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Khramova YV, Katrukha VA, Chebanenko VV, Kostyuk AI, Gorbunov NP, Panasenko OM, Sokolov AV, Bilan DS. Reactive Halogen Species: Role in Living Systems and Current Research Approaches. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S90-S111. [PMID: 38621746 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Reactive halogen species (RHS) are highly reactive compounds that are normally required for regulation of immune response, inflammatory reactions, enzyme function, etc. At the same time, hyperproduction of highly reactive compounds leads to the development of various socially significant diseases - asthma, pulmonary hypertension, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases, retinopathy, and many others. The main sources of (pseudo)hypohalous acids are enzymes from the family of heme peroxidases - myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and thyroid peroxidase. Main targets of these compounds are proteins and peptides, primarily methionine and cysteine residues. Due to the short lifetime, detection of RHS can be difficult. The most common approach is detection of myeloperoxidase, which is thought to reflect the amount of RHS produced, but these methods are indirect, and the results are often contradictory. The most promising approaches seem to be those that provide direct registration of highly reactive compounds themselves or products of their interaction with components of living cells, such as fluorescent dyes. However, even such methods have a number of limitations and can often be applied mainly for in vitro studies with cell culture. Detection of reactive halogen species in living organisms in real time is a particularly acute issue. The present review is devoted to RHS, their characteristics, chemical properties, peculiarities of interaction with components of living cells, and methods of their detection in living systems. Special attention is paid to the genetically encoded tools, which have been introduced recently and allow avoiding a number of difficulties when working with living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Khramova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Veronika A Katrukha
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victoria V Chebanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander I Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - Oleg M Panasenko
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Alexey V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Nunes MT. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate: Environmental relevant NIS-inhibitors pollutants and their impact on thyroid function and human health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:995503. [PMID: 36339434 PMCID: PMC9633673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.995503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disruptors are found in food, atmosphere, soil, and water. These contaminants interfere with the thyroid function through the impairment of thyroid hormone synthesis, plasma transport, peripheral metabolism, transport into the target cells, and thyroid hormone action. It is well known that iodide uptake mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is the first limiting step involved in thyroid hormones production. Therefore, it has been described that several thyroid disruptors interfere with the thyroid function through the regulation of NIS expression and/or activity. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate competitively inhibit the NIS-mediated iodide uptake. These contaminants are mainly found in food, water and in the smoke of cigarettes. Although the impact of the human exposure to these anions is highly controversial, some studies indicated their deleterious effects in the thyroid function, especially in individuals living in iodine deficient areas. Considering the critical role of thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones for growth, metabolism, and development, this review summarizes the impact of the exposure to these NIS-inhibitors on thyroid function and their consequences for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular e Translacional (LEMT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Serrano-Nascimento, ; Maria Tereza Nunes,
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Serrano-Nascimento, ; Maria Tereza Nunes,
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Bhattacharya U, Chandra AK. Assessment of Iodine Nutritional Status of School-Age Children in Kolkata District of West Bengal State in Post-Iodation Scenario. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65:55-62. [PMID: 29660100 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the state of iodine nutrition in post-iodation scenario, 3500 children were examined clinically for endemic goitre. Iodine and thiocyanate were measured in 240 urine samples; iodine content in 210 salt samples was measured. Total goitre prevalence was 6.1%. Median urinary iodine level was 21.80 µg/dl, and mean (±SD) urinary thiocyanate was 0.89 ± 0.49 mg/dl. Iodine content of only 11.9% salt samples was below recommended level of 15 ppm, 25.2% was between 15 and 30 ppm and 62.9% was >30 ppm. Iodine deficiency disorders are thus clinically mild public health problem of the studied population; however, they have no biochemical iodine deficiency. Studied population found exposed to thiocyanate load that might be the possible cause for persistence of endemic goitre. People of Kolkata should be advised to eat commonly consumed goitrogenic foods after boiling and decanting the water. Periodical monitoring and evaluation of iodine status should be mandatory.
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Mondal C, Chandra AK. Goitrogenic/antithyroidal potential of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) of Indian origin on thyroid status in male albino rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000218005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Popova EV, Tinkov AA, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalnaya MG, Skalny AV. Boron – A potential goiterogen? Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:63-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Willemin ME, Lumen A. Thiocyanate: a review and evaluation of the kinetics and the modes of action for thyroid hormone perturbations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1281590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emilie Willemin
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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von Oettingen JE, Brathwaite TD, Carpenter C, Bonnell R, He X, Braverman LE, Pearce EN, Larco P, Larco NC, Jean-Baptiste E, Brown RS. Population Survey of Iodine Deficiency and Environmental Disruptors of Thyroid Function in Young Children in Haiti. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:644-651. [PMID: 27768855 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable neurodevelopmental delay in children worldwide and a possible public health concern in Haiti. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency in Haitian young children and its influence by environmental factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study, March through June 2015. SETTING Community churches in 3 geographical regions in Haiti. PARTICIPANTS 299 healthy Haitian children aged 9 months to 6 years; one-third each enrolled in a coastal, mountainous, and urban region. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Urinary iodide, serum thyrotropin (TSH), goiter assessment, and urinary perchlorate and thiocyanate. RESULTS Mean age was 3.3±1.6 years, with 51% female, median family income USD 30/week, and 16% malnutrition. Median urinary iodide levels were normal in coastal (145 μg/L, interquartile range [IQR] 97 to 241) and urban regions (187 μg/L, IQR 92 to 316), but revealed mild iodine deficiency in a mountainous region (89 μg/L, IQR 56 to 129), P < 0.0001. Grade 1 goiters were palpated in 2 children, but TSH values were normal. Urinary thiocyanate and perchlorate concentrations were not elevated. Predictors of higher urinary iodide included higher urinary thiocyanate and perchlorate, breastfeeding, and not living in a mountainous region. CONCLUSIONS Areas of mild iodine deficiency persist in Haiti's mountainous regions. Exposure to two well-understood environmental thyroid function disruptors is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E von Oettingen
- Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | - Ric Bonnell
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, Texas 78723
| | - Xuemei He
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Lewis E Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Philippe Larco
- Fondation Haïtienne de Diabète et de Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Port au Prince HT6112, Haiti; and
| | - Nancy Charles Larco
- Fondation Haïtienne de Diabète et de Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Port au Prince HT6112, Haiti; and
| | - Eddy Jean-Baptiste
- Fondation Haïtienne de Diabète et de Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Port au Prince HT6112, Haiti; and
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Razavian AS, Ghoreishi SM, Esmaeily AS, Behpour M, Monzon LMA, Coey JMD. Simultaneous sensing of L-tyrosine and epinephrine using a glassy carbon electrode modified with nafion and CeO2 nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Song M, Kim YJ, Park YK, Ryu JC. Changes in thyroid peroxidase activity in response to various chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2121-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Thiocyanate status does not play a role in the etiology of residual goiter in school children of Isfahan, Iran. World J Pediatr 2010; 6:357-60. [PMID: 21080148 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-010-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite long standing iodine supplementation in Iran the prevalence of goiter remains high in some areas. In the present study we investigated the possible role of thiocyanate as a goitrogen in the etiology of goiter in Isfahan, Iran. METHODS A total of 2331 (6-13 year old) school children were selected by multistage random sampling. Thyroid size was estimated in each child by inspection and palpation. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary thiocyanate (USCN) were measured. RESULTS Overall, 32.9% of the 2331 students had goiter. The median UIC was 195.5 μg/L. The mean ± SD of USCN in goitrous and nongoitrous subjects was 0.42 ± 0.28 mg/dL and 0.41 ± 0.32 mg/dL, respectively (P=0.86). USCN level in goitrous and nongoitrous boys was 0.41 ± 0.32 mg/dL and 0.43 ± 0.37 mg/dL, respectively (P=0.67). USCN level in goitrous and nongoitrous girls was 0.43 ± 0.26 mg/dL and 0.40 ± 0.28 mg/dL, respectively (P=0.43). CONCLUSIONS Thiocyanate overload does not play a role in high prevalence of goiter in the studied population. We suggest the role of other goitrogenic factors should be investigated in this region.
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Assey VD, Greiner T, Mzee RK, Abuu H, Mgoba C, Kimboka S, Peterson S. Iodine deficiency persists in the Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania. Food Nutr Bull 2007; 27:292-9. [PMID: 17209470 DOI: 10.1177/156482650602700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal human growth and development. It is estimated that more than 1.6 billion people live in iodine-deficient environments, yet there are still some countries and areas where the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders is unknown. OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders in the Zanzibar Islands, a community assumed to have ready access to iodine-rich seafoods. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 11,967 schoolchildren were palpated for goiter prevalence, a subsample was evaluated for urinary iodine concentration, and the availability of iodated salt was assessed at the household and retail levels. RESULTS The mean total goiter prevalence was 21.3% for Unguja and 32.0% for Pemba. The overall median urinary iodine concentration was 127.5 microg/L. For Unguja the median was 185.7 microg/L, a higher value than the median of 53.4 microg/L for Pemba (p < .01). The household availability of iodated salt was 63.5% in Unguja and 1.0% in Pemba. The community was not aware of the iodine-deficiency problem and had never heard of iodated salt. CONCLUSIONS The inadequate intake of iodine documented in the Zanzibar Islands belies the common assumption that an island population with access to seafood is not at risk for iodine-deficiency disorders. We urge health planners to implement mandatory salt iodation and education efforts to alleviate the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Assey
- Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Abstract
Thiocyanate [SCN-] is a complex anion which is a potent inhibitor of iodide transport. It is the detoxification product of cyanide and can easily be measured in body fluids. Consumption of naturally occurring goitrogens, certain environmental toxins and cigarette smoke can significantly increase SCN- concentrations to levels potentially capable of affecting the thyroid gland. Goiter endemics were reported to develop when the critical urinary iodine/ SCN- ratio decreases below 3 microg iodine per mg SCN-. Iodine supplementation completely reverses the goitrogenic influence of SCN-. SCN- is also generated from cigarette smoking as a detoxifying product of cyanide. During the past two decades many reports dealt with the possible effects of cigarette smoking on thyroid hormone synthesis, thyroid gland size and thyroid autoimmunity including infiltrative ophtalmopathy of Graves' disease. In this mini-review, issues regarding thiocyanate overload and thyroid disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Faik Erdogan
- Ankara University, Medical School, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ibni Sina Hastanesi, 10. Kat, D Blok, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Muller AF, Drexhage HA, Berghout A. Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocr Rev 2001; 22:605-30. [PMID: 11588143 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.5.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum thyroiditis is a syndrome of transient or permanent thyroid dysfunction occurring in the first year after delivery and based on an autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid. The prevalence ranges from 5-7%. We discuss the role of antibodies (especially thyroid peroxidase antibodies), complement, activated T cells, and apoptosis in the outbreak of postpartum thyroiditis. Postpartum thyroiditis is conceptualized as an acute phase of autoimmune thyroid destruction in the context of an existing and ongoing process of thyroid autosensitization. From pregnancy an enhanced state of immune tolerance ensues. A rebound reaction to this pregnancy-associated immune suppression after delivery explains the aggravation of autoimmune syndromes in the puerperal period, e.g., the occurrence of clinically overt postpartum thyroiditis. Low thyroid reserve due to autoimmune thyroiditis is increasingly recognized as a serious health problem. 1) Thyroid autoimmunity increases the probability of spontaneous fetal loss. 2) Thyroid failure due to autoimmune thyroiditis-often mild and subclinical-can lead to permanent and significant impairment in neuropsychological performance of the offspring. 3) Evidence is emerging that as women age subclinical hypothyroidism-as a sequel of postpartum thyroiditis-predisposes them to cardiovascular disease. Hence, postpartum thyroiditis is no longer considered a mild and transient disorder. Screening is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Muller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Duthoit C, Estienne V, Delom F, Durand-Gorde JM, Mallet B, Carayon P, Ruf J. Production of immunoreactive thyroglobulin C-terminal fragments during thyroid hormone synthesis. Endocrinology 2000; 141:2518-25. [PMID: 10875253 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.7.7573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we studied the fragmentation of the prothyroid hormone, thyroglobulin (Tg), which occurs during thyroid hormone synthesis, a process which involves iodide, thyroperoxidase, and the H2O2-generating system, consisting of glucose and glucose oxidase. Various peptides were found to be immunoreactive to autoantibodies to Tg from patients and monoclonal antibodies directed against the immunodominant region of Tg. The smallest peptide (40 kDa) bore thyroid hormones and was identified at the C-terminal end of the Tg molecule, which shows homologies with acetylcholinesterase. Similar peptides were obtained by performing metal-mediated oxidation of Tg via a Fenton reaction. It was concluded that the oxidative stress induced during hormone synthesis generates free radicals, which, in turn, cleave Tg into immunoreactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duthoit
- Unit 38 of the French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille
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Baudry N, Lejeune PJ, Delom F, Vinet L, Carayon P, Mallet B. Role of multimerized porcine thyroglobulin in iodine storage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 242:292-6. [PMID: 9446787 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg), the prothyroid hormone, is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicles as soluble dimers and tetramers and insoluble multimers, Soluble Tg is well characterized with regards to structure and role, but insoluble Tg (i-Tg) is not. Here we show that i-Tg, multimerized through formation of disulfide and dityrosine bonds, has a higher iodine content than soluble Tg and no thyroid hormones. Furthermore, the size and the resistance of i-Tg to proteolytic enzymes implied a new mechanism by which thyrocytes may degrade this form of Tg. Using peroxidase and H2O2 generating system, we found that about 80% of i-Tg was degraded and 24% of its iodine content was released. Our data point to a role for i-Tg in iodine storage and the involvement of TPO in i-Tg degradation and iodide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baudry
- Faculté de Médecine, Unité 38 INSERM, Marseille, France
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Lukat GS, Doran MB, Utschig LM, Goff HM. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, calcium content, and anion coordination studies of bovine and goat lactoperoxidase. J Inorg Biochem 1993; 50:157-71. [PMID: 8388915 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(93)80022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoperoxidase from two purebred strains and a commercial source as well as lactoperoxidase isolated from Alpine goat milk were examined by proton NMR spectroscopy for structural comparison of the heme site. Hyperfine shifted proton NMR spectra for both the native enzymes and cyanide complexes were equivalent for the protein obtained from the four separate sources. Activity assays (guaiacol and iodide ion oxidations) were also employed to compare the enzyme from various sources. Bovine lactoperoxidase was shown to contain 1.5 +/- 0.1 calcium ions per heme unit. Lactoperoxidase complexes with nitrite ion and thiocyanate ion were characterized for comparison with the cyanide complex. The nitrite complex exhibits a proton NMR hyperfine shift pattern at ambient temperature consistent with a low-spin ferric formulation. Interaction of lactoperoxidase with thiocyanate ion was monitored by NMR and EPR spectroscopy. Proton NMR spectra of lactoperoxidase in the presence of excess thiocyanate ion illustrated the retention of a high-spin ferric configuration consistent with predominant binding of the physiological thiocyanate substrate at a non-heme site at room temperature. However, EPR spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures revealed the existence of a low-spin lactoperoxidase thiocyanate complex. This result may be explained by low-affinity ambient temperature thiocyanate heme binding that is greatly enhanced at liquid helium temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Lukat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Karakaya A, Tunçel N, Alptuna G, Koçer Z, Erbay G. Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid hormone levels. HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 1987; 6:507-9. [PMID: 3692496 DOI: 10.1177/096032718700600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1 Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and urinary thiocyanate levels were examined in healthy smokers and non-smokers as an indicator of smoking behaviour. Smokers were subdivided into moderate and heavy. 2 Significant differences in urinary thiocyanate levels were apparent between all three groups. For heavy smokers, serum T3 concentrations were significantly above the values found in non-smokers. Increased serum T3 levels were not accompanied by a substantial change in serum T4 and TSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karakaya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Turkey
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Schöne F, Lüdke H, Jahreis G, Seffner W, Hennig A. [Effect of iodine, copper and zinc supplements to rations with a high quota of rapeseed extract meal on the growth and thyroid function of fattening swine. 3. The effect on weight and the histomorphometric findings in the thyroid and on the serum T3 and T4 concentrations]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1986; 36:371-80. [PMID: 3741130 DOI: 10.1080/17450398609425286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies were made with a total of 272 fattening pigs. Iodine deficiency both in rations of soya bean meal and rape seed meal increased the weight of the thyroid gland and the height of the epithelium cells and significantly reduced the T4 and T3 level in the serum. Iodine supplements to the rape seed meal rations distinctly diminished the goitrogenic effect, did not, however, cancel it out. Stage of goiter and depression of consumption were--different shown by the T3 and T4 level in the serum. Highly significant relations were calculated between live weight gain, weight and the height of the epithelium cells on the one hand and the T4 level in the serum on the other. Iodine supplementations of rations without thyrostatic components should amount to greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/kg. Iodine supplementations of 0.5 mg/kg feed are at present recommended to rations with rape seed meal quotas of less than 8%.
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Virion A, Courtin F, Dème D, Michot JL, Kaniewski J, Pommier J. Spectral characteristics and catalytic properties of thyroid peroxidase-H2O2 compounds in the iodination and coupling reactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 242:41-7. [PMID: 2996435 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hog thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was highly purified in order to study the spectral properties and catalytic specificities of its H2O2 compounds in iodothyronine biosynthesis. Purified TPO exhibited a Soret spectrum with an absorption maximum at 410 nm and had an A410/A280 value of 0.55. Protein iodination was only catalyzed under conditions which allowed formation of the transient TPO compound I (Fe(IV)-pi o+). On addition of an equimolar amount of H2O2, TPO formed a stable compound with an absorption maximum at 417 nm. This compound efficiently catalyzed the coupling reaction, but was unable to iodinate proteins. It catalyzed the formation of 1 mol iodothyronines/mol TPO, and therefore retained two oxidizing equivalents per molecule. It is proposed that this compound constitutes a second form of compound I whose structure might be Fe(IV)-Ro, analogous to that of cytochrome c peroxidase compound I. In the presence of an excess of H2O2, it formed TPO-compound III with an absorption maximum at 420 nm. TPO-compound III catalyzed neither the iodination nor the coupling reaction.
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Virion A, Michot JL, Deme D, Pommier J. NADPH oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system. Iodide-mediated oxidation of NADPH to iodinated NADP. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 148:239-43. [PMID: 3987687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of NADPH catalyzed by the peroxidase/H2O2 system is known to require the presence of mediating molecules. Using either lactoperoxidase or horseradish peroxidase, we demonstrated that in the peroxidase/H2O2 system, NADPH oxidation was mediated by iodide. The oxidation product was the iodinated NADP. This product was shown to possess spectral characteristics different from those of NADP+ and NADPH, since for iodinated NADP, increased absorbance was observed in the 280-nm region and was directly proportional to the rate of iodination. It is suggested that oxidation and iodination of NADPH proceed via a single reaction between the intermediary iodide oxidation species and NADPH. Experiments with different molecules of NADPH analogues indicated that iodination occurred in the nicotinamide part of the NADPH molecule.
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Deme D, Virion A, Michot JL, Pommier J. Thyroid hormone synthesis and thyroglobulin iodination related to the peroxidase localization of oxidizing equivalents: studies with cytochrome c peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 236:559-66. [PMID: 2982316 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), when combined with a stoichiometric amount of H2O2, form stable compounds I which are known as FeIV Ro and FeIV o pi + structures, respectively. These compounds were assayed in the catalysis of thyroid hormone synthesis and the iodination reaction. As previously shown for the lactoperoxidase FeIV Ro compound, the CcP FeIV Ro compound was involved in the coupling and not in the iodination reactions. In contrast, the HRP FeIV o pi + compound catalyzed both iodination and hormone formation. The possible role of the different peroxidase-H2O2 compounds in the two sequential reactions, thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone formation, is discussed.
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Virion A, Michot JL, Deme D, Kaniewski J, Pommier J. NADPH-dependent H2O2 generation and peroxidase activity in thyroid particular fraction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1984; 36:95-105. [PMID: 6430733 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(84)90088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A NADPH-dependent H2O2 generating system associated with a thyroid particular fraction is described. H2O2 is measured by two different methods: iodination of NADPH itself when the system is supplemented with lactoperoxidase and [125I]iodide, and by the scopoletin method. It is shown that: H2O2 generation is inhibited by catalase and is dependent on NADPH or particulate protein concentration; radical scavengers of OH and of singlet oxygen have no effect while superoxide dismutase has only a marginal effect; disruption of the particular fraction by phospholipase A2 or digitonin treatment completely abolished H2O2 generation activity while thyroid peroxidase activity appears, suggesting different sites for the two activities in the membrane vesicles.
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Costa A, De Filippis V, Barbeni M, Bestagno M, Giraudi G, Grillo C. Thiocyanates and iodine in endemic goiter in Italy. J Endocrinol Invest 1984; 7:103-10. [PMID: 6725867 DOI: 10.1007/bf03348398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Urinary iodine (I) and serum and urinary thiocyanates (SCN-) were determined in sample groups from 12 areas of endemic goiter in Italy. The mean urinary I level of 637 subjects with thyroid 0 was 67 +/- 31 (mean +/- SD) microgram/liter, that of 648 with goiter 54 +/- 29 micrograms/liter. Mean serum and urinary SCN- were 2.44 +/- 1.36 mg/liter and 2.58 +/- 1.36 mg/liter in 887 and 1531 subjects, respectively. The thiocyanates data enabled a distinction to be drawn between two groups (populations). Population I included 73% of the adults and 92% of the school-children (6-16 yr). Its thiocyanate values were logarithmically spread around means of 1.24 +/- 0.6 mg/liter (serum) and 1.24 +/- 0.57 mg/liter (urine), whereas those of population II were widely dispersed around means of 6.1 +/- 3.0 mg/liter and 8.08 +/- 5.5 mg/liter respectively. The boundary between the two populations was set at 3 mg/liter urine SCN-. This distinction was substantiated by the fact that 90% of those in population II smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day, whereas population I comprised occasionally smokers only. It is believed that only the values in population I can be regarded as representative of thiocyanates either endogenous or due to dietary dietary intake: these values never differed more than 60% regardless of the areas, seasons, or dietary habits. As urinary SCN- levels rose, there was also an increase in urinary iodine excretion within certain limits. This, however, did not interfere with thyroid secretion. The urinary I/SCN- ratio was lower in subjects with goiter. This was because their iodine levels were lower, whereas SCN- values were much the same in subjects with and without goiter. We have found no correlation between thiocyanate itself and goiter.
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Ohtaki S, Nakagawa H, Nakamura M, Yamazaki I. One- and two-electron oxidations of tyrosine, monoiodotyrosine, and diiodotyrosine catalyzed by hog thyroid peroxidase. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Courtin F, Deme D, Virion A, Michot JL, Pommier J, Nunez J. The role of lactoperoxidase-H2O2 compounds in the catalysis of thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 124:603-9. [PMID: 7106111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gavaret JM, Cahnmann HJ, Nunez J. Thyroid hormone synthesis in thyroglobulin. The mechanism of the coupling reaction. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Virion A, Deme D, Pommier J, Nunez J. The role of iodide and of free diiodotyrosine in enzymatic and non-enzymatic thyroid hormone synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 118:239-45. [PMID: 7285920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Virion A, Pommier J, Deme D, Nunez J. Kinetics of thyroglobulin iodination and thyroid hormone synthesis catalyzed by peroxidases: the role of H2O2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 117:103-9. [PMID: 7262079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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