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Liu Y, Yang J, Li Z, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Liu Y. Investigation on the environmental causes of tomato fruit cracking and its propagation prediction in greenhouse. J Texture Stud 2024; 55:e12845. [PMID: 38992972 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Provence tomato variety was chosen for investigating the environmental causes of tomato fruit cracking, cracks characteristics, and their propagation prediction in a greenhouse. Fruit bagging approach was used to alter the temperature and humidity and to create a microclimate around the fruit to induce fruit cracking for testing. Results showed that the fruit cracking rate increased when the environment temperature exceeded 30°C, and the difference between the highest and lowest temperature values in a day was greater than 20°C. The cracking rate was aggravated when the difference between the highest and lowest humidity values in a day was less than 20%. The proportions of top cracking, longitudinal cracking, ring cracking, radial cracking, and combined cracking were 5.4%, 16.1%, 28.3%, 26.8%, and 32.1%, respectively. The fruit shoulder was the most susceptible region to crack, followed by fruit belly and top regions, whereas longer cracks were observed in the fruit belly region indicating a higher propensity to crack propagation in that region. Finally, the measured data were used to validate an extended finite element method developed to effectively predict cracking susceptibility and propagation in tomato fruit with a relative error of 4.68%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fideline Tchuenbou-Magaia
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemical Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Yande Liu
- Innovation Institute of Intelligent Electromechanical Equipment, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Hu Y, Li Y, Zhu B, Huang W, Chen J, Wang F, Chen Y, Wang M, Lai H, Zhou Y. Genome-wide identification of the expansin gene family in netted melon and their transcriptional responses to fruit peel cracking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332240. [PMID: 38322822 PMCID: PMC10846642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Fruit cracking not only affects the appearance of netted melons (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) but also decreases their marketability. Methods Herein, to comprehensively understand the role of expansin (EXP) proteins in netted melon, bioinformatics methods were employed to discover the EXP gene family in the melon genome and analyze its characteristic features. Furthermore, transcriptomics analysis was performed to determine the expression patterns of melon EXP (CmEXP) genes in crack-tolerant and crack-susceptible netted melon varieties. Discussion Thirty-three CmEXP genes were identified. Chromosomal location analysis revealed that CmEXP gene distribution was uneven on 12 chromosomes. In addition, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that CmEXP genes could be categorized into four subgroups, among which the EXPA subgroup had the most members. The same subgroup members shared similar protein motifs and gene structures. Thirteen duplicate events were identified in the 33 CmEXP genes. Collinearity analysis revealed that the CmEXP genes had 50, 50, and 44 orthologous genes with EXP genes in cucumber, watermelon, and Arabidopsis, respectively. However, only nine orthologous EXP genes were observed in rice. Promoter cis-acting element analysis demonstrated that numerous cis-acting elements in the upstream promoter region of CmEXP genes participate in plant growth, development, and environmental stress responses. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the non-cracked fruit peels between the crack-tolerant variety 'Xizhoumi 17' (N17) and the crack-susceptible variety 'Xizhoumi 25' (N25). Among the 14 genes, 11 were upregulated, whereas the remaining three were downregulated in N17. In the non-cracked (N25) and cracked (C25) fruit peels of 'Xizhoumi 25', 24 DEGs were identified, and 4 of them were upregulated, whereas the remaining 20 were downregulated in N25. In the two datasets, only CmEXPB1 exhibited consistently upregulated expression, indicating its importance in the fruit peel crack resistance of netted melon. Transcription factor prediction revealed 56 potential transcription factors that regulate CmEXPB1 expression. Results Our study findings enrich the understanding of the CmEXP gene family and present candidate genes for the molecular breeding of fruit peel crack resistance of netted melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Baibi Zhu
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Wenfeng Huang
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yisong Chen
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- The Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hainan Province, Hainan Vegetable Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Haikou, China
| | - Hanggui Lai
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
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3
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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4
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Santos M, Egea-Cortines M, Gonçalves B, Matos M. Molecular mechanisms involved in fruit cracking: A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1130857. [PMID: 36937999 PMCID: PMC10016354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several fleshy fruits are highly affected by cracking, a severe physiological disorder that compromises their quality and causes high economical losses to the producers. Cracking can occur due to physiological, genetic or environmental factors and may happen during fruit growth, development and ripening. Moreover, in fleshy fruits, exocarp plays an important role, acting as a mechanical protective barrier, defending against biotic or abiotic factors. Thus, when biochemical properties of the cuticle + epidermis + hypodermis are affected, cracks appear in the fruit skin. The identification of genes involved in development such as cell wall modifications, biosynthesis and transport of cuticular waxes, cuticular membrane deposition and associated transcription factors provides new insights to better understand how fruit cracking is affected by genetic factors. Amongst the major environmental stresses causing cracking are excessive water during fruit development, leading to imbalances in cations such as Ca. This review focus on expression of key genes in these pathways, in their influence in affected fruits and the potential for molecular breeding programs, aiming to develop cultivars more resistant to cracking under adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Santos
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Berta Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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5
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Liu H, Zhu P, Li Z, Li J, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Ni J. Thermo-biomechanical coupling analysis for preventing tomato fruit cracking during ripening. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Kim W, Han S, Lee HJ, Joyce R, Kim G, Lee J. Real-time measurement and monitoring system for the fruit ripening process with a wireless, low-power and long-distance communication. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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7
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Ramakrishna P. Peeling back the layers: Raman imaging reveals microchemistry of tomato cuticle during development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:6-8. [PMID: 36303323 PMCID: PMC9806575 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ramakrishna
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Li D, Liu Y, Fadiji T, Li Z, Okasha M. Analysis of the correlation between mesocarp biomechanics and its cell turgor pressure: A combined
FEM‐DEM
investigation for irrigation‐caused tomato cracking. J Texture Stud 2022; 54:206-221. [PMID: 36116087 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fruit mesocarp cracking caused by improper irrigation during development manifests at the macroscale but is ultimately the result of increasing cell turgor pressure at the microscale. Hence, a cell finite element (FE) model including shape, protoplast turgor pressure, and ripening information and a mesocarp tissue block discrete element (DE) model including the features of cell shape and number, were developed to predict the biomechanical correlation between mesocarp and its cell. The validated cell FE model with an internal turgor pressure of 12.9 kPa could reproduce the experimental force-deformation behavior of a single cell in compression up to 11% deformation with an average relative error of 5.8%. The validated mesocarp tissue block DE model could reproduce the experimental force-deformation behavior of a mesocarp block in compression up to 20% deformation with an average relative error of 9.5%. Sensitivity and regression analysis showed that turgor pressure was the most important factor affecting cell biomechanics, followed by cell shape and wall elastic modulus. Similarly, the apparent elastic modulus of the cells has the most significant effect on the mesocarp tissue biomechanics, followed by the number and shape of cells. Finally, a mathematical model was obtained to quantitatively describe the relationship between the elastic modulus of the mesocarp and its cell turgor pressure. This study contributes to a better understanding of the biomechanical mechanisms of irrigation-caused tomato fruit cracking at the cellular level and the development of strategies to prevent fruit cracking through a combination of gene breeding and irrigation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Tobi Fadiji
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Mahmoud Okasha
- Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AEnRI) , Agricultural Research Center (ARC) Giza Egypt
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9
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He X, Chavan SG, Hamoui Z, Maier C, Ghannoum O, Chen ZH, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. Smart Glass Film Reduced Ascorbic Acid in Red and Orange Capsicum Fruit Cultivars without Impacting Shelf Life. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:985. [PMID: 35406965 PMCID: PMC9003265 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Smart Glass Film (SGF) is a glasshouse covering material designed to permit 80% transmission of photosynthetically active light and block heat-generating solar energy. SGF can reduce crop water and nutrient consumption and improve glasshouse energy use efficiency yet can reduce crop yield. The effect of SGF on the postharvest shelf life of fruits remains unknown. Two capsicum varieties, Red (Gina) and Orange (O06614), were cultivated within a glasshouse covered in SGF to assess fruit quality and shelf life during the winter season. SGF reduced cuticle thickness in the Red cultivar (5%) and decreased ascorbic acid in both cultivars (9-14%) without altering the overall morphology of the mature fruits. The ratio of total soluble solids (TSSs) to titratable acidity (TA) was significantly higher in Red (29%) and Orange (89%) cultivars grown under SGF. The Red fruits had a thicker cuticle that reduced water loss and extended shelf life when compared to the Orange fruits, yet neither water loss nor firmness were impacted by SGF. Reducing the storage temperature to 2 °C and increasing relative humidity to 90% extended the shelf life in both cultivars without evidence of chilling injury. In summary, SGF had minimal impact on fruit development and postharvest traits and did not compromise the shelf life of mature fruits. SGF provides a promising technology to block heat-generating solar radiation energy without affecting fruit ripening and marketable quality of capsicum fruits grown during the winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Sachin G. Chavan
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Ziad Hamoui
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Chelsea Maier
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - David T. Tissue
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I. Cazzonelli
- National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (X.H.); (S.G.C.); (C.M.); (O.G.); (Z.-H.C.); (D.T.T.)
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10
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Gupta SK, Vishwakarma A, Kenea HD, Galsurker O, Cohen H, Aharoni A, Arazi T. CRISPR/Cas9 mutants of tomato MICRORNA164 genes uncover their functional specialization in development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1636-1652. [PMID: 34618074 PMCID: PMC8566253 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant MICRORNA164 (miR164) plays diverse regulatory functions by post-transcriptional repression of certain NAM/ATAF/CUC-domain transcription factors. However, the involvement of miR164 in fleshy fruit development and ripening remains poorly understood. Here, de novo prediction of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MIR164 genes identified four genes (SlMIR164a-d), of which SlMIR164d has an atypically long pre-miRNA. The roles of the fruit expressed SlMIR164a, b, and d were studied by analysis of their Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats mutants. The slmir164bCR mutant plants exhibited shoot and flower abnormalities characteristic of ectopic boundary specification, whereas the shoot and flower development of slmir164aCR and slmir164dCR mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type. Strikingly, the knockout of SlMIR164a practically eliminated sly-miR164 from the developing and ripening fruit pericarp. The sly-miR164-deficient slmir164aCR fruits were smaller than the wild-type, due to reduced pericarp cell division and expansion, and displayed intense red color and matte, instead of glossy appearance, upon ripening. We found that the fruit skin phenotypes were associated with morphologically abnormal outer epidermis and thicker cuticle. Quantitation of sly-miR164 target transcripts in slmir164aCR ripening fruits demonstrated the upregulation of SlNAM3 and SlNAM2. Specific expression of their miR164-resistant versions in the pericarp resulted in the formation of extremely small fruits with abnormal epidermis, highlighting the importance of their negative regulation by sly-miR164a. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SlMIR164a and SlMIR164b play specialized roles in development: SlMIR164b is required for shoot and flower boundary specification, and SlMIR164a is required for fruit growth including the expansion of its outer epidermis, which determines the properties of the fruit skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Hawi Deressa Kenea
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ortal Galsurker
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tzahi Arazi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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11
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Gao Y, Hu Y, Shen J, Meng X, Suo J, Zhang Z, Song L, Wu J. Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761139. [PMID: 34745193 PMCID: PMC8565854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. Our findings provided new insights into the aril cracking trait in T. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Xuecheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Zuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
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12
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Romero P, Lafuente MT. The Combination of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Water Stress Regulates the Epicuticular Wax Metabolism and Cuticle Properties of Detached Citrus Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910242. [PMID: 34638581 PMCID: PMC8549707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a major regulator of fruit response to water stress, and may influence cuticle properties and wax layer composition during fruit ripening. This study investigates the effects of ABA on epicuticular wax metabolism regulation in a citrus fruit cultivar with low ABA levels, called Pinalate (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), and how this relationship is influenced by water stress after detachment. Harvested ABA-treated fruit were exposed to water stress by storing them at low (30-35%) relative humidity. The total epicuticular wax load rose after fruit detachment, which ABA application decreased earlier and more markedly during fruit-dehydrating storage. ABA treatment changed the abundance of the separated wax fractions and the contents of most individual components, which reveals dependence on the exposure to postharvest water stress and different trends depending on storage duration. A correlation analysis supported these responses, which mostly fitted the expression patterns of the key genes involved in wax biosynthesis and transport. A cluster analysis indicated that storage duration is an important factor for the exogenous ABA influence and the postharvest environment on epicuticular wax composition, cuticle properties and fruit physiology. Dynamic ABA-mediated reconfiguration of wax metabolism is influenced by fruit exposure to water stress conditions.
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Drogoudi P, Pantelidis GE, Vekiari SA. Physiological Disorders and Fruit Quality Attributes in Pomegranate: Effects of Meteorological Parameters, Canopy Position and Acetylsalicylic Acid Foliar Sprays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645547. [PMID: 33777081 PMCID: PMC7991580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Meteorological parameters and occurrences of cracking (CR), russeting (RS), and sun scald (SS) symptoms were monitored in a pomegranate cv. "Wonderful" orchard planted in a W-E orientation, during a 3-year study. Moreover, the efficacy of preharvest foliar sprays with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 0.5 mM or 1.0 mM), applied biweekly four to six times, on yield and fruit quality attributes were evaluated in a 2-year study. Fruit from the N-side of the canopy had greater CR and RS, whereas SS symptoms were lower, compared with the S-exposed part of the canopy. The N-side of the canopy had also substantially lower fruit number and yield, suggesting for an important role of light on bisexual flower formation and/or fruit set. Following the occurrences in CR and RS during the fruit maturation period, it was found that temperature fluctuation was the main cause. The presence of RS damages may also be related with increased relative humidity and water movement as symptoms were higher in years with higher values, in the N-side of the canopy and often occurred in the exposed and stylar end of the fruit. The ASA treatment substantially reduced RS by up to 57%, improved the peel red coloration, while anthocyanin, antioxidant capacity, and soluble solid contents in juice were higher. Foliar sprays with ASA did not affect yield, but induced a trend of bigger-sized fruit. In conclusion, planting in a N-S row orientation and selecting an orchard plantation site with a minimum temperature fluctuation and low relative humidity during the fruit-ripening period are measures to control CR and RS in pomegranate. ASA foliar applications proved to have beneficial effects on juice antioxidant contents, but more importantly on fruit appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Drogoudi
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (HAO) ‘Demeter’, Naousa, Greece
- *Correspondence: Pavlina Drogoudi,
| | - Georgios E. Pantelidis
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (HAO) ‘Demeter’, Naousa, Greece
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Shipman EN, Yu J, Zhou J, Albornoz K, Beckles DM. Can gene editing reduce postharvest waste and loss of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals? HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:1. [PMID: 33384412 PMCID: PMC7775472 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest waste and loss of horticultural crops exacerbates the agricultural problems facing humankind and will continue to do so in the next decade. Fruits and vegetables provide us with a vast spectrum of healthful nutrients, and along with ornamentals, enrich our lives with a wide array of pleasant sensory experiences. These commodities are, however, highly perishable. Approximately 33% of the produce that is harvested is never consumed since these products naturally have a short shelf-life, which leads to postharvest loss and waste. This loss, however, could be reduced by breeding new crops that retain desirable traits and accrue less damage over the course of long supply chains. New gene-editing tools promise the rapid and inexpensive production of new varieties of crops with enhanced traits more easily than was previously possible. Our aim in this review is to critically evaluate gene editing as a tool to modify the biological pathways that determine fruit, vegetable, and ornamental quality, especially after storage. We provide brief and accessible overviews of both the CRISPR-Cas9 method and the produce supply chain. Next, we survey the literature of the last 30 years, to catalog genes that control or regulate quality or senescence traits that are "ripe" for gene editing. Finally, we discuss barriers to implementing gene editing for postharvest, from the limitations of experimental methods to international policy. We conclude that in spite of the hurdles that remain, gene editing of produce and ornamentals will likely have a measurable impact on reducing postharvest loss and waste in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Shipman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Karin Albornoz
- Departamento de Produccion Vegetal, Universidad de Concepcion, Region del BioBio, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Della Lucia MC, Baghdadi A, Mangione F, Borella M, Zegada-Lizarazu W, Ravi S, Deb S, Broccanello C, Concheri G, Monti A, Stevanato P, Nardi S. Transcriptional and Physiological Analyses to Assess the Effects of a Novel Biostimulant in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781993. [PMID: 35087552 PMCID: PMC8787302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the effects in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of foliar applications of a novel calcium-based biostimulant (SOB01) using an omics approach involving transcriptomics and physiological profiling. A calcium-chloride fertilizer (SOB02) was used as a product reference standard. Plants were grown under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions in a growth chamber. We firstly compared the transcriptome profile of treated and untreated tomato plants using the software RStudio. Totally, 968 and 1,657 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (adj-p-value < 0.1 and |log2(fold change)| ≥ 1) were identified after SOB01 and SOB02 leaf treatments, respectively. Expression patterns of 9 DEGs involved in nutrient metabolism and osmotic stress tolerance were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) on RT-qPCR results highlighted that the gene expression profiles after SOB01 treatment in different water regimes were clustering together, suggesting that the expression pattern of the analyzed genes in well water and water stress plants was similar in the presence of SOB01 treatment. Physiological analyses demonstrated that the biostimulant application increased the photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll content under water deficiency compared to the standard fertilizer and led to a higher yield in terms of fruit dry matter and a reduction in the number of cracked fruits. In conclusion, transcriptome and physiological profiling provided comprehensive information on the biostimulant effects highlighting that SOB01 applications improved the ability of the tomato plants to mitigate the negative effects of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Della Lucia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ali Baghdadi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Mangione
- Sipcam Italia S.p.A. Belonging Together With Sofbey SA to the Sipcam Oxon S.p.A. Group, Pero, Italy
| | - Matteo Borella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Samathmika Ravi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Saptarathi Deb
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Broccanello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Concheri
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Monti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Piergiorgio Stevanato,
| | - Serenella Nardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Xue L, Sun M, Wu Z, Yu L, Yu Q, Tang Y, Jiang F. LncRNA regulates tomato fruit cracking by coordinating gene expression via a hormone-redox-cell wall network. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:162. [PMID: 32293294 PMCID: PMC7161180 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit cracking occurs easily under unsuitable environmental conditions and is one of the main types of damage that occurs in fruit production. It is widely accepted that plants have developed defence mechanisms and regulatory networks that respond to abiotic stress, which involves perceiving, integrating and responding to stress signals by modulating the expression of related genes. Fruit cracking is also a physiological disease caused by abiotic stress. It has been reported that a single or several genes may regulate fruit cracking. However, almost none of these reports have involved cracking regulatory networks. RESULTS Here, RNA expression in 0 h, 8 h and 30 h saturated irrigation-treated fruits from two contrasting tomato genotypes, 'LA1698' (cracking-resistant, CR) and 'LA2683' (cracking-susceptible, CS), was analysed by mRNA and lncRNA sequencing. The GO pathways of the differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly enriched in the 'hormone metabolic process', 'cell wall organization', 'oxidoreductase activity' and 'catalytic activity' categories. According to the gene expression analysis, significantly differentially expressed genes included Solyc02g080530.3 (Peroxide, POD), Solyc01g008710.3 (Mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase, MAN), Solyc08g077910.3 (Expanded, EXP), Solyc09g075330.3 (Pectinesterase, PE), Solyc07g055990.3 (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase 7, XTH7), Solyc12g011030.2 (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase 9, XTH9), Solyc10g080210.2 (Polygalacturonase-2, PG2), Solyc08g081010.2 (Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, gamma-GCS), Solyc09g008720.2 (Ethylene receptor, ER), Solyc11g042560.2 (Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 4, ERF4) etc. In addition, the lncRNAs (XLOC_16662 and XLOC_033910, etc) regulated the expression of their neighbouring genes, and genes related to tomato cracking were selected to construct a lncRNA-mRNA network influencing tomato cracking. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the responsive network for water-induced cracking in tomato fruit. Specifically, lncRNAs regulate the hormone-redox-cell wall network, including plant hormone (auxin, ethylene) and ROS (H2O2) signal transduction and many cell wall-related mRNAs (EXP, PG, XTH), as well as some lncRNAs (XLOC_16662 and XLOC_033910, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang NO 1, Nanjing, 210095 Xuanwu District China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Mintao Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South St, Beijing, 10081 Haidian District China
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang NO 1, Nanjing, 210095 Xuanwu District China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang NO 1, Nanjing, 210095 Xuanwu District China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- Institute of Vegetables, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang Road 403, Urumchi, 830091 Shayibake District China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Vegetables, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang Road 403, Urumchi, 830091 Shayibake District China
| | - Fangling Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang NO 1, Nanjing, 210095 Xuanwu District China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095 China
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17
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Transcriptome analysis of metabolisms related to fruit cracking during ripening of a cracking-susceptible grape berry cv. Xiangfei (Vitis vinifera L.). Genes Genomics 2020; 42:639-650. [PMID: 32274647 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape is an economically valuable fruit around the world. However, some cultivars are prone to fruit cracking during ripening, leading to severe losses. OBJECTIVE We aimed to find important metabolisms related to fruit cracking during ripening process. METHODS RNA-Sequence and analysis was applied to the pericarp of cracking-susceptible 'Xiang Fei' at 1 (W1), 2 (W2) and 3 weeks (W3) after veraison on Illumina HiSeq xten; RESULTS: Compared with W1, the berry cracking rate increased significantly in W2 and W3. Through transcriptomic analysis, a total of 22,609 genes were expressed in the grape pericarp, among which 805 and 2758 genes were significantly differentially regulated in W1-vs.-W2 and W1-vs.-W3 comparison, respectively. Besides, 304 and 354 genes were up- and down-regulated in both comparisons. The significantly enriched GO terms of both W1-W2 and W1-W3 are related to cell wall and wax biosynthesis. And lipid metabolism, which are involved in the top 20 enriched KEGG pathways of both comparisons, was related to wax biosynthesis. Further, GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with same regulatory changes also indicated that the continuously up-regulated DEGs are significantly enriched in cell wall component biosynthesis and hydrolase. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that genes related to cell wall metabolism and cuticle biosynthesis may play important roles in regulating grape berry cracking. Our results provide a reference for further studies on the molecular mechanism underlying fruit cracking.
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18
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Konagaya K, Omwange KA, Al Riza DF, Khaliduzzaman A, Martínez Oliver A, Rovira-Más F, Nagasato H, Ninomiya K, Kondo N. Association of fruit, pericarp, and epidermis traits with surface autofluorescence in green peppers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1630-1635. [DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The association of green pepper blue autofluorescence (excitation at 365 nm) with the traits of the fruit, pericarp, and epidermis was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Konagaya
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | | | - Dimas Firmanda Al Riza
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering
| | - Alin Khaliduzzaman
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
| | - Andrea Martínez Oliver
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Environment
| | - Francisco Rovira-Más
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Environment
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- València 46022
- Spain
| | | | | | - Naoshi Kondo
- Graduate School of Agriculture
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
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19
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Yu X, Choi SR, Chhapekar SS, Lu L, Ma Y, Lee JY, Hong S, Kim YY, Oh SH, Lim YP. Genetic and physiological analyses of root cracking in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:3425-3437. [PMID: 31562568 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major QTL conferring tolerance to radish (Raphanus sativus) root cracking was mapped for the first time and two calcium regulatory genes were identified that positively associated with the cracking phenomenon. Root cracking is a severe physiological disorder that significantly decreases the yield and commercial value of radish. The genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying this root cracking disorder have not been characterized. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) putatively associated with radish root cracking were mapped. Ten QTLs were distributed in six linkage groups, among these QTLs, 'RCr1' in LG1 was detected over 3 consecutive years and was considered to be a major QTL for root cracking. The QTL 'RCr1' was responsible for 4.47-18.11% of variance in the root cracking phenotype. We subsequently identified two candidate genes, RsANNAT and RsCDPK. Both genes encode proteins involved in calcium binding, ion transport, and Ca2+ signal transduction, which are important for regulating plant development and adaptations to the environment. These genes were co-localized to the major QTL region. Additionally, we analyzed physiological changes (i.e., root firmness, cell wall content, and cell-wall-bound calcium content) in two parental lines during different developmental stages. Moreover, we observed that the RsANNAT and RsCDPK expression levels are positively correlated with Ca2+ contents in the roots of the cracking-tolerant '835' cultivar. Thus, these genes may influence root cracking. The data provided herein may support the useful information to understand root cracking behavior in radish and may enable breeders to develop new cultivars exhibiting increased tolerance to root and fruit cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Yu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Agronomy Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yinbo Ma
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongmin Hong
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Variety Examination, National Forest Seed Variety Center, Chungju, 27495, South Korea
| | - Sang Heon Oh
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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20
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Chechanovsky N, Hovav R, Frenkel R, Faigenboim A, Eselson Y, Petreikov M, Moy M, Shen S, Schaffer AA. Low temperature upregulates cwp expression and modifies alternative splicing patterns, increasing the severity of cwp-induced tomato fruit cuticular microfissures. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:122. [PMID: 31728197 PMCID: PMC6838111 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cwp (cuticular water permeability) gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato. The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato but is expressed in the primitive wild tomato relatives. The introgression of the expressed allele from the wild S. habrochaites (cwp h ) into the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leads to the phenotype of fruit water loss during and following ripening. In this report, we show that low temperature impacts on the severity of the cuticular microfissure phenotype via a combination of effects on both expression and alternative splicing of cwp h . The cwp gene, comprising four exons and three introns, undergoes post-transcriptional alternative splicing processes, leading to seven alternative transcripts that differ in reading-frame lengths. Transgenic plants expressing each of the alternative transcripts identified the longest reading frame (VAR1) as the functional splice variant. Low temperature led to a strong upregulation of cwp h expression, compounded by an increase in the relative proportion of the functional VAR1 transcript, leading to increased severity of microfissuring of the cuticle. In summary, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism behind the horticultural phenomenon of the low-temperature effect on cuticular microfissures in the dehydrating tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Chechanovsky
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Frenkel
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Eselson
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shmuel Shen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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21
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Alfaro-Sifuentes L, Juan M, Meca DE, Elorrieta MA, Valenzuela JL. Effectiveness of Chemical and Thermal Treatments on Control Rhizopus Stolonifer Fruit Infection Comparing Tomato Cultivars with Different Sensitivities to Cracking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152754. [PMID: 31374994 PMCID: PMC6696333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes are among the most important horticultural crops; however, it is estimated that 30% of tomato yield is lost due to postharvest rot due to Rhizopus stolonifer, a fungus which requires lesions to initiate the infectious process. Tomato fruit cracking is a physiopathy which causes significant economic losses, since cracking is the door used by the fungus. In this experiment, 14 cultivars of tomato of different types were used. Fruit sampling was carried out in the middle of the crop cycle, coinciding with the peak of yield; then, the fruits were divided into two groups: one group was inoculated with Rhizopus in order to assess the effectiveness of washing, whilst the other was treated with sterile water. The fruits of each group were divided into lots to be treated with six washing treatments: dipping in hot water at 20, 40 and 60 °C for 20 s; the fruits were then sprayed with the following solutions: 0.6% of Hydrogen Peroxide 23% + Peracetic acid 15%; commercial bleach at 0.5% and 2% of Hydrogen Peroxide 50%. The control sample was not washed. The results show that there was an influence of cultivar on fruit cracking, which was strongly related with Rhizopus infection. Three cultivars were not susceptible to cracking, and therefore, were not sensitive to Rhizopus infection. The effectiveness of different washing treatments of tomato fruits depends on several factors; nonetheless, hot water treatment has been shown to be more effective than the use of chemical products such as commercial bleach or hydrogen peroxide. Another factor, the susceptibility of cultivars to cracking, determines the effectiveness of the washing treatment. The results provide an important basis for making decisions about the washing management of tomato fruits in packaging houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Alfaro-Sifuentes
- Department of Biology & Geology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), and CIEMBITAL, University of Almerı́a, E-04120 Almerı́a, Spain
| | - Melchor Juan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Labcolor, Coexphal, Venta el Viso, La Mojonera, E-04746 Almerı́a, Spain
| | - David Erick Meca
- Estación Experimental Cajamar. Paraje Las Palmerillas 25, El Ejido, 04710 Almería, Spain
| | - María Antonia Elorrieta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Labcolor, Coexphal, Venta el Viso, La Mojonera, E-04746 Almerı́a, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Valenzuela
- Department of Biology & Geology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), and CIEMBITAL, University of Almerı́a, E-04120 Almerı́a, Spain.
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22
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Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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23
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Trivedi P, Nguyen N, Hykkerud AL, Häggman H, Martinussen I, Jaakola L, Karppinen K. Developmental and Environmental Regulation of Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Fleshy Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:431. [PMID: 31110509 PMCID: PMC6499192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of land plants are covered by a hydrophobic layer called cuticle that limits non-stomatal water loss and provides protection against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The cuticle is composed of polymer cutin and wax comprising a mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, while also bioactive secondary metabolites such as triterpenoids are present. Fleshy fruits are also covered by the cuticle, which has an important protective role during the fruit development and ripening. Research related to the biosynthesis and composition of cuticles on vegetative plant parts has largely promoted the research on cuticular waxes in fruits. The chemical composition of the cuticular wax varies greatly between fruit species and is modified by developmental and environmental cues affecting the protective properties of the wax. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the cuticular wax biosynthesis during fleshy fruits development, and on the effect of environmental factors in regulation of the biosynthesis. Bioactive properties of fruit cuticular waxes are also briefly discussed, as well as the potential for recycling of industrial fruit residues as a valuable raw material for natural wax to be used in food, cosmetics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Trivedi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Laura Jaakola
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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24
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Vlaisavljević S, Colmán Martínez M, Stojanović A, Martínez-Huélamo M, Grung B, Lamuela Raventós RM. Characterisation of bioactive compounds and assessment of antioxidant activity of different traditional Lycopersicum esculentum L. varieties: chemometric analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:813-824. [PMID: 30969141 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1587742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eight different Serbian genotypes were analysed for their polyphenol, carotenoid, vitamin C content and evaluated for their antioxidant properties. The highest content of biologically important carotenoids such as lutein (4.58 mg/10 g), lycopene (160.64 mg/10 g) and β-carotene (189.64 mg/10 g) were detected in the genotype S606. Rutin was the most abundant phenolic compound in all tastes samples, but its content is highest in the genotype S615 (1424.30 µg/100 g dw). All tomato samples were the great source of vitamin C, where the sample S615 stood out (68.54 mg AA g-1 of dw). Their content of antioxidant compounds suggested that genotypes S606 and S615 showed the best antioxidant potential. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares (PLS) were applied to analyse results. The results obtained in the present study could be of considerable interest for breeding programmes wishing to select tomato genotypes with high biological and nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Vlaisavljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Mariel Colmán Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Bjørn Grung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Rosa María Lamuela Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA-UB, y School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
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25
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Jiang F, Lopez A, Jeon S, de Freitas ST, Yu Q, Wu Z, Labavitch JM, Tian S, Powell ALT, Mitcham E. Disassembly of the fruit cell wall by the ripening-associated polygalacturonase and expansin influences tomato cracking. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 30729007 PMCID: PMC6355925 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking is an important problem in horticultural crop production. Polygalacturonase (SlPG) and expansin (SlEXP1) proteins cooperatively disassemble the polysaccharide network of tomato fruit cell walls during ripening and thereby, enable softening. A Golden 2-like (GLK2) transcription factor, SlGLK2 regulates unripe fruit chloroplast development and results in elevated soluble solids and carotenoids in ripe fruit. To determine whether SlPG, SlEXP1, or SlGLK2 influence the rate of tomato fruit cracking, the incidence of fruit epidermal cracking was compared between wild-type, Ailsa Craig (WT) and fruit with suppressed SlPG and SlEXP1 expression (pg/exp) or expressing a truncated nonfunctional Slglk2 (glk2). Treating plants with exogenous ABA increases xylemic flow into fruit. Our results showed that ABA treatment of tomato plants greatly increased cracking of fruit from WT and glk2 mutant, but not from pg/exp genotypes. The pg/exp fruit were firmer, had higher total soluble solids, denser cell walls and thicker cuticles than fruit of the other genotypes. Fruit from the ABA treated pg/exp fruit had cell walls with less water-soluble and more ionically and covalently-bound pectins than fruit from the other lines, demonstrating that ripening-related disassembly of the fruit cell wall, but not elimination of SlGLK2, influences cracking. Cracking incidence was significantly correlated with cell wall and wax thickness, and the content of cell wall protopectin and cellulose, but not with Ca2+ content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
| | - Alfonso Lopez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
| | - Shinjae Jeon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
- Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon, 200-150 South Korea
| | | | - Qinghui Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
- Institute of Vegetables, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 830091 Urumchi, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - John M. Labavitch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
| | - Shengke Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ann L. T. Powell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
| | - Elizabeth Mitcham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
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Petit J, Bres C, Mauxion JP, Bakan B, Rothan C. Breeding for cuticle-associated traits in crop species: traits, targets, and strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5369-5387. [PMID: 29036305 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving crop productivity and quality while promoting sustainable agriculture have become major goals in plant breeding. The cuticle is a natural film covering the aerial organs of plants and consists of lipid polyesters covered and embedded with wax. The cuticle protects plants against water loss and pathogens and affects traits with strong impacts on crop quality such as, for horticultural crops, fruit brightness, cracking, russeting, netting, and shelf life. Here we provide an overview of the most important cuticle-associated traits that can be targeted for crop improvement. To date, most studies on cuticle-associated traits aimed at crop breeding have been done on fleshy fruits. Less information is available for staple crops such as rice, wheat or maize. Here we present new insights into cuticle formation and properties resulting from the study of genetic resources available for the various crop species. Our review also covers the current strategies and tools aimed at exploiting available natural and artificially induced genetic diversity and the technologies used to transfer the beneficial alleles affecting cuticle-associated traits to commercial varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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27
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E, Cingolani R, Bayer IS, Athanassiou A, Benítez JJ. Cutin from agro-waste as a raw material for the production of bioplastics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5401-5410. [PMID: 28992177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutin is the main component of plant cuticles constituting the framework that supports the rest of the cuticle components. This biopolymer is composed of esterified bi- and trifunctional fatty acids. Despite its ubiquity in terrestrial plants, it has been underutilized as raw material due to its insolubility and lack of melting point. However, in recent years, a few technologies have been developed to obtain cutin monomers from several agro-wastes at an industrial scale. This review is focused on the description of cutin properties, biodegradability, chemical composition, processability, abundance, and the state of art of the fabrication of cutin-based materials in order to evaluate whether this biopolymer can be considered a source for the production of renewable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | | | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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28
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Domínguez E, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A. The plant cuticle: old challenges, new perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5251-5255. [PMID: 29136457 PMCID: PMC5853762 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM-CSIC-UMA, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Ingram G, Nawrath C. The roles of the cuticle in plant development: organ adhesions and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5307-5321. [PMID: 28992283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles, which are composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules, impregnate epidermal cell walls forming diffusion barriers that cover almost all the aerial surfaces in higher plants. In addition to revealing important roles for cuticles in protecting plants against water loss and other environmental stresses and aggressions, mutants with permeable cuticles show major defects in plant development, such as abnormal organ formation as well as altered seed germination and viability. However, understanding the mechanistic basis for these developmental defects represents a significant challenge due to the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes and the altered physiological status/viability of some mutant backgrounds. Here we discuss both the basis of developmental phenotypes associated with defects in cuticle function and mechanisms underlying developmental processes that implicate cuticle modification. Developmental abnormalities in cuticle mutants originate at early developmental time points, when cuticle composition and properties are very difficult to measure. Nonetheless, we aim to extract principles from existing data in order to pinpoint the key cuticle components and properties required for normal plant development. Based on our analysis, we will highlight several major questions that need to be addressed and technical hurdles that need to be overcome in order to advance our current understanding of the developmental importance of plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Fernandez-Moreno JP, Levy-Samoha D, Malitsky S, Monforte AJ, Orzaez D, Aharoni A, Granell A. Uncovering tomato quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for fruit cuticular lipid composition using the Solanum pennellii introgression line population. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2703-2716. [PMID: 28475776 PMCID: PMC5853253 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a specialized cell wall layer that covers the outermost surface of the epidermal cells and has important implications for fruit permeability and pathogen susceptibility. In order to decipher the genetic control of tomato fruit cuticle composition, an introgression line (IL) population derived from a biparental cross between Solanum pennellii (LA0716) and the Solanum lycopersicum cultivar M82 was used to build a first map of associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs). A total of 24 cuticular waxes and 26 cutin monomers were determined. They showed changes associated with 18 genomic regions distributed in nine chromosomes affecting 19 ILs. Out of the five main fruit cuticular components described for the wild species S. pennellii, three of them were associated with IL3.4, IL12.1, and IL7.4.1, causing an increase in n-alkanes (≥C30), a decrease in amyrin content, and a decrease in cuticle thickness of ~50%, respectively. Moreover, we also found a QTL associated with increased levels of amyrins in IL3.4. In addition, we propose some candidate genes on the basis of their differential gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism variability between the introgressed and the recurrent alleles, which will be the subjects of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina-Patricia Fernandez-Moreno
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dorit Levy-Samoha
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonio J Monforte
- Genomics in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Ullmann Building of Life Sciences, Room, Rehovot, Israel
- Correspondence: and
| | - Antonio Granell
- Fruit Genomics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av/ Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, CP, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: and
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31
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Popovsky-Sarid S, Borovsky Y, Faigenboim A, Parsons EP, Lohrey GT, Alkalai-Tuvia S, Fallik E, Jenks MA, Paran I. Genetic and biochemical analysis reveals linked QTLs determining natural variation for fruit post-harvest water loss in pepper (Capsicum). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:445-459. [PMID: 27844114 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers linked to QTLs controlling post-harvest fruit water loss in pepper may be utilized to accelerate breeding for improved shelf life and inhibit over-ripening before harvest. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop world-wide. However, marketing is limited by the relatively short shelf life of the fruit due to water loss and decay that occur during prolonged storage. Towards breeding pepper with reduced fruit post-harvest water loss (PWL), we studied the genetic, physiological and biochemical basis for natural variation of PWL. We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of fruit PWL in multiple generations of an interspecific cross of pepper, which resulted in the identification of two linked QTLs on chromosome 10 that control the trait. We further developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) for characterization of the QTL effects. Transcriptome analysis of the NILs allowed the identification of candidate genes associated with fruit PWL-associated traits such as cuticle biosynthesis, cell wall metabolism and fruit ripening. Significant differences in PWL between the NILs in the immature fruit stage, differentially expressed cuticle-associated genes and differences in the content of specific chemical constituents of the fruit cuticle, indicated a likely influence of cuticle composition on the trait. Reduced PWL in the NILs was associated with delayed over-ripening before harvest, low total soluble solids before storage, and reduced fruit softening after storage. Our study enabled a better understanding of the genetic and biological processes controlling natural variation in fruit PWL in pepper. Furthermore, the genetic materials and molecular markers developed in this study may be utilized to breed peppers with improved shelf life and inhibited over-ripening before harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Popovsky-Sarid
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yelena Borovsky
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Eugene P Parsons
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory T Lohrey
- US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Sharon Alkalai-Tuvia
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Elazar Fallik
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, 1090 Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6108, USA
| | - Ilan Paran
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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Fernández V, Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Santos S, Gil L. Cuticle Structure in Relation to Chemical Composition: Re-assessing the Prevailing Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27066059 PMCID: PMC4814898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface of most aerial plant organs is covered with a cuticle that provides protection against multiple stress factors including dehydration. Interest on the nature of this external layer dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and since then, several studies facilitated a better understanding of cuticular chemical composition and structure. The prevailing undertanding of the cuticle as a lipidic, hydrophobic layer which is independent from the epidermal cell wall underneath stems from the concept developed by Brongniart and von Mohl during the first half of the 19th century. Such early investigations on plant cuticles attempted to link chemical composition and structure with the existing technologies, and have not been directly challenged for decades. Beginning with a historical overview about the development of cuticular studies, this review is aimed at critically assessing the information available on cuticle chemical composition and structure, considering studies performed with cuticles and isolated cuticular chemical components. The concept of the cuticle as a lipid layer independent from the cell wall is subsequently challenged, based on the existing literature, and on new findings pointing toward the cell wall nature of this layer, also providing examples of different leaf cuticle structures. Finally, the need for a re-assessment of the chemical and structural nature of the plant cuticle is highlighted, considering its cell wall nature and variability among organs, species, developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic factors during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - José Graça
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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Chatterjee S, Matas AJ, Isaacson T, Kehlet C, Rose JK, Stark RE. Solid-State (13)C NMR Delineates the Architectural Design of Biopolymers in Native and Genetically Altered Tomato Fruit Cuticles. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:215-24. [PMID: 26652188 PMCID: PMC4852698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles on outer fruit and leaf surfaces are natural macromolecular composites of waxes and polyesters that ensure mechanical integrity and mitigate environmental challenges. They also provide renewable raw materials for cosmetics, packaging, and coatings. To delineate the structural framework and flexibility underlying the versatile functions of cutin biopolymers associated with polysaccharide-rich cell-wall matrices, solid-state NMR spectra and spin relaxation times were measured in a tomato fruit model system, including different developmental stages and surface phenotypes. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the cutin ensures compatibility with the underlying polysaccharide cell walls; the hydroxy fatty acid structures of outer epidermal cutin also support deposition of hydrophobic waxes and aromatic moieties while promoting the formation of cell-wall cross-links that rigidify and strengthen the cuticle composite during fruit development. Fruit cutin-deficient tomato mutants with compromised microbial resistance exhibit less efficient local and collective biopolymer motions, stiffening their cuticular surfaces and increasing their susceptibility to fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York Graduate Center Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Antonio J. Matas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cindie Kehlet
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York 11205, United States
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ruth E. Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York Graduate Center Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031, United States
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34
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España L, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Reina-Pinto JJ, Fernández-Muñoz R, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Transient silencing of CHALCONE SYNTHASE during fruit ripening modifies tomato epidermal cells and cuticle properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1371-86. [PMID: 25277718 PMCID: PMC4226350 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by an increase in CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) activity and flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids accumulate in the cuticle, giving its characteristic orange color that contributes to the eventual red color of the ripe fruit. Using virus-induced gene silencing in fruits, we have down-regulated the expression of SlCHS during ripening and compared the cuticles derived from silenced and nonsilenced regions. Silenced regions showed a pink color due to the lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle. This change in color was accompanied by several other changes in the cuticle and epidermis. The epidermal cells displayed a decreased tangential cell width; a decrease in the amount of cuticle and its main components, cutin and polysaccharides, was also observed. Flavonoids dramatically altered the cuticle biomechanical properties by stiffening the elastic and viscoelastic phase and by reducing the ability of the cuticle to deform. There seemed to be a negative relation between SlCHS expression and wax accumulation during ripening that could be related to the decreased cuticle permeability to water observed in the regions silencing SlCHS. A reduction in the overall number of ester linkages present in the cutin matrix was also dependent on the presence of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura España
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - José A Heredia-Guerrero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - José J Reina-Pinto
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (L.E., J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., A.H., E.D.), and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica (L.E., A.H.), Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain;Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Malaga, Spain (J.J.R.-P., R.F.-M., E.D.); andNanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy (J.A.H.-G.)
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Lee H, Kim MS, Jeong D, Delwiche SR, Chao K, Cho BK. Detection of cracks on tomatoes using a hyperspectral near-infrared reflectance imaging system. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:18837-50. [PMID: 25310472 PMCID: PMC4239932 DOI: 10.3390/s141018837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of hyperspectral near-infrared (NIR) reflectance imaging techniques for detecting cuticle cracks on tomatoes. A hyperspectral NIR reflectance imaging system that analyzed the spectral region of 1000-1700 nm was used to obtain hyperspectral reflectance images of 224 tomatoes: 112 with and 112 without cracks along the stem-scar region. The hyperspectral images were subjected to partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to classify and detect cracks on the tomatoes. Two morphological features, roundness (R) and minimum-maximum distance (D), were calculated from the PLS-DA images to quantify the shape of the stem scar. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and a support vector machine (SVM) were then used to classify R and D. The results revealed 94.6% and 96.4% accuracy for classifications made using LDA and SVM, respectively, for tomatoes with and without crack defects. These data suggest that the hyperspectral near-infrared reflectance imaging system, in addition to traditional NIR spectroscopy-based methods, could potentially be used to detect crack defects on tomatoes and perform quality assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonsoo Lee
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Moon S Kim
- Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Danhee Jeong
- Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | - Kuanglin Chao
- Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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España L, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Segado P, Benítez JJ, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Biomechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle during development are modulated by changes in the relative amounts of its components. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:790-802. [PMID: 24571168 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, growth-dependent changes in the mechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cuticle during fruit development were investigated in two cultivars with different patterns of cuticle growth and accumulation. The mechanical properties were determined in uniaxial tensile tests using strips of isolated cuticles. Changes in the functional groups of the cuticle chemical components were analysed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The early stages of fruit growth are characterized by an elastic cuticle, and viscoelastic behaviour only appeared at the beginning of cell enlargement. Changes in the cutin:polysaccharide ratio during development affected the strength required to achieve viscoelastic deformation. The increase in stiffness and decrease in extensibility during ripening, related to flavonoid accumulation, were accompanied by an increase in cutin depolymerization as a result of a reduction in the overall number of ester bonds. Quantitative changes in cuticle components influence the elastic/viscoelastic behaviour of the cuticle. The cutin:polysaccharide ratio modulates the stress required to permanently deform the cuticle and allow cell enlargement. Flavonoids stiffen the elastic phase and reduce permanent viscoelastic deformation. Ripening is accompanied by a chemical cleavage of cutin ester bonds. An infrared (IR) band related to phenolic accumulation can be used to monitor changes in the cutin esterification index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura España
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, IHSM La Mayora UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Heredia-Guerrero
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Segado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, IHSM La Mayora UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, IHSM La Mayora UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora UMA-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
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Effect of irrigation on yield parameters and antioxidant profiles of processing cherry tomato. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA two-year (2010 and 2011) open field experiment was conducted to study the effect of drip irrigation and seasonal variation on the yield parameters and main bioactive components, carotenoids (mainly all trans, cis lycopene, and β-carotene), polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, naringin, etc.), and tocopherols of processing Strombolino F1 cherry tomatoes. The irrigated plants (STI) gave a higher marketable yield (61% and 101% respectively), and rain fed plants showed a yield loss. Water supply had a strong positive (R2=0.98) effect on marketable yield in 2011, but weak (R2=0.69) in 2010. In both years, the antioxidant concentration (all carotenoids, total polyphenols, tocopherols) showed a decrease with irrigation. Water supply affected the composition of carotenoids to a considerable extent. The optimum water supply treatment gave a lower proportion of lycopene than the rain fed control (STC) treatment. We observed significant negative correlation between rutin concentration and irrigation. The α-tocopherol concentration was significantly higher in STC treatments. Irrigation negatively influenced antioxidant concentrations of cherry tomato fruits, but higher yield could account for the concentration loss of individual fruits by higher antioxidant production per unit area.
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Benítez JJ, Domínguez E, Bayer IS, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A, Heredia A. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:305. [PMID: 25009549 PMCID: PMC4069575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is one of the most important plant barriers. It is an external and continuous lipid membrane that covers the surface of epidermal cells and whose main function is to prevent the massive loss of water. The spectroscopic characterization of the plant cuticle and its components (cutin, cutan, waxes, polysaccharides and phenolics) by infrared and Raman spectroscopies has provided significant advances in the knowledge of the functional groups present in the cuticular matrix and on their structural role, interaction and macromolecular arrangement. Additionally, these spectroscopies have been used in the study of cuticle interaction with exogenous molecules, degradation, distribution of components within the cuticle matrix, changes during growth and development and characterization of fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
- *Correspondence: José A. Heredia-Guerrero, Smart Materials Group, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy e-mail:
| | - José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-USSeville, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, CSIC-UMAMálaga, Spain
| | - Ilker S. Bayer
- Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, CSIC-UMAMálaga, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
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