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Choi H, Song KH, Kim HD, Park JY, Lee YC, Choi HJ, Kim CH. Human ST3Gal II and ST6GalNAc IV genes increase human serum-mediated cytotoxicity to xenogeneic cells. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:exen12855. [PMID: 38602029 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-antigens widely existed on glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids of all mammalian cells play a crucial role in self-defense and immunity. Xeno-reactive antibodies included in natural human sera play a protecting role in an acute phase-rejection of xenotransplantation. In this study, we investigated the effect of an alteration of glycosylation-pattern, caused by human sialyltransferases such as hST3Gal II or hST6GalNAc IV, on human serum mediated cytotoxicity in pig kidney PK15 cells. From LDH cytotoxicity assay, cytotoxicity to human serum was significantly increased in hST3Gal II and hST6GalNAc IV-transfected PK15 cells, as compared to the control. In the hST6Gal I-carrying cells, the cytotoxicity to human serum was rather decreased. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis revealed that an alteration of pig glycosylation-pattern by hST3Gal II or hST6GalNAc IV influences on a binding of human IgM or IgG, respectively, in pig kidney cells, regardless of Gal antigen alteration. Finally, we found that hST6GalNAc IV contributed to increase of terminal disialylated tetrasaccharide structure, disialyl T antigen, as evidenced by increase of the MAL II lectin binding capacity in the hST6GalNAc IV-transfected PK15 cells, compared with control. Therefore, our results suggest that carbohydrate antigens, such as disialyl T antigen, newly synthesized by the ST3Gal II- and ST6GalNAc IV are potentially believed to be new xeno-reactive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Cell Biology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Saha-Gu, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Jin BioCell Co., Ltd. R&D Center, #101-103, National Clinical Research Center for Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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One-Step Generation of Multiple Gene-Edited Pigs by Electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 System into Zygotes to Reduce Xenoantigen Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052249. [PMID: 33668187 PMCID: PMC7956194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenoantigens cause hyperacute rejection and limit the success of interspecific xenografts. Therefore, genes involved in xenoantigen biosynthesis, such as GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2, are key targets to improve the outcomes of xenotransplantation. In this study, we introduced a CRISPR/Cas9 system simultaneously targeting GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 into in vitro-fertilized zygotes using electroporation for the one-step generation of multiple gene-edited pigs without xenoantigens. First, we optimized the combination of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting GGTA1 and CMAH with respect to gene editing efficiency in zygotes, and transferred electroporated embryos with the optimized gRNAs and Cas9 into recipient gilts. Next, we optimized the Cas9 protein concentration with respect to the gene editing efficiency when GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 were targeted simultaneously, and generated gene-edited pigs using the optimized conditions. We achieved the one-step generation of GGTA1/CMAH double-edited pigs and GGTA1/CMAH/B4GALNT2 triple-edited pigs. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated the downregulation of xenoantigens; however, these multiple gene-edited pigs were genetic mosaics that failed to knock out some xenoantigens. Although mosaicism should be resolved, the electroporation technique could become a primary method for the one-step generation of multiple gene modifications in pigs aimed at improving pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Dobrochaeva K, Khasbiullina N, Shilova N, Knirel Y, Obukhova P, Nokel A, Kunetskiy R, Tsygankova S, Bello-Gil D, Costa C, Mañez R, Bovin N. Specificity profile of αGal antibodies in αGalT KO mice as probed with comprehensive printed glycan array: Comparison with human anti-Galili antibodies. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12672. [PMID: 33432698 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GalT KO) mice are able to produce natural anti-αGal antibodies apparently without any specific immunization. GalT KO mice are commonly used as a model immunological system for studying anti-αGal responses to Gal-positive xenografts in human. In this study, we compared the specificity of mouse and human αGal antibodies to realize the adequacy of the murine model. METHODS Using hapten-specific affinity chromatography antibodies against Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ epitope were isolated from both human and GalT KO mice blood sera. Specificity of isolated antibodies was determined using a printed glycan array (PGA) containing 400 mammalian glycans and 200 bacterial polysaccharides. RESULTS The quantity of isolated specific anti-Galα antibodies corresponds to a content of <0.2% of total Ig, which is an order of magnitude lower than that generally assumed for both human and murine peripheral blood immunoglobulin, with a high predominance of IgM over IgG (95% vs 5%). Analysis using a printed glycan array has demonstrated that (a) antibodies from both species bind not only the Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ epitope, but also unrelated glycans; (b) particularly, for human (but not mouse) antibodies the best binders appear to be bacterial polysaccharides; (c) the profile of mouse antibodies is broader, it is noteworthy that they recognize a variety of human blood group B epitopes and even glycans without the α-galactosyl residue. CONCLUSIONS We believe that the mouse model should be used cautiously in xenotransplantation experiments when the fine epitope specificity of antibodies is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Dobrochaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Semiotik LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Obukhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Nokel
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Semiotik LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Kunetskiy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Tsygankova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kunetskiy RA, Pazynina GV, Ivanov IA, Bovin NV. Synthesis of blood group A and B (type 2) tetrasaccharides. A strategy with fucosylation at the last stage. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tanihara F, Hirata M, Nguyen NT, Sawamoto O, Kikuchi T, Doi M, Otoi T. Efficient generation of GGTA1-deficient pigs by electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into in vitro-fertilized zygotes. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:40. [PMID: 32811500 PMCID: PMC7436961 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenoantigens are a major source of concern with regard to the success of interspecific xenografts. GGTA1 encodes α1,3-galactosyltransferase, which is essential for the biosynthesis of galactosyl-alpha 1,3-galactose, the major xenoantigen causing hyperacute rejection. GGTA1-modified pigs, therefore, are promising donors for pig-to-human xenotransplantation. In this study, we developed a method for the introduction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into in vitro-fertilized porcine zygotes via electroporation to generate GGTA1-modified pigs. RESULTS We designed five guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting distinct sites in GGTA1. After the introduction of the Cas9 protein with each gRNA via electroporation, the gene editing efficiency in blastocysts developed from zygotes was evaluated. The gRNA with the highest gene editing efficiency was used to generate GGTA1-edited pigs. Six piglets were delivered from two recipient gilts after the transfer of electroporated zygotes with the Cas9/gRNA complex. Deep sequencing analysis revealed that five out of six piglets carried a biallelic mutation in the targeted region of GGTA1, with no off-target events. Furthermore, staining with isolectin B4 confirmed deficient GGTA1 function in GGTA1 biallelic mutant piglets. CONCLUSIONS We established GGTA1-modified pigs with high efficiency by introducing a CRISPR/Cas9 system into zygotes via electroporation. Multiple gene modifications, including knock-ins of human genes, in porcine zygotes via electroporation may further improve the application of the technique in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, 779-3233, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, 779-3233, Japan.
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, 779-3233, Japan
| | - Osamu Sawamoto
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Masako Doi
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., 115 Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2272-1 Ishii, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, 779-3233, Japan
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Jin C, Cherian RM, Liu J, Playà-Albinyana H, Galli C, Karlsson NG, Breimer ME, Holgersson J. Identification by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting of xenogeneic antigens in the N- and O-glycomes of porcine, bovine and equine heart tissues. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:485-498. [PMID: 32542517 PMCID: PMC7329767 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) are used to replace defective valves in patients with valvular heart disease. Especially young BHV recipients may experience a structural valve deterioration caused by an immune reaction in which α-Gal and Neu5Gc are potential target antigens. The expression of these and other carbohydrate antigens in animal tissues used for production of BHV was explored. Protein lysates of porcine aortic and pulmonary valves, and porcine, bovine and equine pericardia were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-carbohydrate antibodies and lectins. N-glycans were released by PNGase F digestion and O-glycans by β-elimination. Released oligosaccharides were analyzed by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 102 N-glycans and 40 O-glycans were identified in animal heart tissue lysates. The N- and O-glycan patterns were different between species. α-Gal and Neu5Gc were identified on both N- and O-linked glycans, N,N´-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) on N-glycans only and sulfated O-glycans. The relative amounts of α-Gal-containing N-glycans were higher in bovine compared to equine and porcine pericardia. In contrast to the restricted number of proteins carrying α-Gal and LacdiNAc, the distribution of proteins carrying Neu5Gc-determinants varied between species and between different tissues of the same species. Porcine pericardium carried the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated O-glycans, and bovine pericardium the highest level of Neu5Gc-sialylated N-glycans. The identified N- and O-linked glycans, some of which may be immunogenic and remain in BHVs manufactured for clinical use, could direct future genetic engineering to prevent glycan expression rendering the donor tissues less immunogenic in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Reeja Maria Cherian
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jining Liu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heribert Playà-Albinyana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea Laboratory of Reproductive Technologies, Cremona, Italy.,Avantea Foundation, Cremona, Italy
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael E Breimer
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gates KV, Xing Q, Griffiths LG. Immunoproteomic Identification of Noncarbohydrate Antigens Eliciting Graft-Specific Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Bovine Pericardial Bioprosthetic Heart Valves. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1800129. [PMID: 30548925 PMCID: PMC6565515 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case-control retrospective discovery study is to identify antigenic bovine pericardium (BP) proteins that stimulate graft-specific humoral immune response in patients implanted with glutaraldehyde fixed bovine pericardial (GFBP) heart valves. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Banked serum is collected from age- and sex-matched patients who received either a GFBP or mechanical heart valve replacement. Serum IgG is isolated and used to generate poly-polyclonal antibody affinity chromatography columns from each patient. Native and deglycosylated BP protein extracts are separately added to individual patient affinity chromatography columns, with unbound proteins washed through the column. Proteins captured in the affinity chromatography columns are submitted for proteomic identification. Differences between GFBP and mechanical heart valve replacement recipients are analyzed with Gaussian linearized modeling. RESULTS Carbohydrate antigens overwhelm protein capture in the column, requiring BP protein deglycosylation prior to affinity chromatography. Nineteen BP protein antigens, which stimulated graft-specific IgG production, are identified in patients who received GFBP valve replacements. Identified antigens are significantly over-represented for calcium-binding proteins. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patients implanted with GFBP valves develop a graft-specific humoral immune response toward BP protein antigens, with 19 specific antigens identified in this work. The molecular functions of over-represented antigens, specifically calcium-binding proteins, may aid in understanding the underlying factors that contribute to structural valve deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V. Gates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Qi Xing
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Leigh G. Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 130 000 patients in the United States alone need a lifesaving organ transplant. Genetically modified porcine organs could resolve the donor organ shortage, but human xenoreactive antibodies destroy pig cells and are the major barrier to clinical application of xenotransplantation. The objective of this study was to determine whether waitlisted patients possess preformed antibodies to swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class II, homologs of the class II HLA. METHODS Sera from people currently awaiting solid organ transplant were tested for IgG binding to class II SLA proteins when expressed on mammalian cells. Pig fibroblasts were made positive by transfection with the class II transactivator. As a second expression system, transgenes encoding the alpha and beta chains of class II SLA were transfected into human embryonic kidney cells. RESULTS Human sera containing IgG specific for class II HLA molecules exhibited greater binding to class II SLA positive cells than to SLA negative cells. Sera lacking antibodies against class II HLA showed no change in binding regardless of the presence of class II SLA. These antibodies could recognize either SLA-DR or SLA-DQ complexes. CONCLUSIONS Class II SLA proteins may behave as xenoantigens for people with humoral immunity toward class II HLA molecules.
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Yamamoto T, Iwase H, King TW, Hara H, Cooper DKC. Skin xenotransplantation: Historical review and clinical potential. Burns 2018; 44:1738-1749. [PMID: 29602717 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Half a million patients in the USA alone require treatment for burns annually. Following an extensive burn, it may not be possible to provide sufficient autografts in a single setting. Pig skin xenografts may provide temporary coverage. However, preformed xenoreactive antibodies in the human recipient activate complement, and thus result in rapid rejection of the graft. Because burn patients usually have some degree of immune dysfunction and are therefore at increased risk of infection, immunosuppressive therapy is undesirable. Genetic engineering of the pig has increased the survival of pig heart, kidney, islet, and corneal grafts in immunosuppressed non-human primates from minutes to months or occasionally years. We summarize the current status of research into skin xenotransplantation for burns, with special emphasis on developments in genetic engineering of pigs to protect the graft from immunological injury. A genetically-engineered pig skin graft now survives as long as an allograft and, importantly, rejection of a skin xenograft is not detrimental to a subsequent allograft. Nevertheless, currently, systemic immunosuppressive therapy would still be required to inhibit a cellular response, and so we discuss what further genetic manipulations could be carried out to inhibit the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamamoto
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hayato Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Timothy W King
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Naso F, Gandaglia A. Different approaches to heart valve decellularization: A comprehensive overview of the past 30 years. Xenotransplantation 2017; 25. [PMID: 29057501 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Xenogeneic decellularized heart valve scaffolds have the potential to overcome the limitations of existing bioprosthetic heart valves that have limited duration due to calcification and tissue degeneration phenomena. This article presents a review of 30 years of decellularization approaches adopted in cardiovascular tissue engineering, with a focus on the use, either individually or in combination, of different detergents. The safety and efficacy of cell-removal procedures are specifically reported and discussed, as well as the structure and biomechanics of the treated extracellular matrix (ECM). Detergent residues within the ECM, production of hyaluronan fragments, safe removal of cellular debris, and the persistence of the alpha-Gal epitope after the decellularization treatments are of particular interest as parameters for the identification of the best tissue for the manufacture of bioprostheses. Special attention has also been given to key factors that should be considered in the manufacture of the next generation of xenogeneic bioprostheses, where tissues must retain the ability to be remodeled and to grow in weight along with body reshaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Naso
- Biocompatibility Innovation Company, Este, Padova, Italy
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11
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Martens GR, Reyes LM, Li P, Butler JR, Ladowski JM, Estrada JL, Sidner RA, Eckhoff DE, Tector M, Tector AJ. Humoral Reactivity of Renal Transplant-Waitlisted Patients to Cells From GGTA1/CMAH/B4GalNT2, and SLA Class I Knockout Pigs. Transplantation 2017; 101:e86-e92. [PMID: 28114170 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipig antibodies are a barrier to clinical xenotransplantation. We evaluated antibody binding of waitlisted renal transplant patients to 3 glycan knockout (KO) pig cells and class I swine leukocyte antigens (SLA). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SLA identical wild type (WT), α1, 3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) KO, GGTA1/ cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) KO, and GGTA1/ CMAH /b1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase (B4GalNT2) KO pigs were screened for human antibody binding using flow cytometric crossmatch (FCXM). Sera from 820 patients were screened on GGTA1/CMAH/B4GalNT2 KO cells and a subset with elevated binding was evaluated further. FCXM was performed on SLA intact cells and GGTA1/SLA class I KO cells after depletion with WT pig RBCs to remove cell surface reactive antibodies, but leave SLA antibodies. Lastly, human and pig reactive antibodies were eluted and tested for cross-species binding and reactivity to single-antigen HLA beads. RESULTS Sequential glycan KO modifications significantly reduce antibody binding of waitlisted patients. Sera exhibiting elevated binding without reduction after depletion with WT RBCs demonstrate reduced binding to SLA class I KO cells. Human IgG, eluted from human and pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells, interacted across species and bound single-antigen HLA beads in common epitope-restricted patterns. CONCLUSIONS Many waitlisted patients have minimal xenoreactive antibody binding to the triple KO pig, but some HLA antibodies in sensitized patients cross-react with class I SLA. SLA class I is a target for genome editing in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Martens
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. 2 Department of Surgery, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. 3 Transplant Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Pochechueva T, Chinarev A, Schoetzau A, Fedier A, Bovin NV, Hacker NF, Jacob F, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V. Blood Plasma-Derived Anti-Glycan Antibodies to Sialylated and Sulfated Glycans Identify Ovarian Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164230. [PMID: 27764122 PMCID: PMC5072665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered levels of naturally occurring anti-glycan antibodies (AGA) circulating in human blood plasma are found in different pathologies including cancer. Here the levels of AGA directed against 22 negatively charged (sialylated and sulfated) glycans were assessed in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC, n = 22) patients and benign controls (n = 31) using our previously developed suspension glycan array (SGA). Specifically, the ability of AGA to differentiate between controls and HGSOC, the most common and aggressive type of ovarian cancer with a poor outcome was determined. Results were compared to CA125, the commonly used ovarian cancer biomarker. AGA to seven glycans that significantly (P<0.05) differentiated between HGSOC and control were identified: AGA to top candidates SiaTn and 6-OSulfo-TF (both IgM) differentiated comparably to CA125. The area under the curve (AUC) of a panel of AGA to 5 glycans (SiaTn, 6-OSulfo-TF, 6-OSulfo-LN, SiaLea, and GM2) (0.878) was comparable to CA125 (0.864), but it markedly increased (0.985) when combined with CA125. AGA to SiaTn and 6-OSulfo-TF were also valuable predictors for HGSOC when CA125 values appeared inconclusive, i.e. were below a certain threshold. AGA-glycan binding was in some cases isotype-dependent and sensitive to glycosidic linkage switch (α2-6 vs. α2-3), to sialylation, and to sulfation of the glycans. In conclusion, plasma-derived AGA to sialylated and sulfated glycans including SiaTn and 6-OSulfo-TF detected by SGA present a valuable alternative to CA125 for differentiating controls from HGSOC patients and for predicting the likelihood of HGSOC, and may be potential HGSOC tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pochechueva
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Chinarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. MIklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Schoetzau
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Fedier
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. MIklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Neville F. Hacker
- Royal Hospital for Women, Gynecological Cancer Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Sydney, Australia
| | - Francis Jacob
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Glyco-Oncology, Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz
- Ovarian Cancer Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Hospital for Women, Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4021, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cooper DKC. Modifying the sugar icing on the transplantation cake. Glycobiology 2016; 26:571-81. [PMID: 26935763 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a transplant surgeon, my interest in glycobiology began through my research into ABO-incompatible allotransplantation, and grew when my goal became overcoming the shortage of organs from deceased human donors by the transplantation of pig organs into patients with terminal organ failure (xenotransplantation/cross-species transplantation). The major target for human "natural" (preformed) anti-pig antibodies is galactose-α(1,3)-galactose (the "Gal" epitope), which is expressed on many pig cells, including the vascular endothelium. The binding of human IgM and IgG antibodies to Gal antigens initiates the process of hyperacute rejection, resulting in destruction of the pig graft within minutes or hours. This major barrier has been overcome by the production of pigs in which the gene for the enzyme α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GT) has been deleted by genetic engineering, resulting in GT knockout (GTKO) pigs. The two other known carbohydrate antigenic targets on pig cells for human anti-pig antibodies are (i) the product of the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene, i.e., N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and (ii) the product of the β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene, i.e., the Sd(a) antigen. Expression of these two has also been deleted in pigs. These genetic manipulations, together with others directed to overcoming primate complement and coagulation activation (the latter of which also relates to glycobiology) have contributed to the prolongation of pig graft survival in nonhuman primate recipients to many months rather than a few minutes. Clinical trials of the transplantation of pig cells are already underway and transplantation of pig organs may be expected within the relatively near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cooper DKC, Ezzelarab MB, Hara H, Iwase H, Lee W, Wijkstrom M, Bottino R. The pathobiology of pig-to-primate xenotransplantation: a historical review. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:83-105. [PMID: 26813438 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunologic barriers to successful xenotransplantation are related to the presence of natural anti-pig antibodies in humans and non-human primates that bind to antigens expressed on the transplanted pig organ (the most important of which is galactose-α1,3-galactose [Gal]), and activate the complement cascade, which results in rapid destruction of the graft, a process known as hyperacute rejection. High levels of elicited anti-pig IgG may develop if the adaptive immune response is not prevented by adequate immunosuppressive therapy, resulting in activation and injury of the vascular endothelium. The transplantation of organs and cells from pigs that do not express the important Gal antigen (α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout [GTKO] pigs) and express one or more human complement-regulatory proteins (hCRP, e.g., CD46, CD55), when combined with an effective costimulation blockade-based immunosuppressive regimen, prevents early antibody-mediated and cellular rejection. However, low levels of anti-non-Gal antibody and innate immune cells and/or platelets may initiate the development of a thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft that may be associated with a consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. This pathogenic process is accentuated by the dysregulation of the coagulation-anticoagulation systems between pigs and primates. The expression in GTKO/hCRP pigs of a human coagulation-regulatory protein, for example, thrombomodulin, is increasingly being associated with prolonged pig graft survival in non-human primates. Initial clinical trials of islet and corneal xenotransplantation are already underway, and trials of pig kidney or heart transplantation are anticipated within the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed B Ezzelarab
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hayato Iwase
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Whayoung Lee
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin Wijkstrom
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Hunter JD, Cannon JA. Biomaterials: so many choices, so little time. What are the differences? Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2014; 27:134-9. [PMID: 25435822 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1394087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of biologic mesh has increased greatly in recent years in response to the need for a solution in managing contaminated hernias. Multiple different meshes are commercially available, and are derived from a variety of sources, including human dermis as well as animal sources. For a mesh to be effective, it must be resistant to infection, have adequate tensile strength for hernia repair, and be well tolerated by the host. To achieve this end, biologic meshes go through an intense processing that varies from one product to the next. In this article, the authors review the types of mesh available, how they are processed, and examine these characteristics in terms of their strengths and weaknesses in application to surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hunter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jamie A Cannon
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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16
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Wang Y, Bao J, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wu X, Shi Y, Li L, Bu H. Method for perfusion decellularization of porcine whole liver and kidney for use as a scaffold for clinical-scale bioengineering engrafts. Xenotransplantation 2014; 22:48-61. [PMID: 25291435 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-organ engineering provides a new alternative source of donor organs for xenotransplantation. Utilization of decellularized whole-organ scaffolds, which can be created by detergent perfusion, is a strategy for tissue engineering. In this article, our aim is to scale up the decellularization process to human-sized liver and kidney to generate a decellularized matrix with optimal and stable characteristics on a clinically relevant scale. METHODS Whole porcine liver and kidney were decellularized by perfusion using different detergents (1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% peracetic acid (PAA), and 1% NaDOC) via the portal vein and renal artery of the liver and kidney, respectively. After rinsing with PBS to remove the detergents, the obtained liver and kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) were processed for histology, residual cellular content analysis, and ECM components evaluation to investigate decellularization efficiency, xenoantigens removal, and ECM preservation. RESULTS The resulting liver and kidney scaffolds in the SDS-treated group showed the most efficient clearance of cellular components and xenoantigens, including DNA and protein, and preservation of the extracellular matrix composition. In comparison, cell debris was observed in the other decellularized groups that were generated using Triton X-100, PAA, and NaDOC. Special staining and immunochemistry of the porcine liver and kidney ECMs further confirmed the disrupted three-dimension ultrastructure of the ECM in the Triton X-100 and NaDOC groups. Additionally, Triton X-100 effectively eliminated the residual SDS in the SDS-treated group, which ensured the scaffolds were not cytotoxic to cells. Thus, we have developed an optimal method that can be scaled up for use with other solid whole organs. CONCLUSIONS Our SDS-perfusion protocol can be used for porcine liver and kidney decellularization to obtain organ scaffolds cleared of cellular material, xenoimmunogens, and preserved vital ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Immunogenicity in xenogeneic scaffold generation: antigen removal vs. decellularization. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1806-16. [PMID: 24486910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have been undertaken towards the goal of tissue engineering using xenogeneic scaffolds. The primary advantages associated with use of xenogeneic tissue-derived scaffolds for in vitro development of replacement tissues and organs stem from the inherent extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and architecture. Native ECM possesses appropriate mechanical properties for physiological function of the biomaterial and signals for cell binding, growth and differentiation. Additionally, xenogeneic tissue is readily available. However, translation of xenogeneic scaffold-derived engineered tissues or organs into clinical therapies requires xenoantigenicity of the material to be adequately addressed prior to implantation. Failure to achieve this goal will result in a graft-specific host immune rejection response, jeopardizing in vivo survival of the resultant scaffold, tissue or organ. This review explores (i) the appropriateness of scaffold acellularity as an outcome measure for assessing reduction of the immunological barriers to the use of xenogeneic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and (ii) the need for tissue engineers to strive for antigen removal during xenogeneic scaffold generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelene L Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Therapeutic Strategies for Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Iwase H, Ezzelarab MB, Ekser B, Cooper DKC. The role of platelets in coagulation dysfunction in xenotransplantation, and therapeutic options. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:201-20. [PMID: 24571124 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation could resolve the increasing discrepancy between the availability of deceased human donor organs and the demand for transplantation. Most advances in this field have resulted from the introduction of genetically engineered pigs, e.g., α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs transgenic for one or more human complement-regulatory proteins (e.g., CD55, CD46, CD59). Failure of these grafts has not been associated with the classical features of acute humoral xenograft rejection, but with the development of thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft and/or consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. Although the precise mechanisms of coagulation dysregulation remain unclear, molecular incompatibilities between primate coagulation factors and pig natural anticoagulants exacerbate the thrombotic state within the xenograft vasculature. Platelets play a crucial role in thrombosis and contribute to the coagulation disorder in xenotransplantation. They are therefore important targets if this barrier is to be overcome. Further genetic manipulation of the organ-source pigs, such as pigs that express one or more coagulation-regulatory genes (e.g., thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, CD39), is anticipated to inhibit platelet activation and the generation of thrombus. In addition, adjunctive pharmacologic anti-platelet therapy may be required. The genetic manipulations that are currently being tested are reviewed, as are the potential pharmacologic agents that may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Hara A, Imamura A, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M. A new chemical approach to human ABO histo-blood group type 2 antigens. Molecules 2013; 19:414-37. [PMID: 24384923 PMCID: PMC6270767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new chemical approach to synthesizing human ABO histo-blood type 2 antigenic determinants was developed. N-Phthaloyl-protected lactosaminyl thioglycoside derived from lactulose via the Heyns rearrangement was employed to obtain a type 2 core disaccharide. Use of this scheme lowered the overall number of reaction steps. Stereoselective construction of the α-galactosaminide/galactoside found in A- and B-antigens, respectively, was achieved by using a unique di-tert-butylsilylene-directed α-glycosylation method. The proposed synthetic scheme provides an alternative to existing procedures for preparing ABO blood group antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hara
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Choi HJ, Lee JJ, Kim MK, Lee HJ, Ko AY, Kang HJ, Park CG, Wee WR. Cross-reactivity between decellularized porcine corneal lamellae for corneal xenobridging and subsequent corneal allotransplants. Xenotransplantation 2013; 21:115-23. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jin Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center; Seoul Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Joo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Ah Young Ko
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Hallym University College of Medicine; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Cancer Research Institute; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology; Seoul Artificial Eye Center; Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
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22
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Is there a correlation between anti-pig antibody levels in humans and geographic location during childhood? Transplantation 2013; 96:387-93. [PMID: 23887601 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182992a84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An initial observation suggested high levels of anti-pig antibodies in healthy humans who had spent their childhood in the Middle East. We tested larger cohorts to determine whether anti-pig antibody levels correlated with the geographic location in which the subject spent his/her childhood, because this might have implications for clinical trials of xenotransplantation. METHODS Anti-pig IgM and IgG levels (by flow cytometry using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from wild-type and α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs) and anti-Gal IgM and IgG levels (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were measured in 75 volunteers. Comparisons of antibody levels were also made based on subject age, gender, ABO blood group, diet, and history of vaccination. RESULTS Antibody binding to α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pig cells was less than to wild-type cells. There was a reduction in anti-pig IgM and anti-Gal IgM, but a slight increase in anti-nonGal IgG, with age. Women had higher levels of anti-Gal IgM than men. Blood group A subjects had higher levels of anti-pig IgM and IgG than those of group AB. Diet had no influence on antibody levels. Typhoid or measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was associated with lower anti-nonGal IgG or anti-Gal IgG, respectively, whereas influenza vaccination was associated with higher anti-nonGal IgG. There were some significant variations in antibody levels associated with location during childhood, with subjects from the Middle East demonstrating higher anti-nonGal IgG and anti-Gal IgG. CONCLUSION Clinical trials of xenotransplantation may be influenced by various factors, including the geographic location of the recipient during childhood, possibly associated with exposure to different microorganisms.
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23
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Shilova N, Huflejt ME, Vuskovic M, Obukhova P, Navakouski M, Khasbiullina N, Pazynina G, Galanina O, Bazhenov A, Bovin N. Natural Antibodies Against Sialoglycans. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 366:169-81. [PMID: 24037491 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural antibodies, part of the innate immunity system, are produced at strictly regulated levels in normal sera without immunization and thus are part of the innate immune system. The best studied natural antibodies are those directed against blood group antigens A and B and xeno-antigens including glycolylneuraminic acid containing Hanganutziu-Deicher (HD) glycolipid. Abnormal levels of anti-glycan antibodies were found in a number of pathologies. In many cases pathological antibodies are known to bind gangliosides. The genesis of anti-glycan antibodies in healthy humans and the reasons for their changes in pathologies are poorly understood. With a growing interest in their diagnostic applications, it is important to determine the carbohydrate structures that are recognized by antibodies present in the circulation of healthy individuals. We tested a large number of healthy donors using a printed glycan array (PGA) in a microchip format. The PGA contained ~300 glycans, representing mostly normal mammalian structures of glycoproteins and glycolipids, and many of the structures presented are biologically relevant sialylated motifs. As revealed by PGA, the sera interacted with at least 70 normal human glycans. With only few exceptions, antibodies recognizing sialosides have not been identified. Moderate levels of antibodies and moderate variability were observed in the case of SiaT n and its glycolyl variant. Unexpectedly, we found minimal antibody titer directed against Neu5Gcα and the trisaccharide Neu5Gcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc, although this form of neuraminic acid does not occur naturally in humans. Antibodies recognizing sialosides in unnatural β-configuration have been detected and confirmed Springer's paradigm that circulating antibodies represent a reaction against bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria contain LPS with βKDN and/or βKDO which are very close analogs of Neu5Ac that are found in β-connected form. Antibodies against the biantennary N-glycan chain, (Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-2Manα)2-3,6-Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc were never observed and similarly we never saw antibodies directed against the SiaLe(a)/SiaLe (x) motifs. Anti-sialoglycan antibodies can be masked with gangliosides: for example, we observe about a five times higher level of anti-GD3 in purified total IgG compared to the same concentration of total Ig in the composition of native serum. For several antibodies we observed anomalous binding in diluted sera, namely, the signals towards sialylated glycans were increased in the PGA if diluted sera were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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24
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Shao Y, Yu Y, Pei CG, Qu Y, Gao GP, Yang JL, Zhou Q, Yang L, Liu QP. The expression and distribution of α-Gal gene in various species ocular surface tissue. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:543-8. [PMID: 23166862 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the α-Gal gene expression and distribution in the different species/genus and developing phase animal ocular surface tissue. METHODS α-Gal binding assay were carried out on various animal eye sections. Photograph, slit-lamp observation on various eye showed normal corneal transparence. RESULTS A strong α-Gal expression in invertebrates and some vertebrates ocular tissue, but no α-Gal binding in birds, fish and mammal. α-Gal expression change in the development of mice ocular surface tissue (except sclera) and display genus dependency in the different murine ocular surface tissue. CONCLUSION This study identified specific α-Gal epitopes binding area in the ocular surface of several species and may solve the problem that naive ocular surface may be used as natural α-Gal gene knockout model/high risk immunologic rejection model or ocular surface scaffold material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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25
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Ekser B, Burlak C, Waldman JP, Lutz AJ, Paris LL, Veroux M, Robson SC, Rees MA, Ayares D, Gridelli B, Tector AJ, Cooper DKC. Immunobiology of liver xenotransplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:621-34. [PMID: 23078060 PMCID: PMC3774271 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are currently the preferred species for future organ xenotransplantation. With advances in the development of genetically modified pigs, clinical xenotransplantation is becoming closer to reality. In preclinical studies (pig-to-nonhuman primate), the xenotransplantation of livers from pigs transgenic for human CD55 or from α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs+/- transgenic for human CD46, is associated with survival of approximately 7-9 days. Although hepatic function, including coagulation, has proved to be satisfactory, the immediate development of thrombocytopenia is very limiting for pig liver xenotransplantation even as a 'bridge' to allotransplantation. Current studies are directed to understand the immunobiology of platelet activation, aggregation and phagocytosis, in particular the interaction between platelets and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, toward identifying interventions that may enable clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ekser
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Advanced Technologies, Vascular Surgery and Organ Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua P Waldman
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Lutz
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leela L Paris
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Massimiliano Veroux
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Advanced Technologies, Vascular Surgery and Organ Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Rees
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Bruno Gridelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David KC Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ramackers W, Klose J, Winkler M. Xeno-kidney transplantation: from idea to reality. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1773-5. [PMID: 22841270 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although kidney transplantation is a widely used therapy for chronic renal failure, not all patients can be transplanted due to the limited numbers of organ donations. A possible solution could be xenogenic kidney transplantation. Herein we have described the present state, problems and possible solutions using xenograft treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ramackers
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Cooper DKC, Ekser B, Burlak C, Ezzelarab M, Hara H, Paris L, Tector AJ, Phelps C, Azimzadeh AM, Ayares D, Robson SC, Pierson RN. Clinical lung xenotransplantation--what donor genetic modifications may be necessary? Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:144-58. [PMID: 22702466 PMCID: PMC3775598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2012.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Barriers to successful lung xenotransplantation appear to be even greater than for other organs. This difficulty may be related to several macro anatomic factors, such as the uniquely fragile lung parenchyma and associated blood supply that results in heightened vulnerability of graft function to segmental or lobar airway flooding caused by loss of vascular integrity (also applicable to allotransplants). There are also micro-anatomic considerations, such as the presence of large numbers of resident inflammatory cells, such as pulmonary intravascular macrophages and natural killer (NK) T cells, and the high levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) associated with the microvasculature. We have considered what developments would be necessary to allow successful clinical lung xenotransplantation. We suggest this will only be achieved by multiple genetic modifications of the organ-source pig, in particular to render the vasculature resistant to thrombosis. The major problems that require to be overcome are multiple and include (i) the innate immune response (antibody, complement, donor pulmonary and recipient macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells), (ii) the adaptive immune response (T and B cells), (iii) coagulation dysregulation, and (iv) an inflammatory response (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, C-reactive protein). We propose that the genetic manipulation required to provide normal thromboregulation alone may include the introduction of genes for human thrombomodulin/endothelial protein C-receptor, and/or tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and/or CD39/CD73; the problem of pig vWF may also need to be addressed. It would appear that exploration of every available therapeutic path will be required if lung xenotransplantation is to be successful. To initiate a clinical trial of lung xenotransplantation, even as a bridge to allotransplantation (with a realistic possibility of survival long enough for a human lung allograft to be obtained), significant advances and much experimental work will be required. Nevertheless, with the steadily increasing developments in techniques of genetic engineering of pigs, we are optimistic that the goal of successful clinical lung xenotransplantation can be achieved within the foreseeable future. The optimistic view would be that if experimental pig lung xenotransplantation could be successfully managed, it is likely that clinical application of this and all other forms of xenotransplantation would become more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Denner J, Tönjes RR. Infection barriers to successful xenotransplantation focusing on porcine endogenous retroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:318-43. [PMID: 22491774 PMCID: PMC3346299 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05011-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may be a solution to overcome the shortage of organs for the treatment of patients with organ failure, but it may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms and the development of xenozoonoses. Whereas most microorganisms may be eliminated by pathogen-free breeding of the donor animals, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) cannot be eliminated, since these are integrated into the genomes of all pigs. Human-tropic PERV-A and -B are present in all pigs and are able to infect human cells. Infection of ecotropic PERV-C is limited to pig cells. PERVs may adapt to host cells by varying the number of LTR-binding transcription factor binding sites. Like all retroviruses, they may induce tumors and/or immunodeficiencies. To date, all experimental, preclinical, and clinical xenotransplantations using pig cells, tissues, and organs have not shown transmission of PERV. Highly sensitive and specific methods have been developed to analyze the PERV status of donor pigs and to monitor recipients for PERV infection. Strategies have been developed to prevent PERV transmission, including selection of PERV-C-negative, low-producer pigs, generation of an effective vaccine, selection of effective antiretrovirals, and generation of animals transgenic for a PERV-specific short hairpin RNA inhibiting PERV expression by RNA interference.
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Repertoire of human natural anti-glycan immunoglobulins. Do we have auto-antibodies? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1373-82. [PMID: 22365885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profiling of donor's antibodies using glycan arrays demonstrated presence of antibodies capable of binding to >100 mammalian glycans or their fragments. For example, relatively high binding to Galα1-4Galβ1-4GlcNAc (P(1)), Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc (P(k)), Galβ1-3GlcNAc (Le(c)), 4-O-SuGalβ1-4GlcNAc, and GalNAcα1-3GalNAc (Fs) was found in all tested individuals. Affinity isolation using hapten-specific chromatography in combination with epitope mapping revealed their glycotopes. Notably, a significant part of the antibodies was capable of recognizing a fragment of larger glycans, for example, -Galβ1-4Glc of glycolipids, or Fucα1-3GlcNAc motif of Le(X)/Le(Y) antigens. Their epitope specificity did not vary between different healthy individuals. Nominally, all the mentioned immunoglobulins could be classified as auto-antibodies. METHODS In this work we re-evaluated results published earlier and analyzed new data to address the question why autologous antibodies found in healthy individuals do not cause severe auto-immune reactions. RESULTS In all cases the presumably "auto" antibodies were found to bind short fragments "subtracted" from larger glycans whereas recognition of the same fragment in the context of the whole natural chain was completely abolished. Thus, in spite of numerous formally positive signals observed on the printed glycan array, we are yet unable to identify in blood serum of healthy individuals true auto-antibodies capable of binding carbohydrate chains in their naturally occurring form. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identified natural anti-glycan antibodies were found to be specific, high-titer and population conservative immunoglobulins - all of this suggesting as yet unknown biological role(s) of the studied proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
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CHI H, SATO M, YOSHIDA M, MIYOSHI K. Expression analysis of an α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase, an enzyme that creates xenotransplantation-related α-Gal epitope, in pig preimplantation embryos. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:88-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Although corneal transplantation (Tx) is readily available in the United States and certain other regions of the developed world, the need for human donor corneas worldwide far exceeds supply. There is currently renewed interest in the possibility of using corneas from other species, especially pigs, for Tx into humans (xeno-Tx). The biomechanical properties of human and pig corneas are similar. Studies in animal models of corneal xeno-Tx have documented both humoral and cellular immune responses that play roles in xenograft rejection. The results obtained from the Tx of corneas from wild-type (ie, genetically unmodified) pigs into nonhuman primates have been surprisingly good and encouraging. Recent progress in the genetic manipulation of pigs has led to the prospect that the remaining immunological barriers will be overcome. There is every reason for optimism that corneal xeno-Tx will become a clinical reality within the next few years.
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Pochechueva T, Chinarev A, Spengler M, Korchagina E, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Bovin N, Rieben R. Multiplex suspension array for human anti-carbohydrate antibody profiling. Analyst 2010; 136:560-9. [PMID: 21107457 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-binding antibodies form a significant subpopulation of both natural and acquired antibodies and play an important role in various immune processes. They are for example involved in innate immune responses, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. In the present study, a microsphere-based flow-cytometric immunoassay (suspension array) was applied for multiplexed detection of glycan-binding antibodies in human serum. Several approaches for immobilization of glycoconjugates onto commercially available fluorescent microspheres were compared, and as the result, the design based on coupling of end-biotinylated glycopolymers has been selected. This method requires only minute amounts of glycans, similar to a printed glycan microarray. The resulting glyco-microspheres were used for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against ABO blood group antigens. The possibility of multiplexing this assay was demonstrated with mixtures of microspheres modified with six different ABO related glycans. Multiplexed detection of anti-glycan IgM and IgG correlated well with singleplex assays (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.95-0.99 for sera of different blood groups). The suspension array in singleplex format for A/B trisaccharide, H(di) and Le(x) microspheres corresponded well to the standard ELISA (r > 0.94). Therefore, the described method is promising for rapid, sensitive, and reproducible detection of anti-glycan antibodies in a multiplexed format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pochechueva
- University Hospital Zürich, Translational Research Group, Gynecological Research Department, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, Nord I D222, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yeh P, Ezzelarab M, Bovin N, Hara H, Long C, Tomiyama K, Sun F, Ayares D, Awwad M, Cooper DKC. Investigation of potential carbohydrate antigen targets for human and baboon antibodies. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:197-206. [PMID: 20636540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continued presence of a primate antibody-mediated response to cells and organs from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs indicates that there may be antigens other than Gal alpha 1,3Gal (alpha Gal) against which primates have xenoreactive antibodies. Human and baboon sera were tested for reactivity against a panel of saccharides that might be potential antigen targets for natural anti-non-alpha Gal antibodies. METHODS Human sera (n = 16) and baboon sera (n = 15) of all ABO blood types were tested using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for binding of IgM and IgG to a panel of synthetic polyacrylamide-linked saccharides (n = 15). Human sera were also tested after adsorption on alpha Gal immunoaffinity beads. Sera from healthy wild-type (WT, n = 6) and GTKO (n = 6) pigs and from baboons (n = 4) sensitized to GTKO pig organ or artery transplants (of blood type O) were also tested. Forssman antigen expression on baboon and pig tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both human and baboon sera showed high IgM and IgG binding to alpha Gal saccharides, alpha-lactosamine, and Forssman disaccharide. Human sera also demonstrated modest binding to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). When human sera were adsorbed on alpha Gal oligosaccharides, there was a reduction in binding to alpha Gal and alpha-lactosamine, but not to Forssman. WT and GTKO pig sera showed high binding to Forssman, and GTKO pig sera showed high binding to alpha Gal saccharides. Baboon sera sensitized to GTKO pigs showed no significant increased binding to any specific saccharide. Staining for Forssman was negative on baboon and pig tissues. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to identify definitively any saccharides from the selected panel that may be targets for primate anti-non-alpha Gal antibodies. The high level of anti-Forssman antibodies in humans, baboons, and pigs, and the absence of Forssman expression on pig tissues, suggest that the Forssman antigen does not play a role in the primate immune response to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yeh
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Hara H, Cooper DKC. The immunology of corneal xenotransplantation: a review of the literature. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:338-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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HIMAKI T, YOKOMINE TA, SATO M, TAKAO S, MIYOSHI K, YOSHIDA M. Effects of trichostatin A on in vitro development and transgene function in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos derived from transgenic Clawn miniature pig cells. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:558-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cooper DK, Hara H, Yazer M. Genetically Engineered Pigs as a Source for Clinical Red Blood Cell Transfusion. Clin Lab Med 2010; 30:365-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ekser B, Cooper DKC. Overcoming the barriers to xenotransplantation: prospects for the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:219-30. [PMID: 20402385 PMCID: PMC2857338 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation) has immense potential to solve the critical need for organs, tissues and cells for clinical transplantation. The increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs is enabling progress to be made in pig-to-nonhuman primate experimental models. Potent pharmacologic immunosuppressive regimens have largely prevented T-cell rejection and a T-cell-dependent elicited antibody response. However, coagulation dysfunction between the pig and primate is proving to be a major problem, and this can result in life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy. This complication is unlikely to be overcome until pigs expressing a human 'antithrombotic' or 'anticoagulant' gene, such as thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor or CD39, become available. Progress in islet xenotransplantation has been more encouraging, and diabetes has been controlled in nonhuman primates for periods in excess of 6 months, although this has usually been achieved using immunosuppressive protocols that might not be clinically applicable. Further advances are required to overcome the remaining barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ekser
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, and Department of Surgery and Organ Transplantation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - David KC Cooper
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, W1543, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA, Tel.: +1 412 383 6961, Fax: +1 412 624 1172,
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Tahara H, Ide K, Basnet NB, Tanaka Y, Matsuda H, Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Ohdan H. Immunological Property of Antibodies against N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Epitopes in Cytidine Monophospho–N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase-Deficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3269-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huflejt ME, Vuskovic M, Vasiliu D, Xu H, Obukhova P, Shilova N, Tuzikov A, Galanina O, Arun B, Lu K, Bovin N. Anti-carbohydrate antibodies of normal sera: findings, surprises and challenges. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3037-49. [PMID: 19608278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have used microchip format glycan array to characterize the individual carbohydrate recognition patterns by antibodies (Ab) in sera of 106 healthy donors. The glycan library included blood group antigens and other most frequent terminal oligosaccharides and their cores of mammalian N- and O-linked glycoproteins and glycolipids, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, and common components of bacterial/pathogenic polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, totally 205 glycans. The serum Ab interacted with at least 50 normal human glyco-motifs. Apart from expected blood group-, xeno- (heterophil) and infection-related binding activities, we observed a number of new and unexpected features. The surprising, relatively high antibody binding was found to the blood group P(1) and P(k) trisaccharides and H(type 2) trisaccharide. Novel and very high binding activities have been observed towards Galbeta1-3GlcNAc (Le(C)) related glycans, especially 3'-O-Su-Le(C), and towards 4'-O-sulfated lactosamine. Relatively high and uniform Ab binding to GalNAcalpha1-3Gal disaccharide demonstrated absence of correlation with fucosylated blood group A GalNAcalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Gal antigen-similarly to well known relationship between Galalpha1-3Gal and true, fucosylated blood group B Galalpha1-3(Fucalpha1-2)Gal antigen. The binding intensity to Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc xenoantigen was shown to be rather modest. Absence or very low Ab binding was found against oligosialic acid, sialooligosaccharides except SiaT(n), type 2 backbone glycans such as Le(y), and biantennary N-chain as well as its truncated forms, i.e. without terminal Sia, SiaGal, and SiaGalGlcNAc motifs. We have also found that Ab are capable of recognizing the short inner core typical for glycolipids (-Galbeta1-4Glc) and glycoproteins (-GalNAcalpha) as a fragment of bigger glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Huflejt
- New York University School of Medicine, Dept. of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Difference in number of loci of swine leukocyte antigen classical class I genes among haplotypes. Genomics 2008; 93:261-73. [PMID: 18996466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the entire genomic region of swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-the porcine major histocompatibility complex--was recently elucidated in a particular haplotype named Hp-1.0 (H01). However, it has been suggested that there are differences in the number of loci of SLA genes, particularly classical class I genes, among haplotypes. To clarify the between-haplotype copy number variance in genes of the SLA region, we sequenced the genomic region carrying SLA classical class I genes on two different haplotypes, revealing increments of up to six in the number of classical class I genes in a single haplotype. All of the SLA-1(-like) (SLA-1 and newly designated SLA-12) and SLA-3 genes detected in the haplotypes thus analyzed were transcribed in the individual. The process by which duplication of SLA classical class I genes was likely to have occurred was interpreted from an analysis of repetitive sequences adjacent to the duplicated class I genes.
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Sandor M, Xu H, Connor J, Lombardi J, Harper JR, Silverman RP, McQuillan DJ. Host Response to Implanted Porcine-Derived Biologic Materials in a Primate Model of Abdominal Wall Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:2021-31. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Xu
- LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Ronald P. Silverman
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system has the capacity to produce antibodies with a virtually infinite repertoire of specificities. Recombinant antibodies specific for human targets are established in the clinic as therapeutics and represent a major new class of drug. Therapeutic efficacy depends on the formation of complexes with target molecules and subsequent activation of downstream biologic effector mechanisms that result in elimination of the target. The activation of effector mechanisms is dependent on structural characteristics of the antibody molecule that result from posttranslational modifications, in particular, glycosylation. The production of therapeutic antibody with a consistent human glycoform profile has been and remains a considerable challenge to the biopharmaceutical industry. Recent research has shown that individual glycoforms of antibody may provide optimal efficacy for selected outcomes. Thus a further challenge will be the production of a second generation of antibody therapeutics customized for their clinical indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royston Jefferis
- Division of Immunity & Infection, The School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Saethre M, Schneider MKJ, Lambris JD, Magotti P, Haraldsen G, Seebach JD, Mollnes TE. Cytokine secretion depends on Galalpha(1,3)Gal expression in a pig-to-human whole blood model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6346-53. [PMID: 18424758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplants from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (Gal) gene-knockout pigs to nonhuman primates are largely protected from hyperacute but not acute humoral xenograft rejection. The present study investigates the role of Gal in cytokine responses using a novel pig-to-human whole blood in vitro model, developed for species-specific analysis of porcine and human cytokines. Porcine (n = 7) and human (n = 27) cytokines were measured using ELISA or multiplex technology, respectively. Porcine aortic endothelial cells from control (Gal(+/+)) and Gal-deficient (Gal(-/-)) pigs were incubated with human lepirudin anticoagulated whole blood from healthy donors. E-selectin expression was measured by flow cytometry. The C3 inhibitor compstatin and a C5aR antagonist were used to study the role of complement. Cytokine species specificity was documented, enabling detection of 2 of 7 porcine cytokines and 13 of 27 human cytokines in one single sample. Gal(+/+) porcine aortic endothelial cells incubated with human whole blood showed a marked complement C5b-9 dependent up-regulation of E-selectin and secretion of porcine IL-6 and IL-8. In contrast, Gal(-/-) cells responded with E-selectin and cytokine expression which was so weak that the role of complement could not be determined. Human IL-6, IL-8, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, eotaxin, and RANTES were detected in the Gal(+/+) system, but virtually no responses were seen in the Gal(-/-) system (p = 0.03). The increase in human cytokine release was largely complement dependent and, in contrast to the porcine response, mediated through C5a. Species-specific analysis of cytokine release revealed a marked, complement-dependent response when Gal(+/+) pig cells were incubated with human whole blood, compared with Gal(-/-) cells which induced virtually no cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Saethre
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Obukhova P, Rieben R, Bovin N. Normal human serum contains high levels of anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc antibodies. Xenotransplantation 2008; 14:627-35. [PMID: 17991151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural xenoreactive antibodies (Abs) directed against the Bdi-epitope (Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta) on the cells of non-primate mammals take part in hyperacute rejection of xenotransplanted organs. We found that some Abs, which were one-step affinity purified on Bdi-Sepharose, cross-reacted with the disaccharide Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc beta. The epitope Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc has not been identified on mammals or bacterial polysaccharides yet. METHODS To isolate the antibodies of the corresponding specificity the disaccharide was immobilized on Sepharose and antibodies were affinity purified from pooled serum of blood group O individuals. RESULTS These one-step purified Abs cross-reacted with Bdi, but after a prior absorption step on Bdi-Sepharose no cross-reactivity with Bdi was observed any longer. Surprisingly, the quantity of anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc isolated from the same serum pool, 4-7 microg/ml, was equal to that of anti-Bdi or more. Independently of ABO blood groups all the tested healthy donors had anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs at a similar level. Monospecific anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs were not cytotoxic towards porcine cells. CONCLUSIONS 1. The actual concentration of monospecific, xenoreactive Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta Abs in blood may be considerably lower than the value referred to in the literature for 'anti-alpha Gal' or 'anti-Galili' antibodies. 2. Anti-Gal alpha 1-4GlcNAc Abs seem not to be important for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Obukhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
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Distribution of the alphaGal- and the non-alphaGal T-antigens in the pig kidney: potential targets for rejection in pig-to-man xenotransplantation. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:363-71. [PMID: 18301385 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens, present on pig vascular endothelial cells, seem to be the prime agents responsible for graft rejection, and although genetically modified animals that express less amounts of carbohydrate antigen are available, it is still useful to decide the localization of the reactive xenoantigens in organs contemplated for xenotransplantation. Here we compare the distribution in pig kidney of antigens important in xenograft destruction, namely the Galalpha1-3Gal (alphaGal) glycans, with the localization of the T-antigen (Galbeta1-3GalNAc). The alpha-galactose-specific lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin 1B4 was used to detect the Galalpha1-3Gal glycans, whereas Arachis hypogaea (PNA) lectin and a monoclonal antibody (3C9) detected T-antigen. In addition, two vascular markers (anti-caveolin-1 and anti-von Willebrand factor) served to identify vascular structures of the kidney. Both conventional fluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to distinguish lectin and immunohistochemical staining. On the basis of fluorescence signals, the results indicate that the carbohydrate antigens are heterogeneously distributed in the pig kidney. alphaGal epitopes were sparse in the capillary loops forming the glomeruli and in the capillaries surrounding the convoluted tubules, but showed stronger staining in capillaries surrounding the limbs of Henle. In addition, the brush border and basement membranes of the convoluted tubules strongly reacted with the GS1-B4-lectin. Finally, the Galalpha1-3Gal glycans were also present on epithelial cells of the large collecting tubules. Regarding the T-antigen, PNA and 3C9 reacted with different glomerular cells, whereas both reacted strongly with the endothelial cells lining the large kidney vessels. Human serum incubation of pig kidney sections, in which the alphaGal epitopes were blocked by unconjugated GS1-B4, showed staining of the same vascular structures as were obtained after incubation with the T-antigen-detecting agents. The study thus proves a complex spatial distribution of carbohydrate antigens relevant for xenotransplantation of pig kidney.
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Cooper DK. Frankenswine, or bringing home the bacon: How close are we to clinical trials in xenotransplantation? Organogenesis 2008; 4:1-10. [PMID: 19279708 DOI: 10.4161/org.5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation-specifically from pig into human-could resolve the critical shortage of organs, tissues and cells for clinical transplantation. Genetic engineering techniques in pigs are relatively well-developed and to date have largely been aimed at producing pigs that either (1) express high levels of one or more human complement-regulatory protein(s), such as decay-accelerating factor or membrane cofactor protein, or (2) have deletion of the gene responsible for the expression of the oligosaccharide, Galalpha1,3Gal (Gal), the major target for human anti-pig antibodies, or (3) have both manipulations. Currently the transplantation of pig organs in adequately-immunosuppressed baboons results in graft function for periods of 2-6 months (auxiliary hearts) and 2-3 months (life-supporting kidneys). Pig islets have maintained normoglycemia in diabetic monkeys for >6 months. The remaining immunologic barriers to successful xenotransplantation are discussed, and brief reviews made of (1) the potential risk of the transmission of an infectious microorganism from pig to patient and possibly to the public at large, (2) the potential physiologic incompatibilities between a pig organ and its human counterpart, (3) the major ethical considerations of clinical xenotransplantation, and (4) the possible alternatives that compete with xenotransplantation in the field of organ or cell replacement, such as mechanical devices, tissue engineering, stem cell biology and organogenesis. Finally, the proximity of clinical trials is discussed. Islet xenotransplantation is already at the stage where clinical trials are actively being considered, but the transplantation of pig organs will probably require further genetic modifications to be made to the organ-source pigs to protect their tissues from the coagulation/anticoagulation dysfunction that plays a significant role in pig graft failure after transplantation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kc Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
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Li S, Yan Y, Lin Y, Bullens DM, Rutgeerts O, Goebels J, Segers C, Boon L, Kasran A, De Vos R, Dewolf-Peeters C, Waer M, Billiau AD. Rapidly induced, T-cell–independent xenoantibody production is mediated by marginal zone B cells and requires help from NK cells. Blood 2007; 110:3926-35. [PMID: 17630353 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractXenoantibody production directed at a wide variety of T lymphocyte–dependent and T lymphocyte–independent xenoantigens remains the major immunologic obstacle for successful xenotransplantation. The B lymphocyte subpopulations and their helper factors, involved in T-cell–independent xenoantibody production are only partially understood, and their identification will contribute to the clinical applicability of xenotransplantation. Here we show, using models involving T-cell–deficient athymic recipient mice, that rapidly induced, T-cell–independent xenoantibody production is mediated by marginal zone B lymphocytes and requires help from natural killer (NK) cells. This collaboration neither required NK-cell–mediated IFN-γ production, nor NK-cell–mediated cytolytic killing of xenogeneic target cells. The T-cell–independent IgM xenoantibody response could be partially suppressed by CD40L blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiao Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Rood PPM, Tai HC, Hara H, Long C, Ezzelarab M, Lin YJ, van der Windt DJ, Busch J, Ayares D, Ijzermans JNM, Wolf RF, Manji R, Bailey L, Cooper DKC. Late onset of development of natural anti-nonGal antibodies in infant humans and baboons: implications for xenotransplantation in infants. Transpl Int 2007; 20:1050-8. [PMID: 17850234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
If an ABO-incompatible heart is transplanted into an infant before natural antibodies have developed to the specific donor carbohydrate A/B antigen(s), then B-cell tolerance to the donor A/B antigen is achieved, and these antibodies never develop. Anti-carbohydrate antibodies play a role in the rejection of wild type (WT) and alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GT-KO) pig xenografts. We investigated development of these antibodies in infant baboons and humans. Serum samples from infant baboons (n = 42) and humans (n = 42) were tested by flow cytometry for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from WT and GT-KO pigs, and for complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The presence of anti-blood group antibodies was tested in baboon serum. In infant baboons and humans, cytotoxic anti-Galalpha1,3Gal antibodies develop during the first 3 months, and steadily increase with age, whereas cytotoxic anti-nonGal antibodies are either absent or minimal in the majority of cases throughout the first year of life. Anti-blood group antibodies were not detected before 16 weeks of age. Our data suggest GT-KO pig organ/cell transplants could be carried out in early infancy in the absence of preformed cytotoxic anti-nonGalalpha1,3Gal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleunie P M Rood
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Baumann BC, Stussi G, Huggel K, Rieben R, Seebach JD. Reactivity of human natural antibodies to endothelial cells from Galalpha(1,3)Gal-deficient pigs. Transplantation 2007; 83:193-201. [PMID: 17264816 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000250478.00567.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenoreactive human natural antibodies (NAb) are predominantly directed against galactose-alpha(1,3)galactose (Gal). Binding of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM NAb activates porcine endothelial cells (pEC) and triggers complement lysis responsible for hyperacute xenograft rejection. In vitro, IgG NAb induce human natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis of pEC by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The present study examined the levels of anti-porcine NAb in a large number of individuals and addressed the functional role of non-Gal anti-porcine NAb. METHODS Sera from 120 healthy human blood donors were analyzed for the presence of anti-porcine NAb by flow cytometry using porcine red blood cells (pRBC), lymphoblastoid cells (pLCL), and pEC derived from control or Gal-deficient pigs. Xenogeneic complement lysis was measured by flow cytometry using human serum and rabbit complement. ADCC was analyzed by chromium-release assays using human serum and freshly isolated NK cells. RESULTS Human IgM binding to pRBC was found in 93% and IgG binding in 86% of all samples. Non-Gal NAb comprised 13% of total IgM and 36% of total IgG binding to pEC. NAb/complement-induced lysis and ADCC of Gal-deficient compared to Gal-positive pEC were 21% and 29%, respectively. The majority of anti-Gal and non-Gal IgG NAb were of the IgG2 subclass. CONCLUSIONS The generation of Gal-deficient pigs has overcome hyperacute anti-Gal-mediated xenograft rejection in nonhuman primates. Non-Gal anti-porcine NAb represent a potentially relevant immunological hurdle in a subgroup of individuals by inducing endothelial damage in xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cooper DKC. (2) ?1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout was an essential step towards successful pig organ transplantation in primates. Xenotransplantation 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00386_7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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