1
|
Mackay AJ, Yan J, Kim CH, Barreaux AMG, Stone CM. Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:434. [PMID: 37993953 PMCID: PMC10666368 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating arbovirus transmission potential requires a mechanistic understanding of how environmental factors influence the expression of adult mosquito traits. While preimaginal exposure to environmental factors can have profound effects on adult traits, tracking and predicting these effects remains challenging. METHODS Using Aedes albopictus and a structural equation modeling approach, we explored how larval nutrition and temperature jointly affect development rate and success, female body size, and whether these metrics capture carry-over effects on adult female longevity. Additionally, we investigated how larval diet and temperature affect the baseline expression of 10 immune genes. RESULTS We found that larval development success was primarily determined by diet, while temperature and diet both affected development rate and female body size. Under a low larval diet, pupal wet weight and wing length both declined with increasing temperature. In contrast, responses of the two morphometric measures to rearing temperature diverged when females were provided higher larval nutrition, with pupal wet weight increasing and wing length decreasing at higher temperatures. Our analyses also revealed opposing relationships between adult female lifespan and the two morphometric measures, with wing length having a positive association with longevity and pupal weight a negative association. Larval diet indirectly affected adult longevity, and the time to pupation was negatively correlated with longevity. The expression of eight immune genes from the toll, JAK-STAT and Imd pathways was enhanced in mosquitoes with higher nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight deficiencies from using a single body size measure to capture carry-over effects on adult traits. Further studies of larval development rate under varying environmental conditions and its potential for tracking carry-over effects on vectorial capacity are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Mackay
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Jiayue Yan
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Antoine M G Barreaux
- INTERTRYP (Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD), Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris M Stone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Magistrado D, El-Dougdoug NK, Short SM. Sugar restriction and blood ingestion shape divergent immune defense trajectories in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12368. [PMID: 37524824 PMCID: PMC10390476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune defense is comprised of (1) resistance: the ability to reduce pathogen load, and (2) tolerance: the ability to limit the disease severity induced by a given pathogen load. The study of tolerance in the field of animal immunity is fairly nascent in comparison to resistance. Consequently, studies which examine immune defense comprehensively (i.e. considering both resistance and tolerance in conjunction) are uncommon, despite their exigency in achieving a thorough understanding of immune defense. Furthermore, understanding tolerance in arthropod disease vectors is uniquely relevant, as tolerance is essential to the cyclical transmission of pathogens by arthropods. Here, we tested the effect(s) of dietary sucrose concentration and blood ingestion on resistance and tolerance to Escherichia coli infection in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Resistance and tolerance were measured concurrently and at multiple timepoints. We found that mosquitoes from the restricted sugar treatment displayed enhanced resistance at all timepoints post-infection compared to those from the laboratory standard sugar treatment. Blood also improved resistance, but only early post-infection. While sucrose restriction had no effect on tolerance, we show that consuming blood prior to bacterial infection ameliorates a temporal decline in tolerance that mosquitoes experience when provided with only sugar meals. Taken together, our findings indicate that different dietary components can have unique and sometimes temporally dynamic impacts on resistance and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dom Magistrado
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Noha K El-Dougdoug
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mejia AJ, Jimenez L, Dutra HLC, Perera R, McGraw EA. Attempts to use breeding approaches in Aedes aegypti to create lines with distinct and stable relative Wolbachia densities. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:215-224. [PMID: 35869302 PMCID: PMC9519544 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an insect endosymbiont being used for biological control in the mosquito Aedes aegypti because it causes cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and limits viral replication of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. While the genetic mechanism of pathogen blocking (PB) is not fully understood, the strength of both CI and PB are positively correlated with Wolbachia densities in the host. Wolbachia densities are determined by a combination of Wolbachia strain and insect genotype, as well as interactions with the environment. We employed both artificial selection and inbreeding with the goal of creating lines of Ae. aegypti with heritable and distinct Wolbachia densities so that we might better dissect the mechanism underlying PB. We were unable to shift the mean relative Wolbachia density in Ae. aegypti lines by either strategy, with relative densities instead tending to cycle over a narrow range. In lieu of this, we used Wolbachia densities in mosquito legs as predictors of relative densities in the remaining individual's carcass. Because we worked with outbred mosquitoes, our findings indicate either a lack of genetic variation in the mosquito for controlling relative density, natural selection against extreme densities, or a predominance of environmental factors affecting densities. Our study reveals that there are moderating forces acting on relative Wolbachia densities that may help to stabilize density phenotypes post field release. We also show a means to accurately bin vector carcasses into high and low categories for non-DNA omics-based studies of Wolbachia-mediated traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Mejia
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics & Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - L. Jimenez
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857School of Life Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800 Australia
| | - H. L. C. Dutra
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics & Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Perera
- grid.47894.360000 0004 1936 8083Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases and Center for Metabolism of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - E. A. McGraw
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics & Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahlawat N, Maggu K, Jigisha, Arun MG, Meena A, Agarwala A, Prasad NG. No major cost of evolved survivorship in Drosophila melanogaster populations coevolving with Pseudomonas entomophila. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220532. [PMID: 35506222 PMCID: PMC9065972 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid exaggeration of host and pathogen traits via arms race dynamics is one possible outcome of host-pathogen coevolution. However, the exaggerated traits are expected to incur costs in terms of resource investment in other life-history traits. The current study investigated the costs associated with evolved traits in a host-pathogen coevolution system. We used the Drosophila melanogaster (host)-Pseudomonas entomophila (pathogen) system to experimentally derive two selection regimes, one where the host and pathogen both coevolved, and the other, where only the host evolved against a non-evolving pathogen. After 17 generations of selection, we found that hosts from both selected populations had better post-infection survivorship than controls. Even though the coevolving populations tended to have better survivorship post-infection, we found no clear evidence that the two selection regimes were significantly different from each other. There was weak evidence for the coevolving pathogens being more virulent than the ancestral pathogen. We found no major cost of increased post-infection survivorship. The costs were not different between the coevolving hosts and the hosts evolving against a non-evolving pathogen. We found no evolved costs in the coevolving pathogens. Thus, our results suggest that increased host immunity and pathogen virulence may not be costly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Ahlawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Komal Maggu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jigisha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Manas Geeta Arun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Abhishek Meena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Amisha Agarwala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India,Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reitmayer CM, Pathak AK, Harrington LC, Brindley MA, Cator LJ, Murdock CC. Sex, age, and parental harmonic convergence behavior affect the immune performance of Aedes aegypti offspring. Commun Biol 2021; 4:723. [PMID: 34117363 PMCID: PMC8196008 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmonic convergence is a potential cue, female mosquitoes use to choose male mates. However, very little is known about the benefits this choice confers to offspring performance. Using Aedes aegypti (an important vector of human disease), we investigated whether offspring of converging parental pairs showed differences in immune competence compared to offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs. Here we show that harmonic convergence, along with several other interacting factors (sex, age, reproductive, and physiological status), significantly shaped offspring immune responses (melanization and response to a bacterial challenge). Harmonic convergence had a stronger effect on the immune response of male offspring than on female offspring. Further, female offspring from converging parental pairs disseminated dengue virus more quickly than offspring derived from non-converging parental pairs. Our results provide insight into a wide range of selective pressures shaping mosquito immune function and could have important implications for disease transmission and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Reitmayer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashutosh K Pathak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Northeast Center for Excellence for Vector-borne Disease Research, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lauren J Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Tropical and Global Emerging Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Northeast Center for Excellence for Vector-borne Disease Research, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Riverbasin Center, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alto BW, Civana A, Wiggins K, Eastmond B, Shin D. Effect of Oral Infection of Mayaro Virus on Fitness Correlates and Expression of Immune Related Genes in Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2020; 12:E719. [PMID: 32630843 PMCID: PMC7412308 DOI: 10.3390/v12070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus endemic to forests of tropical South America with a sylvatic cycle involving non-human primates and Haemagogus mosquitoes. Human infection with Mayaro virus causes a febrile illness and long-lasting arthralgia and cases are often associated with exposure to tropical forest habitats. Human movement between tropical forest habitats and urban settings may allow for imported cases and subsequent local transmission by domestic mosquito Aedes aegypti. The relative importance of Ae. aegypti as a vector of Mayaro virus may depend on the pathogenic effects of the virus on fitness correlates, especially those entomological parameters that relate to vectorial capacity. We performed mosquito infection studies and compared adult survival and fecundity of females from Brazilian and Floridian populations of Ae. aegypti following oral ingestion of uninfectious (control) and Mayaro virus infectious blood. Mayaro virus infected and refractory mosquitoes had similar or 30-50% lower fecundity than control (unexposed) mosquitoes, suggesting a reproductive cost to mounting an immune response or phenotypic expression of refractoriness. Survival of adult female mosquitoes and targeted gene expression in the Toll and IMD pathways were not altered by Mayaro virus infection. Adult lifespan and fecundity estimates were independent of measured viral titer in the bodies of mosquitoes. The lack of adverse effects of infection status on female survival suggests that Mayaro virus will not alter vectorial capacity mediated by changes in this parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th St. Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA; (A.C.); (K.W.); (B.E.); (D.S.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Larval exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide and competition for food modulate the melanisation and antibacterial responses of adult Anopheles gambiae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1364. [PMID: 31992835 PMCID: PMC6987095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The insecticides we use for agriculture and for vector control often arrive in water bodies, where mosquito larvae may be exposed to them. Not only will they then likely affect the development of the larvae, but their effects may carry over to the adults, potentially affecting their capacity at transmitting infectious diseases. Such an impact may be expected to be more severe when mosquitoes are undernourished. In this study, we investigated whether exposing larvae of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to a sub-lethal dose of permethrin (a pyrethroid) and forcing them to compete for food would affect the immune response of the adults. We found that a low dose of permethrin increased the degree to which individually reared larvae melanised a negatively charged Sephadex bead and slowed the replication of injected Escherichia coli. However, if mosquitoes had been reared in groups of three (and thus had been forced to compete for food) permethrin had less impact on the efficacy of the immune responses. Our results show how larval stressors can affect the immune response of adults, and that the outcome of exposure to insecticides strongly depends on environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dharmarajan G, Walker KD, Lehmann T. Variation in Tolerance to Parasites Affects Vectorial Capacity of Natural Asian Tiger Mosquito Populations. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3946-3952.e5. [PMID: 31679930 PMCID: PMC6956842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality [1]. The defense responses of mosquito and other arthropod vectors against parasites are important for understanding disease transmission dynamics and for the development of novel disease-control strategies. Consequently, the mechanisms by which mosquitoes resist parasitic infection (e.g., immune-mediated killing) have long been studied [2, 3]. However, the ability of mosquitoes to ameliorate the negative fitness consequences of infection through tolerance mechanisms (e.g., tissue repair) has been virtually ignored (but see [4, 5]). Ignoring parasite tolerance is especially taxing in vector biology because unlike resistance, which typically reduces vectorial capacity, tolerance is expected to increase vectorial capacity by reducing parasite-mediated mortality without killing parasites [6], contributing to the recurrent emergence of vector-borne diseases and its stabilization and exacerbation. Despite its importance, there is currently no evidence for the evolution of tolerance in natural mosquito populations. Here, we use a common-garden experimental framework to measure variation in resistance and tolerance to dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) between eight natural Aedes albopictus mosquito populations representing areas of low and high transmission intensity. We find significant inter-population variation in tolerance and elevated tolerance where transmission intensity is high. Additionally, as expected, we find that increased tolerance is associated with higher vectorial capacity. Consequently, our results indicate that high transmission intensity can lead to the evolution of more competent disease vectors, which can feed back to impact disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guha Dharmarajan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab, Savannah River Site, Building 737-A, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - Kathryne D Walker
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Department of Vector and Parasite Biology, 503 Robert Grant Road, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar D, Sun Z, Cao G, Xue R, Hu X, Gong C. Bombyx mori bidensovirus infection alters the intestinal microflora of fifth instar silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 163:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
10
|
Carey CM, Govande AA, Cooper JM, Hartley MK, Kranzusch PJ, Elde NC. Recurrent Loss-of-Function Mutations Reveal Costs to OAS1 Antiviral Activity in Primates. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:336-343.e4. [PMID: 30713099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses counteract infections but also cause collateral damage to hosts. Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) binds double-stranded RNA from invading viruses and produces 2'-5' linked oligoadenylate (2-5A) to activate ribonuclease L (RNase L), which cleaves RNA to inhibit virus replication. OAS1 can also undergo autoactivation by host RNAs, a potential trade-off to antiviral activity. We investigated functional variation in primate OAS1 as a model for how immune pathways evolve to mitigate costs and observed a surprising frequency of loss-of-function variation. In gorillas, we identified a polymorphism that severely decreases catalytic function, mirroring a common variant in humans that impairs 2-5A synthesis through alternative splicing. OAS1 loss-of-function variation is also common in monkeys, including complete loss of 2-5A synthesis in tamarins. The frequency of loss-of-function alleles suggests that costs associated with OAS1 activation can be so detrimental to host fitness that pathogen-protective effects are repeatedly forfeited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Carey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Apurva A Govande
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juliane M Cooper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Melissa K Hartley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Franke K, Karl I, Centeno TP, Feldmeyer B, Lassek C, Oostra V, Riedel K, Stanke M, Wheat CW, Fischer K. Effects of adult temperature on gene expression in a butterfly: identifying pathways associated with thermal acclimation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:32. [PMID: 30674272 PMCID: PMC6345059 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic plasticity is a pervasive property of all organisms and considered to be of key importance for dealing with environmental variation. Plastic responses to temperature, which is one of the most important ecological factors, have received much attention over recent decades. A recurrent pattern of temperature-induced adaptive plasticity includes increased heat tolerance after exposure to warmer temperatures and increased cold tolerance after exposure to cooler temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying these plastic responses are hitherto not well understood. Therefore, we here investigate effects of adult acclimation on gene expression in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, using an RNAseq approach. RESULTS We show that several antioxidant markers (e.g. peroxidase, cytochrome P450) were up-regulated at a higher temperature compared with a lower adult temperature, which might play an important role in the acclamatory responses subsequently providing increased heat tolerance. Furthermore, several metabolic pathways were up-regulated at the higher temperature, likely reflecting increased metabolic rates. In contrast, we found no evidence for a decisive role of the heat shock response. CONCLUSIONS Although the important role of antioxidant defence mechanisms in alleviating detrimental effects of oxidative stress is firmly established, we speculate that its potentially important role in mediating heat tolerance and survival under stress has been underestimated thus far and thus deserves more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabell Karl
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tonatiuh Pena Centeno
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Molecular Ecology Group, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Lassek
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vicencio Oostra
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mario Stanke
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany. .,Present address: Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Universitätsstraße 1, D-56070, Koblenz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vantaux A, Lefèvre T, Cohuet A, Dabiré KR, Roche B, Roux O. Larval nutritional stress affects vector life history traits and human malaria transmission. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36778. [PMID: 27827429 PMCID: PMC5101500 DOI: 10.1038/srep36778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress during an insect’s larval development can have carry-over effects on adult life history traits and susceptibility to pathogens. We investigated the effects of larval nutritional stress for the first time using field mosquito vectors and malaria parasites. In contrast to previous studies, we show that larval nutritional stress may affect human to mosquito transmission antagonistically: nutritionally deprived larvae showed lower parasite prevalence for only one gametocyte carrier; they also had lower fecundity. However, they had greater survival rates that were even higher when infected. When combining these opposing effects into epidemiological models, we show that larval nutritional stress induced a decrease in malaria transmission at low mosquito densities and an increase in transmission at high mosquito densities, whereas transmission by mosquitoes from well-fed larvae was stable. Our work underscores the importance of including environmental stressors towards understanding host–parasite dynamics to improve disease transmission models and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Vantaux
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP171 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP171 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP171 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP171 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Benjamin Roche
- UMMISCO (Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes), UMI IRD/UPMC 209, Bondy, France
| | - Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP171 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gupta V, Venkatesan S, Chatterjee M, Syed ZA, Nivsarkar V, Prasad NG. No apparent cost of evolved immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 70:934-43. [PMID: 26932243 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance and deployment of the immune system are costly and are hence predicted to trade-off with other resource-demanding traits, such as reproduction. We subjected this longstanding idea to test using laboratory experimental evolution approach. In the present study, replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster were subjected to three selection regimes-I (Infection with Pseudomonas entomophila), S (Sham-infection with MgSO4 ), and U (Unhandled Control). After 30 generations of selection flies from the I regime had evolved better survivorship upon infection with P. entomophila compared to flies from U and S regimes. However, contrary to expectations and previous reports, we did not find any evidence of trade-offs between immunity and other life history related traits, such as longevity, fecundity, egg hatchability, or development time. After 45 generations of selection, the selection was relaxed for a set of populations. Even after 15 generations, the postinfection survivorship of populations under relaxed selection regime did not decline. We speculate that either there is a negligible cost to the evolved immune response or that trade-offs occur on traits such as reproductive behavior or other immune mechanisms that we have not investigated in this study. Our research suggests that at least under certain conditions, life-history trade-offs might play little role in maintaining variation in immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Saudamini Venkatesan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Martik Chatterjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Zeeshan A Syed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vaishnavi Nivsarkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Nagaraj G Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gilbert R, Karp RD, Uetz GW. Effects of juvenile infection on adult immunity and secondary sexual characters in a wolf spider. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Buckner EA, Alto BW, Lounibos LP. Larval Temperature-Food Effects on Adult Mosquito Infection and Vertical Transmission of Dengue-1 Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:91-8. [PMID: 26489999 PMCID: PMC5007597 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-food interactions in the larval environment can affect life history and population growth of container mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse, the primary vectors of chikungunya and dengue viruses. We used Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and dengue-1 virus (DENV-1) from Florida to investigate whether larval rearing temperature can alter the effects of larval food levels on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus life history and DENV-1 infection and vertical transmission. Although we found no effect of larval treatments on survivorship to adulthood, DENV-1 titer, or DENV-1 vertical transmission, rates of vertical transmission up to 16-24% were observed in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, which may contribute to maintenance of this virus in nature. Larval treatments had no effect on number of progeny and DENV-1 infection in Ae. aegypti, but the interaction between temperature and food affected number of progeny and DENV-1 infection of the female Ae. albopictus parent. The cooler temperature (24°C) yielded the most progeny and this effect was accentuated by high food relative to the other conditions. Low and high food led to the highest (∼90%) and lowest (∼65%) parental infection at the cooler temperature, respectively, whereas intermediate infection rates (∼75-80%) were observed for all food conditions at the elevated temperature. These results suggest that temperature and food availability have minimal influence on rate of vertical transmission and a stronger influence on adults of Ae. albopictus than of Ae. aegypti, which could have consequences for dengue virus epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Buckner
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9th St. S.E., Vero Beach, FL 32962 (; ; ), Current address: Manatee County Mosquito Control District, 2317 2nd Ave. West, Palmetto, FL 34221, and
| | - Barry W Alto
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9th St. S.E., Vero Beach, FL 32962 (; ; ),
| | - L Philip Lounibos
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9th St. S.E., Vero Beach, FL 32962 (; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bacterial Exposure at the Larval Stage Induced Sexual Immune Dimorphism and Priming in Adult Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133240. [PMID: 26181517 PMCID: PMC4504673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in the immune response of insects are driven by natural selection for females and sexual selection for males. These natural forces entail a multitude of extrinsic and intrinsic factors involved in a genotype-environment interaction that results in sex-biased expression of the genes shared by males and females. However, little is known about how an infection at a particular ontogenetic stage may influence later stages, or how it may impact sexual immune dimorphism. Using Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a bacterial exposure at the larval stage on adult immunity in males and females. The parameters measured were phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, antimicrobial activity, and the antimicrobial peptide transcript response. As a measure of the immune response success, the persistence of injected bacteria was also evaluated. The results show that males, as well as females, were able to enhance survival in the adult stage as a result of being exposed at the larval stage, which indicates a priming effect. Moreover, there was a differential gender immune response, evidenced by higher PO activity in males as well as higher NO production and greater antimicrobial activity in females. The greater bacterial persistence in females suggests a gender-specific strategy for protection after a previous experience with an elicitor. Hence, this study provides a primary characterization of the complex and gender-specific immune response of male and female adults against a bacterial challenge in mosquitoes primed at an early ontogenetic stage.
Collapse
|
17
|
Alto BW, Richards SL, Anderson SL, Lord CC. Survival of West Nile virus-challenged Southern house mosquitoes, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, in relation to environmental temperatures. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:123-33. [PMID: 24820564 PMCID: PMC4874492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2014.12078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of West Nile virus (WNV) infection on survival in two colonies of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) originating from Vero Beach and Gainesville, FL. Mosquitoes were fed West Nile virus-infected blood and checked daily for survival. Exposure to WNV decreased survival among Cx. p. quinquefasciatus from Gainesville relative to unexposed individuals at 31° C. In contrast, exposure to WNV enhanced survival among Cx. p. quinquefasciatus from Vero Beach relative to unexposed individuals at 27° C. These results may suggest that exposure to WNV and associated infection could increase or decrease components of fitness, dependent on environmental temperature and intraspecific variation in Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. The relationship between lifespan (time of death in days) and WNV titer differed in the colonies at 31° C and 27° C, suggesting that intraspecific species variation in response to temperature impacts interactions with WNV. While further work is needed to determine if similar effects occur under field conditions, this suggests intraspecific variation in vector competence for WNV and adult survival of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, both aspects of vectorial capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th St. S.E. Vero Beach, FL 32962, U.S.A..
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sangare I, Dabire R, Yameogo B, Da DF, Michalakis Y, Cohuet A. Stress dependent infection cost of the human malaria agent Plasmodium falciparum on its natural vector Anopheles coluzzii. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:57-65. [PMID: 24747607 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling selective forces that shape vector-parasite interactions has critical implications for malaria control. However, it remains unclear whether Plasmodium infection induces a fitness cost to their natural mosquito vectors. Moreover, environmental conditions are known to affect infection outcome and may impact the effect of infection on mosquito fitness. We investigated in the laboratory the effects of exposition to and infection by field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum on fecundity and survival of a major vector in the field, Anopheles coluzzii under different conditions of access to sugar resources after blood feeding. The results evidenced fitness costs induced by exposition and infection. When sugar was available after blood meal, infected and exposed mosquitoes had either reduced or equal to survival to unexposed mosquitoes while fecundity was either increased or decreased depending on the blood donor. Under strong nutritional stress, survival was reduced for exposed and infected mosquitoes in all assays. We therefore provide here evidence of an environmental-dependant reduced survival in mosquitoes exposed to infection in a natural and one of the most important parasite-mosquito species associations for human malaria transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Sangare
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - R Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - B Yameogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - D F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Y Michalakis
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - A Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545 Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, unité MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fitness costs associated with different frequencies and magnitudes of temperature change in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. J Therm Biol 2014; 41:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Lalubin F, Delédevant A, Glaizot O, Christe P. Natural malaria infection reduces starvation resistance of nutritionally stressed mosquitoes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:850-7. [PMID: 24286465 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In disease ecology, there is growing evidence that environmental quality interacts with parasite and host to determine host susceptibility to an infection. Most studies of malaria parasites have focused on the infection costs incurred by the hosts, and few have investigated the costs on mosquito vectors. The interplay between the environment, the vector and the parasite has therefore mostly been ignored and often relied on unnatural or allopatric Plasmodium/vector associations. Here, we investigated the effects of natural avian malaria infection on both fecundity and survival of field-caught female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, individually maintained in laboratory conditions. We manipulated environmental quality by providing mosquitoes with different concentrations of glucose-feeding solution prior to submitting them to a starvation challenge. We used molecular-based methods to assess mosquitoes' infection status. We found that mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium had lower starvation resistance than uninfected ones only under low nutritional conditions. The effect of nutritional stress varied with time, with the difference of starvation resistance between optimally and suboptimally fed mosquitoes increasing from spring to summer, as shown by a significant interaction between diet treatment and months of capture. Infected and uninfected mosquitoes had similar clutch size, indicating no effect of infection on fecundity. Overall, this study suggests that avian malaria vectors may suffer Plasmodium infection costs in their natural habitat, under certain environmental conditions. This may have major implications for disease transmission in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Lalubin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, CH-1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Delédevant
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, CH-1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Le Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmed AM. Mosquito autogeny in Aedes caspius (Diptera: Culicidae): alterations of larval nourishments reservation upon bacterial infection. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:472-484. [PMID: 23955943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study recorded mosquito autogeny for the first time amongst Aedes caspius species in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory rearing showed an obligatory autogenous species of Ae. caspius since it foregoes blood feeding during its first ovarian cycle, even in the presence of the hosts (CD mouse), but produces its second egg batch only if ingested a blood meal. Both morphological and molecular identification confirmed that both autogenous and anautogenous strains belong to the same species of Ae. caspius. Data from biochemical analysis showed significant 2, 1.6, and 1.4 folds higher total carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids reserves respectively in the fourth larval instar of the autogenous strain compared to that of the anautogenous ones. In addition, exposing the fourth larval instars of autogenous strain to the infection stress by the mosquito larvicidal bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki has significantly reduced total carbohydrates, proteins and lipids reserves by 29%, 35%, and 46%, respectively, at 12 h postinfection compared to those of uninfected ones. These reductions in nourishment reserves were more pronounced at 24 h postinfection in the case of proteins and lipids, but not carbohydrates. These results may indicate that bacterial infection is a health stress that significantly reduced nourishments reservation, which may interrupt the success of adult autogeny. However, the impact of infection-induced decline in larval nourishments reservation on successful adult autogeny is still to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Ahmed
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moreno-García M, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed trade-offs and methodological issues. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:127-139. [PMID: 22929006 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531200048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of ecological immunology currently relies on using a number of immune effectors or markers. These markers are usually used to infer ecological trade-offs (via conflicts in resource allocation), though physiological nature of these markers remains elusive. Here, we review markers frequently used in insect evolutionary ecology research: cuticle darkening, haemocyte density, nodule/capsule formation, phagocytosis and encapsulation/melanization via use of nylon filaments and beads, phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide production. We also provide physiologically based information that may shed light on the probable trade-offs inferred when these markers are used. In addition, we provide a number of methodological suggestions to improve immune marker assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sylvestre G, Gandini M, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Age-dependent effects of oral infection with dengue virus on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feeding behavior, survival, oviposition success and fecundity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59933. [PMID: 23555838 PMCID: PMC3612067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, a disease that is increasing its geographical range as well as incidence rates. Despite its public health importance, the effect of dengue virus (DENV) on some mosquito traits remains unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of DENV-2 infection on the feeding behavior, survival, oviposition success and fecundity of Ae. aegypti females. Methods/Principal Findings After orally-challenging Ae. aegypti females with a DENV-2 strain using a membrane feeder, we monitored the feeding behavior, survival, oviposition success and fecundity throughout the mosquito lifespan. We observed an age-dependent cost of DENV infection on mosquito feeding behavior and fecundity. Infected individuals took more time to ingest blood from anesthetized mice in the 2nd and 3rd weeks post-infection, and also longer overall blood-feeding times in the 3rd week post-infection, when females were around 20 days old. Often, infected Ae. aegypti females did not lay eggs and when they were laid, smaller number of eggs were laid compared to uninfected controls. A reduction in the number of eggs laid per female was evident starting on the 3rd week post-infection. DENV-2 negatively affected mosquito lifespan, since overall the longevity of infected females was halved compared to that of the uninfected control group. Conclusions The DENV-2 strain tested significantly affected Ae. aegypti traits directly correlated with vectorial capacity or mosquito population density, such as feeding behavior, survival, fecundity and oviposition success. Infected mosquitoes spent more time ingesting blood, had reduced lifespan, laid eggs less frequently, and when they did lay eggs, the clutches were smaller than uninfected mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sylvestre
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Franke K, Fischer K. Effects of inbreeding and temperature stress on life history and immune function in a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:517-28. [PMID: 23286274 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Franke
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - K. Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yaro AS, Touré AM, Guindo A, Coulibaly MB, Dao A, Diallo M, Traoré SF. Reproductive success in Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: do natural sporozoite infection and body size matter? Acta Trop 2012; 122:87-93. [PMID: 22198241 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites stages prior to sporozoite formation are known to affect the fecundity of several species of mosquitoes in the laboratory, but little is known about this phenomenon in natural conditions especially with sporozoite-infected anophelines. The reproductive success of wild-caught Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae was investigated by comparing females infected with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites to females free of sporozoites. Association between sporozoite-infected females' body size and their egg batch size was also measured. There was no significant reduction in egg production due to sporozoite infection among wild females An. arabiensis and the M and S form of An. gambiae. The infected groups and the controls laid similar numbers of eggs. A positive association was found between body size of females infected with P. falciparum and mean egg production. Infected females of the molecular forms of An. gambiae and their sibling species An. arabiensis invest similarly in egg batch size regardless of their body size although the expected egg batch size may differ among them because of differences in their mean body size. A reduction of egg production related to infection status was not observed among females harboring sporozoites. Therefore for the gonotrophic cycles that occur once sporozoites are present, natural infection of all three vectors we studied has no or minimal effect on their densities or their reproductive outputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpha Seydou Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie, Université de Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Assay conditions in laboratory experiments: is the use of constant rather than fluctuating temperatures justified when investigating temperature-induced plasticity? Oecologia 2011; 166:23-33. [PMID: 21286923 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
28
|
Labbé P, Vale PF, Little TJ. Successfully resisting a pathogen is rarely costly in Daphnia magna. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:355. [PMID: 21083915 PMCID: PMC2998533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central hypothesis in the evolutionary ecology of parasitism is that trade-offs exist between resistance to parasites and other fitness components such as fecundity, growth, survival, and predator avoidance, or resistance to other parasites. These trade-offs are called costs of resistance. These costs fall into two broad categories: constitutive costs of resistance, which arise from a negative genetic covariance between immunity and other fitness-related traits, and inducible costs of resistance, which are the physiological costs incurred by hosts when mounting an immune response. We sought to study inducible costs in depth using the crustacean Daphnia magna and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. RESULTS We designed specific experiments to study the costs induced by exposure to this parasite, and we re-analysed previously published data in an effort to determine the generality of such costs. However, despite the variety of genetic backgrounds of both hosts and parasites, and the different exposure protocols and environmental conditions used in these experiment, this work showed that costs of exposure can only rarely be detected in the D. magna-P. ramosa system. CONCLUSIONS We discuss possible reasons for this lack of detectable costs, including scenarios where costs of resistance to parasites might not play a major role in the co-evolution of hosts and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Labbé
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
ALONZO SH, CALSBEEK R. The unstable dynamics of multiple alternative reproductive tactics. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2614-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Aboagye-Antwi F, Guindo A, Traoré AS, Hurd H, Coulibaly M, Traoré S, Tripet F. Hydric stress-dependent effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on the survival of wild-caught Anopheles gambiae female mosquitoes. Malar J 2010; 9:243. [PMID: 20796288 PMCID: PMC2939621 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of human malaria responsible for over a million deaths per year, causes fitness costs in its mosquito vectors is a burning question that has not yet been adequately resolved. Understanding the evolutionary forces responsible for the maintenance of susceptibility and refractory alleles in natural mosquito populations is critical for understanding malaria transmission dynamics. METHODS In natural mosquito populations, Plasmodium fitness costs may only be expressed in combination with other environmental stress factors hence this hypothesis was tested experimentally. Wild-caught blood-fed Anopheles gambiae s.s. females of the M and S molecular form from an area endemic for malaria in Mali, West Africa, were brought to the laboratory and submitted to a 7-day period of mild hydric stress or kept with water ad-libitum. At the end of this experiment all females were submitted to intense desiccation until death. The survival of all females throughout both stress episodes, as well as their body size and infection status was recorded. The importance of stress, body size and molecular form on infection prevalence and female survival was investigated using Logistic Regression and Proportional-Hazard analysis. RESULTS Females subjected to mild stress exhibited patterns of survival and prevalence of infection compatible with increased parasite-induced mortality compared to non-stressed females. Fitness costs seemed to be linked to ookinetes and early oocyst development but not the presence of sporozoites. In addition, when females were subjected to intense desiccation stress, those carrying oocysts exhibited drastically reduced survival but those carrying sporozoites were unaffected. No significant differences in prevalence of infection and infection-induced mortality were found between the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae. CONCLUSIONS Because these results suggest that infected mosquitoes may incur fitness costs under natural-like conditions, they are particularly relevant to vector control strategies aiming at boosting naturally occurring refractoriness or spreading natural or foreign genes for refractoriness using genetic drive systems in vector populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Center for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moreno-García M, Lanz-Mendoza H, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Genetic variance and genotype-by-environment interaction of immune response in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 47:111-120. [PMID: 20380290 DOI: 10.1603/me08267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune response can be negatively affected by resource limitation, so it is expected that organisms evolve strategies to minimize the impact of this environmental outcome. Phenotypic plasticity in immune response could represent a genetic response to face such situations. We investigated the effects of high and low quality and quantity of food at the larval stage on two important immune components, phenoloxidase activity (PO) and nitric oxide production (NO) measured in adults of the Dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. We reared families to determine the magnitude and pattern of expression of genetic variance, environmental variance and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI). In addition, we quantified whether there were differences in plastic immune responses in both sexes. Our results indicated additive variance for PO and NO, but rearing environment did not produce differences among individuals. For NO and PO in males, there were large differences among families in plasticity, as indicated by the different slopes produced by each reaction norm. Therefore, there is additive genetic variation in plasticity for NO production and PO activity. One possible interpretation of these results is that different genotypes may be favored to fight pathogens under the different food quality situations. Males and females showed similar overall GEI strategies but there were differences in PO and NO. Males showed a phenotypic correlation between PO and NO, but we did not find genetic correlations between immune parameters in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moreno-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Apdo. Postal 70-275, México, D. F. 04510, México.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bascuñán-García AP, Lara C, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Immune investment impairs growth, female reproduction and survival in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:204-211. [PMID: 19840805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether an immune response is associated with growth, female reproduction and survival costs in the house cricket. Using different intensities of challenge immune (implantation of one piece of nylon (1N) and two nylons (2N), with their respective sham-challenge and control groups) with body size and exoskeleton thickness as response variables, growth costs were determined for both sexes. A similar methodology was followed for reproduction costs, in which egg number and size, and female survival were measured as response variables. It was also determined whether mated and virgin females showed different immune responses. Body size decreased with immune challenge but only in the 2N treatment. Exoskeleton thickness increased in both sham-challenge groups and the 1N group but decreased in the 2N group. Egg number decreased more in the sham-challenge groups followed by the 1N and 2N groups. The 2N group showed the largest egg size at the end of the experiment. In these females, 2N group died first followed by the 1N, two nylon sham and one nylon sham groups. Finally, mated females showed a lower immune response than virgin females. These results are consistent with ecological immunity theory. The discovery of exoskeleton-related costs of immunity and injury may have important implications for experimental design in studies of the cost of immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Priscila Bascuñán-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cohuet A, Harris C, Robert V, Fontenille D. Evolutionary forces on Anopheles: what makes a malaria vector? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:130-6. [PMID: 20056485 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In human malaria, transmission intensity is highly dependent on the vectorial capacity and competence of local mosquitoes. Most mosquitoes are dead ends for the parasite, and only limited ranges of Anopheles are able to transmit Plasmodium to humans. Research to understand the determinants of vectorial capacity and competence has greatly progressed in recent years; however, some aspects have been overlooked and the evolutionary pressures that affect them often neglected. Here, we review key factors of vectorial capacity and competence in Anopheles, with a particular focus on the most important malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We aim to point out selection pressures exerted by Plasmodium on Anopheles to improve its own transmission and discuss how the parasite might shape the vector to its benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR016, Characterization and control of vector populations, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dawes EJ, Churcher TS, Zhuang S, Sinden RE, Basáñez MG. Anopheles mortality is both age- and Plasmodium-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission. Malar J 2009; 8:228. [PMID: 19822012 PMCID: PMC2770541 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Daily mortality is an important determinant of a vector's ability to transmit pathogens. Original simplifying assumptions in malaria transmission models presume vector mortality is independent of age, infection status and parasite load. Previous studies illustrate conflicting evidence as to the importance of Plasmodium-induced vector mortality, but very few studies to date have considered the effect of infection density on mosquito survival. Methods A series of three experiments were conducted, each consisting of four cages of 400-1,000 Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes fed on blood infected with different Plasmodium berghei ookinete densities per microlitre of blood. Twice daily the numbers of dead mosquitoes in each group were recorded, and on alternate days a sample of live mosquitoes from each group were dissected to determine parasite density in both midgut and salivary glands. Results Survival analyses indicate that mosquito mortality is both age- and infection intensity-dependent. Mosquitoes experienced an initially high, partly feeding-associated, mortality rate, which declined to a minimum before increasing with mosquito age and parasite intake. As a result, the life expectancy of a mosquito is shown to be dependent on both insect age and the density of Plasmodium infection. Conclusion These results contribute to understanding in greater detail the processes that influence sporogony in the mosquito, indicate the impact that parasite density could have on malaria transmission dynamics, and have implications for the design, development, and evaluation of transmission-blocking strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Dawes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Esteves E, Fogaça AC, Maldonado R, Silva FD, Manso PPA, Pelajo-Machado M, Valle D, Daffre S. Antimicrobial activity in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus eggs: Cellular localization and temporal expression of microplusin during oogenesis and embryogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:913-919. [PMID: 19454333 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods display different mechanisms to protect themselves against infections, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role, acting directly against invader pathogens. We have detected several factors with inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Micrococcus luteus on the surface and in homogenate of eggs of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. One of the anti-M. luteus factors of the egg homogenate was isolated to homogeneity. Analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that it corresponds to microplusin, an AMP previously isolated from the cell-free hemolymph of R. (B.) microplus. Reverse transcription (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) showed that the levels of microplusin mRNA gradually increase along ovary development, reaching an impressive highest value three days after the adult females have dropped from the calf and start oviposition. Interestingly, the level of microplusin mRNA is very low in recently laid eggs. An enhance of microplusin gene expression in eggs is observed only nine days after the onset of oviposition, achieving the highest level just before the larva hatching, when the level of expression decreases once again. Fluorescence microscopy analysis using an anti-microplusin serum revealed that microplusin is present among yolk granules of oocytes as well as in the connecting tube of ovaries. These results, together to our previous data, suggest that microplusin may be involved not only in protection of adult female hemocele, but also in protection of the female reproductive tract and embryos, what points this AMP as a considerable target for development of new methods to control R. (B.) microplus as well as the vector-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Esteves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Koella JC, Lorenz L, Bargielowski I. Microsporidians as evolution-proof agents of malaria control? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 68:315-27. [PMID: 19289199 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite our efforts at malaria control, malaria remains one of our most serious and deadly diseases. The failure of control stems in part from the parasite's intense transmission in many areas and from the emergence and spread of resistance of the malaria parasites and their mosquito vectors against most of the chemicals used to attack them. New methods for control are desperately needed. However, new methods will be useful only if they are effective (i.e., decrease transmission substantially) and evolutionarily sustainable (i.e., evolution-proof, in that they prevent evolution from eroding efficacy). We suggest microsporidian parasites that infect mosquitoes could be potentially effective and sustainable agents for malaria control. They may be effective because they target several epidemiologically important traits: survival of larvae (and thus number of adult mosquitoes), adult longevity, biting rate and the development of malaria within the mosquitoes. Even if each trait is affected only moderately, the intensity of transmission can be reduced considerably. They may be evolution-proof, for the evolutionarily most important trait is juvenile survival, whereas the two epidemiologically most important factors are traits of the adult mosquito: biting rate and longevity. Under the intense microsporidian pressure of a control programme, it is likely (if not inevitable) that the larvae evolve to survive microsporidian infection. However, if this larval tolerance to microsporidians is genetically correlated with the adult traits, tolerant mosquitoes may not live as long and bite less frequently than microsporidian-sensitive ones. While such a trade-off has not been measured, combining several studies suggests indirectly a negative genetic correlation between larval tolerance and adult longevity. Therefore, evolution might not undermine control; rather it might increase its effectiveness. While the evolution of resistance may be inevitable, the failure of control need not be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Koella
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hurd H. Evolutionary drivers of parasite-induced changes in insect life-history traits from theory to underlying mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 68:85-110. [PMID: 19289191 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many hosts are able to tolerate infection by altering life-history traits that are traded-off one against another. Here the reproductive fitness of insect hosts and vectors is reviewed in the context of theories concerning evolutionary mechanisms driving such alterations. These include the concepts that changes in host reproductive fitness are by-products of infection, parasite manipulations, host adaptations, mafia-like strategies or host compensatory responses. Two models are examined in depth, a tapeworm/beetle association, Hymenolepis diminuta/Tenebrio molitor and malaria infections in anopheline mosquitoes. Parasite-induced impairment of vitellogenesis ultimately leads to a decrease in female reproductive success in both cases, though by different means. Evidence is put forwards for both a manipulator molecule of parasite origin and for host-initiated regulation. These models are backed by other examples in which mechanisms underlying fecundity reduction or fecundity compensation are explored. It is concluded that evolutionary theories must be supported by empirical evidence gained from studying molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying changes in host life-history traits, ideally using organisms that have evolved together and that are in their natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Hurd
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitilogy, School of life Sciences, Keele University, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Defending self against nonself is a major problem in a world in which individuals are under constant pressure from parasites that gain fitness benefits at a cost to their host. Defences that have evolved are diverse, and range from behavioural adaptations to physiochemical barriers. The immune defence is a final line of protection and is therefore of great importance. Given this importance, variability in immune defence would seem counterintuitive, yet that is what is observed. Ecological immunology attempts to explain this variation by invoking costs and trade-offs, and in turn proposing that the optimal immune defence will vary over environments. Studies in this field have been highly successful in establishing an evolutionary ecology framework around immunology. However, in order enrich our understanding of this area, it is perhaps time to broaden the focus to include parasites as more than simply elicitors of immune responses. In essence, to view immunity as produced by the host, the environment, and the active involvement of parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Sadd
- Institute for Integrative Biology (IBZ), Experimental Ecology ETH Zentrum, CHN, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- Institute for Integrative Biology (IBZ), Experimental Ecology ETH Zentrum, CHN, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cornet S, Biard C, Moret Y. Variation in immune defence among populations of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Oecologia 2008; 159:257-69. [PMID: 18989705 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive studies in ecological immunology, few have investigated variation in immune defence among natural populations; in particular, there is a lack of knowledge of the sources of spatial variability in immune defence in the wild. Here we documented variation among twelve populations of the freshwater crustacean Gammarus pulex in the activity of the prophenoloxidase (ProPO) system, which is an important component of invertebrate immunity. We then tested for trade-offs between investment in immune defence and fitness-related traits such as survival and fecundity, as well as for environmental causes of variability (water temperature and conductivity, parasite prevalence). Levels of immune defence differed among populations, with environment partly explaining this population effect, as immune activities were negatively related to water conductivity and acanthocephalan parasite prevalence. There was a strong variation among populations for the maintenance of the ProPO system, while variation in its use was relatively weak. Such a pattern could be partly explained by the relative costs associated with the maintenance and/or the use of the ProPO system. Investment in the ProPO system was negatively correlated to survival, whereas it was positively related to female fecundity and resource storage. However, variation in immunity did not predict resistance to bacterial infection among populations, suggesting that measuring the activity of the ProPO system might not be sufficient to estimate immunocompetence at the population level. These results suggest that investment in immune function is a variable trait, which might be locally optimized as a result of both life history trade-offs and environmental conditions, highlighting the need to combine them in a common framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Cornet
- UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéosciences, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Santa-Ana M, Capela RA, Christensen BM. Reproductive costs of the immune response of the autogenous mosquito Culex pipiens molestus against inoculated Dirofilaria immitis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 7:541-6. [PMID: 17979531 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex pipiens molestus is an autogenous mosquito, a vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Madeira Island, and it mounts a melanotic encapsulation response when inoculated intrathoracically with D. immitis microfilariae (mf). Because Cx. p. molestus is autogenous, this mosquito is a good model from which to gain a better understand the relationship between oviposition and melanization, independent of the signaling pathways related to blood feeding. The present work assessed the impact follicle growth might have on melanization of intrathoracically inoculated mf. The ovaries from mosquitoes undergoing melanotic encapsulation developed more eggs than those that could not melanize the mf. Possible explanations are discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santa-Ana
- Centro de Estudos da Macaronésia, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Voordouw MJ, Lambrechts L, Koella J. No maternal effects after stimulation of the melanization response in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Tripet F, Aboagye-Antwi F, Hurd H. Ecological immunology of mosquito-malaria interactions. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:219-27. [PMID: 18424235 PMCID: PMC2474669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
More than a century after the discovery of the complex life cycle of its causative agent, malaria remains a major health problem. Understanding mosquito–malaria interactions could lead to breakthroughs in malaria control. Novel strategies, such as the design of transgenic mosquitoes refractory to Plasmodium, or design of human vaccines emulating mosquito resistance to the parasite, require extensive knowledge of processes involved in immune responses and of microevolutionary mechanisms that create and maintain variation in immune responses in wild vector populations. The recent realization of how intimately and specifically mosquitoes and Plasmodium co-evolve in Nature is driving vector molecular biologists and evolutionary ecologists to move closer to the natural setting under the common umbrella of ‘Ecological immunology’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, Huxley Building, Keele University, Newcastle, Staffordshire, UK ST5 5BG.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu C, Rio RVM, Medlock J, Haines LR, Nayduch D, Savage AF, Guz N, Attardo GM, Pearson TW, Galvani AP, Aksoy S. Infections with immunogenic trypanosomes reduce tsetse reproductive fitness: potential impact of different parasite strains on vector population structure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e192. [PMID: 18335067 PMCID: PMC2265429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and its insect vector Glossina morsitans morsitans were used to evaluate the effect of parasite clearance (resistance) as well as the cost of midgut infections on tsetse host fitness. Tsetse flies are viviparous and have a low reproductive capacity, giving birth to only 6-8 progeny during their lifetime. Thus, small perturbations to their reproductive fitness can have a major impact on population densities. We measured the fecundity (number of larval progeny deposited) and mortality in parasite-resistant tsetse females and untreated controls and found no differences. There was, however, a typanosome-specific impact on midgut infections. Infections with an immunogenic parasite line that resulted in prolonged activation of the tsetse immune system delayed intrauterine larval development resulting in the production of fewer progeny over the fly's lifetime. In contrast, parasitism with a second line that failed to activate the immune system did not impose a fecundity cost. Coinfections favored the establishment of the immunogenic parasites in the midgut. We show that a decrease in the synthesis of Glossina Milk gland protein (GmmMgp), a major female accessory gland protein associated with larvagenesis, likely contributed to the reproductive lag observed in infected flies. Mathematical analysis of our empirical results indicated that infection with the immunogenic trypanosomes reduced tsetse fecundity by 30% relative to infections with the non-immunogenic strain. We estimate that a moderate infection prevalence of about 26% with immunogenic parasites has the potential to reduce tsetse populations. Potential repercussions for vector population growth, parasite-host coevolution, and disease prevalence are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jan Medlock
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lee R. Haines
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Petch Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy F. Savage
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nurper Guz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Terry W. Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Petch Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison P. Galvani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Using evolutionary costs to enhance the efficacy of malaria control via genetically manipulated mosquitoes. Parasitology 2008; 135:1489-96. [PMID: 18215334 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An earlier mathematical model exploring the use of genetically manipulated mosquitoes for malaria control suggested that the prevalence of malaria is reduced significantly only if almost all mosquitoes become completely resistant to malaria. Central to the model was the 'cost of resistance': the reduction of a resistant mosquito's evolutionary fitness in comparison with a sensitive one's. Here, we consider the possibility of obtaining more optimistic outcomes by taking into account the epidemiological (in addition to the evolutionary) consequences of a cost of resistance that decreases the life-span of adult mosquitoes (the most relevant parameter for the parasite's epidemiology). There are two main results. First, if despite its cost, resistance is fixed in the population, increasing the cost of resistance decreases the intensity of transmission. However, this epidemiological effect is weak if resistance is effective enough to be considered relevant for control. Second, if the cost of resistance prevents its fixation, increasing it intensifies transmission. Thus, the epidemiological effect of the cost of resistance cannot compensate for the lower frequency of resistant mosquitoes in the population. Overall, our conclusion remains pessimistic: so that genetic manipulation can become a promising method of malaria control, we need techniques that enable almost all mosquitoes to be almost completely resistant to infection.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rivero A, Agnew P, Bedhomme S, Sidobre C, Michalakis Y. Resource depletion in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected by the microsporidia Vavraia culicis. Parasitology 2007; 134:1355-62. [PMID: 17634157 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYParasitic infection is often associated with changes in host life-history traits, such as host development. Many of these life-history changes are ultimately thought to be the result of a depletion or reallocation of the host's resources driven either by the host (to minimize the effects of infection) or by the parasite (to maximize its growth rate). In this paper we investigate the energetic budget of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae infected by Vavraia culicis, a microsporidian parasite that transmits horizontally between larvae, and which has been previously shown to reduce the probability of pupation of its host. Our results show that infected larvae have significantly less lipids, sugars and glycogen than uninfected larvae. These differences in resources were not due to differences in larval energy intake (feeding rate) or expenditure (metabolic rate). We conclude that the lower energetic resources of infected mosquitoes are the result of the high metabolic demands that microsporidian parasites impose on their hosts. Given the fitness advantages for the parasite of maintaining the host in a larval stage, we discuss whether resource depletion may also be a parasite mechanism to prevent the pupation of the larvae and thus maximize its own transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rivero
- Génetique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses (CNRS-IRD UMR 2724), Montpellier 34394, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vainikka A, Rantala MJ, Seppälä O, Suhonen J. Do male mealworm beetles, Tenebrio molitor, sustain the honesty of pheromone signals under immune challenge? Acta Ethol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-007-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
47
|
Brandt SM, Schneider DS. Bacterial infection of fly ovaries reduces egg production and induces local hemocyte activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:1121-30. [PMID: 17400292 PMCID: PMC3109252 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity, the state of being diseased, is an important aspect of pathogenesis that has gone relatively unstudied in fruit flies. Our interest is in characterizing how bacterial pathogenesis affects various physiologies of the fly. We chose to examine the fly ovary because we found bacterial infection had a striking effect on fly reproduction. We observed decreased egg laying after bacterial infection that correlated with increased bacterial virulence. We also found that bacteria colonized the ovary in a previously undescribed manner; bacteria were found in the posterior of the ovary, adjacent to the lateral oviduct. This local infection in the ovary resulted in melanization and activation of the cellular immune response at the site of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Brandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David S. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: ; Tel: (650)724-8063; Fax: (650)725-6757
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Michel K, Suwanchaichinda C, Morlais I, Lambrechts L, Cohuet A, Awono-Ambene PH, Simard F, Fontenille D, Kanost MR, Kafatos FC. Increased melanizing activity in Anopheles gambiae does not affect development of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16858-63. [PMID: 17065316 PMCID: PMC1636544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608033103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpins are central to the modulation of various innate immune responses in insects and are suspected to influence the outcome of malaria parasite infection in mosquito vectors. Three Anopheles gambiae serpins (SRPN1, -2, and -3) were tested for their ability to inhibit the prophenoloxidase cascade, a key regulatory process in the melanization response. Recombinant SRPN1 and -2 can bind and inhibit a heterologous phenoloxidase-activating protease and inhibit phenoloxidase activation in vitro. Using a reverse genetics approach, we studied the effect of SRPN2 on melanization in An. gambiae adult females in vivo. Depletion of SRPN2 from the mosquito hemolymph increases melanin deposition on foreign surfaces such as negatively charged Sephadex beads. As reported, the knockdown of SRPN2 adversely affects the ability of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei to invade the midgut epithelium and develop into oocysts. Importantly, we tested whether the absence of SRPN2 from the hemolymph influences Plasmodium falciparum development. RNAi silencing of SRPN2 in an An. gambiae strain originally established from local populations in Yaoundé, Cameroon, did not influence the development of autochthonous field isolates of P. falciparum. This study suggests immune evasion strategies of the human malaria parasite and emphasizes the need to study mosquito innate immune responses toward the pathogens they transmit in natural vector-parasite combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Michel
- *Faculty of Natural Sciences, Section of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isabelle Morlais
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR016, and Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CC 237, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, UR016, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Parfait H. Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR016, and Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Frederic Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR016, and Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Laboratoire de Lutte Contre les Insectes Nuisibles, UR016, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michael R. Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- *Faculty of Natural Sciences, Section of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rivero A. Nitric oxide: an antiparasitic molecule of invertebrates. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:219-25. [PMID: 16545612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad won the Nobel prize in 1998 for their work on the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule, many reports have shown the seemingly limitless range of body functions controlled by this compound. In vertebrates, the role of NO as a defense against infection caused by viruses, bacteria, and protozoan and metazoan parasites has been known for several years. New evidence, however, shows that NO is also important in defending invertebrates against parasites. This discovery is a breakthrough in the understanding of how the invertebrate immune system works, and it has implications for the emerging field of invertebrate ecological immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rivero
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain and Génetique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses (CNRS UMR-IRD 2724), Montpellier 34394, France.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Williams
- Departmento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|