1
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Bayramov AV, Yastrebov SA, Mednikov DN, Araslanova KR, Ermakova GV, Zaraisky AG. Paired fins in vertebrate evolution and ontogeny. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12478. [PMID: 38650470 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The origin of paired appendages became one of the most important adaptations of vertebrates, allowing them to lead active lifestyles and explore a wide range of ecological niches. The basic form of paired appendages in evolution is the fins of fishes. The problem of paired appendages has attracted the attention of researchers for more than 150 years. During this time, a number of theories have been proposed, mainly based on morphological data, two of which, the Balfour-Thacher-Mivart lateral fold theory and Gegenbaur's gill arch theory, have not lost their relevance. So far, however, none of the proposed ideas has been supported by decisive evidence. The study of the evolutionary history of the appearance and development of paired appendages lies at the intersection of several disciplines and involves the synthesis of paleontological, morphological, embryological, and genetic data. In this review, we attempt to summarize and discuss the results accumulated in these fields and to analyze the theories put forward regarding the prerequisites and mechanisms that gave rise to paired fins and limbs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Bayramov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Yastrebov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Mednikov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina V Ermakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Tzung KW, Lalonde RL, Prummel KD, Mahabaleshwar H, Moran HR, Stundl J, Cass AN, Le Y, Lea R, Dorey K, Tomecka MJ, Zhang C, Brombacher EC, White WT, Roehl HH, Tulenko FJ, Winkler C, Currie PD, Amaya E, Davis MC, Bronner ME, Mosimann C, Carney TJ. A median fin derived from the lateral plate mesoderm and the origin of paired fins. Nature 2023; 618:543-549. [PMID: 37225983 PMCID: PMC10266977 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06100-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of paired appendages was a key innovation during evolution and facilitated the aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrates. Largely derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), one hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins invokes derivation from unpaired median fins via a pair of lateral fin folds located between pectoral and pelvic fin territories1. Whilst unpaired and paired fins exhibit similar structural and molecular characteristics, no definitive evidence exists for paired lateral fin folds in larvae or adults of any extant or extinct species. As unpaired fin core components are regarded as exclusively derived from paraxial mesoderm, any transition presumes both co-option of a fin developmental programme to the LPM and bilateral duplication2. Here, we identify that the larval zebrafish unpaired pre-anal fin fold (PAFF) is derived from the LPM and thus may represent a developmental intermediate between median and paired fins. We trace the contribution of LPM to the PAFF in both cyclostomes and gnathostomes, supporting the notion that this is an ancient trait of vertebrates. Finally, we observe that the PAFF can be bifurcated by increasing bone morphogenetic protein signalling, generating LPM-derived paired fin folds. Our work provides evidence that lateral fin folds may have existed as embryonic anlage for elaboration to paired fins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh-Weei Tzung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert L Lalonde
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karin D Prummel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah R Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda N Cass
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Yao Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert Lea
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karel Dorey
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Monika J Tomecka
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eline C Brombacher
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William T White
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Australia National Fish Collection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Henry H Roehl
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Frank J Tulenko
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Victorian Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tom J Carney
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Charest F, Mondéjar Fernández J, Grünbaum T, Cloutier R. Evolution of median fin patterning and modularity in living and fossil osteichthyans. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0272246. [PMID: 36921006 PMCID: PMC10016723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological and developmental similarities, and interactions among developing structures are interpreted as evidences of modularity. Such similarities exist between the dorsal and anal fins of living actinopterygians, on the anteroposterior axis: (1) both fins differentiate in the same direction [dorsal and anal fin patterning module (DAFPM)], and (2) radials and lepidotrichia differentiate in the same direction [endoskeleton and exoskeleton module (EEM)]. To infer the evolution of these common developmental patternings among osteichthyans, we address (1) the complete description and quantification of the DAFPM and EEM in a living actinopterygian (the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) and (2) the presence of these modules in fossil osteichthyans (coelacanths, lungfishes, porolepiforms and 'osteolepiforms'). In Oncorhynchus, sequences of skeletal elements are determined based on (1) apparition (radials and lepidotrichia), (2) chondrification (radials), (3) ossification (radials and lepidotrichia), and (4) segmentation plus bifurcation (lepidotrichia). Correlations are then explored between sequences. In fossil osteichthyans, sequences are determined based on (1) ossification (radials and lepidotrichia), (2) segmentation, and (3) bifurcation of lepidotrichia. Segmentation and bifurcation patterns were found crucial for comparisons between extant and extinct osteichthyan taxa. Our data suggest that the EEM is plesiomorphic at least for actinopterygians, and the DAFPM is plesiomorphic for osteichthyans, with homoplastic dissociation. Finally, recurrent patterns suggest the presence of a Lepidotrichia Patterning Module (LPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- France Charest
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
- Parc National de Miguasha, Nouvelle, Québec, Canada
| | - Jorge Mondéjar Fernández
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie–Paris, Département Origines & Évolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (MNHN–Sorbonne Université–CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas Grünbaum
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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4
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Miyamoto K, Kawakami K, Tamura K, Abe G. Developmental independence of median fins from the larval fin fold revises their evolutionary origin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7521. [PMID: 35525860 PMCID: PMC9079066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The median fins of modern fish that show discrete forms (dorsal, anal, and caudal fins) are derived from a continuous fold-like structure, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. The median fin fold (MFF) hypothesis assumes that the median fins evolved by reducing some positions in the continuous fin fold of basal chordates, based on the classical morphological observation of developmental reduction in the larval fin folds of living fish. However, the developmental processes of median fins are still unclear at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we describe the transition from the larval fin fold into the median fins in zebrafish at the cellular and molecular developmental level. We demonstrate that reduction does not play a role in the emergence of the dorsal fin primordium. Instead, the reduction occurs along with body growth after primordium formation, rather than through actively scrapping the non-fin forming region by inducing cell death. We also report that the emergence of specific mesenchymal cells and their proliferation promote dorsal fin primordium formation. Based on these results, we propose a revised hypothesis for median fin evolution in which the acquisition of de novo developmental mechanisms is a crucial evolutionary component of the discrete forms of median fins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Functional Morphology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 86, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
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5
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kuchryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Genome Duplications as the Basis of Vertebrates’ Evolutionary Success. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Onimaru K, Kuraku S. Inference of the ancestral vertebrate phenotype through vestiges of the whole-genome duplications. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:352-361. [PMID: 29566222 PMCID: PMC6158797 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring the phenotype of the last common ancestor of living vertebrates is a challenging problem because of several unresolvable factors. They include the lack of reliable out-groups of living vertebrates, poor information about less fossilizable organs and specialized traits of phylogenetically important species, such as lampreys and hagfishes (e.g. secondary loss of vertebrae in adult hagfishes). These factors undermine the reliability of ancestral reconstruction by traditional character mapping approaches based on maximum parsimony. In this article, we formulate an approach to hypothesizing ancestral vertebrate phenotypes using information from the phylogenetic and functional properties of genes duplicated by genome expansions in early vertebrate evolution. We named the conjecture as ‘chronological reconstruction of ohnolog functions (CHROF)’. This CHROF conjecture raises the possibility that the last common ancestor of living vertebrates may have had more complex traits than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Onimaru
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo Japan.,Department of biological science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Stewart TA, Bonilla MM, Ho RK, Hale ME. Adipose fin development and its relation to the evolutionary origins of median fins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:512. [PMID: 30679662 PMCID: PMC6346007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal, anal and caudal fins of vertebrates are proposed to have originated by the partitioning and transformation of the continuous median fin fold that is plesiomorphic to chordates. Evaluating this hypothesis has been challenging, because it is unclear how the median fin fold relates to the adult median fins of vertebrates. To understand how new median fins originate, here we study the development and diversity of adipose fins. Phylogenetic mapping shows that in all lineages except Characoidei (Characiformes) adipose fins develop from a domain of the larval median fin fold. To inform how the larva's median fin fold contributes to the adipose fin, we study Corydoras aeneus (Siluriformes). As the fin fold reduces around the prospective site of the adipose fin, a fin spine develops in the fold, growing both proximally and distally, and sensory innervation, which appears to originate from the recurrent ramus of the facial nerve and from dorsal rami of the spinal cord, develops in the adipose fin membrane. Collectively, these data show how a plesiomorphic median fin fold can serve as scaffolding for the evolution and development of novel, individuated median fins, consistent with the median fin fold hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Stewart
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Melvin M Bonilla
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Robert K Ho
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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8
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Parry LA, Smithwick F, Nordén KK, Saitta ET, Lozano-Fernandez J, Tanner AR, Caron JB, Edgecombe GD, Briggs DEG, Vinther J. Soft-Bodied Fossils Are Not Simply Rotten Carcasses - Toward a Holistic Understanding of Exceptional Fossil Preservation. Bioessays 2017; 40. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Parry
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road Bristol BS8 1RJ UK
- Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Fiann Smithwick
- Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada
| | - Klara K. Nordén
- Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada
| | - Evan T. Saitta
- Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada
| | - Jesus Lozano-Fernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol; Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Alastair R. Tanner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol; Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road Bristol BS8 1RJ UK
| | - Gregory D. Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University; 210 Whitney Avenue New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; 170 Whitney Avenue New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Earth Sciences, University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Jakob Vinther
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building; Queen's Road Bristol BS8 1RJ UK
- Royal Ontario Museum; 100 Queen's Park Toronto ON M5S 2C6 Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol; Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue Bristol BS8 1TQ UK
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9
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Riley C, Cloutier R, Grogan ED. Similarity of morphological composition and developmental patterning in paired fins of the elephant shark. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9985. [PMID: 28855616 PMCID: PMC5577158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, have two sets of paired appendages, pectoral and pelvic fins in fishes and fore- and hindlimbs in tetrapods. As for paired limbs, paired fins are purported serial homologues, and the advent of pelvic fins has been hypothesized to have resulted from a duplication of the developmental mechanisms present in the pectoral fins, but re-iterated at a posterior location. Developmental similarity of gene expression between pectoral and pelvic fins has been documented in chondrichthyans, but a detailed morphological description of the progression of paired fin development for this group is still lacking. We studied paired fin development in an ontogenetic series of a phylogenetically basal chondrichthyan, the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii. A strong similarity in the morphology and progression of chondrification between the pectoral and pelvic fins was found, which could be interpretated as further evidence of serial homology in paired fins, that could have arisen by duplication. Furthermore, this high degree of morphological and developmental similarity suggests the presence of morphological and developmental modules within paired fins, as observed in paired limbs. This is the first time morphological and developmental modules are described for the paired fins of chimaeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrena Riley
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Eileen D Grogan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19131, USA
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10
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Larouche O, Zelditch ML, Cloutier R. Fin modules: an evolutionary perspective on appendage disparity in basal vertebrates. BMC Biol 2017; 15:32. [PMID: 28449681 PMCID: PMC5406925 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fishes are extremely speciose and also highly disparate in their fin configurations, more specifically in the number of fins present as well as their structure, shape, and size. How they achieved this remarkable disparity is difficult to explain in the absence of any comprehensive overview of the evolutionary history of fish appendages. Fin modularity could provide an explanation for both the observed disparity in fin configurations and the sequential appearance of new fins. Modularity is considered as an important prerequisite for the evolvability of living systems, enabling individual modules to be optimized without interfering with others. Similarities in developmental patterns between some of the fins already suggest that they form developmental modules during ontogeny. At a macroevolutionary scale, these developmental modules could act as evolutionary units of change and contribute to the disparity in fin configurations. This study addresses fin disparity in a phylogenetic perspective, while focusing on the presence/absence and number of each of the median and paired fins. RESULTS Patterns of fin morphological disparity were assessed by mapping fin characters on a new phylogenetic supertree of fish orders. Among agnathans, disparity in fin configurations results from the sequential appearance of novel fins forming various combinations. Both median and paired fins would have appeared first as elongated ribbon-like structures, which were the precursors for more constricted appendages. Among chondrichthyans, disparity in fin configurations relates mostly to median fin losses. Among actinopterygians, fin disparity involves fin losses, the addition of novel fins (e.g., the adipose fin), and coordinated duplications of the dorsal and anal fins. Furthermore, some pairs of fins, notably the dorsal/anal and pectoral/pelvic fins, show non-independence in their character distribution, supporting expectations based on developmental and morphological evidence that these fin pairs form evolutionary modules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pectoral/pelvic fins and the dorsal/anal fins form two distinct evolutionary modules, and that the latter is nested within a more inclusive median fins module. Because the modularity hypotheses that we are testing are also supported by developmental and variational data, this constitutes a striking example linking developmental, variational, and evolutionary modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Larouche
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | | | - Richard Cloutier
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
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11
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Richter P, Moritz T. Lessons from the first dorsal fin in atheriniforms-A new mode of dorsal fin development and its phylogenetic implications. J Morphol 2017; 278:848-864. [PMID: 28370120 PMCID: PMC5434871 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The median fins in extant actinopterygians are the product of millions of years of evolution. During this time, different developmental patterns for the dorsal and anal fins emerged leading to a high variation in median fin morphology and ontogeny. In this study, the development of anal and dorsal fins in atheriniforms is described and its consequences for the current phylogenetic hypothesis are discussed. Developmental series of five atheriniform species were investigated using clearing and staining as well as antibody staining. The skeletal elements of the second dorsal fin and the anal fin emerge in a bidirectional pattern. The first dorsal fin, however, arises separately in front of the second dorsal fin after this one is almost completely formed. The pterygiophores of the first dorsal fin, including the interdorsal pterygiophores, develop from caudal to rostral, but the fin‐spines of the first dorsal fin form in the opposite direction. This new mode of fin development has been found in all examined atheriniform species with two dorsal fins. Several morphological characters of atheriniforms, including interdorsal pterygiophores, are also found in one other taxon: the Mugiliformes. Thus, several dorsal fin characteristics may provide evidence for a closer relationship of these two taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Richter
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie & Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Deutsches Meeresmuseum Stralsund, Katharinenberg 14-20, Stralsund, 18439, Germany
| | - Timo Moritz
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie & Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Erbertstraße 1, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Deutsches Meeresmuseum Stralsund, Katharinenberg 14-20, Stralsund, 18439, Germany
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12
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Chang CJ, Tamura K, Ota KG. Open and closed evolutionary paths for drastic morphological changes, involving serial gene duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26838. [PMID: 27220684 PMCID: PMC4879570 DOI: 10.1038/srep26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-tail goldfish strains are examples of drastic morphological alterations that emerged through domestication. Although this mutation is known to be caused by deficiency of one of two duplicated chordin genes, it is unknown why equivalent mutations have not been observed in other domesticated fish species. Here, we compared the chordin gene morphant phenotypes of single-tail goldfish and common carp (close relatives, both of which underwent chordin gene duplication and domestication). Morpholino-induced knockdown depleted chordin gene expression in both species; however, while knockdown reproduced twin-tail morphology in single-tail goldfish, it had no effect on common carp morphology. This difference can be explained by the observation that expression patterns of the duplicated chordin genes overlap completely in common carp, but are sub-functionalized in goldfish. Our finding implies that goldfish drastic morphological changes might be enhanced by the subsequent occurrence of three different types of evolutionary event (duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection) in a certain order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kinya G. Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
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Westcot SE, Hatzold J, Urban MD, Richetti SK, Skuster KJ, Harm RM, Lopez Cervera R, Umemoto N, McNulty MS, Clark KJ, Hammerschmidt M, Ekker SC. Protein-Trap Insertional Mutagenesis Uncovers New Genes Involved in Zebrafish Skin Development, Including a Neuregulin 2a-Based ErbB Signaling Pathway Required during Median Fin Fold Morphogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130688. [PMID: 26110643 PMCID: PMC4482254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders are widespread, but available treatments are limited. A more comprehensive understanding of skin development mechanisms will drive identification of new treatment targets and modalities. Here we report the Zebrafish Integument Project (ZIP), an expression-driven platform for identifying new skin genes and phenotypes in the vertebrate model Danio rerio (zebrafish). In vivo selection for skin-specific expression of gene-break transposon (GBT) mutant lines identified eleven new, revertible GBT alleles of genes involved in skin development. Eight genes—fras1, grip1, hmcn1, msxc, col4a4, ahnak, capn12, and nrg2a—had been described in an integumentary context to varying degrees, while arhgef25b, fkbp10b, and megf6a emerged as novel skin genes. Embryos homozygous for a GBT insertion within neuregulin 2a (nrg2a) revealed a novel requirement for a Neuregulin 2a (Nrg2a) – ErbB2/3 – AKT signaling pathway governing the apicobasal organization of a subset of epidermal cells during median fin fold (MFF) morphogenesis. In nrg2a mutant larvae, the basal keratinocytes within the apical MFF, known as ridge cells, displayed reduced pAKT levels as well as reduced apical domains and exaggerated basolateral domains. Those defects compromised proper ridge cell elongation into a flattened epithelial morphology, resulting in thickened MFF edges. Pharmacological inhibition verified that Nrg2a signals through the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase network. Moreover, knockdown of the epithelial polarity regulator and tumor suppressor lgl2 ameliorated the nrg2a mutant phenotype. Identifying Lgl2 as an antagonist of Nrg2a – ErbB signaling revealed a significantly earlier role for Lgl2 during epidermal morphogenesis than has been described to date. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that successive, coordinated ridge cell shape changes drive apical MFF development, making MFF ridge cells a valuable model for investigating how the coordinated regulation of cell polarity and cell shape changes serves as a crucial mechanism of epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Westcot
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julia Hatzold
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Biocenter, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark D. Urban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stefânia K. Richetti
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Biocenter, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kimberly J. Skuster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rhianna M. Harm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Roberto Lopez Cervera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Noriko Umemoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Melissa S. McNulty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Biocenter, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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A primitive fish from the Cambrian of North America. Nature 2014; 512:419-22. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Freitas R, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Rodrigues PN. New frontiers in the evolution of fin development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 322:540-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Freitas
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular; Porto Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Nuno Rodrigues
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular; Porto Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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Nuño de la Rosa L, Müller GB, Metscher BD. The lateral mesodermal divide: an epigenetic model of the origin of paired fins. Evol Dev 2014; 16:38-48. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nuño de la Rosa
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research; Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2 3422 Altenberg Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research; Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2 3422 Altenberg Austria
| | - Brian D. Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
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Erwin DH, Laflamme M, Tweedt SM, Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 2012; 334:1091-7. [PMID: 22116879 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diverse bilaterian clades emerged apparently within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and ecological causes have been proposed to explain this abrupt appearance. A compilation of the patterns of fossil and molecular diversification, comparative developmental data, and information on ecological feeding strategies indicate that the major animal clades diverged many tens of millions of years before their first appearance in the fossil record, demonstrating a macroevolutionary lag between the establishment of their developmental toolkits during the Cryogenian [(850 to 635 million years ago (Ma)], and the later ecological success of metazoans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods. We argue that this diversification involved new forms of developmental regulation, as well as innovations in networks of ecological interaction within the context of permissive environmental circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
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18
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Tanaka M, Onimaru K. Acquisition of the paired fins: a view from the sequential evolution of the lateral plate mesoderm. Evol Dev 2012; 14:412-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Morris SC, Caron JB. Pikaia gracilens Walcott, a stem-group chordate from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:480-512. [PMID: 22385518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Middle Cambrian Pikaia gracilens (Walcott) has an iconic position as a Cambrian chordate, but until now no detailed description has been available. Here on the basis of the 114 available specimens we review its anatomy, confirm its place in the chordates and explore with varying degrees of confidence its relationships to both extant and extinct chordates and other deuterostomes. The body of Pikaia is fusiform, laterally compressed and possesses about 100 myomeres. The head is small, bilobed and bears two narrow tentacles. There is no evidence for eyes. Apart from a thin dorsal fin (without finrays) and a series of at least nine bilaterally arranged appendages with possible pharyngeal pores at the anterior end, there are no other external features. In addition to the musculature the internal anatomy includes an alimentary canal, the anterior of which forms a prominent lenticular unit that is almost invariably preserved in positive relief. The cavity is interpreted as pharyngeal, implying that the mouth itself was almost terminal. The posterior extension of the gut is unclear although the anus appears to have been terminal. The most prominent internal structure is a reflectively preserved unit, possibly hollow, termed here the dorsal organ. Although formerly interpreted as a notochord its position and size make this less likely. Its original function remains uncertain, but it could have formed a storage organ. Ventral to the dorsal organ a narrower strand of tissue is interpreted as representing the nerve chord and notochord. In addition to these structures, there is also evidence for a vascular system, including a ventral blood vessel. The position of Pikaia in the chordates is largely based on the presence of sigmoidal myomeres, and the more tentative identification of a notochord. In many other respects, Pikaia differs from the expected nature of primitive chordates, especially as revealed in amphioxus and the Cambrian record (including Cathaymyrus, Haikouichthys, Metaspriggina, Myllokunmingia, and Zhongxiniscus). Whilst the possibility that Pikaia is simply convergent on the chordates cannot be dismissed, we prefer to build a scenario that regards Pikaia as the most stem-ward of the chordates with links to the phylogenetically controversial yunnanozoans. This hypothesis has implications for the evolution of the myomeres, notochord and gills. Finally, the wealth of material of Pikaia indicates that, although by definition there must be some sort of taphonomic imprint, the consistency of preservational details allows a reliable reconstruction of the anatomy and does not significantly erode phylogenetically relevant characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Conway Morris
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK.
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20
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Sanders KL, Lee MSY. Arthropod molecular divergence times and the Cambrian origin of pentastomids. SYST BIODIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000903562012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Llorens C, Muñoz-Pomer A, Bernad L, Botella H, Moya A. Network dynamics of eukaryotic LTR retroelements beyond phylogenetic trees. Biol Direct 2009; 4:41. [PMID: 19883502 PMCID: PMC2774666 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing projects have allowed diverse retroviruses and LTR retrotransposons from different eukaryotic organisms to be characterized. It is known that retroviruses and other retro-transcribing viruses evolve from LTR retrotransposons and that this whole system clusters into five families: Ty3/Gypsy, Retroviridae, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao and Caulimoviridae. Phylogenetic analyses usually show that these split into multiple distinct lineages but what is yet to be understood is how deep evolution occurred in this system. RESULTS We combined phylogenetic and graph analyses to investigate the history of LTR retroelements both as a tree and as a network. We used 268 non-redundant LTR retroelements, many of them introduced for the first time in this work, to elucidate all possible LTR retroelement phylogenetic patterns. These were superimposed over the tree of eukaryotes to investigate the dynamics of the system, at distinct evolutionary times. Next, we investigated phenotypic features such as duplication and variability of amino acid motifs, and several differences in genomic ORF organization. Using this information we characterized eight reticulate evolution markers to construct phenotypic network models. CONCLUSION The evolutionary history of LTR retroelements can be traced as a time-evolving network that depends on phylogenetic patterns, epigenetic host-factors and phenotypic plasticity. The Ty1/Copia and the Ty3/Gypsy families represent the oldest patterns in this network that we found mimics eukaryotic macroevolution. The emergence of the Bel/Pao, Retroviridae and Caulimoviridae families in this network can be related with distinct inflations of the Ty3/Gypsy family, at distinct evolutionary times. This suggests that Ty3/Gypsy ancestors diversified much more than their Ty1/Copia counterparts, at distinct geological eras. Consistent with the principle of preferential attachment, the connectivities among phenotypic markers, taken as network-represented combinations, are power-law distributed. This evidences an inflationary mode of evolution where the system diversity; 1) expands continuously alternating vertical and gradual processes of phylogenetic divergence with episodes of modular, saltatory and reticulate evolution; 2) is governed by the intrinsic capability of distinct LTR retroelement host-communities to self-organize their phenotypes according to emergent laws characteristic of complex systems. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Eugene V. Koonin, Eric Bapteste, and Enmanuelle Lerat (nominated by King Jordan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Llorens
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz-Pomer
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Computación (DSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Bernad
- Biotechvana, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hector Botella
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Área de Paleontología, Dpto. Geología, Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBIBE), Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Shu DG, Conway Morris S, Zhang ZF, Han J. The earliest history of the deuterostomes: the importance of the Chengjiang Fossil-Lagerstatte. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:165-74. [PMID: 19439437 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the broad framework of deuterostome evolution is now clear, the remarkable diversity of extant forms within this group has rendered the nature of the ancestral types problematic: what, for example, does the common ancestor of a sea urchin and lamprey actually look like? The answer to such questions can be addressed on the basis of remarkably well-preserved fossils from Cambrian Lagerstätten, not least the celebrated Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Yunnan, China). This deposit is particularly important because of its rich diversity of deuterostomes. These include some of the earliest known representatives, among which are the first vertebrates, as well as more enigmatic groups, notably the vetulicolians and yunnanozoans. The latter groups, in particular, have been the subject of some radical divergences in opinion as to their exact phylogenetic placements. Here, we both review the known diversity of Chengjiang deuterostomes and in particular argue that the vetulicolians and yunnanozoans represent very primitive deuterostomes. Moreover, in the latter case we present new data to indicate that the yunnanozoans are unlikely to be any sort of chordate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-G Shu
- Early Life Institute & Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Swalla BJ, Smith AB. Deciphering deuterostome phylogeny: molecular, morphological and palaeontological perspectives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:1557-68. [PMID: 18192178 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterostomes are a monophyletic group of animals that include the vertebrates, invertebrate chordates, ambulacrarians and xenoturbellids. Fossil representatives from most major deuterostome groups, including some phylum-level crown groups, are found in the Lower Cambrian, suggesting that evolutionary divergence occurred in the Late Precambrian, in agreement with some molecular clock estimates. Molecular phylogenies, larval morphology and the adult heart/kidney complex all support echinoderms and hemichordates as a sister grouping (Ambulacraria). Xenoturbellids are a relatively newly discovered phylum of worm-like deuterostomes that lacks a fossil record, but molecular evidence suggests that these animals are a sister group to the Ambulacraria. Within the chordates, cephalochordates share large stretches of chromosomal synteny with the vertebrates, have a complete Hox complex and are sister group to the vertebrates based on ribosomal and mitochondrial gene evidence. In contrast, tunicates have a highly derived adult body plan and are sister group to the vertebrates based on the analyses of concatenated genomic sequences. Cephalochordates and hemichordates share gill slits and an acellular cartilage, suggesting that the ancestral deuterostome also shared these features. Gene network data suggest that the deuterostome ancestor had an anterior-posterior body axis specified by Hox and Wnt genes, a dorsoventral axis specified by a BMP/chordin gradient, and was bilaterally symmetrical with left-right asymmetry determined by expression of nodal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie J Swalla
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA.
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24
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Chen A, Huang D. Gill rays of primitive vertebrate Yunnanozoon from Early Cambrian: a first record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-008-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Cole NJ, Currie PD. Insights from sharks: evolutionary and developmental models of fin development. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2421-31. [PMID: 17676641 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The shark and its embryology have recently returned to the spotlight as a model animal in the quest to determine the origins of paired appendages during vertebrate evolution. As the most basal living gnathostomes, sharks and other extant chondrichthyans are ideal models to elucidate the developmental mechanisms utilised in mesoderm-derived primitive fin morphologies. Chondrichthyans occupy a phylogenetic position and possess morphological structures that can answer major questions on the origin of the body plan of vertebrates. This review will outline the past, present, and future use of shark species as a model system with particular emphasis on the recent studies that have utilised comparative molecular embryology of chondrichthyan species to examine the question of the origin of the paired fins. We will also examine the problems and pitfalls of utilising chondrichthyans and the barriers that remain to their utilisation in the modern era of developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cole
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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26
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27
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Freitas R, Zhang G, Cohn MJ. Biphasic Hoxd gene expression in shark paired fins reveals an ancient origin of the distal limb domain. PLoS One 2007; 2:e754. [PMID: 17710153 PMCID: PMC1937022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition of fins to limbs involved development of a new suite of distal skeletal structures, the digits. During tetrapod limb development, genes at the 5' end of the HoxD cluster are expressed in two spatiotemporally distinct phases. In the first phase, Hoxd9-13 are activated sequentially and form nested domains along the anteroposterior axis of the limb. This initial phase patterns the limb from its proximal limit to the middle of the forearm. Later in development, a second wave of transcription results in 5' HoxD gene expression along the distal end of the limb bud, which regulates formation of digits. Studies of zebrafish fins showed that the second phase of Hox expression does not occur, leading to the idea that the origin of digits was driven by addition of the distal Hox expression domain in the earliest tetrapods. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating Hoxd gene expression during paired fin development in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula, a member of the most basal lineage of jawed vertebrates. We report that at early stages, 5'Hoxd genes are expressed in anteroposteriorly nested patterns, consistent with the initial wave of Hoxd transcription in teleost and tetrapod paired appendages. Unexpectedly, a second phase of expression occurs at later stages of shark fin development, in which Hoxd12 and Hoxd13 are re-expressed along the distal margin of the fin buds. This second phase is similar to that observed in tetrapod limbs. The results indicate that a second, distal phase of Hoxd gene expression is not uniquely associated with tetrapod digit development, but is more likely a plesiomorphic condition present the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans. We propose that a temporal extension, rather than de novo activation, of Hoxd expression in the distal part of the fin may have led to the evolution of digits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Freitas
- Department of Zoology, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United Sates of America
| | - GuangJun Zhang
- Department of Zoology, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United Sates of America
| | - Martin J. Cohn
- Department of Zoology, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United Sates of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Pradel A, Sansom IJ, Gagnier PY, Cespedes R, Janvier P. The tail of the Ordovician fish Sacabambaspis. Biol Lett 2007; 3:72-5. [PMID: 17443969 PMCID: PMC2373808 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tail of the earliest known articulated fully skeletonized vertebrate, the arandaspid Sacabambaspis from the Ordovician of Bolivia, is redescribed on the basis of further preparation of the only specimen in which it is most extensively preserved. The first, but soon discarded, reconstruction, which assumed the presence of a long horizontal notochordal lobe separating equal sized dorsal and ventral fin webs, appears to have considerable merit. Although the ventral web is significantly smaller than the dorsal one, the presence of a very long notochordal lobe bearing a small terminal web is confirmed. The discrepancy in the size of the ventral and dorsal webs rather suggests that the tail was hypocercal, a condition that would better accord with the caudal morphology of the living agnathans and the other jawless stem gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pradel
- UMR 5143 du CNRS, Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, Département Histoire de la Terre, CP38, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan. J Sansom
- Earth Sciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pierre-Yves Gagnier
- Département des Galeries, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle57, rue Cuvier, 75230 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Ricardo Cespedes
- Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'OrbignyAv. Potosi 1458, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Philippe Janvier
- UMR 5143 du CNRS, Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements, Département Histoire de la Terre, CP38, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- The Natural History MuseumLondon SW7 5BD, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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Kusakabe R, Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:2410-20. [PMID: 17477393 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lampreys, a jawless vertebrate species, lack not only jaws but also several other organs, including ventral migratory muscles shared by gnathostomes. In the lamprey embryo, the mesoderm consists primarily of unsegmented head mesoderm, segmented somites, and yet uncharacterized lateral plate mesoderm, as in gnathostomes. Although the adult lamprey possesses segmented myotomes in the head, the head mesoderm of this animal is primarily unsegmented, similar to that in gnathostomes. In the trunk, the large part of lamprey somites is destined to form myotomes, and the Pax3/7 gene expression domain in the lateral part of somites is suggested to represent a dermomyotome homologue. Lamprey myotomes are not segregated by a horizontal myoseptum, which has been regarded as consistent with the apparent absence of a migratory population of hypaxial muscles shared by gnathostomes. However, recent analysis suggests that lampreys have established the gene regulatory cascade necessary for the ventrally migrating myoblasts, which functions in part during the development of the primordial hypobranchial muscle. There have also been new insights on the developmental cascade of lamprey cartilages, in which the Sox family of transcription factors plays major roles, as in gnathostomes. Thus, mesoderm development in lampreys may represent the ancestral state of gene regulatory mechanisms required for the evolution of the complex and diverse body plan of gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Minatojima-Minami, Kobe, Japan.
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Abe G, Ide H, Tamura K. Function of FGF signaling in the developmental process of the median fin fold in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2006; 304:355-66. [PMID: 17258191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Median fins, unpaired appendages in fish, are fundamental locomotory organs that are believed to have evolved before paired lateral appendages in vertebrates. However, the early process of median fin development remains largely unknown. We investigated the early development of the median fin fold, a rudiment of median fins, and report here the process in zebrafish embryos and the function of FGF signaling in the process. Using expressions of three genes, dlx5a, sp9 and fgf24, as markers of different phases of fold development, our findings suggest that the early process of median fin fold development can be divided into two steps, specification of the median fin fold territory and construction of the fold structure. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays revealed that FGF signaling plays roles in each step, suggesting a common mechanism for the development of median appendages and paired lateral appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Pasini A, Amiel A, Rothbächer U, Roure A, Lemaire P, Darras S. Formation of the ascidian epidermal sensory neurons: insights into the origin of the chordate peripheral nervous system. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e225. [PMID: 16787106 PMCID: PMC1481523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) originates from neural crest and placodes. While its developmental origin is the object of intense studies, little is known concerning its evolutionary history. To address this question, we analyzed the formation of the larval tail PNS in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. The tail PNS of Ciona is made of sensory neurons located within the epidermis midlines and extending processes in the overlying tunic median fin. We show that each midline corresponds to a single longitudinal row of epidermal cells and neurons sharing common progenitors. This simple organization is observed throughout the tail epidermis, which is made of only eight single-cell rows, each expressing a specific genetic program. We next demonstrate that the epidermal neurons are specified in two consecutive steps. During cleavage and gastrula stages, the dorsal and ventral midlines are independently induced by FGF9/16/20 and the BMP ligand ADMP, respectively. Subsequently, Delta/Notch-mediated lateral inhibition controls the number of neurons formed within these neurogenic regions. These results provide a comprehensive overview of PNS formation in ascidian and uncover surprising similarities between the fate maps and embryological mechanisms underlying formation of ascidian neurogenic epidermis midlines and the vertebrate median fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pasini
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Aldine Amiel
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Ute Rothbächer
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Roure
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Lemaire
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Darras
- 1Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR6216, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Conway Morris S. Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:1069-83. [PMID: 16754615 PMCID: PMC1578734 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cambrian 'explosion' is widely regarded as one of the fulcrum points in the history of life, yet its origins and causes remain deeply controversial. New data from the fossil record, especially of Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten, indicate, however, that the assembly of bodyplans is not only largely a Cambrian phenomenon, but can already be documented in fair detail. This speaks against a much more ancient origin of the metazoans, and current work is doing much to reconcile the apparent discrepancies between the fossil record, including the Ediacaran assemblages of latest Neoproterozoic age and molecular 'clocks'. Hypotheses to explain the Cambrian 'explosion' continue to be generated, but the recurrent confusion of cause and effect suggests that the wrong sort of question is being asked. Here I propose that despite its step-like function this evolutionary event is the inevitable consequence of Earth and biospheric change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Conway Morris
- University of Cambridge, Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
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Freitas R, Zhang G, Cohn MJ. Evidence that mechanisms of fin development evolved in the midline of early vertebrates. Nature 2006; 442:1033-7. [PMID: 16878142 DOI: 10.1038/nature04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin of paired appendages was a major evolutionary innovation for vertebrates, marking the first step towards fin- (and later limb-) driven locomotion. The earliest vertebrate fossils lack paired fins but have well-developed median fins, suggesting that the mechanisms of fin development were assembled first in the midline. Here we show that shark median fin development involves the same genetic programs that operate in paired appendages. Using molecular markers for different cell types, we show that median fins arise predominantly from somitic (paraxial) mesoderm, whereas paired appendages develop from lateral plate mesoderm. Expression of Hoxd and Tbx18 genes, which specify paired limb positions, also delineates the positions of median fins. Proximodistal development of median fins occurs beneath an apical ectodermal ridge, the structure that controls outgrowth of paired appendages. Each median fin bud then acquires an anteroposteriorly-nested pattern of Hoxd expression similar to that which establishes skeletal polarity in limbs. Thus, despite their different embryonic origins, paired and median fins utilize a common suite of developmental mechanisms. We extended our analysis to lampreys, which diverged from the lineage leading to gnathostomes before the origin of paired appendages, and show that their median fins also develop from somites and express orthologous Hox and Tbx genes. Together these results suggest that the molecular mechanisms for fin development originated in somitic mesoderm of early vertebrates, and that the origin of paired appendages was associated with re-deployment of these mechanisms to lateral plate mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Freitas
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70.079-Santiago 7, Santiago, Chile.
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