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Bellini C, Vergara E, Bencs F, Fodor K, Bősze S, Krivić D, Bacsa B, Surguta SE, Tóvári J, Reljic R, Horváti K. Design and Characterization of a Multistage Peptide-Based Vaccine Platform to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1738-1753. [PMID: 37606258 PMCID: PMC10587871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The complex immunopathology ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) is one of the main challenges in developing a novel vaccine against this pathogen, particularly regarding eliciting protection against both active and latent stages. Multistage vaccines, which contain antigens expressed in both phases, represent a promising strategy for addressing this issue, as testified by the tuberculosis vaccine clinical pipeline. Given this approach, we designed and characterized a multistage peptide-based vaccine platform containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes previously validated for inducing a relevant T cell response against Mtb. After preliminary screening, CFP10 (32-39), GlfT2 (4-12), HBHA (185-194), and PPE15 (1-15) were selected as promising candidates, and we proved that the PM1 pool of these peptides triggered a T cell response in Mtb-sensitized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taking advantage of the use of thiol-maleimide chemoselective ligation, we synthesized a multiepitope conjugate (Ac-CGHP). Our results showed a structure-activity relationship between the conjugation and a higher tendency to fold and assume an ordered secondary structure. Moreover, the palmitoylated conjugate (Pal-CGHP) comprising the same peptide antigens was associated with an enhanced cellular uptake in human and murine antigen-presenting cells and a better immunogenicity profile. Immunization study, conducted in BALB/c mice, showed that Pal-CGHP induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and production of IFNγ and TNFα over PM1 formulated in the Sigma Adjuvant System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Fruzsina Bencs
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department
of Laboratory Animal Science and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Denis Krivić
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernadett Bacsa
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sára Eszter Surguta
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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2
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Pilz M, Cavelius P, Qoura F, Awad D, Brück T. Lipopeptides development in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108210. [PMID: 37460047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are surface active, natural products of bacteria, fungi and green-blue algae origin, having diverse structures and functionalities. In analogy, a number of chemical synthesis techniques generated new designer lipopeptides with desirable features and functions. Lipopetides are self-assembly guided, supramolecular compounds which have the capacity of high-density presentation of the functional epitopes at the surface of the nanostructures. This feature contributes to their successful application in several industry sectors, including food, feed, personal care, and pharmaceutics. In this comprehensive review, the novel class of ribosomally synthesized lipopeptides is introduced alongside the more commonly occuring non-ribosomal lipopeptides. We highlight key representatives of the most researched as well as recently described lipopeptide families, with emphasis on structural features, self-assembly and associated functions. The common biological, chemical and hybrid production routes of lipopeptides, including prominent analogues and derivatives are also discussed. Furthermore, genetic engineering strategies aimed at increasing lipopeptide yields, diversity and biological activity are summarized and exemplified. With respect to application, this work mainly details the potential of lipopeptides in personal care and cosmetics industry as cleansing agents, moisturizer, anti-aging/anti-wrinkling, skin whitening and preservative agents as well as the pharmaceutical industry as anitimicrobial agents, vaccines, immunotherapy, and cancer drugs. Given that this review addresses human applications, we conclude on the topic of safety of lipopeptide formulations and their sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Pilz
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Cavelius
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Farah Qoura
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dania Awad
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
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3
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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4
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Tao K, Jacoby G, Burlaka L, Beck R, Gazit E. Design of Controllable Bio-Inspired Chiroptic Self-Assemblies. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2937-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luba Burlaka
- Institute
for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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5
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Parhiz H, Shier WT, Ramezani M. From rationally designed polymeric and peptidic systems to sophisticated gene delivery nano-vectors. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:237-59. [PMID: 24060371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lack of safe, efficient and controllable methods for delivering therapeutic genes appears to be the most important factor preventing human gene therapy. Safety issues encountered with viral vectors have prompted substantial attention to in vivo investigations with non-viral vectors throughout the past decade. However, developing non-viral vectors with effectiveness comparable to viral ones has been a challenge. The strategy of designing multifunctional synthetic carriers targeting several extracellular and intracellular barriers in the gene transfer pathway has emerged as a promising approach to improving the efficacy of gene delivery systems. This review will explain how sophisticated synthetic vectors can be created by combining conventional polycationic vectors such as polyethylenimine and basic amino acid peptides with additional polymers and peptides that are designed to overcome potential barriers to the gene delivery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Parhiz
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:360-76. [PMID: 23316023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms, have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues related to administering these complex mixtures, however, prevent their universal application. Through identification of the microbial components responsible for protective immunity, vaccine formulations can be simplified, enabling molecular-level vaccine characterization, improved safety profiles, prospects to develop new high-priority vaccines (e.g. for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria), and the opportunity for extensive vaccine component optimization. This subunit approach, however, comes at the expense of decreased immunity, requiring the addition of immunostimulatory agents (adjuvants). As few adjuvants are currently used in licensed vaccines, adjuvant development represents an exciting area for medicinal chemists to play a role in the future of vaccine development. In addition, immune responses can be further customized though optimization of delivery systems, tuning the size of particulate vaccines, targeting specific cells of the immune system (e.g. dendritic cells), and adding components to aid vaccine efficacy in whole immunized populations (e.g. promiscuous T-helper epitopes). Herein we review the current state of the art and future direction in subunit vaccine development, with a focus on the described components and their potential to steer the immune response toward a desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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7
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Abstract
Innate immune receptors respond to common structural patterns in microbial molecules and are called pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in the innate immune system by recognizing microbial lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Precise definition of the ligand "pattern" of TLRs has been difficult to determine primarily owing to a lack of high-resolution structures. Recently, the structures of several TLR-ligand complexes and the intracellular signaling domains have been determined by X-ray crystallography. This new structural information, combined with extensive biochemical and immunological data accumulated over decades, sheds new light on ligand-recognition and -activation mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the TLR structures and discuss proposed ligand-recognition and -activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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8
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Abstract
This review considers the stages of the development of synthetic peptide vaccines against infectious agents, novel approaches and technologies employed in this process, including bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, large-scale peptide synthesis, high-throughput screening methods, the use of transgenic animals for modelling human infections. An important role for the development and selection of efficient adjuvants for peptide immunogens is noted. Examples of synthetic peptide vaccine developments against three infectious diseases (malaria, hepatitis C, and foot-and-mouth disease) are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Moysa
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical sciences
| | - E.F. Kolesanova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical sciences
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9
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Moisa AA, Kolesanova EF. Synthetic peptide vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750810040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Simerska P, Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern lipid-, carbohydrate-, and peptide-based delivery systems for peptide, vaccine, and gene products. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:520-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Schromm AB, Reiling N, Howe J, Wiesmüller KH, Roessle M, Brandenburg K. Influence of serum on the immune recognition of a synthetic lipopeptide mimetic of the 19-kDa lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Innate Immun 2009; 16:213-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response provides a critical first-line defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen that represents a major health threat world-wide. A synthetic lipopeptide (LP) mimicking the lipid moiety of the cell-wall associated 19-kDa lipoprotein from M. tuberculosis has recently been assigned an important role in the induction of an antibacterial immune response in host macrophages. Here, we present experimental data on the biological activities and the biophysical mechanisms underlying cell activation by synthetic 19-kDa M. tuberculosis-derived lipopeptide (Mtb-LP). Investigation of the geometry of the LP (i.e. the molecular conformation and supramolecular aggregate structure) and the preference for membrane intercalation provide an explanation for the biological activities of the mycobacterial LP. Cell activation by low concentrations of Mtb-LP was enhanced by the lipopolysaccharide—binding protein and CD14. However, surprisingly, we found that activation of human macrophages to induce pro- as well as antiinflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, Interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10) in response to the Mtb-LP is strongly reduced in the presence of serum. This observation could be confirmed for the immune response of murine macrophages which showed a strongly enhanced TNF-α release in the absence of serum, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms of immune recognition of the Mtb-LP are tailored to the ambient conditions of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra B. Schromm
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Emmy Noether Group of Immunobiophysics, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany,
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jörg Howe
- Division of Biophysics, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Roessle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Division of Biophysics, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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12
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Jin MS, Lee JO. Structures of the toll-like receptor family and its ligand complexes. Immunity 2008; 29:182-91. [PMID: 18701082 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play central roles in the innate immune response by recognizing conserved structural patterns in diverse microbial molecules. Here, we discuss ligand binding and activation mechanisms of the TLR family. Hydrophobic ligands of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 interact with internal protein pockets. In contrast, dsRNA, a hydrophilic ligand, interacts with the solvent-exposed surface of TLR3. Binding of agonistic ligands, lipopeptides or dsRNA, induces dimerization of the ectodomains of the various TLRs, forming dimers that are strikingly similar in shape. In these "m"-shaped complexes, the C termini of the extracellular domains of the TLRs converge in the middle. This observation suggests the hypothesis that dimerization of the extracellular domains forces the intracellular TIR domains to dimerize, and this initiates signaling by recruiting intracellular adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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13
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Chen W, Huang L. Induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and antitumor activity by a liposomal lipopeptide vaccine. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:464-71. [PMID: 18266319 DOI: 10.1021/mp700126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described a simple yet effective liposome-based therapeutic vaccine, DOTAP/E7, which contains only two molecules, the cationic lipid DOTAP and a peptide antigen derived from the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16. In the current report, we have improved the vaccine formulation by incorporation of E7-lipopeptide instead of the water-soluble native E7 peptide into the DOTAP liposome. The lipopeptide consists of an N-terminal alpha- or -palmitoyl lysine connected to the E7 peptide via a dipeptide Ser-Ser linker. The DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine exhibited an enhanced functional antigen-specific CD8 (+) T lymphocyte response in vivo compared to the previous DOTAP/E7 formulation. More importantly, the cytotoxic T cells induced by the DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine could efficiently eliminate an existing HPV positive TC-1 tumor. The antitumor activity of lipopeptide formulated in DOTAP liposome was more than twice as potent as that of native E7, likely owing to the increased peptide entrapment efficiency in the liposomal complex. Our results also showed that it is essential to have the dipeptide spacer sequence between E7 peptide and the attached fatty acid to achieve a full immune response. Overall, the improved DOTAP/E7-lipopeptide vaccine described herein showed a significantly enhanced therapeutic effect for the treatment of a cervical cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsu Chen
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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14
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Jin MS, Kim SE, Heo JY, Lee ME, Kim HM, Paik SG, Lee H, Lee JO. Crystal Structure of the TLR1-TLR2 Heterodimer Induced by Binding of a Tri-Acylated Lipopeptide. Cell 2007; 130:1071-82. [PMID: 17889651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TLR2 in association with TLR1 or TLR6 plays an important role in the innate immune response by recognizing microbial lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Here we present the crystal structures of the human TLR1-TLR2-lipopeptide complex and of the mouse TLR2-lipopeptide complex. Binding of the tri-acylated lipopeptide, Pam(3)CSK(4), induced the formation of an "m" shaped heterodimer of the TLR1 and TLR2 ectodomains whereas binding of the di-acylated lipopeptide, Pam(2)CSK(4), did not. The three lipid chains of Pam(3)CSK(4) mediate the heterodimerization of the receptor; the two ester-bound lipid chains are inserted into a pocket in TLR2, while the amide-bound lipid chain is inserted into a hydrophobic channel in TLR1. An extensive hydrogen-bonding network, as well as hydrophobic interactions, between TLR1 and TLR2 further stabilize the heterodimer. We propose that formation of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer brings the intracellular TIR domains close to each other to promote dimerization and initiate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Korea 305-701
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15
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Schromm AB, Howe J, Ulmer AJ, Wiesmüller KH, Seyberth T, Jung G, Rössle M, Koch MHJ, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K. Physicochemical and biological analysis of synthetic bacterial lipopeptides: validity of the concept of endotoxic conformation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11030-7. [PMID: 17308304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the biological function and activity of lipoproteins from the outer or cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is being increasingly recognized. It is well established that they are like the endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), which are the main amphiphilic components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, potent stimulants of the human innate immune system, and elicit a variety of proinflammatory immune responses. Investigations of synthetic lipopeptides corresponding to N-terminal partial structures of bacterial lipoproteins defined the chemical prerequisites for their biological activity and in particular the number and length of acyl chains and sequence of the peptide part. Here we present experimental data on the biophysical mechanisms underlying lipopeptide bioactivity. Investigation of selected synthetic diacylated and triacylated lipopeptides revealed that the geometry of these molecules (i.e. the molecular conformations and supramolecular aggregate structures) and the preference for membrane intercalation provide an explanation for the biological activities of the different lipopeptides. This refers in particular to the agonistic or antagonistic activity (i.e. their ability to induce cytokines in mononuclear cells or to block this activity, respectively). Biological activity of lipopeptides was hardly affected by the LPS-neutralizing antibiotic polymyxin B, and the biophysical interaction characteristics were found to be in sharp contrast to that of LPS with polymyxin B. The analytical data show that our concept of "endotoxic conformation," originally developed for LPS, can be applied also to the investigated lipopeptide and suggest that the molecular mechanisms of cell activation by amphiphilic molecules are governed by a general principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra B Schromm
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Emmy Noether Group of Immunobiophysics, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany.
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16
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Buwitt-Beckmann U, Heine H, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Brock R, Akira S, Ulmer AJ. TLR1- and TLR6-independent recognition of bacterial lipopeptides. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9049-57. [PMID: 16455646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512525200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls contain lipoproteins/peptides, which are strong modulators of the innate immune system. Triacylated lipopeptides are assumed to be recognized by TLR2/TLR1-, whereas diacylated lipopeptides use TLR2/TLR6 heteromers for signaling. Following our initial discovery of TLR6-independent diacylated lipopeptides, we could now characterize di- and triacylated lipopeptides (e.g. Pam(2)C-SK(4), Pam(3)C-GNNDESNISFKEK), which have stimulatory activity in TLR1- and in TLR6-deficient mice. Furthermore, for the first time, we present triacylated lipopeptides with short length ester-bound fatty acids (like PamOct(2)C-SSNASK(4)), which induce no response in TLR1-deficient cells. No differences in the phosphorylation of MAP kinases by lipopeptide analogs having different TLR2-coreceptor usage were observed. Blocking experiments indicated that different TLR2 heteromers recognize their specific lipopeptide ligands independently from each other. In summary, a triacylation pattern is necessary but not sufficient to render a lipopeptide TLR1-dependent, and a diacylation pattern is necessary but not sufficient to render a lipopeptide TLR6-dependent. Contrary to the current model, distinct lipopeptides are recognized by TLR2 in a TLR1- and TLR6-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Buwitt-Beckmann
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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17
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Buwitt-Beckmann U, Heine H, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Brock R, Ulmer AJ. Lipopeptide structure determines TLR2 dependent cell activation level. FEBS J 2006; 272:6354-64. [PMID: 16336272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins/peptides are composed of di-O-acylated-S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteinyl residues N-terminally coupled to distinct polypeptides, which can be N-acylated with a third fatty acid. Using a synthetic lipopeptide library we characterized the contribution of the lipid portion to the TLR2 dependent pattern recognition. We found that the two ester bound fatty acid length threshold is beyond eight C atoms because almost no response was elicited by cellular challenge with analogues carrying shorter acyl chains in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant human TLR2. In contrast, the amide bound fatty acid is of lesser importance. While two ester-bound palmitic acids mediate a high stimulatory activity of the respective analogue, a lipopeptide carrying one amide-bound and another ester-bound palmitic acid molecule was inactive. In addition, species specific LP recognition through murine and human TLR2 depended on the length of the two ester bound fatty acid chains. In conclusion, our results indicate the responsibility of both ester bound acyl chains but not of the amide bound fatty acid molecule for the TLR dependent cellular recognition of canonical triacylated LP, as well as a requirement for a minimal acyl chain length. Thus they might support the explanation of specific immuno-stimulatory potentials of different microorganisms and provide a basis for rational design of TLR2 specific adjuvants mediating immune activation to distinct levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Buwitt-Beckmann
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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18
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Zeng W, Gauci S, Ghosh S, Walker J, Jackson DC. Characterisation of the antibody response to a totally synthetic immunocontraceptive peptide vaccine based on LHRH. Vaccine 2005; 23:4427-35. [PMID: 15919140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we describe our attempts to improve the immunogenicity of a synthetic epitope-based vaccine. The vaccine consists of an epitope (P25) that is recognised by CD4+ helper T cells and the target epitope luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). We show that replacement of the single cysteine residue within P25 with amino acids such as alanine, aminobutyric acid, serine or with carboxymethylated cysteine leads to diminished immunogenicity of the vaccine and only the oxidised dimeric form of the peptide retains the full immunogenicity of the vaccine. Secondly, by measuring the serum antibody response and the number of the antigen secreting cells in spleen and bone marrow we found that three doses of 20 nmol per mouse induced the more consistent and higher immune responses than those induced by three doses of either 2 nmol or 80 nmol per mouse. A greater variation in antibody titre was observed in mice that received the 2 mol or 80 nmol dose regimes. Last, by administering the vaccine in its lipidated form in the presence or absence of additional adjuvant we found that either inoculation regime elicited similar antibody responses. Only at low doses of antigen was a synergistic effect observed when lipopeptide was co-administered with additional adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Vic., Australia
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Roth A, Rohrbach F, Weth R, Frisch B, Schuber F, Wels WS. Induction of effective and antigen-specific antitumour immunity by a liposomal ErbB2/HER2 peptide-based vaccination construct. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1421-9. [PMID: 15812545 PMCID: PMC2362007 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of tumour-associated antigens to appropriate cellular compartments of antigen-presenting cells is of prime importance for the induction of potent, cell-mediated antitumour immune responses. We have designed novel multivalent liposomal constructs that co-deliver the p63–71 cytotoxic T Lymphocyte epitope derived from human ErbB2 (HER2), and HA307–319, a T-helper (Th) epitope derived from influenza haemagglutinin. Both peptides were conjugated to the surface of liposomes via a Pam3CSS anchor, a synthetic lipopeptide with potent adjuvant activity. In a murine model system, vaccination with these constructs completely protected BALB/c mice from subsequent s.c. challenge with ErbB2-expressing, but not ErbB2-negative, murine renal carcinoma (Renca) cells, indicating the induction of potent, antigen-specific immune responses. I.v. re-challenge of tumour-free animals 2 months after the first tumour cell inoculation did not result in the formation of lung tumour nodules, suggesting that long-lasting, systemic immunity had been induced. While still protecting the majority of vaccinated mice, a liposomal construct lacking the Th epitope was less effective than the diepitope construct, also correlating with a lower number of CD8+ IFN-γ+ T-cells identified upon ex vivo peptide restimulation of splenocytes from vaccinated animals. Importantly, in a therapeutic setting treatment with the liposomal vaccines resulted in cures in the majority of tumour-bearing mice and delayed tumour growth in the remaining ones. Our results demonstrate that liposomal constructs which combine Tc and Th peptide antigens and lipopeptide adjuvants can induce efficient, antigen-specific antitumour immunity, and represent promising synthetic delivery systems for the design of specific antitumour vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Liposomes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roth
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - F Rohrbach
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Weth
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Frisch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - F Schuber
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique - UMR 7514 CNRS/ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France. E-mail:
| | - W S Wels
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Chemotherapeutisches Forschungsinstitut Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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20
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Reutter F, Jung G, Baier W, Treyer B, Bessler WG, Wiesmüller KH. Immunostimulants and Toll-like receptor ligands obtained by screening combinatorial lipopeptide collections*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:375-83. [PMID: 15787968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides carrying the head group of bacterial lipoproteins are specific ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLR). The three fatty acids containing lipopeptides with the tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteinyl N-terminus (Pam(3)Cys) are agonists of TLR2. The structurally related lipopeptides with a head group lacking the fatty acyl residue at the amino-terminus (Pam(2)Cys) stimulate TLR2 and 6. To investigate the influence of the peptide chain of lipohexapeptides with a free N-terminus with regard to their ability to enhance B-cell proliferation, a randomized S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-pentapeptide amide collection Pam(2)CysXXXXX and 5 x 19 subcollections (Pam(2)CysOXXXX, Pam(2)CysXOXXX, Pam(2)CysXXOXX, Pam(2)CysXXXOX, Pam(2)CysXXXXO, O: all protein amino acids except Cys) were prepared by parallel solid-phase synthesis. The collection represents synthetic lipopeptide analogues of the numerous bacterial lipoproteins and of mycoplasma lipoprotein. Each of the 95 subcollections is characterized by one defined and four degenerated amino acid positions thus comprising 19(4) individual lipopeptides with free N-terminal amino groups. High-performance liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) was applied for the analytical characterization of the lipohexapeptide amide subcollections and for the individual lipohexapeptide amides. The subcollections were tested for polyclonal activation of murine spleen cells, deconvolution led to highly active single S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteinyl-pentapeptide amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reutter
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Buwitt-Beckmann U, Heine H, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Brock R, Akira S, Ulmer AJ. Toll-like receptor 6-independent signaling by diacylated lipopeptides. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:282-9. [PMID: 15580661 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200424955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopeptides are strong immune modulators that activate early host responses after infection as well as initiating adjuvant effects on the adaptive immune system. These lipopeptides induce signaling in cells of the immune system through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-TLR1 or TLR2-TLR6 heteromers. So far it has been thought that triacylated lipopeptides, such as the synthetic N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteine (Pam3)-CSK4, signal through TLR2-TLR1 heteromers, whereas diacylated lipopeptides, like the macrophage-activating lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans (MALP2) or S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-(R)-cysteine (Pam2)-CGNNDESNISFKEK, induce signaling through TLR2-TLR6 heteromers. Using new synthetic lipopeptide derivatives we addressed the contribution of the lipid and, in particular, the peptide moieties with respect to TLR2 heteromer usage. In contrast to the current model of receptor usage, not only triacylated lipopeptides, but also diacylated lipopeptides like Pam2CSK4 and the elongated MALP2 analog Pam2CGNNDESNISFKEK-SK4 (MALP2-SK4) induced B lymphocyte proliferation and TNF-alpha secretion in macrophages in a TLR6-independent manner as determined with cells from TLR6-deficient mice. Our results indicate that both the lipid and the N-terminal peptides of lipoproteins contribute to the specificity of recognition by TLR2 heteromers and are responsible for the ligand-receptor interaction on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Buwitt-Beckmann
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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22
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Maletínskâ L, Neugebauer W, Parê MC, Pêrodin J, Pham D, Escher E. Lipid Masking and Reactivation of Angiotensin Analogues. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Jung G, Redemann T, Kroll K, Meder S, Hirsch A, Boheim G. Template-free self-assembling fullerene and lipopeptide conjugates of alamethicin form voltage-dependent ion channels of remarkable stability and activity. J Pept Sci 2004; 9:784-98. [PMID: 14658798 DOI: 10.1002/psc.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N- and C-terminally modified with fullerene or lipopeptide alamethicin molecules were designed for the formation of template-free, self-assembling, voltage-dependent ion conducting channels. The automated solid phase synthesis of the alamethicin-F30 sequence was performed by in situ fluoride activation on 2-chlorotritylchloride-polystyrene resin and the conjugation with fullerenes-C60 and -C70 was carried out in solution. Voltage-dependent bilayer experiments revealed preferred channel sizes for C-terminal alamethicin F30-fullerene-C60 and -C70 conjugates and higher activity compared with native alamethicin, whereas N-terminally linked fullerene balls destabilize pore formation. C-terminal alamethicin F30-fullerene-C70 conjugates show pore states with remarkably long lifetimes of seconds. C-terminal lipopeptide conjugates of alamethicin were prepared by coupling via short peptide spacers with synthetic tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine. which represents the strong membrane anchoring N-terminus of bacterial lipoprotein. Alamethicin-lipopeptide conjugates exhibit high channel forming activities, whereby they self-assemble and adopt preferred pore states with extremely long lifetimes. The novel membrane modifying peptaibol constructs are valuable lead compounds for developments in sensorics related to transmembrane ion conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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Spohn R, Buwitt-Beckmann U, Brock R, Jung G, Ulmer AJ, Wiesmüller KH. Synthetic lipopeptide adjuvants and Toll-like receptor 2--structure-activity relationships. Vaccine 2004; 22:2494-9. [PMID: 15193414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins and their synthetic analogues (sLP) are strong immune modulators of the early host responses after infection. Synthetic lipopeptides are strong adjuvants for the adaptive immune system. Lipoproteins and lipopeptides induce signalling in immune cells through Toll-like receptor-TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers. By screening a combinatorial lipohexapeptide amide collection in an in vitro IL-8 induction assay, we systematically evaluated the potential of 19 proteinogenic amino acids in the peptide moiety of Pam3Cys-lipopeptides to interact with TLR2. New Pam3Cys-lipopeptides with high activity were obtained. Different fatty acids were introduced to investigate the influence of the acyl moiety. Lipopeptides with modifications in the core structure of the unusual amino acid S-glycerylcysteine were synthesized and tested for IL-8 induction via TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Spohn
- EMC microcollections GmbH, Sindelfinger Street 3, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany.
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25
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Shi TD, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Zou LY, Zhou W. Therapeutic polypeptides based on HBV core 18-27 epitope can induce CD 8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in HLA-A2 + human PBMCs. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1902-6. [PMID: 15222033 PMCID: PMC4572227 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i13.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore how to improve the immunogenicity of HBcAg CTL epitope based polypeptides and to trigger an HBV-specific HLA I-restricted CD8+ T cell response in vitro.
METHODS: A new panel of mimetic therapeutic peptides based on the immunodominant B cell epitope of HBV PreS2 18-24 region, the CTL epitope of HBcAg18-27 and the universal T helper epitope of tetanus toxoid (TT) 830-843 was designed using computerized molecular design method and synthesized by Merrifield’s solid-phase peptide synthesis. Their immunological properties of stimulating activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, of inducing TH1 polarization, CD8+ T cell magnification and HBV-specific CD8+ CTL mediated cytotoxicity were investigated in vitro using HLA-A2+ human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and chronic hepatitis B patients.
RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the therapeutic polypeptides based on immunodominant HBcAg18-27 CTL, PreS2 B- and universal TH epitopes could stimulate the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, induce specifically and effectively CD8+ T cell expansion and vigorous HBV-specific CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in human PBMCs.
CONCLUSION: It indicated that the introduction of immunodominant T helper plus B-epitopes with short and flexible linkers could dramatically improve the immunogenicity of short CTL epitopes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Dong Shi
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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26
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Langhans B, Braunschweiger I, Schweitzer S, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Primary immunisation of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific antibody producing B cells by lipidated peptides. Vaccine 2004; 22:1441-7. [PMID: 15063567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2003] [Revised: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analysed whether hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific antibody producing B lymphocytes can be induced in vitro with HCV-derived lipopeptides containing different T helper cell epitopes. HCV-specific antibody producing B cells were detected by ELISPOT at the single cell level. HCV-derived lipopeptides, but not their corresponding unlipidated peptides, induced B lymphocytes, which produced antibodies mainly reacting with the HCV-derived lipopeptides. The number of antigen-specific B cells was dependent on the number of added autologous T helper lymphocytes during the incubation period. Thus, HCV lipopeptides are more immunogenic than unmodified peptides and can induce HCV-reactive B lymphocytes in antigen-naïve lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Langhans
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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27
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Shi TD, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Zhou W, Zou LY. Therapeutic polypeptides based on HBcAg 18-27 CTL epitope can induce antigen-specific CD 8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1222-6. [PMID: 15069731 PMCID: PMC4656366 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i8.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore how to trigger an HLAI-restricted CD8+ T cell response to exogenously synthesized polypeptides in vivo.
METHODS: Three mimetic therapeutic polypeptides based on the immunodominant CTL epitope of HBcAg, the B- epitope of HBV PreS2 region and a common T helper sequence of tetanus toxoid were designed and synthesized with Merrifield’s solid-phase peptide synthesis method. Their immunological properties of inducing TH1 polarization, CD8+ HBV-specific CTL expansion and CD8+ T cell mediated cytotoxicity were investigated in HLA-A2 transgenic mice.
RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the mimetic polypeptides comprised of the immunodominant CTL, B-, and T helper epitopes could trigger specifically and effectively vigorous CD8+ HBV-specific CTL-mediated cytotoxicity and TH1 polarization of T cells in HLA-A2 transgenic mice.
CONCLUSION: A designed universal T helper plus B-epitopes with short and flexible linkers could dramatically improve the immunogenicity of CTL epitopes in vivo. And that the mimetic therapeutic peptides based on the reasonable match of the above CTL, B- and T helper epitopes could be a promising therapeutic peptide vaccine candidate against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Dong Shi
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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28
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Höhlich BJ, Wiesmüller KH, Haas B, Gerner W, Correa R, Hehnen HR, Schlapp T, Pfaff E, Saalmüller A. Induction of an antigen-specific immune response and partial protection of cattle against challenge infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) after lipopeptide vaccination with FMDV-specific B-cell epitopes. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3315-3324. [PMID: 14645912 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential of chemically synthesized lipopeptides for vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), seven lipopeptides containing the immunostimulating principle of bacterial lipoproteins and linear B-cell epitopes of FMDV strain O1Kaufbeuren (O1K) were used to immunize cattle (n=7). Animals were vaccinated once and 21 days after immunization animals were infected with the homologous virus. Four animals were protected. After vaccination, as well as after challenge infection, B- and T-cell responses were examined. Sera were tested for virus- and peptide-specific antibodies and showed after vaccination only a weak antibody response. After challenge infection, an increase in antibody titre was obvious but there was no correlation between antibody titre and protection. The reactivity of the cellular immune system was detected by analyses of PBMCs for virus- and peptide-specific T-lymphocytes. With regard to the virus-specific T-lymphocytes, a heterogeneous reactivity could be shown. No correlation between virus-specific T-cell proliferation and protection was found. Obvious was the fact that all protected animals showed after vaccination a strong T-cell response against at least one of the peptides used for immunization. These results suggest a correlation between the onset of an antigen-specific T-cell reaction and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina-Judith Höhlich
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Paul-Ehrlichstr. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Haas
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Paul-Ehrlichstr. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Paul-Ehrlichstr. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roberto Correa
- Bayer Animal Health, Building 6210, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Schlapp
- Bayer Animal Health, Building 6210, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Pfaff
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Paul-Ehrlichstr. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Paul-Ehrlichstr. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Düesberg U, von dem Bussche A, Kirschning C, Miyake K, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Cell activation by synthetic lipopeptides of the hepatitis C virus (HCV)--core protein is mediated by toll like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4. Immunol Lett 2003; 84:89-95. [PMID: 12270544 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell epitopes coupled to a lipid moiety (lipopeptides) may be superior immunostimulants compared to peptide antigens and are currently studied as potential vaccines. The cause of enhanced immunogenicity of lipopeptides is largely unknown but members of the novel family of Toll like receptors (TLR) such as TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to mediate activation of cells in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other lipidated bacterial or viral components. We studied TLR-mediated activation by 14 synthetic lipopeptides corresponding to T cell epitopes on hepatitis C virus (HCV) core in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) transiently over-expressing TLR2 and in Ba/F3 mouse bone marrow cells stably transfected with TLR4 and the adaptor molecule MD-2. Stimulation of transfected HEK293 or Ba/F3 cells was measured via luciferase activity as a reporter of nuclear factor kappaB activation. Free peptides, a non-HCV-related lipopeptide as well as LPS and the lipopeptide SK4 were used as controls. Ten of the 14 HCV core lipopeptides stimulated luciferase activity in TLR2-transfected HEK293 cells but not in mock-transfected control cells. Nine of the 14 lipopeptides also stimulated luciferase activity in the TLR4/MD-2 double-transfected Ba/F3 cells but not Ba/F3 control cells. Overall, there was a close statistical correlation between TLR2 and TLR4/MD-2-mediated cell activation by the lipopeptides. In contrast, the corresponding free peptides had no stimulatory effect on TLR2 nor on TLR4/MD-2 transfected cells. Thus, lipopeptides but not their corresponding free peptides can activate cells via TLRs 2 and 4. This activation is apparently affected by the amino acid sequence of the peptide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Düesberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Gras-Masse H. Single-chain lipopeptide vaccines for the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in randomly selected populations. Mol Immunol 2001; 38:423-31. [PMID: 11741692 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccine development is now taking advantage of the rapidly accumulating information concerning the molecular basis of a protective immune response. Analysts and medicinal chemists have joined forces with immunologists and taken up the clear challenge of identifying immunologically active structural elements and synthesizing them in pure, reproducible forms. Current literature reveals the growing interest for extremely reductionist approaches aiming at producing totally synthetic vaccines that would be fully defined at the molecular level and particularly safe. The sequential information contained in these formulations tends to be minimized to those epitopes which elicit neutralizing antibodies, or cell-mediated responses. In the following review, we describe some of our results in developing fully synthetic, clinically acceptable lipopeptide vaccines for inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses in randomly selected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gras-Masse
- UMR 8525, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, 59021 Cedex, Lille, France.
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31
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Knecht K, Wiesmüller KH, Gnau V, Jung G, Meyermann R, Todd KG, Hamprecht B. AMP deaminase in rat brain: localization in neurons and ependymal cells. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66:941-50. [PMID: 11746422 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purine nucleotide cycle enzyme AMP deaminase (AMPD) catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of AMP. The physiological function of the purine nucleotide cycle in the brain is unknown. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies were performed to identify the regional and cellular expression of AMPD in rat brain with the goal of elucidating the neural function of the purine nucleotide cycle. AMPD messenger RNA was detected in ventricular ependymal cells and cells of the choroid plexus and in neurons of distinct brain areas. Although only low antibody titers were obtained by immunization with the purified sheep brain AMPD, immunization of mice with synthetic lipopeptide vaccines containing oligopeptides derived from a known partial complementary DNA sequence of the enzyme yielded an antiserum suitable for immunocytochemistry. Immunostaining of cells in culture showed that neurons but not astroglial cells express appreciable amounts of the enzyme. Results of immunocytochemical staining performed on rat brain slices were in accord with the localization of AMPD messenger RNA, thus confirming the expression of AMPD in neurons of the brain stem, hippocampus, cerebellar nuclei and mesencephalic nuclei, as well as in ventricular ependymal cells and their cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Knecht
- Physiologisch-chemisches Institut, der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Street, 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Jung G, Fleckenstein B, von der Mülbe F, Wessels J, Niethammer D, Wiesmüller KH. From combinatorial libraries to MHC ligand motifs, T-cell superagonists and antagonists. Biologicals 2001; 29:179-81. [PMID: 11851313 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2001.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete experimental data sets of HLA-ligand motifs and T-cell recognition patterns can be derived from combinatorial peptide libraries. These data provide the exact molecular basis for a fast development of synthetic vaccines, T-cell superagonists and non-peptide antagonists. Patient-specific peptides, peptidomimetics and vaccines of highest reactivity can be derived directly from the data sets via our prediction programme EPIPREDICT. The resulting lead structures may be developed into valuable diagnostics and therapeutic tools for the treatment of viral infections, autoimmune diseases and tumors. As one example, antibody and T cell recognition in the intestinal auto-immune disease, coeliac disease was investigated in more detail concerning the deamidation of gamma-gliadin peptides by tissue transglutaminase 9tTG) leading to autoreactive peptides specific for HLA-DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jung
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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34
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Langhans B, Braunschweiger I, Schweitzer S, Jung G, Inchauspé G, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Lipidation of T helper sequences from hepatitis C virus core significantly enhances T-cell activity in vitro. Immunology 2001; 102:460-5. [PMID: 11328380 PMCID: PMC1783202 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful elimination of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) during acute infection has been linked to strong HCV-specific in vitro T-cell proliferation, whereas T cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C respond only weakly to HCV antigens. Lipid-coupled peptides are immunostimulants, which might provide a basis for novel therapeutic strategies against HCV. Therefore, in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis C, we studied whether tri-palmitoyl-S-cysteine-coupled peptides could modify in vitro T-cell proliferation (by [3H]thymidine uptake) in response to virus core and NS4. The lipopeptides corresponded to five immunodominant T helper epitopes of HCV core. Contrary to unmodified peptides, the lipopeptides specifically enhanced [3H]thymidine uptake in response to HCV antigens but not to a non-HCV related control antigen. They increased the frequency of responders (stimulation index, SI > or = 4) to core (13/20 versus 2/20; p = 0.0008) and NS4 (20/20 versus 7/20; p < 0.0001) among our patients with chronic hepatitis C. This immunostimulatory effect was dose-dependent, and was observed specifically with lipopeptides corresponding to the HCV epitopes. Our data demonstrate that the poor in vitro T-cell proliferation of patients with chronic hepatitis C can be improved when T cells are co-stimulated with HCV core-derived T helper lipopeptides, while the same peptides in unlipidated form had no effects. Thus, lipopeptides corresponding to HCV T-cell epitopes may offer novel immunomodulatory strategies against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Langhans
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Synthetic immunogens, containing built-in adjuvanticity, B cell, T helper cell and CTL epitopes or mimotopes, are ideal and invaluable tools to study the immune response with respect to antigen processing and presentation. This serves as a basis for the development of complete and minimal vaccines which do not need large carrier proteins, further adjuvants, liposome formulations or other delivery systems. Combinatorial peptide libraries, either completely random or characterized by one or several defined positions, are useful tools for the identification of the critical features of B cell epitopes and of MHC class I and class II binding natural and synthetic epitopes. The complete activity pattern of an O/Xn library with hundreds of peptide collections, each made up from billions of different peptides, represents the ranking of amino acid residues mediating contact to the target proteins of the immune system. Combinatorial libraries support the design of peptides applicable in vaccination against infectious agents as well as therapeutic tumour vaccines. Using the principle of lipopeptide vaccines, strong humoral and cellular immune responses could be elicited. The lipopeptide vaccines are heat-stable, non-toxic, fully biodegradable and can be prepared on the basis of minimized epitopes by modern methods of multiple peptide synthesis. The lipopeptides activate the antigen-presenting macrophages and B cells and have been recently shown to stimulate innate immunity by specific interaction with receptors of the Toll family.
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36
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Seitz O, Heinemann I, Mattes A, Waldmann H. Synthetic peptide conjugates—tailor-made probes for the biology of protein modification and protein processing. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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37
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Reichel F, Roelofsen AM, Geurts HP, van Der Gaast SJ, Feiters MC, Boons GJ. Synthesis and supramolecular characterization of a novel class of glycopyranosyl-containing amphiphiles. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3357-66. [PMID: 10843617 DOI: 10.1021/jo991685s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of glycopeptidolipids is described, which potentially can be used as a novel antigen-delivery system. The compounds have been prepared by a combination of solid-supported and solution-based methods. The use of the orthogonally protected FmocLysDde derivative provided an opportunity to incorporate two different types lipids. It was found that the model compound 1 forms aggregates in aqueous media which can be described as rod or tubelike structures. The aggregates can be stabilized by topotactic photopolymerization. Studies on the structural analogues 2-5 revealed the effect of the carbohydrate, peptide, and lipid moiety on the aggregation properties. It is concluded that none of the structure elements can lay claim to be exclusively important for the formation of highly organized aggregates such as tubes, fibers, or helical ribbons from 1, but the presence of all of these structural elements afforded the most uniformly shaped extended structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Reichel
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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38
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Baier W, Masihi N, Huber M, Hoffmann P, Bessler WG. Lipopeptides as immunoadjuvants and immunostimulants in mucosal immunization. Immunobiology 2000; 201:391-405. [PMID: 10776795 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(00)80093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have shown that lipopeptides constitute potent immunoadjuvants in mice, rabbits and other species: in parenteral immunization, lipopeptide adjuvants were comparable, or in some cases superior to Freund's adjuvant, and were devoid of the side effects of this additive. Here we demonstrate that lipopeptides also constitute adjuvants for mucosal immunizations. The serum antibody responses against the wheat storage protein gliadin, the bee venom constituent melittin, or the hen egg protein ovalbumin could in most cases be enhanced more than 100-fold by the lipopeptide P3CSK4, applied via the nasal route. An enhanced specific antibody level could also be detected in supernatants of cell cultures prepared from spleens, Peyer's patches, lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes of immunized mice. Moreover, the lipopeptide P3CSK4 enhanced chemiluminescence in mouse spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages in vitro, indicating a macrophage-activating effect. Finally, nasal application of lipopeptide increased protection against a lethal infection of influenza. Our findings are of importance for the improvement of immunizations and might lead to more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Baier
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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39
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Tsunoda I, Sette A, Fujinami RS, Oseroff C, Ruppert J, Dahlberg C, Southwood S, Arrhenius T, Kuang LQ, Kubo RT, Chesnut RW, Ishioka GY. Lipopeptide particles as the immunologically active component of CTL inducing vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 17:675-85. [PMID: 10067673 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a bipalmitoylated lipopeptide consisting of an ovalbumin helper T-cell epitope covalently linked to an influenza virus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope, we addressed possible factors that may be critical for CTL induction. Antigen processing of lipopeptide appears to be required for T-cell induction since there was virtually no in vitro binding of lipopeptide to purified MHC molecules. A major portion of lipopeptide immunogenicity was due to its particulate nature inasmuch as CTL induction in mice correlated with insoluble lipopeptide constructs, whereas more soluble analogs were significantly less immunogenic. Immunohistological analysis of tissue from immunized animals revealed that lipopeptide migration from the s.c. injection site to the spleen could be detected as early as 1 h after immunization and cell-associated lipopeptide was observed on macrophages and dendritic cells, implicating both cell populations in the processing and presentation of lipopeptide particles to CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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40
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41
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Immunization with peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(08)70448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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42
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da Fonseca DP, Joosten D, van der Zee R, Jue DL, Singh M, Vordermeier HM, Snippe H, Verheul AF. Identification of new cytotoxic T-cell epitopes on the 38-kilodalton lipoglycoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using lipopeptides. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3190-7. [PMID: 9632585 PMCID: PMC108332 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3190-3197.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by vaccination has been shown to protect against bacterial, viral, and tumoral challenge. The aim of this study was to identify CTL epitopes on the 38-kDa lipoglycoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The identification of these CTL epitopes was based on synthesizing peptides designed from the 38-kDa lipoglycoprotein, with known major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) binding motifs (H-2Db), and studying their ability to up-regulate and stabilize MHC-I molecules on the mouse lymphoma cell line RMA-S. To improve the capacity of the identified peptides to induce CTL responses in mice, palmitic acid with a cysteine-serine-serine spacer amino acid sequence was attached to the amino terminus of the peptide. Two of five peptides with H-2Db binding motifs and their corresponding lipopeptides up-regulated and stabilized the H-2Db molecules on RMA-S cells. Both lipopeptides, in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, induced CTL responses in C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice. Moreover, the lipopeptide induced stronger CTL responses than the peptide. The capacity of the various lipopeptides to induce CTL displayed a good relationship with the ability of the (lipo)peptide to up-regulate and to stabilize H-2Db molecules. The capacity of the peptides and lipopeptides to up-regulate and stabilize MHC-I expression can therefore be used to predict their potential to function as a CTL epitope. The newly identified CTL epitopes and their lipid derivatives provide us with important information for future M. tuberculosis vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P da Fonseca
- Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Inflammation, Section Vaccines, Academic Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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43
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Ulrich R, Nassal M, Meisel H, Krüger DH. Core particles of hepatitis B virus as carrier for foreign epitopes. Adv Virus Res 1998; 50:141-82. [PMID: 9520999 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To be effective as vaccines, most monomeric proteins and peptides either require chemical coupling to high molecular weight carriers or application together with adjuvants. More recently, recombinant DNA techniques have been used to insert foreign epitopes into proteins with inherent multimerization capacity, such as particle-forming viral capsid or envelope proteins. The core protein of hepatitis B virus (HBcAg), because of its unique structural and immunological properties, has gained widespread interest as a potential antigen carrier. Foreign sequences of up to approximately 40 amino acid residues at the N terminus, 50 or 100 amino acids in the central immunodominant c/e 1 epitope region of HBcAg, and up to 100 or even more residues at the C terminus, did not interfere with particle formation. The humoral immunogenicity of inserted epitopes is determined by the immunogenicity of the peptide itself and its surface exposure, and is influenced by the route of application. The probably flexible and surface-exposed c/e1 region emerged as the most promising insertion site. When applied together with adjuvants approved for human and veterinary use, or even without adjuvants, such chimeric particles induced B and T cell immune responses against the inserted epitopes. In some cases neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T cells and protection against challenge with the intact pathogen were demonstrated. Major factors for the potentiated immune response against the foreign epitopes are the multimeric structure of chimeric HBcAg that results in a high epitope density per particle, and the provision of T cell help by the carrier moiety. Beyond its use as subunit vaccine, chimeric HBcAg produced in attenuated Salmonella strains may be applicable as live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ulrich
- Charité Medical School, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Bessler WG, Heinevetter L, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Baier W, Huber M, Lorenz AR, Esche UV, Mittenbühler K, Hoffmann P. Bacterial cell wall components as immunomodulators--I. Lipopeptides as adjuvants for parenteral and oral immunization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1997; 19:547-50. [PMID: 9637352 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunostimulatory properties of synthetically prepared lipopeptides derived from the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria. These compounds constitute potent macrophage activators and polyclonal B-lymphocyte stimulators. They are also immunoadjuvants in parenteral or oral immunization. By coupling the lipopeptides to haptens or low molecular weight antigens which are not immunogenic per se, highly immunogenic conjugates can be prepared. Lipopeptide antigen conjugates as synthetic vaccines give protection by enhancing the antibody-mediated immune response, and they stimulate the cellular immune response in vivo by priming of cytotoxic T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bessler
- Institut für Immunbiologie der Universität Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Mühlradt PF, Kiess M, Meyer H, Süssmuth R, Jung G. Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of a macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentration. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1951-8. [PMID: 9166424 PMCID: PMC2196331 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.11.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are typically stimulated by components of microbial cell walls. Surprisingly, cell wall-less mycoplasmas can also very efficiently stimulate macrophages. We showed recently that mycoplasma-derived lipopeptides constitute the active principle. We have now isolated a clone of Mycoplasma fermentans expressing mainly one macrophage-stimulating lipopeptide. This lipopeptide was detergent-extracted and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromotography, using nitric oxide release from C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages as bioassay for detection. In contrast to "conventional" bacterial lipoproteins, this lipopeptide had a free NH2 terminus. Amino acid composition, sequence, and the molecular weight of 2,163. 3 are consistent with the following structure: S-(2, 3-bisacyloxypropyl)cysteine-GNNDESNISFKEK with one mole C16:0, and a further mole of a mixture of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acid per lipopeptide molecule. The sequence could not be found in either the protein identification resource nor the Swiss Prot data bank. We named this 2-kD lipopeptide, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2). Synthetic dipalmitoyl MALP-2 and mycoplasma-derived MALP-2 were compared with the bioassay. Both lipopeptides showed an identical dose dependency with a half-maximal response at 10(-11) M concentration. MALP-2 may be one of the most potent natural macrophage stimulators besides endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Mühlradt
- Immunobiology and Structure Research Groups, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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46
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Reichel F, R. Ashton P, Boons GJ. Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: synthesis of an L-glycero-D-manno-heptose antigen–T-epitope–lipopeptide conjugate. Chem Commun (Camb) 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/a704127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Heiduschka P, Göpel W, Beck W, Kraas W, Kienle S, Jung G. Microstructured Peptide-Functionalised Surfaces by Electrochemical Polymerisation. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Loleit M, Ihlenfeldt HG, Brünjes J, Jung G, Müller B, Hoffmann P, Bessler WG, Pierres M, Haas G. Synthetic peptides coupled to the lipotripeptide P3CSS induce in vivo B and Thelper cell responses to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Immunobiology 1996; 195:61-76. [PMID: 8852601 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(96)80006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the ability of the lipotripeptide P3CSS to increase peptide-specific immune responses in vivo, we immunized mice from different inbred strains (BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6) with the 22-mer lipopeptide conjugates P3CSS-[RT-(522-543)] and P3CSS-[RT-(528-549)] of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) which included an immunodominant Th epitope [i.e. RT-(528-543)] characterized previously. Analysis of T and B cell responses to these lipopeptide conjugates indicated that specific Th responses could be readily induced in vivo. The peptide segments could also efficiently prime mice for secondary recognition of native RT. The use of shorter peptides permitted a delineation of the minimal T cell recognition site of this RT C-terminal region [i.e. RT-(528-540)]. Close to this T cell epitope we identified a B cell determinant containing the motif EQVD [RT-(546-549)] which was recognized in three different strains of mice (H-2b, H-2d and H-2k). A comparison with X-ray analysis of the C-terminal region of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase indicated exposed positions of these Th and B cell epitopes. Both the presence of T and B cell sites and its limited polymorphism make the region RT-(528-549) a promising candidate for vaccine design. The use of the P3CSS adjuvant/carrier principle as a nontoxic adjuvant may be of major importance in the development of vaccines applicable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loleit
- Institute for Immunobiology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Verheul AF, Udhayakumar V, Jue DL, Wohlhueter RM, Lal AA. Monopalmitic acid-peptide conjugates induce cytotoxic T cell responses against malarial epitopes: importance of spacer amino acids. J Immunol Methods 1995; 182:219-26. [PMID: 7540640 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00052-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic T cells (CTL) play a critical role in providing protection against the liver stage of malaria infection. Previous investigations have shown that induction of CTL against peptide or proteins can be achieved by attachment of lipids. In the present study, we used the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein CTL epitope (SYIPSAEKI (PL76)). This peptide with cysteine-serine (CS) as spacer amino acids was coupled to palmitic acid (PA). The same CTL epitope containing only an extra serine was linked to S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteine (tripam-C). Inbred mice [(BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1] were immunized intravenously with the lipopeptides. Both types of lipopeptides induced significant CTL responses after one injection. Immunization of the monopalmitic acid-peptide conjugate intraperitoneally emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant also induced a significant CTL response, but the magnitude was lower as compared to the intravenous route. The major advantages of the use of the simple monopalmitic acid-peptide conjugates are: (i) low costs of the fatty acid; (ii) coupling of lipid to peptide can be performed using the peptide synthesizer during standard peptide synthesis, and (iii) standard peptide methodology can be used for purification. To investigate whether a spacer amino acid sequence between the actual CTL epitope and PA is required for induction of an optimal CTL response, we prepared monopalmitic acid-peptide conjugates with different spacer amino acids. A lipopeptide without a spacer amino acid and another one containing the CS spacer sequence both induced a CTL response, whereas a lipopeptide with a serine as spacer failed to induce CTL. These results indicate that the amino acid spacer sequences influence the immunological properties of the palmitic acid-peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Verheul
- Immunology Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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50
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Metzger JW, Beck-Sickinger AG, Loleit M, Eckert M, Bessler WG, Jung G. Synthetic S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteinyl peptides derived from the N-terminus of the cytochrome subunit of the photoreaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis enhance murine splenocyte proliferation. J Pept Sci 1995; 1:184-90. [PMID: 9222995 DOI: 10.1002/psc.310010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various lipopeptides representing the N-terminal part of the cytochrome subunit of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas virdis were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. These lipopeptides consisted of a S-[2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-cysteinyl (Dhc) residue N-terminally coupled to the nonapeptide FEPPPATTT. Different numbers of palmitoyl (Pam) chains were attached to Dhc via ester and/or amide bonds. The lipopeptide Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT containing two ester-bonded palmitoyl residues and a free N-terminus was a potent polyclonal activator of murine (BALB/c) spleen cells at subnanomolar concentrations. The lipopeptide Pam-Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT containing three palmitoyl residues, the two-chain lipopeptide Pam-Dhc(Pam)-FEPPPATTT containing one amide- and one ester-bonded palmitoyl residue, and the N-terminally elongated lipopeptide SLVAG-Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT were less active. The nonapeptide FEPPPATTT and the decapeptide Dhc-FEPPPATTT were only marginal splenocyte activators, even at concentrations as high as 1 microM. Thus, lipopeptide Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT constitutes the first potent splenocyte stimulation Dhc-lipopeptide described so far that contains only two fatty acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Metzger
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Germany
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