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Stein RA, Sheldon ND, Smith SY. Comparing Methodologies for Stomatal Analyses in the Context of Elevated Modern CO 2. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:78. [PMID: 38255693 PMCID: PMC10821100 DOI: 10.3390/life14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf stomata facilitate the exchange of water and CO2 during photosynthetic gas exchange. The shape, size, and density of leaf pores have not been constant over geologic time, and each morphological trait has potentially been impacted by changing environmental and climatic conditions, especially by changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As such, stomatal parameters have been used in simple regressions to reconstruct ancient carbon dioxide, as well as incorporated into more complex gas-exchange models that also leverage plant carbon isotope ecology. Most of these proxy relationships are measured on chemically cleared leaves, although newer techniques such as creating stomatal impressions are being increasingly employed. Additionally, many of the proxy relationships use angiosperms with broad leaves, which have been increasingly abundant in the last 130 million years but are absent from the fossil record before this. We focus on the methodology to define stomatal parameters for paleo-CO2 studies using two separate methodologies (one corrosive, one non-destructive) to prepare leaves on both scale- and broad-leaves collected from herbaria with known global atmospheric CO2 levels. We find that the corrosive and non-corrosive methodologies give similar values for stomatal density, but that measurements of stomatal sizes, particularly guard cell width (GCW), for the two methodologies are not comparable. Using those measurements to reconstruct CO2 via the gas exchange model, we found that reconstructed CO2 based on stomatal impressions (due to inaccurate measurements in GCW) far exceeded measured CO2 for modern plants. This bias was observed in both coniferous (scale-shaped) and angiosperm (broad) leaves. Thus, we advise that applications of gas exchange models use cleared leaves rather than impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A. Stein
- Department of Chemistry & Physical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Nathan D. Sheldon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Selena Y. Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Saeedi SA, Vahdati K, Sarikhani S, Daylami SD, Davarzani M, Gruda NS, Aliniaeifard S. Growth, photosynthetic function, and stomatal characteristics of Persian walnut explants in vitro under different light spectra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1292045. [PMID: 38046599 PMCID: PMC10690960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, which is an essential process for plantlets produced during in vitro tissue culture practices and ex vitro acclimatization. LED lights are an appropriate technology for in vitro lighting but their effect on propagation and photosynthesis under in vitro condition is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different light spectra on growth, photosynthetic functionality, and stomatal characteristics of micropropagated shoots of Persian walnut (cv. Chandler). Tissue-cultured walnut nodal shoots were grown under different light qualities including white, blue, red, far-red, green, combination of red and blue (70:30), combination of red and far-red (70:30), and fluorescent light as the control. Results showed that the best growth and vegetative characteristics of in vitro explants of Persian walnut were achieved under combination of red and blue light. The biggest size of stomata was detected under white and blue lights. Red light stimulated stomatal closure, while stomatal opening was induced under blue and white lights. Although the red and far-red light spectra resulted in the formation of elongated explants with more lateral shoots and anthocyanin content, they significantly reduced the photosynthetic functionality. Highest soluble carbohydrate content and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were detected in explants grown under blue and white light spectra. In conclusion, growing walnut explants under combination of red and blue lights leads to better growth, photosynthesis functionality, and the emergence of functional stomata in in vitro explants of Persian walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Arash Saeedi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Vahdati
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saadat Sarikhani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Davarzani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazim S. Gruda
- Department of Horticultural Science, INRES–Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (CEAC), College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Li X, Zhang P, Liu J, Wang H, Liu J, Li H, Xie H, Wang Q, Li L, Zhang S, Huang L, Liu C, Qin P. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Quinoa Seedling Response to High Relative Humidity Stress. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1352. [PMID: 37759752 PMCID: PMC10527060 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is of great interest because it is cold- and drought-resistant; however, little research has been performed on quinoa under high relative humidity (RH) stress. In this study, quinoa seedlings of a highly HR-resistant variety ("Dianli-439") and a sensitive variety ("Dianli-969") were subjected to morphological and physiological measurements and metabolome and transcriptome analyses to investigate their response to high RH stress. In total, 1060 metabolites were detected, and lipids and flavonoids were the most abundant, with 173 and 167 metabolites, respectively. In total, 13,095 differentially expressed genes were identified, and the results showed that abscisic acid, auxin, and jasmonic-acid-related genes involved in plant hormone signaling may be involved in the response of quinoa seedlings to high RH stress. The analysis of the transcription factors revealed that the AP2/ERF family may also play an important role in the response to high RH stress. We identified the possible regulatory mechanisms of the hormone signaling pathways under high RH stress. Our findings can provide a basis for the selection and identification of highly resistant quinoa varieties and the screening of the metabolite-synthesis- and gene-regulation-related mechanisms in quinoa in response to RH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Yuxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Yuxi 653100, China;
| | - Hongxin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Junna Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Hanxue Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Heng Xie
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Liubin Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Peng Qin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (P.Z.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (H.X.); (Q.W.); (L.L.)
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Zhang P, Yang X, Manevski K, Li S, Wei Z, Andersen MN, Liu F. Physiological and Growth Responses of Potato ( Solanum Tuberosum L.) to Air Temperature and Relative Humidity under Soil Water Deficits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1126. [PMID: 35567127 PMCID: PMC9105088 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress often occurs concurrently with heat stress, yet the interacting effect of high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil drying on the physiology of potato plants remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and growth responses of potatoes to progressive soil drying under varied VPDs. Potato plants were grown either in four separate climate-controlled greenhouse cells with different VPD levels (viz., 0.70, 1.06, 1.40, and 2.12 kPa, respectively) or under a rainout shelter in the field. The VPD of each greenhouse cell was caused by two air temperature levels (23 and 30 °C) combined with two relative humidity levels (50 and 70%), and the VPD of the field was natural conditions. Irrigation treatments were commenced three or four weeks after planting in greenhouse cells or fields, respectively. The results indicated that soil water deficits limited leaf gas exchange and shoot dry matter (DMshoot) of plants while increasing the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaf and xylem, as well as water use efficiency (WUE) across all VPD levels. High VPD decreased stomatal conductance (gs) but increased transpiration rate (Tr). High VPD increased the threshold of soil water for Tr began to decrease, while the soil water threshold for gs depended on temperature due to the varied ABA response to temperature. High VPD decreased leaf water potential, leaf area, and DMshoot, which exacerbated the inhibition of soil drying to plant growth. Across the well-watered plants in both experiments, negative linear relationships of gs and WUE to VPD and positive linear relations between Tr and VPD were found. The results provide some novel information for developing mechanistic models simulating crop WUE and improving irrigation scheduling in future arid climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (K.M.); (M.N.A.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
- Institute of Facility Agriculture, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kiril Manevski
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (K.M.); (M.N.A.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhenhua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Mathias Neumann Andersen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; (K.M.); (M.N.A.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing 101400, China
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5
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Meimand MJM, Shamshiri MH, Malekzadeh K, Dehghani MR. How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock? Open Life Sci 2021; 16:1151-1163. [PMID: 34722887 PMCID: PMC8542649 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ventilation and sucrose concentration on proliferation and organogenesis of pistachio cutting and photosynthetic performance of two in vitro cultures of pistachio rootstocks have been assessed. The apical leaf buds (Qazvini and UCB1 cultivars) were cultured in filter vessels containing Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0, 10, 15, and 30 g L -1 of sucrose. The plants treated with 10, 15, and 30 g L -1 sucrose showed no significant differences regarding the measured traits; therefore, this treatment was set aside from the final statistical analyses. Use of different ventilation systems showed to be suitable for increasing the growth of pistachio. Referring to root production difficulties under in vitro cultivation of pistachio, ventilation increased the root production and length. However, the full ventilation system was more effective in improving the growth properties. Regression between fluorescence feature vs root length showed that F v/F m had a significant positive relationship with root length. Stomata of cell parameters under ventilation systems improved compared to no ventilation, which was highly similar to the trend in the greenhouse. The overall results indicated that low concentrations of sucrose (e.g., 10 g L -1) and full ventilation are recommended for producing high quality and vigorous pistachio plantlets under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalil Malekzadeh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehghani
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Innes SN, Solhaug KA, Torre S, Dodd IC. Different abscisic acid-deficient mutants show unique morphological and hydraulic responses to high air humidity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1795-1807. [PMID: 33826767 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High relative humidity (RH) perturbs plant growth, stomatal functioning and abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis, but the role of ABA in this physiological regulation is equivocal. To determine the role(s) of ABA in plant responses to high RH, wild-type (WT) tomato and barley plants and their respective ABA-deficient mutants flacca and Az34 (which are mutated in the same locus of the ABA biosynthesis pathway) were grown in contrasting RHs (60% and 90%) to measure biomass partitioning, stomatal traits and water relations. Surprisingly, growth RH did not affect foliar ABA levels in either species. While Az34 showed similar stomatal size and density as WT plants, flacca had larger and more abundant stomata. High RH increased stomatal size in tomato, but decreased it in barley, and decreased stomatal density in tomato, but not in barley. Altered stomatal responses in ABA-deficient plants to high RH had little effect on tomato photosynthesis, but Az34 barley showed lower photosynthesis. ABA deficiency decreased relative shoot growth rate (RGRSHOOT ) in both species, yet this was counteracted by high RH increasing leaf water status in tomato, but not in barley. High RH increased RGRSHOOT in flacca, but not in WT tomatoes, while having no effect on RGRSHOOT in barley, but affecting barley net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area in an ABA-dependent manner. ABA-RH interaction affected leaf development in tomato only. Thus, different crop species show variable responses to both high RH and ABA deficiency, making it difficult to generalise on the role of ABA in growth regulation at contrasting RHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheona N Innes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Fanourakis D, Aliniaeifard S, Sellin A, Giday H, Körner O, Rezaei Nejad A, Delis C, Bouranis D, Koubouris G, Kambourakis E, Nikoloudakis N, Tsaniklidis G. Stomatal behavior following mid- or long-term exposure to high relative air humidity: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:92-105. [PMID: 32485617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) is frequent in controlled environments, and not uncommon in nature. In this review, we examine the high RH effects on plants with a special focus on stomatal characters. All aspects of stomatal physiology are attenuated by elevated RH during leaf expansion (long-term) in C3 species. These include impaired opening and closing response, as well as weak diel oscillations. Consequently, the high RH-grown plants are not only vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress, but also undergo a deregulation between CO2 uptake and water loss. Stomatal behavior of a single leaf is determined by the local microclimate during expansion, and may be different than the remaining leaves of the same plant. No effect of high RH is apparent in C4 and CAM species, while the same is expected for species with hydropassive stomatal closure. Formation of bigger stomata with larger pores is a universal response to high RH during leaf expansion, whereas the effect on stomatal density appears to be species- and leaf side-specific. Compelling evidence suggests that ABA mediates the high RH-induced stomatal malfunction, as well as the stomatal size increase. Although high RH stimulates leaf ethylene evolution, it remains elusive whether or not this contributes to stomatal malfunction. Most species lose stomatal function following mid-term (4-7 d) exposure to high RH following leaf expansion. Consequently, the regulatory role of ambient humidity on stomatal functionality is not limited to the period of leaf expansion, but holds throughout the leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece; Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, Greece.
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Habtamu Giday
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, ICBA, P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oliver Körner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, GR-24100, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kambourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter' (NAGREF), P.O. Box 2228, 71003, Heraklio, Greece
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Innes SN, Arve LE, Zimmermann B, Nybakken L, Melby TI, Solhaug KA, Olsen JE, Torre S. Elevated air humidity increases UV mediated leaf and DNA damage in pea (Pisum sativum) due to reduced flavonoid content and antioxidant power. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:387-399. [PMID: 30480699 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth in high relative air humidity (RH, >85%) affects plant morphology and causes diminished response to stomatal closing signals. Many greenhouses are prone to high RH conditions, which may negatively affect production and post-harvest quality. UV radiation induces stomatal closure in several species, and facilitates disease control. We hypothesised that UV exposure may trigger stomatal closure in pea plants (Pisum sativum) grown in high RH, thereby restoring stomatal function. The effects of UV exposure were tested on plants grown in moderate (60%) or high (90%) RH. UV exposure occurred at night, according to a disease control protocol. Lower stomatal conductance rates were found in UV-exposed plants, though UV exposure did not improve the rate of response to closing stimuli or desiccation tolerance. UV-exposed plants showed leaf curling, chlorosis, necrosis, and DNA damage measured by the presence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), all of which were significantly greater in high RH plants. These plants also had lower total flavonoid content than moderate RH plants, and UV-exposed plants had less than controls. Plants exposed to UV had a higher content of cuticular layer uronic compounds than control plants. However, high RH plants had a higher relative amount of cuticular waxes, but decreased proteins and uronic compounds. Plants grown in high RH had reduced foliar antioxidant power compared to moderate RH. These results indicate that high RH plants were more susceptible to UV-induced damage than moderate RH plants due to reduced flavonoid content and oxidative stress defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheona N Innes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Louise E Arve
- The Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Brumundal, 2831, Norway
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Line Nybakken
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Tone I Melby
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway.
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway.
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9
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Greenhouse vapour pressure deficit and lighting conditions during growth can influence postharvest quality through the functioning of stomata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Arve LE, Kruse OMO, Tanino KK, Olsen JE, Futsæther C, Torre S. Daily changes in VPD during leaf development in high air humidity increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness and dry air. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 211:63-69. [PMID: 28161560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that plants developed under high relative air humidity (RH>85%) develop malfunctioning stomata and therefor have increased transpiration and reduced desiccation tolerance when transferred to lower RH conditions and darkness. In this study, plants developed at high RH were exposed to daily VPD fluctuations created by changes in temperature and/or RH to evaluate the potential improvements in stomatal functioning. Daily periods with an 11°C temperature increase and consequently a VPD increase (vpd: 0.36-2.37KPa) reduced the stomatal apertures and improved the stomatal functionality and desiccation tolerance of the rosette plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A similar experiment was performed with only a 4°C temperature increase and/or a RH decrease on tomato. The results showed that a daily change in VPD (vpd: 0.36-1.43KPa) also resulted in improved stomatal responsiveness and decreased water usage during growth. In tomato, the most effective treatment to increase the stomatal responsiveness to darkness as a signal for closure was daily changes in RH without a temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Arve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Ole Mathis Opstad Kruse
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Karen K Tanino
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Cecilia Futsæther
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - Sissel Torre
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
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Fanourakis D, Bouranis D, Giday H, Carvalho DRA, Rezaei Nejad A, Ottosen CO. Improving stomatal functioning at elevated growth air humidity: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 207:51-60. [PMID: 27792901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown at high relative air humidity (RH≥85%) are prone to lethal wilting upon transfer to conditions of high evaporative demand. The reduced survival of these plants is related to (i) increased cuticular permeability, (ii) changed anatomical features (i.e., longer pore length and higher stomatal density), (iii) reduced rehydration ability, (iv) impaired water potential sensitivity to leaf dehydration and, most importantly, (v) compromised stomatal closing ability. This review presents a critical analysis of the strategies which stimulate stomatal functioning during plant development at high RH. These include (a) breeding for tolerant cultivars, (b) interventions with respect to the belowground environment (i.e., water deficit, increased salinity, nutrient culture and grafting) as well as (c) manipulation of the aerial environment [i.e., increased proportion of blue light, increased air movement, temporal temperature rise, and spraying with abscisic acid (ABA)]. Root hypoxia, mechanical disturbance, as well as spraying with compounds mimicking ABA, lessening its inactivation or stimulating its within-leaf redistribution are also expected to improve stomatal functioning of leaves expanded in humid air. Available evidence leaves little doubt that genotypic and phenotypic differences in stomatal functioning following cultivation at high RH are realized through the intermediacy of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, GR 71004 Heraklio, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Habtamu Giday
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dália R A Carvalho
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
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Carvalho DRA, Torre S, Kraniotis D, Almeida DPF, Heuvelink E, Carvalho SMP. Elevated air movement enhances stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid in leaves developed at high relative air humidity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:383. [PMID: 26074943 PMCID: PMC4446533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) during growth leads to stomata malfunctioning, resulting in water stress when plants are transferred to conditions of high evaporative demand. In this study, we hypothesized that an elevated air movement (MOV) 24 h per day, during the whole period of leaf development would increase abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]) enhancing stomatal functioning. Pot rose 'Toril' was grown at moderate (61%) or high (92%) RH combined with a continuous low (0.08 m s(-1)) or high (0.92 m s(-1)) MOV. High MOV reduced stomatal pore length and aperture in plants developed at high RH. Moreover, stomatal function improved when high MOV-treated plants were subjected to leaflet desiccation and ABA feeding. Endogenous concentration of ABA and its metabolites in the leaves was reduced by 35% in high RH, but contrary to our hypothesis this concentration was not significantly affected by high MOV. Interestingly, in detached leaflets grown at high RH, high MOV increased stomatal sensitivity to ABA since the amount of exogenous ABA required to decrease the transpiration rate was significantly reduced. This is the first study to show that high MOV increases stomatal functionality in leaves developed at high RH by reducing the stomatal pore length and aperture and enhancing stomatal sensitivity to ABA rather than increasing leaf [ABA].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dália R. A. Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica PortuguesaPorto, Portugal
| | - Sissel Torre
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Kraniotis
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | | | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M. P. Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica PortuguesaPorto, Portugal
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sciences, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
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Arve LE, Torre S. Ethylene is involved in high air humidity promoted stomatal opening of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:376-386. [PMID: 32480682 DOI: 10.1071/fp14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH) promotes stomatal opening in tomato leaves. This study examined the role of the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene in high RH induced stomatal opening. Plants were grown in high (90%) and moderate (60%) RH or transferred from moderate to high RH. ABA levels were only slightly, but significantly decreased during darkness by increasing RH. However, a significantly higher ethylene evolution was found in high RH compared with moderate RH. Ethephon increased conductance and stomatal aperture in moderate RH. Treatment with amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) suppressed stomatal opening when plants were transferred from moderate to high RH. Similarly, blocking the ethylene receptor or using an ethylene-insensitive mutant (NR) reduced the response to high RH. These results demonstrate that both ethylene production and sensitivity play a role in high RH-induced stomatal opening in tomato leaves. The increased conductance found when plants were transferred to high RH could be counteracted by exogenous ABA spray. The ABA deficient mutant 'Flacca' produced high levels of ethylene irrespective of the RH and the difference in water loss and conductance between high and moderate grown 'Flacca' plants was attenuated compared with WT. The results indicate that both ABA and ethylene play a role in air humidity control of stomatal movement in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Arve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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14
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Aliniaeifard S, van Meeteren U. Natural variation in stomatal response to closing stimuli among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions after exposure to low VPD as a tool to recognize the mechanism of disturbed stomatal functioning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6529-42. [PMID: 25205580 PMCID: PMC4246184 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal responses to closing stimuli are disturbed after long-term exposure of plants to low vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The mechanism behind this disturbance is not fully understood. Genetic variation between naturally occurring ecotypes can be helpful to elucidate the mechanism controlling stomatal movements in different environments. We characterized the stomatal responses of 41 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to closing stimuli (ABA and desiccation) after they had been exposed for 4 days to moderate VPD (1.17 kPa) or low VPD (0.23 kPa). A fast screening system was used to test stomatal response to ABA using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging under low O2 concentrations of leaf discs floating on ABA solutions. In all accessions stomatal conductance (gs) was increased after prior exposure to low VPD. After exposure to low VPD, stomata of 39 out of 41 of the accessions showed a diminished ABA closing response; only stomata of low VPD-exposed Map-42 and C24 were as responsive to ABA as moderate VPD-exposed plants. In response to desiccation, most of the accessions showed a normal stomata closing response following low VPD exposure. Only low VPD-exposed Cvi-0 and Rrs-7 showed significantly less stomatal closure compared with moderate VPD-exposed plants. Using principle component analysis (PCA), accessions could be categorized to very sensitive, moderately sensitive, and less sensitive to closing stimuli. In conclusion, we present evidence for different stomatal responses to closing stimuli after long-term exposure to low VPD across Arabidopsis accessions. The variation can be a useful tool for finding the mechanism of stomatal malfunctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Horticultural Production Chains, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, p.o. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Horticulture, College of Abureyhan, University of Tehran, PC. 3391653775, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | - Uulke van Meeteren
- Horticultural Production Chains, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, p.o. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Aliniaeifard S, Malcolm Matamoros P, van Meeteren U. Stomatal malfunctioning under low VPD conditions: induced by alterations in stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy or in the ABA signaling? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:688-99. [PMID: 24773210 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposing plants to low VPD reduces leaf capacity to maintain adequate water status thereafter. To find the impact of VPD on functioning of stomata, stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy, fava bean plants were grown at low (L, 0.23 kPa) or moderate (M, 1.17 kPa) VPDs and some plants that developed their leaves at moderate VPD were then transferred for 4 days to low VPD (M→L). Part of the M→L-plants were sprayed with ABA (abscisic acid) during exposure to L. L-plants showed bigger stomata, larger pore area, thinner leaves and less spongy cells compared with M-plants. Stomatal morphology (except aperture) and leaf anatomy of the M→L-plants were almost similar to the M-plants, while their transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were identical to that of L-plants. The stomatal response to ABA was lost in L-plants, but also after 1-day exposure of M-plants to low VPD. The level of foliar ABA sharply decreased within 1-day exposure to L, while the level of ABA-GE (ABA-glucose ester) was not affected. Spraying ABA during the exposure to L prevented loss of stomatal closing response thereafter. The effect of low VPD was largely depending on exposure time: the stomatal responsiveness to ABA was lost after 1-day exposure to low VPD, while the responsiveness to desiccation was gradually lost during 4-day exposure to low VPD. Leaf anatomical and stomatal morphological alterations due to low VPD were not the main cause of loss of stomatal closure response to closing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Horticultural Production Chains, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Horticulture, College of Abureyhan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Niglas A, Kupper P, Tullus A, Sellin A. Responses of sap flow, leaf gas exchange and growth of hybrid aspen to elevated atmospheric humidity under field conditions. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu021. [PMID: 24887000 PMCID: PMC4052457 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An increase in average air temperature and frequency of rain events is predicted for higher latitudes by the end of the 21st century, accompanied by a probable rise in air humidity. We currently lack knowledge on how forest trees acclimate to rising air humidity in temperate climates. We analysed the leaf gas exchange, sap flow and growth characteristics of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) trees growing at ambient and artificially elevated air humidity in an experimental forest plantation situated in the hemiboreal vegetation zone. Humidification manipulation did not affect the photosynthetic capacity of plants, but did affect stomatal responses: trees growing at elevated air humidity had higher stomatal conductance at saturating photosynthetically active radiation (gs sat) and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency (IWUE). Reduced stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in trees grown at elevated air humidity allowed slightly higher net photosynthesis and relative current-year height increments than in trees at ambient air humidity. Tree responses suggest a mitigating effect of higher air humidity on trees under mild water stress. At the same time, trees at higher air humidity demonstrated a reduced sensitivity of IWUE to factors inducing stomatal closure and a steeper decline in canopy conductance in response to water deficit, implying higher dehydration risk. Despite the mitigating impact of increased air humidity under moderate drought, a future rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes may be disadvantageous for trees during weather extremes and represents a potential threat in hemiboreal forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigar Niglas
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Tullus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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17
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Arve LE, Carvalho DRA, Olsen JE, Torre S. ABA induces H2O2 production in guard cells, but does not close the stomata on Vicia faba leaves developed at high air humidity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29192. [PMID: 25763494 PMCID: PMC4203566 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants developed under constant high (> 85%) relative air humidity (RH) have larger stomata that are unable to close completely. One of the hypotheses for the less responsive stomata is that the plants have reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). Both ABA and darkness are signals for stomatal closure and induce the production of the secondary messenger hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this study, the ability of Vicia faba plants developed in moderate or high RH to close the stomata in response to darkness, ABA and H2O2 was investigated. Moreover, the ability of the plants to produce H2O2 when treated with ABA or transferred to darkness was also assessed. Our results show that the ABA concentration in moderate RH is not increased during darkness even though the stomata are closing. This indicates that stomatal closure in V. faba during darkness is independent of ABA production. ABA induced both H2O2 production and stomatal closure in stomata formed at moderate RH. H2O2 production, as a result of treatment with ABA, was also observed in stomata formed at high RH, though the closing response was considerably smaller as compared with moderate RH. In either RH, leaf ABA concentration was not affected by darkness. Similarly to ABA treatment, darkness elicited both H2O2 production and stomatal closure following plant cultivation at moderate RH. Contrary to this, neither H2O2 production nor stomatal closure took place when stomata were formed at high RH. These results suggest that the reduced stomatal response in plants developed in continuous high RH is caused by one or more factors downstream of H2O2 in the signaling pathway toward stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Arve
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Aas, Norway
| | - Dália RA Carvalho
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado; Escola Superior de Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto; Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Aas, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Aas, Norway
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18
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Giday H, Kjaer KH, Fanourakis D, Ottosen CO. Smaller stomata require less severe leaf drying to close: a case study in Rosa hydrida. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1309-16. [PMID: 23726470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata formed at high relative air humidity (RH) close less as leaf dries; an effect that varies depending on the genotype. We here quantified the contribution of each stomatal response characteristic to the higher water loss of high RH-grown plants, and assessed the relationship between response characteristics and intraspecific variation in stomatal size. Stomatal size (length multiplied by width), density and responsiveness to desiccation, as well as pore dimensions were analyzed in ten rose cultivars grown at moderate (60%) or high (85%) RH. Leaf morphological components and transpiration at growth conditions were also assessed. High growth RH resulted in thinner (11%) leaves with larger area. A strong positive genetic correlation of daytime and nighttime transpiration at either RH was observed. Stomatal size determined pore area (r=0.7) and varied by a factor of two, as a result of proportional changes in length and width. Size and density of stomata were not related. Following desiccation, high RH resulted in a significantly lower (6-19%) decline of transpiration in three cultivars, whereas the relative water content (RWC) of high RH-expanded leaflets was lower (29-297%) in seven cultivars. The lower RWC of these leaflets was caused by (a) higher (33-72%) stable transpiration and/or (b) lower (12-143%) RWC at which this stable transpiration occurred, depending on the cultivar. Stomatal size was significantly correlated with both characteristics (r=0.5 and -0.7, respectively). These results indicate that stomatal size explains much of the intraspecific variation in the regulation of transpiration upon water deprivation on rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Giday
- Department of Food Science, Århus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark.
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Aliniaeifard S, van Meeteren U. Can prolonged exposure to low VPD disturb the ABA signalling in stomatal guard cells? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3551-66. [PMID: 23956410 PMCID: PMC3745724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of stomata to many environmental factors is well documented. Multiple signalling pathways for abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure have been proposed over the last decades. However, it seems that exposure of a leaf for a long time (several days) to some environmental conditions generates a sort of memory in the guard cells that results in the loss of suitable responses of the stomata to closing stimuli, such as desiccation and ABA. In this review paper we discuss changes in the normal pattern of signal transduction that could account for disruption of guard cell signalling after long-term exposure to some environmental conditions, with special emphasis on long-term low vapour pressure deficit (VPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Horticultural Production Chains, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Fanourakis D, Heuvelink E, Carvalho SMP. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological and anatomical components involved in higher water loss rates after leaf development at high humidity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:890-8. [PMID: 23474196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the poor regulation of water loss after leaf development at high relative air humidity (RH), the relative importance of the physiological and anatomical components was analyzed focusing on cultivars with a contrasting sensitivity to elevated RH. The stomatal responsiveness to three closing stimuli (desiccation, abscisic acid feeding, light/dark transition), as well as several stomatal features (density, index, size and pore dimensions) and the cuticular transpiration rate (CTR) were determined in four rose cultivars, grown under moderate (60%) and high (95%) RH. Moreover, the effects of changes in stomatal density and pore dimensions on the stomatal conductance (gs) were quantified using a modified version of the Brown and Escombe equation. Higher water loss, as a result of plant growth at high RH, was primarily caused by an increase in residual gs, and to a lesser extent due to higher CTR. It was estimated that in leaflets subjected to desiccation the enhanced gs in high RH- as compared to moderate RH-grown plants was mostly due to poor stomatal functionality and to a lesser extent the combined result of higher stomatal density and longer pore length. It is concluded that the reduced degree and, specially, the reduced rate of stomatal closure are the primary causes of the large genotypic variation in the control of water loss in high RH-grown plants. Furthermore, it was found that although changes in stomatal length have no influence on stomatal functionality, changed anatomical features per se represent a significant and direct contribution to the increased water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Arve LE, Terfa MT, Gislerød HR, Olsen JE, Torre S. High relative air humidity and continuous light reduce stomata functionality by affecting the ABA regulation in rose leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:382-92. [PMID: 22812416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants developed under high (90%) relative air humidity (RH) have previously been shown to have large, malfunctioning stomata, which results in high water loss during desiccation and reduced dark induced closure. Stomatal movement is to a large extent regulated by abscisic acid (ABA). It has therefore been proposed that low ABA levels contribute to the development of malfunctioning stomata. In this study, we investigated the regulation of ABA content in rose leaves, through hormone analysis and β-glucosidase quantification. Compared with high RH, rose plants developed in moderate RH (60%) and 20 h photoperiod contained higher levels of ABA and β-glucosidase activity. Also, the amount of ABA increased during darkness simultaneously as the ABA-glucose ester (GE) levels decreased. In contrast, plants developed under high RH with 20 h photoperiod showed no increase in ABA levels during darkness, and had low β-glucosidase activity converting ABA-GE to ABA. Continuous lighting (24 h) resulted in low levels of β-glucosidase activity irrespective of RH, indicating that a dark period is essential to activate β-glucosidase. Our results provide new insight into the regulation of ABA under different humidities and photoperiods, and clearly show that β-glucosidase is a key enzyme regulating the ABA pool in rose plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Arve
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
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Fanourakis D, Carvalho SMP, Almeida DPF, Heuvelink E. Avoiding high relative air humidity during critical stages of leaf ontogeny is decisive for stomatal functioning. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:274-86. [PMID: 21457269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants of several species, if grown at high relative air humidity (RH ≥85%), develop stomata that fail to close fully in case of low leaf water potential. We studied the effect of a reciprocal change in RH, at different stages of leaf expansion of Rosa hybrida grown at moderate (60%) or high (95%) RH, on the stomatal closing ability. This was assessed by measuring the leaf transpiration rate in response to desiccation once the leaves had fully expanded. For leaves that started expanding at high RH but completed their expansion after transfer to moderate RH, the earlier this switch took place the better the stomatal functioning. Leaves initially expanding at moderate RH and transferred to high RH exhibited poor stomatal functioning, even when this transfer occurred very late during leaf expansion. Applying a daily abscisic acid (ABA) solution to the leaves of plants grown at continuous high RH was effective in inducing stomatal closure at low water potential, if done before full leaf expansion (FLE). After FLE, stomatal functioning was no longer affected either by the RH or ABA level. The results indicate that the degree of stomatal adaptation depends on both the timing and duration of exposure to high RH. It is concluded that stomatal functionality is strongly dependent on the humidity at which the leaf completed its expansion. The data also show that the effect of ambient RH and the alleviating role of ABA are restricted to the period of leaf expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Hogewoning SW, Trouwborst G, Maljaars H, Poorter H, van Ieperen W, Harbinson J. Blue light dose-responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3107-17. [PMID: 20504875 PMCID: PMC2892149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The blue part of the light spectrum has been associated with leaf characteristics which also develop under high irradiances. In this study blue light dose-response curves were made for the photosynthetic properties and related developmental characteristics of cucumber leaves that were grown at an equal irradiance under seven different combinations of red and blue light provided by light-emitting diodes. Only the leaves developed under red light alone (0% blue) displayed dysfunctional photosynthetic operation, characterized by a suboptimal and heterogeneously distributed dark-adapted F(v)/F(m), a stomatal conductance unresponsive to irradiance, and a relatively low light-limited quantum yield for CO(2) fixation. Only 7% blue light was sufficient to prevent any overt dysfunctional photosynthesis, which can be considered a qualitatively blue light effect. The photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) was twice as high for leaves grown at 7% blue compared with 0% blue, and continued to increase with increasing blue percentage during growth measured up to 50% blue. At 100% blue, A(max) was lower but photosynthetic functioning was normal. The increase in A(max) with blue percentage (0-50%) was associated with an increase in leaf mass per unit leaf area (LMA), nitrogen (N) content per area, chlorophyll (Chl) content per area, and stomatal conductance. Above 15% blue, the parameters A(max), LMA, Chl content, photosynthetic N use efficiency, and the Chl:N ratio had a comparable relationship as reported for leaf responses to irradiance intensity. It is concluded that blue light during growth is qualitatively required for normal photosynthetic functioning and quantitatively mediates leaf responses resembling those to irradiance intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander W Hogewoning
- Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sellin A, Eensalu E, Niglas A. Is distribution of hydraulic constraints within tree crowns reflected in photosynthetic water-use efficiency? An example of Betula pendula. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-009-0641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eensalu E, Kupper P, Sellin A, Rahi M, Sõber A, Kull O. Do stomata operate at the same relative opening range along a canopy profile of Betula pendula? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:103-110. [PMID: 32688761 DOI: 10.1071/fp07258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density and size were measured along the light gradient of a Betula pendula Roth. canopy in relation to microclimatic conditions. The theoretical stomatal conductance was calculated using stomatal density and dimensions to predict to what degree stomatal conductance is related to anatomical properties and relative stomatal opening. Stomatal density was higher and leaf area smaller in the upper canopy, whereas epidermal cell density did not change significantly along the canopy light gradient, indicating that stomatal initiation is responsible for differences in stomatal density. Stomatal dimensions - the length of guard cell on the dorsal side and the guard cell width - decreased with declining light availability. Maximum measured stomatal conductance and modelled stomatal conductance were higher at the top of the crown. The stomata operate closer to their maximum openness and stomatal morphology is a more important determinant of stomatal conductance in the top leaves than in leaves of lower canopy. As stomata usually limit photosynthesis more in upper than in lower canopy, it was concluded that stomatal morphology can principally be important for photosynthesis limitation in upper canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Eensalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Märt Rahi
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Riia 181, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Anu Sõber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Olevi Kull
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
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