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Patyi G, Hódi B, Mallick I, Maróti G, Kós PB, Vass I. Investigation of singlet-oxygen-responsive genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14468. [PMID: 39140254 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important reactive oxygen species whose formation by the type-II, light-dependent, photodynamic reaction is inevitable during photosynthetic processes. In the last decades, the recognition that 1O2 is not only a damaging agent, but can also affect gene expression and participates in signal transduction pathways has received increasing attention. However, contrary to several other taxa, 1O2-responsive genes have not been identified in the important cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis PCC 6803. By using global transcript analysis we have identified a large set of Synechocystis genes, whose transcript levels were either enhanced or repressed in the presence of 1O2. Characteristic 1O2 responses were observed in several light-inducible genes of Synechocystis, especially in the hli (or scp) family encoding HLIP/SCP proteins involved in photoprotection. Other important 1O2-induced genes include components of the Photosystem II repair machinery (psbA2 and ftsH2, ftsH3), iron homeostasis genes isiA and idiA, the group 2 sigma factor sigD, some components of the transcriptomes induced by salt-, hyperosmotic and cold-stress, as well as several genes of unknown function. The most pronounced 1O2-induced upregulation was observed for the hliB and the co-transcribed lilA genes, whose deletion induced enhanced sensitivity against 1O2-mediated light damage. A bioreporter Synechocystis strain was created by fusing the hliB promoter to the bacterial luciferase (lux), which showed its utility for continuous monitoring of 1O2 concentrations inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Patyi
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barbara Hódi
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter B Kós
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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Ezequiel J, Nitschke MR, Laviale M, Serôdio J, Frommlet JC. Concurrent bioimaging of microalgal photophysiology and oxidative stress. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:177-190. [PMID: 36463555 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an unavoidable consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis and represents a major cause of oxidative stress in phototrophs, having detrimental effects on the photosynthetic apparatus, limiting cell growth, and productivity. Several methods have been developed for the quantification of cellular ROS, however, most are invasive, requiring the destruction of the sample. Here, we present a new methodology that allows the concurrent quantification of ROS and photosynthetic activity, using the fluorochrome dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence, respectively. Both types of fluorescence were measured using an imaging Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometer, modified by adding a UVA-excitation light source (385 nm) and a green bandpass emission filter (530 nm) to enable the sequential capture of red chlorophyll fluorescence and green DCF fluorescence in the same sample. The method was established on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, an important marine model diatom species, by determining protocol conditions that permitted the detection of ROS without impacting photosynthetic activity. The utility of the method was validated by quantifying the effects of two herbicides (DCMU and methyl viologen) on the photosynthetic activity and ROS production in P. tricornutum and of light acclimation state in Navicula cf. recens Lange-Bertalot, a common benthic diatom. The developed method is rapid and non-destructive, allowing for the high-throughput screening of multiple samples over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ezequiel
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- RAIZ - Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, Apartado 15, 3801-501, Eixo, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Nitschke
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martin Laviale
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, 57000, Metz, France
| | - João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Jörg C Frommlet
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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Serôdio J, Campbell DA. Photoinhibition in optically thick samples: Effects of light attenuation on chlorophyll fluorescence-based parameters. J Theor Biol 2021; 513:110580. [PMID: 33444625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenic photoautotrophs are, paradoxically, subject to photoinhibition of their photosynthetic apparatus, in particular one of its major components, the Photosystem II (PSII). Photoinhibition is generalized across species, light conditions and habitats, imposing substantial metabolic costs that lower photosynthetic productivity and constrain the niches of photoautotrophy. As a process driven by light reaching PSII, light attenuation in optically thick samples influences both the actual extent, and the detection, of photoinhibition. Chlorophyll fluorescence is widely used to measure photoinhibition, but fluorescence-based parameters are affected by light attenuation of both downwelling incident radiation traversing the sample to reach PSII, and emitted fluorescence upwelling through the sample. We used modelling, experimental manipulation of within-sample light attenuation, and meta-analysis of published data, to show substantial, differential effects of light attenuation and depth-integration of emitted fluorescence upon measurements of photoinhibition. Numerical simulations and experimental manipulation of light attenuation indicated that PSII photoinactivation tracked using chlorophyll fluorescence can appear to be over three times lower than the inherent cellular susceptibility to photoinactivation, in optically-dense samples such as leaves or biofilms. The meta-analysis of published data showed that this general trend was unknowingly present in the literature, revealing an overall difference of more than five times between optically thick leaves and optically thin cell suspensions. Although fluorescence-based parameters may provide ecophysiologically relevant information for characterizing the sample as a whole, light attenuation and depth integration can vary between samples independently of their intrinsic physiology. They should be used with caution when aiming to quantify in absolute terms inherent photoinhibition-related parameters in optically thick samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Serôdio
- Department of Biology and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Douglas A Campbell
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada NB E4L 3G7, Canada
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Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Mattila H, Tyystjärvi E. Oxygen and ROS in Photosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E91. [PMID: 31936893 PMCID: PMC7020446 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a natural acceptor of electrons in the respiratory pathway of aerobic organisms and in many other biochemical reactions. Aerobic metabolism is always associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS may damage biomolecules but are also involved in regulatory functions of photosynthetic organisms. This review presents the main properties of ROS, the formation of ROS in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and in the stroma of chloroplasts, and ROS scavenging systems of thylakoid membrane and stroma. Effects of ROS on the photosynthetic apparatus and their roles in redox signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland or (S.K.); (V.H.); (H.M.)
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Farooq MA, Niazi AK, Akhtar J, Farooq M, Souri Z, Karimi N, Rengel Z. Acquiring control: The evolution of ROS-Induced oxidative stress and redox signaling pathways in plant stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:353-369. [PMID: 31207496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - influence numerous aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act like a double-edged sword; they play multiple beneficial roles at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations ROS and related redox-active compounds cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. To examine the dual role of ROS as harmful oxidants and/or crucial cellular signals, this review elaborates that (i) how plants sense and respond to ROS in various subcellular organelles and (ii) the dynamics of subsequent ROS-induced signaling processes. The recent understanding of crosstalk between various cellular compartments in mediating their redox state spatially and temporally is discussed. Emphasis on the beneficial effects of ROS in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating diverse cellular functions, and activating acclimation responses in plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses are described. The comprehensive view of cellular ROS dynamics covering the breadth and versatility of ROS will contribute to understanding the complexity of apparently contradictory ROS roles in plant physiological responses in less than optimum environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Akhtar
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Zahra Souri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zed Rengel
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Kosugi M, Maruo F, Inoue T, Kurosawa N, Kawamata A, Koike H, Kamei Y, Kudoh S, Imura S. A comparative study of wavelength-dependent photoinactivation in photosystem II of drought-tolerant photosynthetic organisms in Antarctica and the potential risks of photoinhibition in the habitat. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1263-1278. [PMID: 30052754 PMCID: PMC6324753 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS All photosynthetic organisms are faced with photoinhibition, which would lead to death in severe environments. Because light quality and light intensity fluctuate dynamically in natural microenvironments, quantitative and qualitative analysis of photoinhibition is important to clarify how this environmental pressure has impacted ecological behaviour in different organisms. METHODS We evaluated the wavelength dependency of photoinactivation to photosystem II (PSII) of Prasiola crispa (green alga), Umbilicaria decussata (lichen) and Ceratodon purpureus (bryophyte) harvested from East Antarctica. For evaluation, we calculated reaction coefficients, Epis, of PSII photoinactivation against energy dose using a large spectrograph. Daily fluctuation of the rate coefficient of photoinactivation, kpi, was estimated from Epis and ambient light spectra measured during the summer season. KEY RESULTS Wavelength dependency of PSII photoinactivation was different for the three species, although they form colonies in close proximity to each other in Antarctica. The lichen exhibited substantial resistance to photoinactivation at all wavelengths, while the bryophyte showed sensitivity only to UV-B light (<325 nm). On the other hand, the green alga, P. crispa, showed ten times higher Epi to UV-B light than the bryophyte. It was much more sensitive to UV-A (325-400 nm). The risk of photoinhibition fluctuated considerably throughout the day. On the other hand, Epis were reduced dramatically for dehydrated compared with hydrated P. crispa. CONCLUSIONS The deduced rate coefficients of photoinactivation under ambient sunlight suggested that P. crispa needs to pay a greater cost to recover from photodamage than the lichen or the bryophyte in order to keep sufficient photosynthetic activity under the Antarctic habitat. A newly identified drought-induced protection mechanism appears to operate in P. crispa, and it plays a critical role in preventing the oxygen-evolving complex from photoinactivation when the repair cycle is inhibited by dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kosugi
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Fumino Maruo
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Kurosawa
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Kawamata
- Nature Research Group, Ehime Prefectural Science Museum, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sakae Kudoh
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imura
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Huang W, Tikkanen M, Cai YF, Wang JH, Zhang SB. Chloroplastic ATP synthase optimizes the trade-off between photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and photoprotection during leaf maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:1067-1074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang W, Tikkanen M, Zhang SB. Photoinhibition of photosystem I in Nephrolepis falciformis depends on reactive oxygen species generated in the chloroplast stroma. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:129-140. [PMID: 29357086 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied how high light causes photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) in the shade-demanding fern Nephrolepis falciformis, in an attempt to understand the mechanism of PSI photoinhibition under natural field conditions. Intact leaves were treated with constant high light and fluctuating light. Detached leaves were treated with constant high light in the presence and absence of methyl viologen (MV). Chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 signal were determined to estimate photoinhibition. PSI was highly oxidized under high light before treatments. N. falciformis showed significantly stronger photoinhibition of PSI and PSII under constant high light than fluctuating light. These results suggest that high levels of P700 oxidation ratio cannot prevent PSI photoinhibition under high light in N. falciformis. Furthermore, photoinhibition of PSI in N. falciformis was largely accelerated in the presence of MV that promotes the production of superoxide anion radicals in the chloroplast stroma by accepting electrons from PSI. From these results, we propose that photoinhibition of PSI in N. falciformis is mainly caused by superoxide radicals generated in the chloroplast stroma, which is different from the mechanism of PSI photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and spinach. Here, we provide some new insights into the PSI photoinhibition under natural field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Detection of Singlet Oxygen Formation inside Photoactive Biohybrid Composite Material. MATERIALS 2017; 11:ma11010028. [PMID: 29278357 PMCID: PMC5793526 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic reaction center proteins (RCs) are the most efficient light energy converter systems in nature. The first steps of the primary charge separation in photosynthesis take place in these proteins. Due to their unique properties, combining RCs with nano-structures promising applications can be predicted in optoelectronic systems. In the present work RCs purified from Rhodobacter sphaeroides purple bacteria were immobilized on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carboxyl—and amine-functionalised CNTs were used, so different binding procedures, physical sorption and chemical sorption as well, could be applied as immobilization techniques. Light-induced singlet oxygen production was measured in the prepared photoactive biocomposites in water-based suspension by histidine mediated chemical trapping. Carbon nanotubes were applied under different conditions in order to understand their role in the equilibration of singlet oxygen concentration in the suspension. CNTs acted as effective quenchers of 1O2 either by physical (resonance) energy transfer or by chemical (oxidation) reaction and their efficiency showed dependence on the diffusion distance of 1O2.
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Takagi D, Ishizaki K, Hanawa H, Mabuchi T, Shimakawa G, Yamamoto H, Miyake C. Diversity of strategies for escaping reactive oxygen species production within photosystem I among land plants: P700 oxidation system is prerequisite for alleviating photoinhibition in photosystem I. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 161:56-74. [PMID: 28295410 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In land plants, photosystem I (PSI) photoinhibition limits carbon fixation and causes growth defects. In addition, recovery from PSI photoinhibition takes much longer than PSII photoinhibition when the PSI core-complex is degraded by oxidative damage. Accordingly, PSI photoinhibition should be avoided in land plants, and land plants should have evolved mechanisms to prevent PSI photoinhibition. However, such protection mechanisms have not yet been identified, and it remains unclear whether all land plants suffer from PSI photoinhibition in the same way. In the present study, we focused on the susceptibility of PSI to photoinhibition and investigated whether mechanisms of preventing PSI photoinhibition varied among land plant species. To assess the susceptibility of PSI to photoinhibition, we used repetitive short-pulse (rSP) illumination, which specifically induces PSI photoinhibition. Subsequently, we found that land plants possess a wide variety of tolerance mechanisms against PSI photoinhibition. In particular, gymnosperms, ferns and mosses/liverworts exhibited higher tolerance to rSP illumination-induced PSI photoinhibition than angiosperms, and detailed analyses indicated that the tolerance of these groups could be partly attributed to flavodiiron proteins, which protected PSI from photoinhibition by oxidizing the PSI reaction center chlorophyll (P700) as an electron acceptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, that gymnosperms, ferns and mosses/liverworts possess a protection mechanism against photoinhibition of PSI that differs from that of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Hanawa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tomohito Mabuchi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chikahiro Miyake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, 657-8501, Japan
- Core Research for Environmental Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
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Huang W, Yang YJ, Zhang JL, Hu H, Zhang SB. Superoxide generated in the chloroplast stroma causes photoinhibition of photosystem I in the shade-establishing tree species Psychotria henryi. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:293-303. [PMID: 28432538 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that high light induced significant photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) in the shade-establishing tree species Psychotria henryi. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully clarified. In the present study, in order to investigate the mechanism of PSI photoinhibition in P. henryi, we treated detached leaves with constant high light in the presence of methyl viologen (MV) or a soluble α-tocopherol analog, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol (PMC). We found that MV significantly depressed photochemical quantum yields in PSI and PSII when compared to PMC. On condition that no PSI photoinhibition happened, although cyclic electron flow (CEF) was abolished in the MV-treated samples, P700 oxidation ratio was maintain at higher levels than the PMC-treated samples. In the presence of PMC, PSI photoinhibition little changed but PSII photoinhibition was significantly alleviated. Importantly, PSI photoinhibition was largely accelerated in the presence of MV, which stimulates the production of superoxide and subsequently other reactive oxygen species at the chloroplast stroma by accepting electrons from PSI. Furthermore, MV largely aggravated PSII photoinhibition when compared to control. These results suggest that high P700 oxidation ratio cannot prevent PSI photoinhibition in P. henryi. Furthermore, the superoxide produced in the chloroplast stroma is critical for PSI photoinhibition in the higher plant P. henryi, which is opposite to the mechanism underlying PSI photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and spinach. These findings highlight a new mechanism of PSI photoinhibition in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Rehman AU, Szabó M, Deák Z, Sass L, Larkum A, Ralph P, Vass I. Symbiodinium sp. cells produce light-induced intra- and extracellular singlet oxygen, which mediates photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus and has the potential to interact with the animal host in coral symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:472-484. [PMID: 27321415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coral bleaching is an important environmental phenomenon, whose mechanism has not yet been clarified. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated, but direct evidence of what species are involved, their location and their mechanisms of production remains unknown. Histidine-mediated chemical trapping and singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) were used to detect intra- and extracellular singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ) in Symbiodinium cultures. Inhibition of the Calvin-Benson cycle by thermal stress or high light promotes intracellular (1) O2 formation. Histidine addition, which decreases the amount of intracellular (1) O2 , provides partial protection against photosystem II photoinactivation and chlorophyll (Chl) bleaching. (1) O2 production also occurs in cell-free medium of Symbiodinium cultures, an effect that is enhanced under heat and light stress and can be attributed to the excretion of (1) O2 -sensitizing metabolites from the cells. Confocal microscopy imaging using SOSG showed most extracellular (1) O2 around the cell surface, but it is also produced across the medium distant from the cells. We demonstrate, for the first time, both intra- and extracellular (1) O2 production in Symbiodinium cultures. Intracellular (1) O2 is associated with photosystem II photodamage and pigment bleaching, whereas extracellular (1) O2 has the potential to mediate the breakdown of symbiotic interaction between zooxanthellae and their animal host during coral bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zsuzsanna Deák
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Sass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anthony Larkum
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Peter Ralph
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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Dani KGS, Fineschi S, Michelozzi M, Loreto F. Do cytokinins, volatile isoprenoids and carotenoids synergically delay leaf senescence? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1103-11. [PMID: 26729201 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta Dani
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185, Roma, Italy
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15
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Fan DY, Ye ZP, Wang SC, Chow WS. Multiple roles of oxygen in the photoinactivation and dynamic repair of Photosystem II in spinach leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 127:307-319. [PMID: 26297354 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen effects have long been ambiguous: exacerbating, being indifferent to, or ameliorating the net photoinactivation of Photosystem II (PS II). We scrutinized the time course of PS II photoinactivation (characterized by rate coefficient k i) in the absence of repair, or when recovery (characterized by k r) occurred simultaneously in CO2 ± O2. Oxygen exacerbated photoinactivation per se, but alleviated it by mediating the utilization of electrons. With repair permitted, the gradual net loss of functional PS II during illumination of leaves was better described phenomenologically by introducing τ, the time for an initial k r to decrease by half. At 1500 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), oxygen decreased the initial k r but increased τ. Similarly, at even higher irradiance in air, there was a further decrease in the initial k r and increase in τ. These observations are consistent with an empirical model that (1) oxygen increased k i via oxidative stress but decreased it by mediating the utilization of electrons; and (2) reactive oxygen species stimulated the degradation of photodamaged D1 protein in PS II (characterized by k d), but inhibited the de novo synthesis of D1 (characterized by k s), and that the balance between these effects determines the net effect of O2 on PS II functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zi-Piao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Shi-Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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16
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Ding S, Jiang R, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Glutathione reductase 2 maintains the function of photosystem II in Arabidopsis under excess light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:665-77. [PMID: 26906429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase plays a crucial role in the elimination of H(2)O(2) molecules via the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In this study, we used transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased glutathione reductase 2 (GR2) levels to investigate whether this GR2 activity protects the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. The transgenic plants were highly sensitive to excess light and accumulated high levels of H(2)O(2). Photosystem II (PSII) activity was significantly decreased in transgenic plants. Flash-induced fluorescence relaxation and thermoluminescence measurements demonstrated inhibition of electron transfer between Q(A) and Q(B) and decreased redox potential of Q(B) in transgenic plants. Immunoblot and blue native gel analysis showed that the levels of PSII proteins and PSII complexes were decreased in transgenic plants. Analyses of the repair of photodamaged PSII and in vivo pulse labeling of thylakoid proteins showed that the repair of photodamaged PSII is inhibited due to the inhibition of the synthesis of the D1 protein de novo in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that under excess light conditions, GR2 plays an important role in maintaining both the function of the acceptor side of PSII and the repair of photodamaged PSII by preventing the accumulation of H(2)O(2). In addition, our results provide details of the role of H(2)O(2) in vivo accumulation in photoinhibition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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18
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Zavafer A, Chow WS, Cheah MH. The action spectrum of Photosystem II photoinactivation in visible light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:247-60. [PMID: 26298696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is always accompanied by light induced damage to the Photosystem II (PSII) which is compensated by its subsequent repair. Photoinhibition of PSII is a complex process, balancing between photoinactivation, protective and repair mechanisms. Current understanding of photoinactivation is limited with competing hypotheses where the photosensitiser is either photosynthetic pigments or the Mn4CaO5 cluster itself, with little consensus on the mechanisms and consequences of PSII photoinactivation. The mechanism of photoinactivation should be reflected in the action spectrum of PSII photoinactivation, but there is a great diversity of the action spectra reported thus far. The only consensus is that PSII photoinactivation is greatest in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this review, the authors revisit the methods, technical constraints and the different action spectra of PSII photoinactivation reported to date and compare them against the diverse mechanisms proposed. Upon critical examination of the reported action spectra, a hybrid mechanism of photoinactivation, sensitised by both photosynthetic pigments and the Mn4CaO5 appears to be the most plausible rationalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Zavafer
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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19
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Kusama Y, Inoue S, Jimbo H, Takaichi S, Sonoike K, Hihara Y, Nishiyama Y. Zeaxanthin and Echinenone Protect the Repair of Photosystem II from Inhibition by Singlet Oxygen in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:906-16. [PMID: 25663484 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important components of antioxidative systems in photosynthetic organisms. We investigated the roles of zeaxanthin and echinenone in the protection of PSII from photoinhibition in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, using mutants of the cyanobacterium that lack these carotenoids. The activity of PSII in mutant cells deficient in either zeaxanthin or echinenone was more sensitive to strong light than the activity in wild-type cells, and the activity in mutant cells deficient in both carotenoids was hypersensitive to strong light, indicating that the absence of these carotenoids increased the extent of photoinhibition. Nonetheless, the rate of photodamage to PSII, as measured in the presence of chloramphenicol, which blocks the repair of PSII, was unaffected by the absence of either carotenoid, suggesting that these carotenoids might act by protecting the repair of PSII. Knockout of the gene for the so-called orange carotenoid protein (OCP), in which the 3'-hydroxyechinenone cofactor, a derivative of echinenone, is responsible for the thermal dissipation of excitation energy, increased the extent of photoinhibition but did not affect photodamage, suggesting that thermal dissipation also protects the repair of PSII. In mutant cells lacking OCP, as well as those lacking zeaxanthin and echinenone, the production of singlet oxygen was stimulated and the synthesis de novo of various proteins, including the D1 protein, was markedly suppressed under strong light. These observations suggest that the carotenoids and thermal dissipation might protect the repair of photodamaged PSII by depressing the levels of singlet oxygen that inhibits protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Shuhei Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023 Japan
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480 Japan
| | - Yukako Hihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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20
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Tian F, Gong J, Zhang J, Feng Y, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang W. Overexpression of monoubiquitin improves photosynthesis in transgenic tobacco plants following high temperature stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:92-100. [PMID: 25113454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (Ub/26S) is implicated in abiotic stress responses in plants. In this paper, transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Ta-Ub2 from wheat were used to study the functions of Ub in the improvement of photosynthesis under high temperature (45°C) stress. We observed higher levels of Ub conjugates in transgenic plants under high temperature stress conditions compared to wild type (WT) as a result of the constitutive overexpression of Ta-Ub2, suggesting increased protein degradation by the 26S proteasome system under high temperature stress. Overexpressing Ub increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of transgenic tobacco plants, consistent with the improved ATPase activity in the thylakoid membrane and enhanced efficiency of PSII photochemistry. The higher D1 protein levels following high temperature stress in transgenic plants than WT were also observed. These findings imply that Ub may be involved in tolerance of photosynthesis to high temperature stress in plants. Compared with WT, the transgenic plants showed lower protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, but higher antioxidant enzyme activity under high temperature stress. These findings suggest that the improved antioxidant capacity of transgenic plants may be one of the most important mechanisms underlying Ub-regulated high temperature tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jiangfeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 8 Xiangshan Road, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guokun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qifang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China.
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21
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Revised scheme for the mechanism of photoinhibition and its application to enhance the abiotic stress tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8777-96. [PMID: 25139449 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When photosynthetic organisms are exposed to abiotic stress, their photosynthetic activity is significantly depressed. In particular, photosystem II (PSII) in the photosynthetic machinery is readily inactivated under strong light and this phenomenon is referred to as photoinhibition of PSII. Other types of abiotic stress act synergistically with light stress to accelerate photoinhibition. Recent studies of photoinhibition have revealed that light stress damages PSII directly, whereas other abiotic stresses act exclusively to inhibit the repair of PSII after light-induced damage (photodamage). Such inhibition of repair is associated with suppression, by reactive oxygen species (ROS), of the synthesis of proteins de novo and, in particular, of the D1 protein, and also with the reduced efficiency of repair under stress conditions. Gene-technological improvements in the tolerance of photosynthetic organisms to various abiotic stresses have been achieved via protection of the repair system from ROS and, also, by enhancing the efficiency of repair via facilitation of the turnover of the D1 protein in PSII. In this review, we summarize the current status of research on photoinhibition as it relates to the effects of abiotic stress and we discuss successful strategies that enhance the activity of the repair machinery. In addition, we propose several potential methods for activating the repair system by gene-technological methods.
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22
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Ramalho JC, DaMatta FM, Rodrigues AP, Scotti-Campos P, Pais I, Batista-Santos P, Partelli FL, Ribeiro A, Lidon FC, Leitão AE. Cold impact and acclimation response of Coffea spp. plants. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 26:5-18. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s40626-014-0001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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23
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Schmitt FJ, Renger G, Friedrich T, Kreslavski VD, Zharmukhamedov SK, Los DA, Kuznetsov VV, Allakhverdiev SI. Reactive oxygen species: re-evaluation of generation, monitoring and role in stress-signaling in phototrophic organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:835-48. [PMID: 24530357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview about recent developments and current knowledge about monitoring, generation and the functional role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - H2O2, HO2, HO, OH(-), (1)O2 and O2(-) - in both oxidative degradation and signal transduction in photosynthetic organisms including microscopic techniques for ROS detection and controlled generation. Reaction schemes elucidating formation, decay and signaling of ROS in cyanobacteria as well as from chloroplasts to the nuclear genome in eukaryotes during exposure of oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms to oxidative stress are discussed that target the rapidly growing field of regulatory effects of ROS on nuclear gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Technical University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Sekr. PC 14, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gernot Renger
- Technical University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Sekr. PC 14, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Technical University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, Sekr. PC 14, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir D Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Sergei K Zharmukhamedov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Los
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia; Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
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24
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Kovács L, Ayaydin F, Kálai T, Tandori J, Kós PB, Hideg É. Assessing the Applicability of Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers in Leaf Studies. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:129-36. [PMID: 23927573 DOI: 10.1111/php.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1) O2 ) is of special interest in plant stress physiology. Studies focused on internal, chlorophyll-mediated production are often complemented with the use of artificial (1) O2 photosensitizers. Here, we report a comparative study on the effects of Rose Bengal (RB), Methylene Violet (MVI), Neutral Red (NR) and Indigo Carmine (IC). These were infiltrated into tobacco leaves at concentrations generating the same fluxes of (1) O2 in solution. Following green light-induced (1) O2 production from these dyes, leaf photosynthesis was characterized by Photosystem (PS) II and PSI electron transport and oxidative damage was monitored as degradation of D1, a PSII core protein. Cellular localizations were identified on the basis of the dyes' fluorescence using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We found that RB and NR were both localized in chloroplasts but the latter had very little effect, probably due to its pH-dependent photosensitizing. Both RB and intracellular, nonplastid MVI decreased PSII electron transport, but the effect of RB was stronger than that of MVI and only RB was capable of damaging the D1 protein. Intercellularly localized IC had no significant effect. Our results also suggest caution when using RB as photosensitizer because it affects PSII electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kálai
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Júlia Tandori
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter B Kós
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Hideg
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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25
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Rehman AU, Cser K, Sass L, Vass I. Characterization of singlet oxygen production and its involvement in photodamage of Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 by histidine-mediated chemical trapping. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:689-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Tyystjärvi E. Photoinhibition of Photosystem II. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:243-303. [PMID: 23273864 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II (PSII) is the light-induced loss of PSII electron-transfer activity. Although photoinhibition has been studied for a long time, there is no consensus about its mechanism. On one hand, production of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) by PSII has promoted models in which this reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to act as the agent of photoinhibitory damage. These chemistry-based models have often not taken into account the photophysical features of photoinhibition-like light response and action spectrum. On the other hand, models that reproduce these basic photophysical features of the reaction have not considered the importance of data about ROS. In this chapter, it is shown that the evidence behind the chemistry-based models and the photophysically oriented models can be brought together to build a mechanism that confirms with all types of experimental data. A working hypothesis is proposed, starting with inhibition of the manganese complex by light. Inability of the manganese complex to reduce the primary donor promotes recombination between the oxidized primary donor and Q(A), the first stable quinone acceptor of PSII. (1)O(2) production due to this recombination may inhibit protein synthesis or spread the photoinhibitory damage to another PSII center. The production of (1)O(2) is transient because loss of activity of the oxygen-evolving complex induces an increase in the redox potential of Q(A), which lowers (1)O(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Zhang QY, Wang LY, Kong FY, Deng YS, Li B, Meng QW. Constitutive accumulation of zeaxanthin in tomato alleviates salt stress-induced photoinhibition and photooxidation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:363-73. [PMID: 22578286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin (Z) has a role in the dissipation of excess excitation energy by participating in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and is essential in protecting the chloroplast from photooxidative damage. To investigate the physiological effects and functional mechanism of constitutive accumulation of Z in the tomato at salt stress-induced photoinhibition and photooxidation, antisense-mediated suppression of zeaxanthin epoxidase transgenic plants and the wild-type (WT) tomato were used. The ratio of Z/(V + A + Z) and (Z + 0.5A)/(V + A + Z) in antisense transgenic plants were maintained at a higher level than in WT plants under salt stress, but the value of NPQ in WT and transgenic plants was not significantly different under salt stress. However, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants decreased more slowly under salt stress. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed lower level of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), superoxide anion radical (O(2)(•-)) and ion leakage, lower malondialdehyde content. Compared with WT, the content of D1 protein decreased slightly in transgenic plants under salt stress. Our results suggested that the constitutive accumulation of Z in transgenic tomatoes can alleviate salt stress-induced photoinhibition because of the antioxidant role of Z in the scavenging quenching of singlet oxygen and/or free radicals in the lipid phase of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
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Roach T, Krieger-Liszkay A. The role of the PsbS protein in the protection of photosystems I and II against high light in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:2158-65. [PMID: 23000078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The PsbS protein is recognised in higher plants as an important component in dissipating excess light energy via its regulation of non-photochemical quenching. We investigated photosynthetic responses in the arabidopsis npq4 mutant, which lacks PsbS, and in a mutant over-expressing PsbS (oePsbS). Growth under low light led to npq4 and wild-type plants being visibly indistinguishable, but induced a phenotype in oePsbS plants, which were smaller and had shorter flowering spikes. Here we report that chloroplasts from npq4 generated more singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) than those from oePsbS. This accompanied a higher extent of photosystem II photoinhibition of leaves from npq4 plants. In contrast, oePsbS was more damaged by high light than npq4 and the wild-type at the level of photosystem I. The plastoquinone pool, as measured by thermoluminescence, was more oxidised in the oePsbS than in npq4, whilst the amount of photo-oxidisable P(700), as probed with actinic light or saturating flashes, was higher in oePsbS compared to wild-type and npq4. Taken together, this indicates that the level of PsbS has a regulatory role in cyclic electron flow. Overall, we show that under high light oePsbS plants were more protected from (1)O(2) at the level of photosystem II, whereas lack of cyclic electron flow rendered them susceptible to damage at photosystem I. Cyclic electron flow is concluded to be essential for protecting photosystem I from high light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roach
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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The mechanism of photoinhibition in vivo: re-evaluation of the roles of catalase, α-tocopherol, non-photochemical quenching, and electron transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1127-33. [PMID: 22387427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) occurs when the rate of light-induced inactivation (photodamage) of PSII exceeds the rate of repair of the photodamaged PSII. For the quantitative analysis of the mechanism of photoinhibition of PSII, it is essential to monitor the rate of photodamage and the rate of repair separately and, also, to examine the respective effects of various perturbations on the two processes. This strategy has allowed the re-evaluation of the results of previous studies of photoinhibition and has provided insight into the roles of factors and mechanisms that protect PSII from photoinhibition, such as catalases and peroxidases, which are efficient scavengers of H(2)O(2); α-tocopherol, which is an efficient scavenger of singlet oxygen; non-photochemical quenching, which dissipates excess light energy that has been absorbed by PSII; and the cyclic and non-cyclic transport of electrons. Early studies of photoinhibition suggested that all of these factors and mechanisms protect PSII against photodamage. However, re-evaluation by the strategy mentioned above has indicated that, rather than protecting PSII from photodamage, they stimulate protein synthesis, with resultant repair of PSII and mitigation of photoinhibition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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A change in the sensitivity of elongation factor G to oxidation protects photosystem II from photoinhibition inSynechocystissp. PCC 6803. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:778-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Blot N, Mella-Flores D, Six C, Le Corguillé G, Boutte C, Peyrat A, Monnier A, Ratin M, Gourvil P, Campbell DA, Garczarek L. Light history influences the response of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH7803 to oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1934-54. [PMID: 21670225 PMCID: PMC3149967 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Marine Synechococcus undergo a wide range of environmental stressors, especially high and variable irradiance, which may induce oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While light and ROS could act synergistically on the impairment of photosynthesis, inducing photodamage and inhibiting photosystem II repair, acclimation to high irradiance is also thought to confer resistance to other stressors. To identify the respective roles of light and ROS in the photoinhibition process and detect a possible light-driven tolerance to oxidative stress, we compared the photophysiological and transcriptomic responses of Synechococcus sp. WH7803 acclimated to low light (LL) or high light (HL) to oxidative stress, induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or methylviologen. While photosynthetic activity was much more affected in HL than in LL cells, only HL cells were able to recover growth and photosynthesis after the addition of 25 μM H₂O₂. Depending upon light conditions and H₂O₂ concentration, the latter oxidizing agent induced photosystem II inactivation through both direct damage to the reaction centers and inhibition of its repair cycle. Although the global transcriptome response appeared similar in LL and HL cells, some processes were specifically induced in HL cells that seemingly helped them withstand oxidative stress, including enhancement of photoprotection and ROS detoxification, repair of ROS-driven damage, and regulation of redox state. Detection of putative LexA binding sites allowed the identification of the putative LexA regulon, which was down-regulated in HL compared with LL cells but up-regulated by oxidative stress under both growth irradiances.
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Vass I. Molecular mechanisms of photodamage in the Photosystem II complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:209-17. [PMID: 21565163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important and highly complex phenomenon, which affects primarily the Photosystem II complex. Here the author summarizes the current state of understanding of the molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the light induced inactivation of Photosystem II electron transport together with the relevant mechanisms of photoprotection. Short wavelength ultraviolet radiation impairs primarily the Mn₄Ca catalytic site of the water oxidizing complex with additional effects on the quinone electron acceptors and tyrosine donors of PSII. The main mechanism of photodamage by visible light appears to be mediated by acceptor side modifications, which develop under conditions of excess excitation in which the capacity of light-independent photosynthetic processes limits the utilization of electrons produced in the initial photoreactions. This situation of excess excitation facilitates the reduction of intersystem electron carriers and Photosystem II acceptors, and thereby induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen whose production is sensitized by triplet chlorophyll formation in the reaction center of Photosystem II. The highly reactive singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species, such as H₂O₂ and O₂⁻, which can also be formed in Photosystem II initiate damage of electron transport components and protein structure. In parallel with the excess excitation dependent mechanism of photodamage inactivation of the Mn₄Ca cluster by visible light may also occur, which impairs electron transfer through the Photosystem II complex and initiates further functional and structural damage of the reaction center via formation of highly oxidizing radicals, such as P 680(+) and Tyr-Z(+). However, the available data do not support the hypothesis that the Mn-dependent mechanism would be the exclusive or dominating pathway of photodamage in the visible spectral range. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biology Research Center, Szeged, Hungary.
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Kós PB, Hideg E. Superoxide anion radicals generated by methylviologen in photosystem I damage photosystem II. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:17-25. [PMID: 20875060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of superoxide anion radicals on the photosynthetic electron transport chain was studied in leaves and isolated thylakoids from tobacco. Superoxide was generated by methylviologen (MV) in the light at the acceptor side of photosystem I (PSI). In isolated thylakoids, the largest damage was observed at the level of the water-splitting activity in photosystem II (PSII), whereas PSI was hardly affected at the light intensities used. Addition of reactive oxygen scavengers protected PSII against damage. In leaves in the presence of MV, the quantum yield of PSII decreased during illumination whereas the size of the P(700) signal remained constant. There was no D1 protein loss in leaves illuminated in the presence of MV and lincomycin, but a modification to a slightly higher molecular mass was observed. These data show that PSII is more sensitive to superoxide or superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) than PSI. In our experiments, this susceptibility was not because of any action of the ROS on the translation of the D1 protein or on the repair cycle of photosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), iBiTec-S, CNRS URA 2096, Service de Bioénergétique Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Nishiyama Y, Allakhverdiev SI, Murata N. Protein synthesis is the primary target of reactive oxygen species in the photoinhibition of photosystem II. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:35-46. [PMID: 21320129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) occurs when the rate of photodamage to PSII exceeds the rate of the repair of photodamaged PSII. Recent examination of photoinhibition by separate determinations of photodamage and repair has revealed that the rate of photodamage to PSII is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light and that the repair of PSII is particularly sensitive to the inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS-induced inactivation of repair is attributable to the suppression of the synthesis de novo of proteins, such as the D1 protein, that are required for the repair of PSII at the level of translational elongation. Furthermore, molecular analysis has revealed that the ROS-induced suppression of protein synthesis is associated with the specific inactivation of elongation factor G via the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Impairment of various mechanisms that protect PSII against photoinhibition, including photorespiration, thermal dissipation of excitation energy, and the cyclic transport of electrons, decreases the rate of repair of PSII via the suppression of protein synthesis. In this review, we present a newly established model of the mechanism and the physiological significance of repair in the regulation of the photoinhibition of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Hakala-Yatkin M, Sarvikas P, Paturi P, Mäntysaari M, Mattila H, Tyystjärvi T, Nedbal L, Tyystjärvi E. Magnetic field protects plants against high light by slowing down production of singlet oxygen. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:26-34. [PMID: 21288249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombination of the primary radical pair of photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthesis may produce the triplet state of the primary donor of PSII. Triplet formation is potentially harmful because chlorophyll triplets can react with molecular oxygen to produce the reactive singlet oxygen (¹O₂). The yield of ¹O₂ is expected to be directly proportional to the triplet yield and the triplet yield of charge recombination can be lowered with a magnetic field of 100-300 mT. In this study, we illuminated intact pumpkin leaves with strong light in the presence and absence of a magnetic field and found that the magnetic field protects against photoinhibition of PSII. The result suggests that radical pair recombination is responsible for significant part of ¹O₂ production in the chloroplast. The magnetic field effect vanished if leaves were illuminated in the presence of lincomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, or if isolated thylakoid membranes were exposed to light. These data, in turn, indicate that ¹O₂ produced by the recombination of the primary charge pair is not directly involved in photoinactivation of PSII but instead damages PSII by inhibiting the repair of photoinhibited PSII. We also found that an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking α-tocopherol, a scavenger of ¹O₂, is more sensitive to photoinhibition than the wild-type in the absence but not in the presence of lincomycin, confirming that the target of ¹O₂ is the repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Hakala-Yatkin
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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Vass I. Role of charge recombination processes in photodamage and photoprotection of the photosystem II complex. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:6-16. [PMID: 21288250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is an important and complex phenomenon, which affects primarily the photosystem II (PSII) complex. Here, the author summarizes the current state of understanding, which concerns the role of charge recombination reactions in photodamage and photoprotection. The main mechanism of photodamage induced by visible light appears to be mediated by acceptor side modifications, which develop under light intensity conditions when the capacity of light-independent photosynthetic processes limits the utilization of electrons produced in the initial photoreactions. This situation facilitates triplet chlorophyll formation and singlet oxygen production in the reaction center of PSII, which initiates the damage of electron transport components and protein structure. This mechanism is an important, but not exclusive, pathway of photodamage, and light-induced inactivation of the Mn cluster of water oxidation may occur in parallel with the singlet oxygen-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary.
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Inhibition of Photosystem II by the singlet oxygen sensor compounds TEMP and TEMPD. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yadav DK, Kruk J, Sinha RK, Pospíšil P. Singlet oxygen scavenging activity of plastoquinol in photosystem II of higher plants: Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1807-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Galvez-Valdivieso G, Mullineaux PM. The role of reactive oxygen species in signalling from chloroplasts to the nucleus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:430-9. [PMID: 20028481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of chloroplast function with the rest of cellular activity requires a continual stream of communication from this organelle to the nucleus. Chloroplasts are major sites of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as either by-products of the reduction of molecular oxygen (O(2)) or its excitation in the presence of highly energised pigments. Such ROS, while potentially damaging to the cell, are also important initiators or transducers of signals from these organelles to the nucleus in response to environmental cues. ROS can initiate such retrograde signalling pathways that trigger either programmed cell death or adjustment to changed conditions. Such different outcomes have implications for the way in which signal transduction by ROS is accomplished and is the subject of this review. In response to mild-stress situations, and as a consequence of their reactivity or because of their containment by cellular antioxidant systems, it is proposed that ROS engage with or initiate signalling at or very near their site of production. In contrast, under more extreme conditions, ROS are proposed to diffuse away from their site of production and consequently elicit a different set of signalling events.
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Buchert F, Forreiter C. Singlet oxygen inhibits ATPase and proton translocation activity of the thylakoid ATP synthase CF1CFo. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:147-52. [PMID: 19925794 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) produced in plants during photosynthesis has a strong damaging effect not only on both photosystems but also on the whole photosynthetic machinery. This is also applicable for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Here we describe the impact of (1)O(2) generated by the photosensitizer Rose Bengal on the ATP hydrolysis and ATP-driven proton translocation activity of CF1CFo. Both activities were reduced dramatically within 1min of exposure. Interestingly, it is shown that oxidized thylakoid ATP synthase is more susceptible to (1)O(2) than CF1CFo in its reduced state, a new insight on the mechanism of (1)O(2) interaction with the gamma subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Buchert
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität, Zeughaus, Giessen, Germany
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41
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Vass I, Cser K. Janus-faced charge recombinations in photosystem II photoinhibition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:200-5. [PMID: 19303349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced damage of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants is an important phenomenon that primarily affects the photosystem II complex. Here, we propose a new model of photoinhibition in which charge recombination processes have a double-faced role: first, photodamage is induced by singlet oxygen, which is produced via interaction with the triplet reaction center chlorophyll ((3)P(680)) arising from the recombination of the charge-separated state between P(680) and the pheophytin electron acceptor ((3)[P(680)(+)Phe(-)]). Second, photoprotection is provided by competition between (3)[P(680)(+)Phe(-)] formation and direct recombination of the (1)[P(680)(+)Phe(-)] and P(680)(+)Q(A)(-) states. The efficiency of these two pathways is under control of the redox potential of the Phe and Q(A) electron acceptors, which is utilized during adaptation to high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary.
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ROS in Retrograde Signalling from the Chloroplast to the Nucleus. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANT SIGNALING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00390-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Fufezan C, Trebst A. Singlet oxygen production in photosystem II and related protection mechanism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:551-64. [PMID: 18780159 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-light illumination of photosynthetic organisms stimulates the production of singlet oxygen by photosystem II (PSII) and causes photo-oxidative stress. In the PSII reaction centre, singlet oxygen is generated by the interaction of molecular oxygen with the excited triplet state of chlorophyll (Chl). The triplet Chl is formed via charge recombination of the light-induced charge pair. Changes in the midpoint potential of the primary electron donor P(680) of the primary acceptor pheophytin or of the quinone acceptor Q(A), modulate the pathway of charge recombination in PSII and influence the yield of singlet oxygen formation. The involvement of singlet oxygen in the process of photoinhibition is discussed. Singlet oxygen is efficiently quenched by beta-carotene, tocopherol or plastoquinone. If not quenched, it can trigger the up-regulation of genes, which are involved in the molecular defence response of photosynthetic organisms against photo-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, CNRS URA 2096, Service de Bioénergétique Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Uniacke J, Zerges W. Stress induces the assembly of RNA granules in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:641-6. [PMID: 18710928 PMCID: PMC2518703 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200805125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells under stress repress translation and localize these messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to cytoplasmic RNA granules. We show that specific stress stimuli induce the assembly of RNA granules in an organelle with bacterial ancestry, the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These chloroplast stress granules (cpSGs) form during oxidative stress and disassemble during recovery from stress. Like mammalian stress granules, cpSGs contain poly(A)-binding protein and the small, but not the large, ribosomal subunit. In addition, mRNAs are in continuous flux between polysomes and cpSGs during stress. Localization of cpSGs within the pyrenoid reveals that this chloroplast compartment functions in this stress response. The large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase also assembles into cpSGs and is known to bind mRNAs during oxidative stress, raising the possibility that it plays a role in cpSG assembly. This discovery within such an organelle suggests that mRNA localization to granules during stress is a more general phenomenon than currently realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Uniacke
- Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Singlet oxygen generation in the reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2008; 37:843-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-008-0287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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