: genotype and disease associations. J Mol Diagn 2000; 2:105-15. [PMID: 11229513 PMCID: PMC1906907 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2000] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Crisan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073-6769, USA.
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Stangl K, Cascorbi I, Stangl V, Laule M, Mrozikiewicz PM, Schwarz M, Felix SB, Theres H, Baumann G, Roots I. A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene and risk of adverse events after coronary catheter interventions. Am Heart J 2000; 140:170-5. [PMID: 10874281 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2000.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contradictory reports exist concerning the role of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphism as a coronary risk factor. Moreover, it is unknown whether the A1166C polymorphism is associated with thrombotic complications after coronary catheter interventions. METHODS We investigated the role of the A1166C polymorphism as a risk factor in 1000 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 1000 age- and sex-matched controls. A total of 649 patients receiving interventions (270 coronary angioplasty, 102 atherectomy, and 277 stenting) were investigated for a 30-day composite end point including target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, or death. RESULTS The composite end point was reached by 42 patients (6.5%) without evidence that the C allele was associated with excess procedural risk (odds ratio 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.79-1.75; P =.82). Further analyses by device failed to show linkage with adverse events complicating coronary angioplasty, atherectomy, and stenting. Moreover, in the entire CAD group (n = 1000), the polymorphism even showed a trend to underrepresentation (odds ratio 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.69-1. 004, P =.054). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the A1166C polymorphism neither represents a risk factor for adverse events complicating coronary interventions nor seems to have significant impact on further long-term processes such as development and severity of CAD.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/adverse effects
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/methods
- Case-Control Studies
- Confidence Intervals
- Coronary Disease/diagnosis
- Coronary Disease/genetics
- Coronary Disease/therapy
- Coronary Thrombosis/epidemiology
- Coronary Thrombosis/etiology
- Coronary Thrombosis/genetics
- Coronary Thrombosis/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Probability
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Reference Values
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stangl
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1) mediates the important biological actions of the peptide hormone, angiotensin II (AngII), by activating an array of intracellular signaling pathways. The unique temporal arrangement and duration of AngII-stimulated signals suggests a hierarchy of post-AT1 receptor binding events that permits activation of selective effector pathways. Moreover, it predicts that the coupling of AT1 receptors is tightly regulated, allowing cells to differentiate acute responses from those requiring longer periods of stimulation. Recent studies have concentrated on delineating the molecular processes involved in modulating AT1 receptor activity. In addition to AT1 receptor modification (phosphorylation), trafficking (internalization and degradation) and interaction with regulatory intracellular proteins, other processes may include receptor dimerization, cross-regulation by other receptor systems, and receptor isomerization between activated and non-activated forms. This review focuses on recent advances in this area of research, highlighting directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Thomas
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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