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Rio-Aige K, Azagra-Boronat I, Castell M, Selma-Royo M, Collado MC, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061810. [PMID: 34073540 PMCID: PMC8230140 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk components contribute to the infant’s immune development and protection, and among other immune factors, immunoglobulins (Igs) are the most studied. The presence of IgA in milk has been known for a long time; however, less information is available about the presence of other Igs such as IgM, IgG, and their subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) or even IgE or IgD. The total Ig concentration and profile will change during the course of lactation; however, there is a great variability among studies due to several variables that limit establishing a clear pattern. In this context, the aim of this review was firstly to shed light on the Ig concentration in breast milk based on scientific evidence and secondly to study the main factors contributing to such variability. A search strategy provided only 75 studies with the prespecified eligibility criteria. The concentrations and proportions found have been established based on the intrinsic factors of the study—such as the sampling time and quantification technique—as well as participant-dependent factors, such as lifestyle and environment. All these factors contribute to the variability of the immunoglobulinome described in the literature and should be carefully addressed for further well-designed studies and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rio-Aige
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
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Msallam R, Balla J, Rathore APS, Kared H, Malleret B, Saron WAA, Liu Z, Hang JW, Dutertre CA, Larbi A, Chan JKY, St. John AL, Ginhoux F. Fetal mast cells mediate postnatal allergic responses dependent on maternal IgE. Science 2020; 370:941-950. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are central effector cells in allergic reactions that are often mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Allergies commonly start at an early age, and both MCs and IgE are detectable in fetuses. However, the origin of fetal IgE and whether fetal MCs can degranulate in response to IgE-dependent activation are presently unknown. Here, we show that human and mouse fetal MCs phenotypically mature through pregnancy and can be sensitized by maternal IgE. IgE crossed the placenta, dependent on the fetal neonatal Fc receptor (FcRN), and sensitized fetal MCs for allergen-specific degranulation. Both passive and active prenatal sensitization conferred allergen sensitivity, resulting in postnatal skin and airway inflammation after the first allergen encounter. We report a role for MCs within the developing fetus and demonstrate that fetal MCs may contribute to antigen-specific vertical transmission of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Msallam
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jozef Balla
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Abhay P. S. Rathore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Hassen Kared
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Wilfried A. A. Saron
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Wen Hang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Charles Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, The Academia, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Hochwallner H, Alm J, Lupinek C, Johansson C, Mie A, Scheynius A, Valenta R. Transmission of allergen-specific IgG and IgE from maternal blood into breast milk visualized with microarray technology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1213-5. [PMID: 25439230 PMCID: PMC4220005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Hochwallner
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan Alm
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Catharina Johansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Mie
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Scheynius
- Department of Medicine Solna, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Wagner B, Stokol T, Ainsworth DM. Induction of interleukin-4 production in neonatal IgE+ cells after crosslinking of maternal IgE. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:436-444. [PMID: 19995577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of maternal IgE antibodies to the neonate with the colostrum has been described in different mammalian species. Previous work in horses has shown that IgE bound to the surface of neonatal basophils is solely of maternal origin. However, the functional role of the maternal IgE transfer remained unclear. We hypothesized that maternal IgE mediates the onset of innate IL-4 production in equine neonatal basophils. Intracellular IL-4 production was measured in PBMC of newborn and older foals by flow cytometric analysis. A small population of IL-4(+) cells was observed in the peripheral blood at days 3-5 after birth. Phenotyping of the IL-4(+) cells showed that they were IgE(+)/MHCII(low)/CD4(-) cells. Magnetic cells sorting of the IgE(+)/MHCII(low) cells identified them as basophils. Anti-IgE stimulation in vitro induced IL-4 in IgE(+)/MHCII(low) basophils, but not in MHCII(+) cells or cells collected before colostrum ingestion. In conclusion, stimulation via maternal IgE antibodies mediated innate IL-4 production in neonatal basophils which might provide a paragenetic mechanism to promote the development of adaptive T-cell responses in the neonate after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Prokesová L, Novotná O, Janatková I, Zanvit P, Zizka J, Lodinová-Zádníková R, Kocourková I, Sterzl I. IgE against food and respiratory allergens in healthy and allergic mothers and their children. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 53:67-72. [PMID: 18481221 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IgE against mixtures of common food or respiratory allergens were determined by ELISA in healthy (n = 38) and allergic (n = 62) mothers and their children. Significantly higher level of IgE against respiratory allergens was found in sera of allergic mothers and in cord blood of their children. No correlation between antibody level in maternal and newborn's sera was found; this argues against the transfer of IgE from mother to fetus and points rather to offspring's intrauterine sensitization. Specific IgE level in cord blood was higher in children who developed later allergy than in children who did not. Specific IgE level in colostrum was low both in healthy and allergic mothers; there was no correlation between high concentration of IgE against respiratory allergens in sera of allergic mothers and their colostrum, which does not support the idea of IgE transport from blood to mammary gland. Only slightly increased colostral IgE was detected in allergic mothers whose children manifested allergy later. Allergy of the mother and high level of anti-allergen IgE in her serum and in cord blood are the main predictive factors of future occurrence of allergy in the offspring. A combination of several predictive factors could have higher prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prokesová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 128 00, Prague, Czechia.
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Wagner B, Flaminio JBF, Hillegas J, Leibold W, Erb HN, Antczak DF. Occurrence of IgE in foals: Evidence for transfer of maternal IgE by the colostrum and late onset of endogenous IgE production in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:269-78. [PMID: 16343646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
IgE is the key antibody involved in type I allergies. Allergen mediated crosslinking of IgE bound to high affinity Fcepsilon-receptors on mast cells and basophils stimulates cellular degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. In this report, we demonstrate that IgE antibodies can be transferred from the mother to offspring in horses via the colostrum. We found a clear correlation between the IgE concentration in colostrum and the total IgE concentration in foal sera on day 2 after birth (r(sp)=0.83). Maternal IgE was detected in foal sera by ELISA and on peripheral blood leukocytes of foals by flow cytometry. Both serum and cell membrane-bound IgE were undetectable in newborn foals before colostrum uptake and peaked on days 2-5 after birth. Cell-bound IgE became undetectable at 2 months after birth. Serum IgE disappeared from the circulation within the first 3-4 months of age. These kinetics suggest that the IgE antibodies which are detectable in foals during the first 4 months after birth are of maternal origin only. The endogenous IgE production was found to begin at 9-11 months of age, when IgE could be detected on peripheral blood leukocytes and in foal sera again. After 18 months of life, the total IgE concentrations in foal sera were comparable to those detected in their dams. The late onset of endogenous IgE production offers an explanation for observations that IgE mediated allergies are generally not observed in horses before puberty. The roles of the passively transferred maternal IgE in newborn foals are not yet known, but could be manifold, ranging from passive immunity and induction of immunoregulatory functions to determinative influences of maternal IgE on the antibody repertoire in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Pfeffer A, Shaw RJ, Green RS, Phegan MD. The transfer of maternal IgE and other immunoglobulins specific for Trichostrongylus colubriformis larval excretory/secretory product to the neonatal lamb. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:315-23. [PMID: 16045999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The transference of immunoglobulins from six New Zealand Romney ewes to their lambs was examined. Immunoglobulin levels were determined in ewe plasma, colostrum and lamb plasma shortly after birth and before the lambs fed, in lamb plasma 2 days after birth, and lamb plasma, ewe plasma and milk 30 days after parturition. Levels of total IgE, and IgE, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA with specificity for Trichostronglus colubriformis third stage larval secretory/excretory products (TcL3E/S) were determined. Mean levels of total IgE were three times higher in colostrum than in parturient ewe plasma while only trace amounts were detected in milk at 30 days after birth (107.7, 34.3, and 0.2U ml(-1), respectively, differences between means P< or =0.01). Mean total IgE in lamb plasma rose from being undetectable before suckling to levels comparable to those of the ewes by 2 days after birth (21.7U ml(-1)) and then declined to low levels by 30 days (0.4U ml(-1)). Total IgE levels in lamb plasma were significantly correlated with levels in ewe plasma and colostrum (r=0.91, P< or =0.01; r=0.96, P< or =0.003, respectively). The transference of TcL3E/S-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgA was substantial with mean levels of these antibodies in lamb plasma at 2 days comparable to that in parturient ewe plasma (absorbance levels in lamb plasma of 0.283, 0.537, and 0.334, respectively). Proportionally less maternal IgM and IgG2 appeared to be transferred to the lambs (absorbance of 0.112 and 0.081, respectively). Levels of TcL3E/S-specific IgE and IgG1 in lamb plasma at 2 days were significantly correlated with levels in parturient ewe plasma and colostrum (r=0.89 and 0.82, 0.85 and 0.96; all P< or =0.05, respectively). These results indicate that IgE is concentrated in ewe colostrum and that substantial amounts of maternal IgE are transferred to lambs via colostrum. Further, the results suggest that humoral immunity against gastro-intestinal nematode parasites and potentially other parasites in colostrum-fed lambs may approximate that of the ewe. The implications of the transference of humoral immunity through colostrum in ruminants for the passive protection and the development of active immunity against parasites remains to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pfeffer
- AgResearch Ltd., Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Ward Street, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Baumgartner-Bonnevay C, Choquet-Kastylevsky G, Putet G, Bleyzac N, Vial T, Descotes J. [Anaphylactic shock associated with ceftriaxone therapy in a newborn]. Arch Pediatr 2002; 9:1050-2. [PMID: 12462836 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(02)00053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT During an hospitalization, a ten-day-old newborn infant was treated with ceftriaxone (Rocephine i.v., 390 mg/day) for an infection secondary to the presence of an umbilical catheter. A few minutes after the end of the fifth injection, the infant presented with cyanosis, initially localized at the perfusion site, then generalized, a tachycardia followed by acute circulatory failure with arterial hypotension and finally a multiple organe failure with coagulation, kidney and liver dysfunction. The infant received classical resuscitation treatment and recovered without short term sequelae. The time of onset was in favour of drug-induced accident. A postnatal sensitization during previous injections might have occurred, although the latency of immediate hypersensitivity reactions after a first sensitizing contact is usually longer. A sensitization in utero or via breast feeding was ruled out due to the absence of maternal exposure to ceftriaxone. The absence of urticaria and bronchospasm, and the initial localization of cyanosis were not in favour of a classic allergic disease. An other cause, toxic or infectious cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baumgartner-Bonnevay
- Centre antipoison-centre de pharmacovigilance, hôpital Edouard-Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France.
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Bernt K, Walker WA. Human milk and the response of intestinal epithelium to infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 501:11-30. [PMID: 11787672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Bernt
- Developmental Gastroenterology Laboratory, Combined Program in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital and The Children's Hospital, Boston 02129, USA
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Terhell AJ, Wahyuni S, Pryce A, Koot JWM, Abadi K, Yazdanbakhsh M. Anti-filarial and total IgG4 and IgE antibody levels are correlated in mothers and their offspring. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:334-9. [PMID: 12174792 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mothers who suffer from helminth infections or allergic diseases, prenatal sensitization with antigens/allergens is suspected to bias the immune system of the offspring towards a Th2-type response. To investigate this at the antibody level, we collected 113 blood samples on filter paper from a paediatric population aged 3 months to 10 years and their mothers, who resided in an area endemic for brugian filariasis in Indonesia. The results showed that antibody levels in children were strongly correlated with maternal antibody levels. However, for anti-filarial IgG4 and IgE this relationship was manifested directly after birth, whereas for total antibody levels a positive correlation could be detected only with children aged > or = 2 years. To investigate the influence of paternal antibody on progeny, specific IgG4 was determined in a different set of samples from 229 children and both of their parents. Interestingly, the influence of paternal IgG4 became apparent only after the age of 4 years. In contrast, maternal antibody levels were already correlated to levels produced by their offspring at a young age (3 months onwards). Taken together, it appears that children can become sensitized to parasite antigens in utero, allowing them to produce Th2-dependent specific IgG4 and IgE antibodies at a young age, whereas with increasing age, the influence of environmental factors, shared in households, such as filarial transmission and other helminth infections, becomes dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Terhell
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9605, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chen XJ, Enerbäck L. Immature peritoneal mast cells in neonatal rats express the CTMC phenotype, as well as functional IgE receptors. APMIS 1999; 107:957-65. [PMID: 10549594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the differentiation and maturation of mast cells and the expression of IgE receptors on their surface in neonatal animals in vivo. Another aim was to clarify whether connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) undergo a maturation process involving a transdifferentiation from mucosal mast cells (MMC) during this period of time. Mast-cell phenotypes were studied in terms of the profiles of proteinases and proteoglycan. In 1-week-old rats, the mast-cell granules stained with Alcian blue rather than with safranin (AB+/S-) in the Alcian blue/safranin staining sequence, normally regarded as a property of MMC. However, the AB+/S-stained proteoglycan was degradable by nitrous acid and stained with berberine sulphate, thus indicating that it contained heparin rather than chondroitin sulphate. The mast cells expressed rat mast-cell proteinase (RMCP) I rather than RMCP II, which is normally found in MMC. The mast cells of 1-week-old rats expressed functional IgE receptors, by showing a dose-dependent IgE-mediated histamine release of mast cells. About 70% of the IgE receptors on the mast cells were occupied by IgE. In 2- to 3-week-old rats, there was a progressive increase in mast cells stained with both Alcian blue and safranin or with safranin alone, i.e. they gradually changed towards the staining properties of CTMC (AB-/S+). The expression and the degree of IgE occupancy of the receptors increased in 1- to 3-week-old animals. This was paralleled by an increment in cell size and in the content of heparin, histamine and serotonin in the mast cells. The findings thus indicate that the peritoneal mast cells of neonatal rats express the CTMC phenotype and undergo a maturation process at from 1 to 3 weeks of age, without involving a transdifferentiation from MMC. The maturation of the mast cells is accompanied by an increase in the expression of functional IgE receptors on the cell surface. production was detectable as early as in 1-week-old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Wright AL, Sherrill D, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Martinez FD. Breast-feeding, maternal IgE, and total serum IgE in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104:589-94. [PMID: 10482832 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding the relationship of the effect of breast-feeding on markers of allergy such as total serum IgE in childhood. OBJECTIVE This study, using longitudinal data, tested the hypothesis that the relation of breast-feeding to IgE in childhood differs depending on maternal total IgE level. METHODS Total serum IgE was assessed with the paper radioimmunosorbent test at 4 ages in nonselected children enrolled at birth into the prospective Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. Children were classified as never breast-fed, breast-fed less than 4 months, or breast-fed 4 months or longer, on the basis of physician report or questionnaires completed by parents by the time the child was 18 months old. A longitudinal random effects model was used to test for group differences and temporal trends in IgE for children classified with reference to maternal IgE (high tertile vs all others) and breast-feeding history. A total of 664 children with 1457 observations were included. RESULTS Among children whose mothers were in the 2 lower tertiles of IgE, breast-feeding was associated with lower total serum IgE at age 6 years (24.2 vs 44.3 IU/mL for never breast-fed children; P <.02); similar trends existed at age 11 years. In contrast, for children whose mothers were in the highest tertile of IgE, breast-feeding of 4 months or longer was associated with higher IgE levels in the child compared with those never breast-fed or breast-fed less than 4 months (97.0 vs 38.9 IU/mL; P <. 005). These cross-sectional analyses were confirmed with the longitudinal random effects model, which also showed no effect of confounders. Paternal IgE showed no similar relation with child IgE. CONCLUSION Breast-feeding appears to have paradoxic relations with IgE in childhood, depending on maternal IgE level. These findings may help explain the contradictory results found in other investigations of the relation of breast-feeding to allergic symptoms and markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Wright
- Respiratory Sciences Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724, USA
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Abstract
In addition to well-recognized antimicrobial substances, a growing body of evidence has accrued during the last decade regarding the presence and function of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors present in human milk and their role in protecting the mature newborn as well as the premature infant against infections. In addition, it is now appreciated that a number of these factors present in human milk may actively modulate the synthesis and maturation of the recipient immune system. This complex and interactive system of bioactive substances in human milk appears ideally to be designed to function by noninflammatory mechanisms, to operate often in a complementary or synergistic manner, to resist the digestive process in the recipient gastrointestinal tract, and to supplement developmentally delayed immune factors of the infant. The in vivo fate and effects of these immune factors in human milk, however, are still poorly understood. Clinical studies in conjunction with a broader use of experimental animal models and basic research are needed in the future to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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