1
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Stefanski KM, Wilkinson MC, Sanders CR. Roles for PMP22 in Schwann cell cholesterol homeostasis in health and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20231359. [PMID: 38979632 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Underexpression, overexpression, and point mutations in peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) cause most cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD). While its exact functions remain unclear, PMP22 is clearly essential for formation and maintenance of healthy myelin in the peripheral nervous system. This review explores emerging evidence for roles of PMP22 in cholesterol homeostasis. First, we highlight dysregulation of lipid metabolism in PMP22-based forms of CMTD and recently-discovered interactions between PMP22 and cholesterol biosynthesis machinery. We then examine data that demonstrates PMP22 and cholesterol co-traffic in cells and co-localize in lipid rafts, including how disease-causing PMP22 mutations result in aberrations in cholesterol localization. Finally, we examine roles for interactions between PMP22 and ABCA1 in cholesterol efflux. Together, this emerging body of evidence suggests that PMP22 plays a role in facilitating enhanced cholesterol synthesis and trafficking necessary for production and maintenance of healthy myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Stefanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Mason C Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
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2
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Dutta M, Sarkar S, Karmakar P, Mandal Biswas S. A squalene analog 4,4'-diapophytofluene from coconut leaves having antioxidant and anti-senescence potentialities toward human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12593. [PMID: 38824160 PMCID: PMC11144250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) leaves, an unutilized resource, enriched with valuable bioactive compounds. Spectral analysis of purified pentane fraction of coconut leaves revealed the presence of a squalene analog named 4,4'-diapophytofluene or in short 4,4'-DPE (C30H46). Pure squalene standard (PSQ) showed cytotoxicity after 8 µg/ml concentration whereas 4,4'-DPE exhibited no cytotoxic effects up to 16 µg/ml concentration. On senescence-induced WI38 cells, 4,4'-DPE displayed better percentage of cell viability (164.5% at 24 h, 159.4% at 48 h and 148% at 72 h) compared to PSQ and BSQ (bio-source squalene) with same time duration. Similar trend of result was found in HaCaT cells. SA-β-gal assay showed that number of β-galactosidase positive cells were significantly decreased in senescent cells (WI38 and HaCaT) after treated with 4,4'-DPE than PSQ, BSQ. Percentage of ROS was increased to 60% in WI38 cells after olaparib treatment. When PSQ, BSQ and 4,4'-DPE were applied separately on these oxidative-stress-induced cells for 48 h, the overall percentage of ROS was decreased to 39.3%, 45.6% and 19.3% respectively. This 4,4'-DPE was found to be more effective in inhibiting senescence by removing ROS as compared to squalene. Therefore, this 4,4'-DPE would be new potent senotherapeutic agent for pharmaceuticals and dermatological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Dutta
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Swarupa Sarkar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Suparna Mandal Biswas
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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3
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Fenton NM, Qian L, Scott NA, Paine EG, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. SC5D is the sixth enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis targeted by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF6. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159482. [PMID: 38508300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fenton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lydia Qian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicola A Scott
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Eloise G Paine
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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4
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Park SC, Steffan BN, Yun Lim F, Gupta R, Ayaloglu Butun F, Chen H, Ye R, Decker T, Wu CC, Kelleher NL, Woo Bok J, Keller NP. Terpenoid balance in Aspergillus nidulans unveiled by heterologous squalene synthase expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7416. [PMID: 38381828 PMCID: PMC10881027 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce numerous uncharacterized natural products (NPs) that are often challenging to characterize because of cryptic expression in laboratory conditions. Previously, we have successfully isolated novel NPs by expressing fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) from a variety of fungal species into Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we demonstrate a twist to FAC utility wherein heterologous expression of a Pseudogymnoascus destructans FAC in A. nidulans altered endogenous terpene biosynthetic pathways. In contrast to wild type, the FAC transformant produced increased levels of squalene and aspernidine type compounds, including three new nidulenes (1- 2, and 5), and lost nearly all ability to synthesize the major A. nidulans characteristic terpene, austinol. Deletion of a squalene synthase gene in the FAC restored wild-type chemical profiles. The altered squalene to farnesyl pyrophosphate ratio leading to synthesis of nidulenes and aspernidines at the expense of farnesyl pyrophosphate-derived austinols provides unexpected insight into routes of terpene synthesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raveena Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Rosa Ye
- Intact Genomics Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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5
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Ge Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang W, Liu Z, Sun H, Zhang L. Comparative Toxicological Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Its Alternative 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate on Earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:170-181. [PMID: 37861387 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), which is a substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are detected in various environmental matrices, wildlife, and humans. Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate has received increased attention due to its potential risk to ecosystems. However, its toxicity in the soil organisms remains unclear. In the present study, a comparative investigation was conducted on the toxicities of 6:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and PFOS to the earthworm Eisenia. fetida. F-53B was significantly more acutely toxic to earthworms than PFOS, with median lethal concentrations of 1.43 and 1.83 mmol/kg dry soil (~816 and 984 mg/kg dry soil), respectively. Although both F-53B and PFOS, at 0.4 mmol/kg dry soil (=228 and 215 mg/kg dry soil) caused oxidative stress in earthworms, as evidenced by increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities as well as malondialdehyde level, the stress caused by F-53B was higher than that caused by PFOS. In transcriptomic and metabolomic studies, negative effects of PFOS and F-53B were observed on several metabolic processes in earthworms, including protein digestion and amino acid absorption, lipid metabolism, and the immune response. Compared with PFOS, F-53B exhibited a weaker disruption of lipid metabolism, comparable potency for toxicity to the immune response, and a stronger potency in extracellular matrix destruction along with apoptosis and ferroptosis induction. Hence, our data suggest that F-53B is more toxic than PFOS to earthworms. The findings provide some new insights into the potential toxicity of F-53B to soil organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:170-181. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Du J, Shao J, Li S, Zhu T, Song H, Lei C, Zhang M, Cen Y. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the mechanism of easy acceptance of artificial pelleted diets during food habit domestication in Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Sci Rep 2023; 13:18461. [PMID: 37891233 PMCID: PMC10611700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acceptance of artificial pelleted diets contributes to increasing the cultured areas and output of carnivorous fish. However, the mechanism of acceptance of artificial pelleted diets remains largely unknown. In this study, the easy acceptance of artificial pelleted diets (EAD) group and the not easy acceptance of artificial pelleted diets (NAD) group of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were divided based on the ratios of stomach weight/body weight (SB) after 0.5 h feeding, which was bigger than 18% in the EAD group and ranged from 8 to 12% in the NAD group. Through transcriptome and proteome sequencing, a total of 2463 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 230 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, respectively. Integrated analyses of transcriptome and proteome data revealed that 152 DEPs were matched with the corresponding DEGs (named co-DEGs-DEPs), and 54 co-DEGs-DEPs were enriched in 16 KEGG pathways, including the metabolic pathways, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, etc. Furthermore, 3 terpenoid backbone biosynthesis-related genes (Hmgcr, Hmgcs, and Fdps) in metabolic pathways, 10 steroid biosynthesis-related genes (Fdft1, Sqle, Lss, Cyp51a1, Tm7sf2, Nsdhl, Hsd17b7, Dhcr24, Sc5d, and Dhcr7), and 3 fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes (Acaca, Fasn, and Ascl) were all up-regulated in the EAD group, suggesting that the lipid metabolism pathway and steroid biosynthesis pathway play important roles in early food habit domestication in Largemouth bass. In addition, the detection results of randomly selected 15 DEGs and 15 DEPs indicated that both transcriptome and proteome results in the study were reliable. Our study provides useful information for further research on the mechanisms of food habit domestication in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Du
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jiaqi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Caixia Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, China Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yingkun Cen
- Jiyurunda Fishery Technology Co., Ltd, Foshan, 528203, China
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7
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Park SC, Steffan BN, Lim FY, Gupta R, Butun FA, Chen H, Ye R, Decker T, Wu CC, Kelleher NL, Bok JW, Keller NP. Terpenoid balance in Aspergillus nidulans unveiled by heterologous squalene synthase expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563295. [PMID: 37905136 PMCID: PMC10614972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce numerous uncharacterized natural products (NPs) that are often challenging to characterize due to cryptic expression in laboratory conditions. Previously, we have successfully isolated novel NPs by expressing fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) from a variety of fungal species into Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we demonstrate a new twist to FAC utility wherein heterologous expression of a Pseudogymnoascus destructans FAC in A. nidulans altered endogenous terpene biosynthetic pathways. In contrast to wildtype, the FAC transformant produced increased levels of squalene and aspernidine type compounds, including three new nidulenes (1-2, 5), and lost nearly all ability to synthesize the major A. nidulans characteristic terpene, austinol. Deletion of a squalene synthase gene in the FAC restored wildtype chemical profiles. The altered squalene to farnesyl pyrophosphate ratio leading to synthesis of nidulenes and aspernidines at the expense of farnesyl pyrophosphate derived austinols provides unexpected insight into routes of terpene synthesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA
| | - Raveena Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
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8
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Sulic AM, Das Roy R, Papagno V, Lan Q, Saikkonen R, Jernvall J, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Transcriptomic landscape of early hair follicle and epidermal development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112643. [PMID: 37318953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of ectodermal organs, such as hair, tooth, and mammary gland, starts with the formation of local epithelial thickenings, or placodes, but it remains to be determined how distinct cell types and differentiation programs are established during ontogeny. Here, we use bulk and single-cell transcriptomics and pseudotime modeling to address these questions in developing hair follicles and epidermis and produce a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of cellular populations in the hair placode and interplacodal epithelium. We report previously unknown cell populations and marker genes, including early suprabasal and genuine interfollicular basal markers, and propose the identity of suprabasal progenitors. By uncovering four different hair placode cell populations organized in three spatially distinct areas, with fine gene expression gradients between them, we posit early biases in cell fate establishment. This work is accompanied by a readily accessible online tool to stimulate further research on skin appendages and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Sulic
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishi Das Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Verdiana Papagno
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiang Lan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Saikkonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Intisar A, Shin HY, Kim W, Kang HG, Kim MY, Kim YS, Cho Y, Mo YJ, Lim H, Lee S, Lu QR, Lee Y, Kim MS. Implantable Electroceutical Approach Improves Myelination by Restoring Membrane Integrity in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Demyelinating Neuropathy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201358. [PMID: 35975427 PMCID: PMC9661852 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many efforts are undertaken to treat peripheral demyelinating neuropathies based on biochemical interventions, unfortunately, there is no approved treatment yet. Furthermore, previous studies have not shown improvement of the myelin membrane at the biomolecular level. Here, an electroceutical treatment is introduced as a biophysical intervention to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease-the most prevalent peripheral demyelinating neuropathy worldwide-using a mouse model. The specific electrical stimulation (ES) condition (50 mV mm-1 , 20 Hz, 1 h) for optimal myelination is found via an in vitro ES screening system, and its promyelinating effect is validated with ex vivo dorsal root ganglion model. Biomolecular investigation via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry shows that ES ameliorates distribution abnormalities of peripheral myelin protein 22 and cholesterol in the myelin membrane, revealing the restoration of myelin membrane integrity. ES intervention in vivo via flexible implantable electrodes shows not only gradual rehabilitation of mouse behavioral phenotypes (balance and endurance), but also restored myelin thickness, compactness, and membrane integrity. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that an electroceutical approach with the optimal ES condition has the potential to treat CMT disease and restore impaired myelin membrane integrity, shifting the paradigm toward practical interventions for peripheral demyelinating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseer Intisar
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- CTCELLS Corp.Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- SBCure Corp.Daegu43017Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun Gyu Kang
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seon Kim
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Cho
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics EngineeringDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeoung Mo
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Lim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics EngineeringDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH45229USA
| | - Yun‐Il Lee
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok S. Kim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
- CTCELLS Corp.Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- Translational Responsive Medicine Center (TRMC)DGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC)DGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
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10
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Ding S, Yu B, van Vuuren AJ. Statins significantly repress rotavirus replication through downregulation of cholesterol synthesis. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1955643. [PMID: 34369301 PMCID: PMC8354672 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1955643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children and is responsible for more than 200,000 pediatric deaths per year. There is currently no pharmacological treatment for rotavirus infection in clinical activity. Although cholesterol synthesis has been proven to play a key role in the infections of multiple viruses, little is known about the relationship between cholesterol biosynthesis and rotavirus replication. The models of rotavirus infected two cell lines and a human small intestinal organoid were used. We investigated the effects of cholesterol biosynthesis, including inhibition, enhancement, and their combinations on rotavirus replication on these models. The knockdown of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) was built by small hairpin RNAs in Caco2 cells. In all these models, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by statins or HMGCR knockdown had a significant inhibitory effect on rotavirus replication. The result was further confirmed by the other inhibitors: 6-fluoromevalonate, Zaragozic acid A and U18666A, in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Conversely, enhancement of cholesterol production increased rotavirus replication, suggesting that cholesterol homeostasis is relevant for rotavirus replication. The effects of all these compounds toward rotavirus were further confirmed with a clinical rotavirus isolate. We concluded that rotavirus replication is dependent on cholesterol biosynthesis. To be specific, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis can downregulate rotavirus replication; on the contrary, rotavirus replication is upregulated. Statin treatment is potentially an effective novel clinical anti-rotavirus strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Ding
- Department Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology, Na-1001, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands,CONTACT Shihao Ding Department Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology, Na-1001, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bingting Yu
- Department Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology, Na-1001, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anneke J. van Vuuren
- Department Of Gastroenterology And Hepatology, Na-1001, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center Rotterdam, CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Jiang H, Tang E, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhao Y, Lin M, He L. FDFT1 predicts poor prognosis in stage I-III colon adenocarcinoma and synergizes SQLE to promote tumor progression. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:971-985. [PMID: 34939274 PMCID: PMC8898704 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most prevalent malignancies, with poor prognosis and lack of effective treatment targets. Squalene synthase (FDFT1) is an upstream enzyme of squalene epoxidase (SQLE) in cholesterol biosynthesis. In a previous study, we revealed that SQLE promotes colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigate the prognostic value of FDFT1 in stage I‐III COAD and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Squalene synthase was significantly upregulated in stage I‐III COAD and positively correlated with poor differentiation and advanced tumor stage. High expression of FDFT1 was an independent predictor of overall and relapse‐free survival, and the nomograms based on FDFT1 could effectively identify patients at high risk of poor outcome. Squalene synthase accelerated colon cancer cell proliferation and promoted tumor growth. Lack of FDFT1 resulted in accumulating NAT8 and D‐pantethine to lower reactive oxygen species levels and inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, the combined inhibition of FDFT1 and SQLE induced a greater suppressive effect on cell proliferation and tumor growth than single inhibition. Taken together, these results indicate that FDFT1 predicts poor prognosis in stage I‐III COAD and has the tumor‐promoting effect on COAD through regulating NAT8 and D‐pantethine. Targeting both FDFT1 and SQLE is a more promising therapy than their single inhibition for stage I‐III COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Erjiang Tang
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Center for clinical research and translational medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Center for clinical research and translational medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Moubin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Center for clinical research and translational medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Luwei He
- Institute of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China.,Center for clinical research and translational medicine, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, China
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12
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APOE2, E3, and E4 differentially modulate cellular homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, and inflammatory response in isogenic iPSC-derived astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:110-126. [PMID: 34919811 PMCID: PMC8758949 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) variant is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), while the APOE2 allele is protective. A major question is how different APOE genotypes affect the physiology of astrocytes, the main APOE-producing brain cells. Here, we differentiated human APOE-isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (APOE4, E3, E2, and APOE knockout [APOE-KO]) to functional “iAstrocytes”. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis showed genotype-dependent reductions of cholesterol and lipid metabolic and biosynthetic pathways (reduction: APOE4 > E3 > E2). Cholesterol efflux and biosynthesis were reduced in APOE4 iAstrocytes, while subcellular localization of cholesterol in lysosomes was elevated. An increase in immunoregulatory proteomic pathways (APOE4 > E3 > E2) was accompanied by elevated cytokine release in APOE4 cells (APOE4 > E3 > E2 > KO). Activation of iAstrocytes exacerbated proteomic changes and cytokine secretion mostly in APOE4 iAstrocytes, while APOE2 and APOE-KO iAstrocytes were least affected. Taken together, APOE4 iAstrocytes reveal a disease-relevant phenotype, causing dysregulated cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, increased inflammatory signaling, and reduced β-amyloid uptake, while APOE2 iAstrocytes show opposing effects. Human astrocytes show strong proteomic differences depending on their APOE genotype Aβ uptake is highest in APOE-KO and lowest in APOE4 astrocytes (KO > E2 > E3 > E4) APOE4 astrocytes show exacerbated pro-inflammatory reactions (APOE4 > E3 > E2 > KO) Cholesterol synthesis and efflux are reduced in APOE4 astrocytes
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13
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Huang J, Wang J, He H, Huang Z, Wu S, Chen C, Liu W, Xie L, Tao Y, Cong L, Jiang Y. Close interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4493-4513. [PMID: 34803512 PMCID: PMC8579446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism including synthesis, uptake, modification, degradation and transport has been considered a hallmark of malignant tumors and contributes to the supply of substances and energy for rapid cell growth. Meanwhile, abnormal lipid metabolism is also associated with lipid peroxidation, which plays an important role in a newly discovered type of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are key regulators of abnormal lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. In this review, we mainly summarized the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer, illustrated that lipid metabolism can also influence the expression of lncRNAs, and discussed the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis could help us to develop novel strategies for precise cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Zichen Huang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbing Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
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14
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Freire-Benéitez V, Pomella N, Millner TO, Dumas AA, Niklison-Chirou MV, Maniati E, Wang J, Rajeeve V, Cutillas P, Marino S. Elucidation of the BMI1 interactome identifies novel regulatory roles in glioblastoma. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab009. [PMID: 34316702 PMCID: PMC8210184 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive intrinsic brain tumour in adults. Epigenetic mechanisms controlling normal brain development are often dysregulated in GBM. Among these, BMI1, a structural component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), which promotes the H2AK119ub catalytic activity of Ring1B, is upregulated in GBM and its tumorigenic role has been shown in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have used protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to elucidate the protein composition of PRC1 in GBM and transcriptional silencing of defining interactors in primary patient-derived GIC lines to assess their functional impact on GBM biology. We identify novel regulatory functions in mRNA splicing and cholesterol transport which could represent novel targetable mechanisms in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Freire-Benéitez
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Nicola Pomella
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Anaëlle A Dumas
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AS UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AS UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AS UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6AS UK
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, London, UK
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15
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Key Enzymes for the Mevalonate Pathway in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:142-152. [PMID: 33538531 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Isoprenylation is an important post-transcriptional modification of small GTPases required for their activation and function. Isoprenoids, including farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are indispensable for isoprenylation by serving as donors of a prenyl moiety to small G proteins. In the human body, isoprenoids are mainly generated by the mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol-synthesis pathway). The hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps of the mevalonate pathway, and its inhibitor (statins) are widely used as lipid-lowering agents. In addition, the FPP synthase is also of critical importance for the regulation of the isoprenoids production, for which the inhibitor is mainly used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Synthetic FPP can be further used to generate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and cholesterol. Recent studies suggest a role for isoprenoids in the genesis and development of cardiovascular disorders, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrotic responses of smooth-muscle cells. Furthermore, statins and FPP synthase inhibitors have also been applied for the management of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases rather than their clinical use for hyperlipidemia or bone diseases. In this review, we focus on the function of several critical enzymes, including hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, FPP synthase, farnesyltransferase, and geranylgeranyltransferase in the mevalonate pathway which are involved in regulating the generation of isoprenoids and isoprenylation of small GTPases, and their pathophysiological role in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, we summarize recent research into applications of statins and the FPP synthase inhibitors to treat cardiovascular diseases, rather than for their traditional indications respectively.
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16
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HPP and SGQR peptides from silkworm pupae protein hydrolysates regulated biosynthesis of cholesterol in HepG2 cell line. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Yang YH, Mao JW, Tan XL. Research progress on the source, production, and anti-cancer mechanisms of paclitaxel. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:890-897. [PMID: 33357719 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid compounds, was firstly isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew trees. Currently, as a low toxicity, high efficiency, and broad-spectrum natural anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel has been widely used against ovarian cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, and other cancers. As the matter of fact, natural paclitaxel from Taxus species has been proved to be environmentally unsustainable and economically unfeasible. For this reason, researchers from all over the world are devoted to searching for new ways of obtaining paclitaxel. At present, other methods, including artificial cultivation of Taxus plants, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, tissue and cell culture have been sought and developed subsequently. Meanwhile, the biosynthesis of paclitaxel is also an extremely attractive method. Unlike other anti-cancer drugs, paclitaxel has its unique anti-cancer mechanisms. Here, the source, production, and anti-cancer mechanisms of paclitaxel were summarized and reviewed, which can provide theoretical basis and reference for further research on the production, anti-cancer mechanisms and utilization of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jia-Wang Mao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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18
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Chang HY, Cheng TH, Wang AHJ. Structure, catalysis, and inhibition mechanism of prenyltransferase. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:40-63. [PMID: 33246356 PMCID: PMC7839719 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five‐carbon isopentenyl diphosphate or its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate as the building blocks. Isoprenoids are structurally and functionally diverse and include dolichols, steroid hormones, carotenoids, retinoids, aromatic metabolites, the isoprenoid side‐chain of ubiquinone, and isoprenoid attached signaling proteins. Productions of isoprenoids are catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as prenyltransferases, such as farnesyltransferases, geranylgeranyltransferases, terpenoid cyclase, squalene synthase, aromatic prenyltransferase, and cis‐ and trans‐prenyltransferases. Because these enzymes are key in cellular processes and metabolic pathways, they are expected to be potential targets in new drug discovery. In this review, six distinct subsets of characterized prenyltransferases are structurally and mechanistically classified, including (1) head‐to‐tail prenyl synthase, (2) head‐to‐head prenyl synthase, (3) head‐to‐middle prenyl synthase, (4) terpenoid cyclase, (5) aromatic prenyltransferase, and (6) protein prenylation. Inhibitors of those enzymes for potential therapies against several diseases are discussed. Lastly, recent results on the structures of integral membrane enzyme, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Ha NT, Lee CH. Roles of Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 in Tumour and Tumour Microenvironments. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112352. [PMID: 33113804 PMCID: PMC7693003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1, squalene synthase), a membrane-associated enzyme, synthesizes squalene via condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Accumulating evidence has noted that FDFT1 plays a critical role in cancer, particularly in metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, and invasion. Based on these advances in our knowledge, FDFT1 could be a potential target for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the contribution of FDFT1 to the hallmarks of cancer, and further, we discuss the applicability of FDFT1 as a cancer prognostic marker and target for anticancer therapy.
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20
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Xue L, Qi H, Zhang H, Ding L, Huang Q, Zhao D, Wu BJ, Li X. Targeting SREBP-2-Regulated Mevalonate Metabolism for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1510. [PMID: 32974183 PMCID: PMC7472741 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, targeting metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for fighting cancer. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor, mainly regulates genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis. SREBP-2 binds to the sterol regulatory elements (SREs) in the promoters of its target genes and activates the transcription of mevalonate pathway genes, such as HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), mevalonate kinase and other key enzymes. In this review, we first summarized the structure of SREBP-2 and its activation and regulation by multiple signaling pathways. We then found that SREBP-2 and its regulated enzymes, including HMGCR, FPPS, SQS, and DHCR4 from the mevalonate pathway, participate in the progression of various cancers, including prostate, breast, lung, and hepatocellular cancer, as potential targets. Importantly, preclinical and clinical research demonstrated that fatostatin, statins, and N-BPs targeting SREBP-2, HMGCR, and FPPS, respectively, alone or in combination with other drugs, have been used for the treatment of different cancers. This review summarizes new insights into the critical role of the SREBP-2-regulated mevalonate pathway for cancer and its potential for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Xue
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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21
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Dong X, Zhu Y, Wang S, Luo Y, Lu S, Nan F, Sun G, Sun X. Bavachinin inhibits cholesterol synthesis enzyme FDFT1 expression via AKT/mTOR/SREBP-2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106865. [PMID: 32827918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive and chronic liver disease. No effective drug is currently approved for the treatment of NAFLD. Traditionally it is thought that pathogenesis of NAFLD develops from some imbalance in lipid control, thereby leading to hepatotoxicity and disease development. Squalene synthase (SQS), encoded by FDFT1, is a key regulator in cholesterol synthesis and thus a potential target for the treatment of NAFLD. Here we could identify bavachinin, a component from traditional Chinese medicine Fructus Psoraleae (FP), which apparently protects HepaRG cells from palmitic acid induced death, suppressing lipid accumulation and cholesterol synthesis through inhibition of FDFT1 through the AKT/mTOR/SREBP-2 pathway. Over-expression of FDFT1 abolished bavachinin (BVC) -induced inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. The data presented here suggest that bavachinin acts as a cholesterol synthesis enzyme inhibitor, and might serve as a drug for treating NAFLD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yun Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengwei Nan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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22
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Kourounakis AP, Bavavea E. New applications of squalene synthase inhibitors: Membrane cholesterol as a therapeutic target. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000085. [PMID: 32557793 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors, mostly known as antihyperlipidemic agents for controlling blood cholesterol levels, have been increasingly used to study alterations of the cholesterol content in cell membranes. As such, SQS inhibitors have been demonstrated to control cellular activities related to cancer cell proliferation and migration, neuron degeneration, and parasite growth. While the mechanisms behind the effects of cellular cholesterol are still being revealed in detail, the evidence for SQS as a therapeutic target for several seemingly unrelated diseases is increasing. SQS inhibitors may be the next promising candidates targeting the three remaining primary therapeutic areas, beyond cardiovascular disease, which still need to be addressed; their application as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antineurodegenerative agents appears promising for new drug discovery projects underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Sabzehzari M, Zeinali M, Naghavi MR. Alternative sources and metabolic engineering of Taxol: Advances and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107569. [PMID: 32446923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the strong plant-derived anti-cancer drugs that was first isolated from the Pacific yew. Despite many paclitaxel's clinical successes, the limited accessibility of paclitaxel for clinical trials is recognized as the most important challenge. Thus, researchers are continuously trying to find the innovative ways to meet the community's need for this medicine. In the first step, the alternative sources for Taxol supply were recognized, such as Taxus genus, other plant genera, and endophytic fungi. In the next step, the biosynthetic pathways of Taxol or related metabolites were manipulated in the original organisms, or introduced to heterologous systems and then were manipulated in them. Here, a range of metabolic manipulating approaches have been successfully developed to redirect the metabolic flux toward Taxol, including promoter engineering, enzyme engineering, overexpressing the bottleneck enzymes, over- or down-regulation of transcription factors, activation of the cryptic genes, removing/minimizing the flux for competing pathways, tunable regulation of the metabolic pathway, and increasing the supplies of precursors. In this review, we discuss research progress on the alternative Taxol sources and its metabolic manipulating, and we suggest recent challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabzehzari
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Zeinali
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
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Song Z, Lv S, Wu H, Qin L, Cao H, Zhang B, Ren S. Identification of foam cell biomarkers by microarray analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:211. [PMID: 32375652 PMCID: PMC7201525 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid infiltration and inflammatory response run through the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Differentiation into macrophages and foam cell formation are the key steps of AS. Aim of this study was that the differential gene expression between foam cells and macrophages was analyzed to search the key links of foam cell generation, so as to explore the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide targets for the early screening and prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods The gene expression profiles of GSE9874 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE9874) on GPL96 [HG-U133A] Affymetrix Human Genome U133. A total of 22,383 genes were analyzed for differentially expression genes (DEGs) by Bayes package. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis for DEGs were performed using KOBAS 3.0 software (Peking University, Beijing, China). STRING software (STRING 10.0; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of DEGs. Results A total of 167 DEGs between macrophages and foam cells were identified. Compared with macrophages, 102 genes were significantly upregulated and 65 genes were significantly downregulated (P < 0.01, fold-change > 1) in foam cells. DEGs were mainly enrich in ‘sterol biosynthetic and metabolic process’, ‘cholesterol metabolic and biosynthetic process’ by GO enrichment analysis. The results of KEGG pathway analysis showed all differential genes are involved in biological processes through 143 KEGG pathways. A PPI network of the DEGs was constructed and 10 outstanding genes of the PPI network was identified by using Cytoscape, which include HMGCR, SREBF2, LDLR, HMGCS1, FDFT1, LPL, DHCR24, SQLE, ABCA1 and FDPS. Conclusion: Lipid metabolism related genes and molecular pathways were the key to the transformation of macrophages into foam cells. Therefore, lipid metabolism disorder is the key to turn macrophages into foam cells, which plays a major role in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Song
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shijie Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haidi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuping Ren
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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25
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Weng ML, Chen WK, Chen XY, Lu H, Sun ZR, Yu Q, Sun PF, Xu YJ, Zhu MM, Jiang N, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Song YL, Ma D, Zhang XP, Miao CH. Fasting inhibits aerobic glycolysis and proliferation in colorectal cancer via the Fdft1-mediated AKT/mTOR/HIF1α pathway suppression. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1869. [PMID: 32313017 PMCID: PMC7170903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that fasting exerts extensive antitumor effects in various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanism behind this response is unclear. We investigate the effect of fasting on glucose metabolism and malignancy in CRC. We find that fasting upregulates the expression of a cholesterogenic gene, Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), during the inhibition of CRC cell aerobic glycolysis and proliferation. In addition, the downregulation of FDFT1 is correlated with malignant progression and poor prognosis in CRC. Moreover, FDFT1 acts as a critical tumor suppressor in CRC. Mechanistically, FDFT1 performs its tumor-inhibitory function by negatively regulating AKT/mTOR/HIF1α signaling. Furthermore, mTOR inhibitor can synergize with fasting in inhibiting the proliferation of CRC. These results indicate that FDFT1 is a key downstream target of the fasting response and may be involved in CRC cell glucose metabolism. Our results suggest therapeutic implications in CRC and potential crosstalk between a cholesterogenic gene and glycolysis. The molecular mechanisms underpinning how fasting inhibits tumourigenesis are not completely elucidated. Here, the authors show that fasting upregulates the cholesterogenic gene FDFT1 which leads to decreased AKT/mTOR/HIF1a signalling and glycolysis reduction in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wan-Kun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng-Fei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ya-Jun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min-Min Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institutes of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- The Institute of Intervention Vessel, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Introduction of a green algal squalene synthase enhances squalene accumulation in a strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 10:e00125. [PMID: 32123662 PMCID: PMC7038009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpene which is produced as a precursor for a wide range of terpenoid compounds in many organisms. It has commercial use in food and cosmetics but could also be used as a feedstock for production of chemicals and fuels, if generated sustainably on a large scale. We have engineered a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, for production of squalene from CO2. In this organism, squalene is produced via the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis, and consumed by the enzyme squalene hopene cyclase (Shc) for generation of hopanoids. The gene encoding Shc in Synechocystis was inactivated (Δshc) by insertion of a gene encoding a squalene synthase from the green alga Botryococcus braunii, under control of an inducible promoter. We could demonstrate elevated squalene generation in cells where the algal enzyme was induced. Heterologous overexpression of genes upstream in the MEP pathway further enhanced the production of squalene, to a level three times higher than the Δshc background strain. During growth in flat panel bioreactors, a squalene titer of 5.1 mg/L of culture was reached.
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27
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Neuwirt H, Bouchal J, Kharaishvili G, Ploner C, Jöhrer K, Pitterl F, Weber A, Klocker H, Eder IE. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote prostate tumor growth and progression through upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31980029 PMCID: PMC6979368 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor targeted therapies have emerged as an effective tool to manage advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, frequent occurrence of therapy resistance represents a major challenge in the clinical management of patients, also because the molecular mechanisms behind therapy resistance are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we therefore aimed to identify novel targets to intervene with therapy resistance using gene expression analysis of PCa co-culture spheroids where PCa cells are grown in the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and which have been previously shown to be a reliable model for antiandrogen resistance. Methods Gene expression changes of co-culture spheroids (LNCaP and DuCaP seeded together with CAFs) were identified by Illumina microarray profiling. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and cell viability assays in 2D and 3D culture were performed to validate the expression of selected targets in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine profiling was conducted to analyze CAF-conditioned medium. Results Gene expression analysis of co-culture spheroids revealed that CAFs induced a significant upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis pathways in PCa cells. Cytokine profiling revealed high amounts of pro-inflammatory, pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic factors in the CAF supernatant. In particular, two genes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (HMGCS2) and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), were significantly upregulated in PCa cells upon co-culture with CAFs. Both enzymes were also significantly increased in human PCa compared to benign tissue with AKR1C3 expression even being associated with Gleason score and metastatic status. Inhibiting HMGCS2 and AKR1C3 resulted in significant growth retardation of co-culture spheroids as well as of various castration and enzalutamide resistant cell lines in 2D and 3D culture, underscoring their putative role in PCa. Importantly, dual targeting of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis with simvastatin, a commonly prescribed cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, and an inhibitor against AKR1C3 had the strongest growth inhibitory effect. Conclusions From our results we conclude that CAFs induce an upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis in PCa cells, driving them into AR targeted therapy resistance. Blocking both pathways with simvastatin and an AKR1C3 inhibitor may therefore be a promising approach to overcome resistances to AR targeted therapies in PCa. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV - Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gvantsa Kharaishvili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Jöhrer
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Weber
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E Eder
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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28
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Ronnebaum TA, Gupta K, Christianson DW. Higher-order oligomerization of a chimeric αβγ bifunctional diterpene synthase with prenyltransferase and class II cyclase activities is concentration-dependent. J Struct Biol 2020; 210:107463. [PMID: 31978464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unusual diterpene (C20) synthase copalyl diphosphate synthase from Penicillium verruculosum (PvCPS) is the first bifunctional terpene synthase identified with both prenyltransferase and class II cyclase activities in a single polypeptide chain with αβγ domain architecture. The C-terminal prenyltransferase α domain generates geranylgeranyl diphosphate which is then cyclized to form copalyl diphosphate at the N-terminal βγ domain interface. We now demonstrate that PvCPS exists as a hexamer at high concentrations - a unique quaternary structure for known αβγ terpene synthases. Hexamer assembly is corroborated by a 2.41 Å-resolution crystal structure of the α domain prenyltransferase obtained from limited proteolysis of full-length PvCPS, as well as the ab initio model of full-length PvCPS derived from small-angle X-ray scattering data. Hexamerization of the prenyltransferase α domain appears to drive the hexamerization of full-length PvCPS. The PvCPS hexamer dissociates into lower-order species at lower concentrations, as evidenced by size-exclusion chromatography in-line with multiangle light scattering, sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments, suggesting that oligomerization is concentration dependent. Even so, PvCPS oligomer assembly does not affect prenyltransferase activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey A Ronnebaum
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kushol Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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29
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Apryatin SA, Trusov NV, Gorbachev AY, Naumov VA, Balakina AS, Mzhel'skaya KV, Gmoshinski IV. Comparative Whole-Transcriptome Profiling of Liver Tissue from Wistar Rats Fed with Diets Containing Different Amounts of Fat, Fructose, and Cholesterol. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1093-1106. [PMID: 31693469 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919090128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Differential expression of 30,003 genes was studied in the liver of female Wistar rats fed with isocaloric diets with the excess of fat, fructose, or cholesterol, or their combinations for 62 days using the method of whole-transcriptome profiling on a microchip. Relative mRNA expression levels of the Asah2, Crot, Crtc2, Fmo3, GSTA2, LOC1009122026, LOC102551184, NpY, NqO1, Prom1, Retsat, RGD1305464, Tmem104, and Whsc1 genes were also determined by RT-qPCR. All the tested diets affected differently the key metabolic pathways (KEGGs). Significant changes in the expression of steroid metabolism gene were observed in the liver of animals fed with the tested diets (except the high-fat high fructose diet). Both high-fat and high-fructose diets caused a significant decrease in the expression of squalene synthase (FDFT1 gene) responsible for the initial stage of cholesterol synthesis. On the contrary, in animals fed with the high-cholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol), expression of the FDFT1 gene did not differ from the control group; however, these animals were characterized by changes in the expression of glucose and glycogen synthesis genes, which could lead to the suppression of glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis. At the same time, this group demonstrated different liver tissue morphology in comparison with the animals fed with the high-fructose high-fat diet, manifested as the presence of lipid vacuoles of a smaller size in hepatocytes. The high-fructose and high-fructose high-fat diets affected the metabolic pathways associated with intracellular protein catabolism (endocytosis, phagocytosis, proteasomal degradation, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum), tight junctions and intercellular contacts, adhesion molecules, and intracellular RNA transport. Rats fed with the high-fructose high-fat or high-cholesterol diets demonstrated consistent changes in the expression of the Crot, Prom1, and RGD1305464 genes, which reflected a coordinated shift in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Apryatin
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia.
| | - N V Trusov
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia
| | - A Yu Gorbachev
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia
| | - V A Naumov
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - A S Balakina
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia
| | - K V Mzhel'skaya
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia
| | - I V Gmoshinski
- Federal Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology, and Food Safety, Moscow, 109240, Russia.
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30
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Iannaccone M, Ianni A, Ramazzotti S, Grotta L, Marone E, Cichelli A, Martino G. Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Positive Effects of Dried Olive Pomace-Supplemented Diet on Inflammation and Cholesterol in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070427. [PMID: 31284659 PMCID: PMC6680721 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Olive pomace (OP) represents an important source of bioactive compounds which have been successfully used for animal nutrition. In this study, we elucidate the whole transcriptome of laying hens fed with a dried OP (DOP)-supplemented diet using an RNA sequencing approach. We found that DOP modulates several biological pathways mainly related to inflammatory response and cholesterol biosynthesis. Consistent with the gene expression data, we noted a decrease of egg yolk cholesterol. Thus, our study provides evidence that a DOP-supplemented diet improves egg quality and, at the same time, ameliorates inflammatory animal status. Abstract Olive pomace (OP) represents one of the by-products of the olive industry and represents an important source of bioactive compounds. This characteristic makes OP a potential feed supplement in livestock nutrition. Thus, in the last years, several studies have been published to evaluate the productive traits following OP supplementation in animal diets; however, relatively little is known from a molecular biology standpoint. Therefore, in this study, we report the RNA-sequencing analysis of laying hens fed with a 10% dried OP (DOP) supplementation. Applying a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 and a Log2Fc either less than −1.5 or higher than +1.5, we identified 264 differentially regulated genes (DEGs) between the non-supplemented diet control group (CTR) and the DOP group. Using the 264 DEGs to identify enriched biological pathways, we noted that cholesterol biosynthesis showed the highest enrichment followed by several pathways related to immune response and inflammation. As a consequence, when we quantified the cholesterol amount in yolk egg, we found a significant reduction in the DOP vs. the CTR group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that DPO affects gene expression in laying hens, which is directly correlated with cholesterol decrease and can potentially ameliorate health status influencing immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Solange Ramazzotti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Elettra Marone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Angelo Cichelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. D.'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini,31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Volkmar N, Thezenas ML, Louie SM, Juszkiewicz S, Nomura DK, Hegde RS, Kessler BM, Christianson JC. The ER membrane protein complex promotes biogenesis of sterol-related enzymes maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223453. [PMID: 30578317 PMCID: PMC6362398 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contains essential complexes that oversee protein biogenesis and lipid metabolism, impacting nearly all aspects of cell physiology. The ER membrane protein complex (EMC) is a newly described transmembrane domain (TMD) insertase linked with various phenotypes, but whose clients and cellular responsibilities remain incompletely understood. We report that EMC deficiency limits the cellular boundaries defining cholesterol tolerance, reflected by diminished viability with limiting or excessive extracellular cholesterol. Lipidomic and proteomic analyses revealed defective biogenesis and concomitant loss of the TMD-containing ER-resident enzymes sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) and squalene synthase (SQS, also known as FDFT1), which serve strategic roles in the adaptation of cells to changes in cholesterol availability. Insertion of the weakly hydrophobic tail-anchor (TA) of SQS into the ER membrane by the EMC ensures sufficient flux through the sterol biosynthetic pathway while biogenesis of polytopic SOAT1 promoted by the EMC provides cells with the ability to store free cholesterol as inert cholesteryl esters. By facilitating insertion of TMDs that permit essential mammalian sterol-regulating enzymes to mature accurately, the EMC is an important biogenic determinant of cellular robustness to fluctuations in cholesterol availability. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: The ER membrane protein complex promotes biogenesis of key membrane-bound enzymes responsible for regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and storage, an important determinant of mammalian cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Volkmar
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Maria-Laetitia Thezenas
- Target Discovery Institute (TDI) Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sharon M Louie
- Dept. of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Szymon Juszkiewicz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Dept. of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ramanujan S Hegde
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute (TDI) Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - John C Christianson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK .,Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
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32
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Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007813. [PMID: 30566500 PMCID: PMC6300389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Affected women frequently have metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. PCOS is diagnosed with two different sets of diagnostic criteria, resulting in a phenotypic spectrum of PCOS cases. The genetic similarities between cases diagnosed based on the two criteria have been largely unknown. Previous studies in Chinese and European subjects have identified 16 loci associated with risk of PCOS. We report a fixed-effect, inverse-weighted-variance meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. We identified 3 novel loci (near PLGRKT, ZBTB16 and MAPRE1), and provide replication of 11 previously reported loci. Only one locus differed significantly in its association by diagnostic criteria; otherwise the genetic architecture was similar between PCOS diagnosed by self-report and PCOS diagnosed by NIH or non-NIH Rotterdam criteria across common variants at 13 loci. Identified variants were associated with hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin regulation and testosterone levels in affected women. Linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis revealed genetic correlations with obesity, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, lipid levels and coronary artery disease, indicating shared genetic architecture between metabolic traits and PCOS. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested variants associated with body mass index, fasting insulin, menopause timing, depression and male-pattern balding play a causal role in PCOS. The data thus demonstrate 3 novel loci associated with PCOS and similar genetic architecture for all diagnostic criteria. The data also provide the first genetic evidence for a male phenotype for PCOS and a causal link to depression, a previously hypothesized comorbid disease. Thus, the genetics provide a comprehensive view of PCOS that encompasses multiple diagnostic criteria, gender, reproductive potential and mental health. We performed an international meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies combining over 10,000,000 genetic markers in more than 10,000 European women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 100,000 controls. We found three new risk variants associated with PCOS. Our data demonstrate that the genetic architecture does not differ based on the diagnostic criteria used for PCOS. We also demonstrate a genetic pathway shared with male pattern baldness, representing the first evidence for shared disease biology in men, and shared genetics with depression, previously postulated based only on observational studies.
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Colak Y, Coskunpinar EM, Senates E, Oltulu YM, Yaylim I, Gomleksiz OK, Ozan Tiryakioglu N, Hasturk B, Ekmekci CG, Aydogan HY. Assessment of the rs2645424 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FDFT1 gene, hepatic expression, and serum concentration of the FDFT in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Zeng X, Luo T, Li J, Li G, Zhou D, Liu T, Zou X, Pandey A, Luo Z. Transcriptomics-based identification and characterization of 11 CYP450 genes of Panax ginseng responsive to MeJA. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1094-1103. [PMID: 30321253 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP450s), a superfamily of mono-oxygenases, are essential to generate highly functionalized secondary metabolites in plants and contribute to the diversification of specialized triterpenoid biosynthesis in eudicots. However, screening and identifying the exact CYP450 genes in ginsenoside biosynthesis is extremely challenging due to existence of large quantities of members in CYP450 superfamily. Therefore, to screen the CYP450 genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, transcriptome dataset of Panax ginseng was created in our previous work using the technique of the next-generation sequencing. On the basis of bioinformatics analysis, 16 putative CYP450 genes with significant differential expression were screened from the dataset and submitted to GenBank, in which 11 of them have been cloned. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was used as an elicitor to analyze the expression profiles of candidate CYP450 genes by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of some CYP450 genes were strongly induced by MeJA and showed different transcription levels at different treatment time points. Homology analysis indicated that each putative CYP450 protein of P. ginseng has a conserved domain consisting of E-E-R-F-P-R-G. The CYP450 genes were screened and cloned here to enrich the resources of CYP450 genes, and the results of bioinformatics analysis provided a foundation to further identify the function of CYP450s involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Furthermore, this study facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for increasing the production of ginsenosides by means of metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zeng
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiao Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jijia Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gui Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Donghua Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Zou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Iannaccone M, Elgendy R, Giantin M, Martino C, Giansante D, Ianni A, Dacasto M, Martino G. RNA Sequencing-Based Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of Friesian Cattle Fed with Grape Pomace-Supplemented Diet. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110188. [PMID: 30360570 PMCID: PMC6262483 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Grape pomace (GPO) is an important source of polyphenols which are known to have antioxidant properties. In the past decade, GPO has received some attention as a bioactive dietary component in farm animals’ diet. In this study, we have analyzed the whole-transcriptome of Friesian calves fed with a GPO-supplemented diet using RNA-sequencing. We noted that the most affected pathway was the cholesterol lipid biosynthesis and this effect was consistent with a reduction in both serum cholesterol and lipid oxidation in the carcasses. This study provides evidence on the antioxidant property of GPO-supplemented diet, from a molecular biology standpoint. Abstract Grape pomace (GPO), the main by-product of the wine making process, is a rich source of polyphenols with potent antioxidant properties. Recently, GPO has emerged as a potential feed additive in livestock nutrition, with several reports describing its beneficial effects on animals’ overall health status or production traits. However, little is known about it from a molecular biology standpoint. In the present study, we report the first RNA sequencing-based whole-transcriptome profiling of Friesian calves fed with a GPO-supplemented diet. We identified 367 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05) in the GPO-supplemented calves (n = 5), when compared with unsupplemented control group (n = 5). The pathway analysis showed that ‘cholesterol lipid biosynthesis’ was the most negatively-enriched (p < 0.001) pathway in the GPO-supplemented animals. In specific terms, five important genes coding for cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes, namely the Farnesyl-diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT-1), Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE), NAD(P)-dependent Steroid Dehydrogenase-like (NSDHL), Methylsterol Monooxygenase (MSMO)-1, and Sterol-C5-desaturase (SC5D), two major transcription factors (the Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Transcription Factor 1 and 2), as well as the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR), were all downregulated following GPO supplementation. Such an effect was mirrored by a reduction of blood cholesterol levels (p = 0.07) and a lowered (p < 0.001) Malondialdehyde (lipid oxidation marker) level in carcasses. We provide evidence on the effects of GPO-supplemented diets on the whole-transcriptome signature in veal calves, which mainly reflects an antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Ramy Elgendy
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy.
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mery Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy.
| | - Camillo Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Daniele Giansante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italia.
| | - Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Coman D, Vissers LE, Riley LG, Kwint MP, Hauck R, Koster J, Geuer S, Hopkins S, Hallinan B, Sweetman L, Engelke UF, Burrow TA, Cardinal J, McGill J, Inwood A, Gurnsey C, Waterham HR, Christodoulou J, Wevers RA, Pitt J. Squalene Synthase Deficiency: Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of a Defect in Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:125-130. [PMID: 29909962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mendelian disorders of cholesterol biosynthesis typically result in multi-system clinical phenotypes, underlining the importance of cholesterol in embryogenesis and development. FDFT1 encodes for an evolutionarily conserved enzyme, squalene synthase (SS, farnesyl-pyrophosphate farnesyl-transferase 1), which catalyzes the first committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis. We report three individuals with profound developmental delay, brain abnormalities, 2-3 syndactyly of the toes, and facial dysmorphisms, resembling Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, the most common cholesterol biogenesis defect. The metabolite profile in plasma and urine suggested that their defect was at the level of squalene synthase. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify recessive disease-causing variants in FDFT1. Functional characterization of one variant demonstrated a partial splicing defect and altered promoter and/or enhancer activity, reflecting essential mechanisms for regulating cholesterol biosynthesis/uptake in steady state.
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Relationship of SNP rs2645429 in Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 Gene Promoter with Susceptibility to Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:4863757. [PMID: 29765975 PMCID: PMC5885393 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4863757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The mevalonate pathway is one of the major metabolic pathways that use acetyl-CoA to produce sterols and isoprenoids. These compounds can be effective in the growth and development of tumors. One of the enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway is FDFT1. Different variants of this gene are involved in the risk of suffering various diseases. The present study examined the relationship between FDFT1 rs2645429 polymorphism and the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a population from southern Iran. Method The genotypes of rs2645429 polymorphism of FDFT1 gene were examined in 95 samples: 34 patients with NSCLC and 61 healthy individuals by RFLP method. Results The results of this study indicated that C allele of this polymorphism was effectively associated with the risk of NSCLC in the Iranian population (p value = 0.023; OR = 2.71; 95% CI = 1.12–6.59) and CC genotype has significant relation with susceptibility to NSCLC (p value = 0.029; OR = 3.02; 95% CI = 1.09–8.39). This polymorphism is located in the promoter region FDFT1 gene, and CC genotype may increase the activity of this promoter. This study also found a significant relationship between C allele and metastatic status. C allele was more common in NSCLC patients. (p = 0.04). Conclusion C allele of FDFT1 rs2645429 polymorphism gene can be a risk factor for NSCLC, whereas T allele probably has a low protective role.
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Genome editing approaches: manipulating of lovastatin and taxol synthesis of filamentous fungi by CRISPR/Cas9 system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3953-3976. [PMID: 28389711 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are prolific repertoire of structurally diverse secondary metabolites of remarkable biological activities such as lovastatin and paclitaxel that have been approved by FDA as drugs for hypercholesterolemia and cancer treatment. The clusters of genes encoding lovastatin and paclitaxel are cryptic at standard laboratory cultural conditions (Kennedy et al. Science 284:1368-1372, 1999; Bergmann et al. Nature Chem Biol 3:213-217, 2007). The expression of these genes might be triggered in response to nutritional and physical conditions; nevertheless, the overall yield of these metabolites does not match the global need. Consequently, overexpression of the downstream limiting enzymes and/or blocking the competing metabolic pathways of these metabolites could be the most successful technologies to enhance their yield. This is the first review summarizing the different strategies implemented for fungal genome editing, molecular regulatory mechanisms, and prospective of clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 system in metabolic engineering of fungi to improve their yield of lovastatin and taxol to industrial scale. Thus, elucidating the putative metabolic pathways in fungi for overproduction of lovastatin and taxol was the ultimate objective of this review.
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Scott Kiss R, Sniderman A. Shunts, channels and lipoprotein endosomal traffic: a new model of cholesterol homeostasis in the hepatocyte. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:95-107. [PMID: 28808191 PMCID: PMC5445212 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver directs cholesterol metabolism in the organism. All the major fluxes of cholesterol within the body involve the liver: dietary cholesterol is directed to the liver; cholesterol from peripheral cells goes to the liver; the liver is a major site of cholesterol synthesis for the organism; cholesterol is secreted from the liver within the bile, within apoB lipoproteins and translocated to nascent HDL. The conventional model of cholesterol homeostasis posits that cholesterol from any source enters a common, rapidly exchangeable pool within the cell, which is in equilibrium with a regulatory pool. Increased influx of cholesterol leads rapidly to decreased synthesis of cholesterol. This model was developed based on in vitro studies in the fibroblast and validated only for LDL particles. The challenges the liver must meet in vivo to achieve cholesterol homeostasis are far more complex. Our model posits that the cholesterol derived from three different lipoproteins endosomes has three different fates: LDL-derived cholesterol is largely recycled within VLDL with most of the cholesterol shunted through the hepatocyte without entering the exchangeable pool of cholesterol; high density lipoprotein-derived CE is transcytosed into bile; and chylomicron remnant-derived cholesterol primarily enters the regulatory pool within the hepatocyte. These endosomal channels represent distinct physiological pathways and hepatic homeostasis represents the net result of the outcomes of these distinct channels. Our model takes into account the distinct physiological challenges the hepatocyte must meet, underlie the pathophysiology of many of the apoB dyslipoproteinemias and account for the sustained effectiveness of therapeutic agents such as statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Allan Sniderman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Liu M, Li LN, Pan YT, Kong JQ. cDNA isolation and functional characterization of squalene synthase gene from Ornithogalum caudatum. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 130:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiménez-Díaz L, Caballero A, Pérez-Hernández N, Segura A. Microbial alkane production for jet fuel industry: motivation, state of the art and perspectives. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 10:103-124. [PMID: 27723249 PMCID: PMC5270751 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio‐jet fuel has attracted a lot of interest in recent years and has become a focus for aircraft and engine manufacturers, oil companies, governments and researchers. Given the global concern about environmental issues and the instability of oil market, bio‐jet fuel has been identified as a promising way to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from the aviation industry, while also promoting energy security. Although a number of bio‐jet fuel sources have been approved for manufacture, their commercialization and entry into the market is still a far way away. In this review, we provide an overview of the drivers for intensified research into bio‐jet fuel technologies, the type of chemical compounds found in bio‐jet fuel preparations and the current state of related pre‐commercial technologies. The biosynthesis of hydrocarbons is one of the most promising approaches for bio‐jet fuel production, and thus we provide a detailed analysis of recent advances in the microbial biosynthesis of hydrocarbons (with a focus on alkanes). Finally, we explore the latest developments and their implications for the future of research into bio‐jet fuel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Jiménez-Díaz
- Abengoa Research, Campus Palmas Altas, C/Energía Solar, 41014, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Caballero
- Abengoa Research, Campus Palmas Altas, C/Energía Solar, 41014, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ana Segura
- Abengoa Research, Campus Palmas Altas, C/Energía Solar, 41014, Sevilla, Spain.,Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda s/n, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Oliveira EF, Gesto DS, Santos-Martins D, Moreira C, Moorthy HN, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Cholesterol Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Overview. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5483-5506. [PMID: 27604037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids. The synthesis of this molecule occurs partially in a membranous world (especially the last steps), where the enzymes, substrates, and products involved tend to be extremely hydrophobic. The importance of cholesterol has increased in the past half-century because of its association with cardiovascular diseases, which are considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In light of the current need for new drugs capable of controlling the levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream, it is important to understand how cholesterol is synthesized in the organism and identify the main enzymes involved in this process. Taking this into account, this review presents a detailed description of several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. In this regard, the structure and catalytic mechanism of the enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, from the initial two-carbon acetyl-CoA building block, will be reviewed and their current pharmacological importance discussed. We believe that this review may contribute to a deeper level of understanding of cholesterol metabolism and that it will serve as a useful resource for future studies of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F Oliveira
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana S Gesto
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Moreira
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hari N Moorthy
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - P A Fernandes
- UCIBO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Unique proteome signature of post-chemotherapy ovarian cancer ascites-derived tumor cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30061. [PMID: 27470985 PMCID: PMC4965858 DOI: 10.1038/srep30061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty % of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed at an advanced-stage have complete remission after initial surgery and chemotherapy. However, most patients die within <5 years due to episodes of recurrences resulting from the growth of residual chemoresistant cells. In an effort to identify mechanisms associated with chemoresistance and recurrence, we compared the expression of proteins in ascites-derived tumor cells isolated from advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients obtained at diagnosis (chemonaive, CN) and after chemotherapy treatments (chemoresistant/at recurrence, CR) by using in-depth, high-resolution label-free quantitative proteomic profiling. A total of 2,999 proteins were identified. Using a stringent selection criterion to define only significantly differentially expressed proteins, we report identification of 353 proteins. There were significant differences in proteins encoding for immune surveillance, DNA repair mechanisms, cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell-cell adhesion, cell cycle pathways, cellular transport, and proteins involved with glycine/proline/arginine synthesis in tumor cells isolated from CR relative to CN patients. Pathway analyses revealed enrichment of metabolic pathways, DNA repair mechanisms and energy metabolism pathways in CR tumor cells. In conclusion, this is the first proteomics study to comprehensively analyze ascites-derived tumor cells from CN and CR ovarian cancer patients.
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Rondini EA, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Cukovic D, Dombkowski AA, Kocarek TA. Differential Regulation of Gene Expression by Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors That Reduce (Pravastatin) or Enhance (Squalestatin 1) Nonsterol Isoprenoid Levels in Primary Cultured Mouse and Rat Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:216-29. [PMID: 27225895 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene synthase inhibitors (SSIs), such as squalestatin 1 (SQ1), reduce cholesterol biosynthesis but cause the accumulation of isoprenoids derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which can modulate the activity of nuclear receptors, including the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesoid X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). In comparison, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (e.g., pravastatin) inhibit production of both cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. To characterize the effects of isoprenoids on hepatocellular physiology, microarrays were used to compare orthologous gene expression from primary cultured mouse and rat hepatocytes that were treated with either SQ1 or pravastatin. Compared with controls, 47 orthologs were affected by both inhibitors, 90 were affected only by SQ1, and 51 were unique to pravastatin treatment (P < 0.05, ≥1.5-fold change). When the effects of SQ1 and pravastatin were compared directly, 162 orthologs were found to be differentially coregulated between the two treatments. Genes involved in cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were up-regulated by both inhibitors, consistent with cholesterol depletion; however, the extent of induction was greater in rat than in mouse hepatocytes. SQ1 induced several orthologs associated with microsomal, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and repressed orthologs involved in cell cycle regulation. By comparison, pravastatin repressed the expression of orthologs involved in retinol and xenobiotic metabolism. Several of the metabolic genes altered by isoprenoids were inducible by a PPARα agonist, whereas cytochrome P450 isoform 2B was inducible by activators of CAR. Our findings indicate that SSIs uniquely influence cellular lipid metabolism and cell cycle regulation, probably due to FPP catabolism through the farnesol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (E.A.R., Z.D.-D., T.A.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.C., A.A.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zofia Duniec-Dmuchowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (E.A.R., Z.D.-D., T.A.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.C., A.A.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Daniela Cukovic
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (E.A.R., Z.D.-D., T.A.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.C., A.A.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Alan A Dombkowski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (E.A.R., Z.D.-D., T.A.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.C., A.A.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (E.A.R., Z.D.-D., T.A.K.), and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.C., A.A.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Warchol I, Gora M, Wysocka-Kapcinska M, Komaszylo J, Swiezewska E, Sojka M, Danikiewicz W, Plochocka D, Maciejak A, Tulacz D, Leszczynska A, Kapur S, Burzynska B. Genetic engineering and molecular characterization of yeast strain expressing hybrid human-yeast squalene synthase as a tool for anti-cholesterol drug assessment. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:877-88. [PMID: 26757023 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main objective of the study is molecular and biological characterization of the human-yeast hybrid squalene synthase (SQS), as a promising target for treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS The human-yeast hybrid SQS, with 67% amino acids, including the catalytic site derived from human enzyme, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deleted of its own SQS gene. The constructed strain has a decreased level of sterols compared to the control strain. The mevalonate pathway and sterol biosynthesis genes are induced and the level of triacylglycerols is increased. Treatment of the strain with rosuvastatin or zaragozic acid, two mevalonate pathway inhibitors, decreased the amounts of squalene, lanosterol and ergosterol, and up-regulated expression of several genes encoding enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of ergosterol precursors. Conversely, expression of the majority genes implicated in the biosynthesis of other mevalonate pathway end products, ubiquinone and dolichol, was down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The S. cerevisiae strain constructed in this study enables to investigate the physiological and molecular effects of inhibitors on cell functioning. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The yeast strain expressing hybrid SQS with the catalytic core of human enzyme is a convenient tool for efficient screening for novel inhibitors of cholesterol-lowering properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Warchol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Gora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Wysocka-Kapcinska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Komaszylo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Sojka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Plochocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Maciejak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Tulacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Leszczynska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Kapur
- Department of Biological Science, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Hyderabad, India
| | - B Burzynska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Nastro RA, Arguelles-Arias A, Ongena M, Di Costanzo A, Trifuoggi M, Guida M, Fickers P. Antimicrobial Activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ANT1 Toward Pathogenic Bacteria and Mold: Effects on Biofilm Formation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 5:252-8. [PMID: 26783071 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-013-9143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The intensive use and misuse of antibiotics over the last decades have generated a strong selective pressure for the emergence of multi-resistant strains and nosocomial infections. Biofilm has been demonstrated as a key parameter in spreading infections, especially in hospitals and healthcare units. Therefore, the development of novel anti-biofilm drugs is actually of the upmost importance. Here, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities toward pathogenic microorganisms of a set of non-ribosomal synthesized peptides and polyketides isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ANT1 culture supernatant are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Anna Nastro
- Department of Sciences for the Environment, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anthony Arguelles-Arias
- Centre d'Ingenierie des Proteines, Bacterial Physiology and Genetics, Allée de la chimie, Université de Liège, Bat. B6, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Unité de Bio-Industrie, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Amelia Di Costanzo
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 5, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed.4, Via Cinthia 5, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed.7, Via Cinthia 5, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Patrick Fickers
- Unité de Biotechnologies et Bioprocédés, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av F.-D. Roosevelt, 50, CP165/61, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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47
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Jiang Y, Chen H, Chen X, Köllner TG, Jia Q, Wymore TW, Wang F, Chen F. Volatile squalene from a nonseed plant Selaginella moellendorffii: Emission and biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015. [PMID: 26209752 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The triterpene squalene is a key metabolic intermediate for sterols, hopanoids and various other triterpenoids. The biosynthesis of squalene is catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS), which converts two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate to squalene. In this study, a lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii was found to emit squalene as a volatile compound under a number of conditions that mimic biotic stresses. Searching the genome sequence of S. moellendorffii led to the identification of a putative squalene synthase gene. It was designated as SmSQS. SmSQS is homologous to known squalene synthases from other plants and animals at both the amino acid level and structural level. Recombinant SmSQS expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of squalene using farnesyl diphosphate as substrate. The expression of SmSQS was significantly induced by the same set of stress factors that induced the emission of volatile squalene from S. moellendorffii plants. Taken together, these results support that SmSQS is responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile squalene and volatile squalene may have a role in the defense of S. moellendorffii plants against biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant Science Bldg, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Art, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant Science Bldg, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant Science Bldg, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Qidong Jia
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Troy W Wymore
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology and UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 252 Ellington Plant Science Bldg, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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48
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Shiuan D, Lin HK, Chen YH, Chang DK, Huang KJ, Farh L. Exploration of Peptide Inhibitors of Human Squalene Synthase through Molecular Modeling and Phage Display Technique. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:312-23. [PMID: 26438313 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the role of elevated levels of serum cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Various drugs targeting the key enzymes involved in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway have been investigated for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Human squalene synthase has been one of the most important targets for therapeutic intervention. In the present study, we used the recombinant human squalene synthase as the lure for screening the peptide inhibitors from phage-displayed random peptide library. The tightly bound phages and their derived peptides were further evaluated based on their potential binding capabilities, molecular modeling characteristics and predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET) properties. Several hexa-peptides and tetra-peptides were finally synthesized to assay their inhibitory effects toward the recombinant human squalene synthase. The results demonstrated that the hexa-peptide FTACNW and tetra-peptide VACL can inhibit human squalene synthase effectively (with IC50 values near 100 μM) and may have potential to develop further as future hypocholesterolemia agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shiuan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, 974, Republic of China.
| | - Hwan-Kang Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, 974, Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hao Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, 974, Republic of China
| | - Ding-Kwo Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, Republic of China
| | - Kao-Jean Huang
- Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, 221, Republic of China
| | - Lynn Farh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan, 900, Republic of China
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49
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Besseling J, Sjouke B, Kastelein JJP. Screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia - Lessons from the past and opportunities for the future (based on the Anitschkow Lecture 2014). Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:597-606. [PMID: 26115072 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the screening and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterized by severely increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk for premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Genetic family based cascade screening for FH was shown to be cost-effective and a screening program with such an approach was carried out in the Netherlands from 1994 to 2014. Over 64,000 persons have participated in this program of whom 40.3% were found to carry an FH causing mutation. We will discuss the results of this screening program, as well as the scientific opportunities it has provided. Currently, statins and ezetimibe are the only registered LDL-C lowering treatment options for FH patients. Many of them do not attain the treatment goals that are recommended by treatment guidelines. In this review, we will also provide a comprehensive overview of promising new modalities that could lower LDL-C in FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Besseling
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Sjouke
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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50
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Trenin AS. [Microbial metabolites that inhibit sterol biosynthesis, their chemical diversity and characteristics of mode of action]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 39:633-57. [PMID: 25696927 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis (ISB) are widespread in nature and characterized by appreciable diversity both in their chemical structure and mode of action. Many of these inhibitors express noticeable biological activity and approved themselves in development of various pharmaceuticals. In this review there is a detailed description of biologically active microbial metabolites with revealed chemical structure that have ability to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. Inhibitors of mevalonate pathway in fungous and mammalian cells, exhibiting hypolipidemic or antifungal activity, as well as inhibitors of alternative non-mevalonate (pyruvate gliceraldehyde phosphate) isoprenoid pathway, which are promising in the development of affective antimicrobial or antiparasitic drugs, are under consideration in this review. Chemical formulas of the main natural inhibitors and their semi-synthetic derivatives are represented. Mechanism of their action at cellular and biochemical level is discussed. Special attention is given to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (group of lovastatin) and inhibitors of acyl-CoA-cholesterol-acyl transferase (ACAT) that possess hypolipidemic activity and could be affective in the treatment of atherosclerosis. In case of inhibitors of late stages of sterol biosynthesis (after squalene formation) special attention is paid to compounds possessing evident antifungal and antitumoral activity. Explanation of mechanism of anticancer and antiviral action of microbial ISB, as well as the description of their ability to induce apoptosis is given.
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