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Mortimer CL, Misawa N, Ducreux L, Campbell R, Bramley PM, Taylor M, Fraser PD. Product stability and sequestration mechanisms in Solanum tuberosum engineered to biosynthesize high value ketocarotenoids. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:140-152. [PMID: 25845905 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To produce commercially valuable ketocarotenoids in Solanum tuberosum, the 4, 4' β-oxygenase (crtW) and 3, 3' β-hydroxylase (crtZ) genes from Brevundimonas spp. have been expressed in the plant host under constitutive transcriptional control. The CRTW and CRTZ enzymes are capable of modifying endogenous plant carotenoids to form a range of hydroxylated and ketolated derivatives. The host (cv. Désirée) produced significant levels of nonendogenous carotenoid products in all tissues, but at the apparent expense of the economically critical metabolite, starch. Carotenoid levels increased in both wild-type and transgenic tubers following cold storage; however, stability during heat processing varied between compounds. Subcellular fractionation of leaf tissues revealed the presence of ketocarotenoids in thylakoid membranes, but not predominantly in the photosynthetic complexes. A dramatic increase in the carotenoid content of plastoglobuli was determined. These findings were corroborated by microscopic analysis of chloroplasts. In tuber tissues, esterified carotenoids, representing 13% of the total pigment found in wild-type extracts, were sequestered in plastoglobuli. In the transgenic tubers, this proportion increased to 45%, with esterified nonendogenous carotenoids in place of endogenous compounds. Conversely, nonesterified carotenoids in both wild-type and transgenic tuber tissues were associated with amyloplast membranes and starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Mortimer
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Laurence Ducreux
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Raymond Campbell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter M Bramley
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Mark Taylor
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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Optimized native gel systems for separation of thylakoid protein complexes: novel super- and mega-complexes. Biochem J 2011; 439:207-14. [PMID: 21707535 DOI: 10.1042/bj20102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gel-based analysis of thylakoid membrane protein complexes represents a valuable tool to monitor the dynamics of the photosynthetic machinery. Native-PAGE preserves the components and often also the conformation of the protein complexes, thus enabling the analysis of their subunit composition. Nevertheless, the literature and practical experimentation in the field sometimes raise confusion owing to a great variety of native-PAGE and thylakoid-solubilization systems. In the present paper, we describe optimized methods for separation of higher plant thylakoid membrane protein complexes by native-PAGE addressing particularly: (i) the use of detergent; (ii) the use of solubilization buffer; and (iii) the gel electrophoresis method. Special attention is paid to separation of high-molecular-mass thylakoid membrane super- and mega-complexes from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Several novel super- and mega-complexes including PS (photosystem) I, PSII and LHCs (light-harvesting complexes) in various combinations are reported.
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Li J. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein: Three-dimensional structure of a reconstituted membrane lattice in negative stain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 82:386-90. [PMID: 16593535 PMCID: PMC397043 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of a negatively stained hexagonal membrane lattice containing the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex and phospholipids has been determined to 30-A resolution by image reconstruction from electron micrographs. This lattice has p321 symmetry, a lattice constant of 125 A and a thickness of 75 A. The monomer is shown to be an elongated molecule about 65 A long in the dimension perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. It spans the hydrophobic domain of the membrane in an asymmetric fashion, projecting [unk]20 A from one surface and less from the other. On the basis of this image and available biochemical data, the structure of the complex in the native thylakoid membrane is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Hölzl G, Witt S, Kelly AA, Zähringer U, Warnecke D, Dörmann P, Heinz E. Functional differences between galactolipids and glucolipids revealed in photosynthesis of higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:7512-7. [PMID: 16648262 PMCID: PMC1464369 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600525103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactolipids represent the most abundant lipid class in thylakoid membranes, where oxygenic photosynthesis is performed. The identification of galactolipids at specific sites within photosynthetic complexes by x-ray crystallography implies specific roles for galactolipids during photosynthetic electron transport. The preference for galactose and not for the more abundant sugar glucose in thylakoid lipids and their specific roles in photosynthesis are not understood. Introduction of a bacterial glucosyltransferase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus into the galactolipid-deficient dgd1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in the accumulation of a glucose-containing lipid in the thylakoids. At the same time, the growth defect of the dgd1 mutant was complemented. However, the degree of trimerization of light-harvesting complex II and the photosynthetic quantum yield of transformed dgd1 plants were only partially restored. These results indicate that specific interactions of the galactolipid head group with photosynthetic protein complexes might explain the preference for galactose in thylakoid lipids of higher plants. Therefore, galactose in thylakoid lipids can be exchanged with glucose without severe effects on growth, but the presence of galactose is crucial to maintain maximal photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- *Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Sandra Witt
- *Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Amélie A. Kelly
- *Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medical and Life Sciences, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Dirk Warnecke
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Peter Dörmann
- *Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Ernst Heinz
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; and
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Kirchhoff H, Hinz HJ, Rösgen J. Aggregation and fluorescence quenching of chlorophyll a of the light-harvesting complex II from spinach in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2003; 1606:105-16. [PMID: 14507431 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(03)00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The salt-induced aggregation of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) II isolated from spinach and its correlation with fluorescence quenching of chlorophyll a is reported. Two transitions with distinctly different properties were observed. One transition related to salt-induced fluorescence quenching takes place at low salt concentration and is dependent both on temperature and detergent concentration. This transition seems to be related to a change in the lateral microorganization of LHCII. The second transition occurs at higher salt concentration and involves aggregation. It is independent of temperature and of detergent at sub-cmc concentrations. During the latter transition the small LHCII sheets (approximately 100 nm in diameter) are stacked to form larger aggregates of approximately 3 microm diameter. Based on the comparison between the physical properties of the transition and theoretical models, direct and specific binding of cations can practically be ruled out as driving force for the aggregation. It seems that in vitro aggregation of LHCII is caused by a complex mixture of different effects such as dielectric and electrostatic properties of the solution and surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institut für Botanik, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Suzuki T, Masuda T, Singh DP, Tan FC, Tsuchiya T, Shimada H, Ohta H, Smith AG, Takamiya KI. Two types of ferrochelatase in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues of cucumber: their difference in phylogeny, gene expression, and localization. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4731-7. [PMID: 11675381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105613200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrochelatase catalyzes the insertion of Fe(2+) into protoporphyrin IX to generate protoheme. In higher plants, there is evidence for two isoforms of this enzyme that fulfill different roles. Here, we describe the isolation of a second ferrochelatase cDNA from cucumber (CsFeC2) that was less similar to a previously isolated isoform (CsFeC1) than it was to some ferrochelatases from other higher plants. In in vitro import experiments, the two cucumber isoforms showed characteristics similar to their respective ferrochelatase counterparts of Arabidopsis thaliana. The C-terminal region of CsFeC2 but not CsFeC1 contained a conserved motif found in light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins, and CsFeC2 belonged to a phylogenetic group of plant ferrochelatases containing this conserved motif. We demonstrate that CsFeC2 was localized predominantly in thylakoid membranes as an intrinsic protein, and forming complexes probably with the C-terminal conserved motif, but a minor portion was also detected in envelope membranes. CsFeC2 mRNA was detected in all tissues and was light-responsive in cotyledons, whereas CsFeC1 mRNA was detected in nonphotosynthetic tissues and was not light-responsive. Interestingly, tissue-, light-, and cycloheximide-dependent expressions of the two isoforms of ferrochelatase were similar to those of two glutamyl-tRNA reductase isoforms involved in the early step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, suggesting the existence of distinctly controlled tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
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Breton J, Nabedryk E. Transmembrane orientation of α-helices and the organization of chlorophylls in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Anderson J, Goodchild D. Transbilayer organization of the main chlorophylla/b-protein of photosystem II of thylakoid membranes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Thaler T, Jay FA. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b
-protein complex (LHC). FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yuan J, Henry R, Cline K. Stromal factor plays an essential role in protein integration into thylakoids that cannot be replaced by unfolding or by heat shock protein Hsp70. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8552-6. [PMID: 8378330 PMCID: PMC47395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is an integral thylakoid membrane protein. It is made in the cytosol as a precursor (pLHCP), imported into chloroplasts, and subsequently integrated into thylakoids. Integration of pLHCP into thylakoids requires a stromal protein factor that functions in part to maintain the solubility and integration competence of pLHCP. Recently, it was reported that unfolded pLHCP was sufficient for integration and that the stromal factor, identified as the plastid Hsp70, was required only to prevent pLHCP refolding [Yalovsky, S., Paulsen, H., Michaeli, D., Chitnis, P. R. & Nechushtai, R. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5616-5619]. Our studies, using more rigorous criteria for integration, show that unfolded pLHCP is not sufficient; stromal factor is an absolute requirement for integration. Furthermore, experiments with purified Hsp70 as well as Hsp70-depleted stromal extract demonstrate that Hsp70 is not the stromal factor. These results plus the finding that pLHCP diluted out of urea is relatively stable as a substrate for integration point to an additional role for the stromal factor in targeting and/or membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yuan
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Vallon O, Bogorad L. Topological study of PSI-A and PSI-B, the large subunits of the photosystem-I reaction center. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 214:907-15. [PMID: 8319697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The core of the photosystem-I reaction center is formed by polypeptides PSI-A and PSI-B, the products of the homologous psaA and psaB genes. Based on hydropathy analyses, models have been proposed for the folding of these polypeptide chains in the membrane [Fish, L. E., Kück, U. & Bogorad, L. (1985), in Molecular biology of the photosynthetic apparatus, pp. 111-120, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY]. To test these models, we have tried to identify regions of PSI-A that are exposed to the surrounding medium, on the stromal or lumenal surface of the membrane. Immunogold labeling of thylakoid vesicles, with antibodies to synthetic peptides, shows that residues 413-421 of PSI-A are exposed on the stromal surface of the membrane, and that the accessibility of this region is enhanced by NaSCN treatment, which removes extrinsic polypeptides. This treatment also enhances a trypsin-cleavage site which may lie just after residues 413-421. Immunogold labeling also indicates that residues 371-379 and 497-505 are exposed on the lumenal surface. These results establish the conformation of the central portion of the polypeptide. Assuming that the transmembrane regions are correctly predicted by the 11-helix model, the N-terminal domain, as well as the conserved region proposed to bind the iron-sulfur center FX, would be expected to be on the stromal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vallon
- Institut Jacques Monod/CNRS, Paris, France
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15
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Cammarata KV, Gerald Plumley F, Schmidt GW. Pigment and protein composition of reconstituted light-harvesting complexes and effects of some protein modifications. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1992; 33:235-250. [PMID: 24408667 DOI: 10.1007/bf00030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1992] [Accepted: 05/13/1992] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure and heterogeneity of LHC II were studied by in vitro reconstitution of apoproteins with pigments (Plumley and Schmidt 1987, Proc Natl Acad Sci 84: 146-150). Reconstituted CP 2 complexes purified by LDS-PAGE were subsequently characterized and shown to have spectroscopic properties and pigment-protein compositions and stoichiometries similar to those of authentic complexes. Heterologous reconstitutions utilizing pigments and light-harvesting proteins from spinach, pea and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveal no evidence of specialized binding sites for the unique C. reinhardtii xanthophyll loroxanthin: lutein and loroxanthin are interchangeable for in vitro reconstitution. Proteins modified by the presence of a transit peptide, phosphorylation, or proteolytic removal of the NH2-terminus could be reconstituted. Evidence suggests that post-translational modification are not responsible for the presence of six electrophoretic variants of C. reinhardtii CP 2. Reconstitution is blocked by iodoacetamide pre-treatment of the apoproteins suggesting a role for cysteine in pigment ligation and/or proper folding of the pigment-protein complex. Finally, no effect of divalent cations on pigment reassembly could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Cammarata
- Botany Department, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Cammarata KV, Schmidt GW. In vitro reconstitution of a light-harvesting gene product: deletion mutagenesis and analyses of pigment binding. Biochemistry 1992; 31:2779-89. [PMID: 1547218 DOI: 10.1021/bi00125a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AB96, a gene encoding a Pisum sativum chlorophyll a/b binding protein [Coruzzi et al. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1399-1402], can be expressed in Escherichia coli and reconstituted with pigments by the procedure described by Plumley and Schmidt [(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 146-150]. Following purification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the reconstituted pigment-protein complex (CP2) is shown to have similar pigment-binding characteristics to native CP2 complexes isolated from thylakoid membranes. Therefore, the AB96 gene product contains binding sites for chlorophylls a and b and xanthophylls, all of which are necessary for optimal reconstitution in vitro. Absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicate that the pigments are oriented accurately and that chlorophylls a and b are adjoined for energy transfer. Studies with proteins produced after deletion mutagenesis of AB96 indicate that NH2-terminal amino acids 1-21 and COOH-terminal amino acids 219-228 do not play a role in pigment binding. In contrast, amino acids 50-57 and 204-212 (encompassing one of three conserved histidine residues) are essential for reconstitution. Residues near the presumed NH2- and COOH-terminal alpha-helix boundaries (22-49 and 213-218, respectively) affect the stability of reconstituted CP2 during electrophoresis at 4 degrees C. Correlation of diminished chlorophyll a binding with disappearance of a negative circular dichroism near 684 nm suggests that amino acids 213-218 near the COOH-terminal boundary of the third membrane-spanning helix affect the binding of some chlorophyll a molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Cammarata
- Botany Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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17
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Al-Khatib K, Wiest SC. Heat-induced reversible and irreversible alterations in the structure of phaseolus vulgaris thylakoid proteins. J Therm Biol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(90)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Spangford M, Andersson B. Subpopulations of the main chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II—isolation and biochemical characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Scheer H, Porra RJ, Anderson JM. REACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLL a/b-PROTEINS AND MICELLAR TRITON X-100 COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS a OR b WITH BOROHYDRIDE. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buetow DE, Chen H, Erdő G, Yi LS. Regulation and expression of the multigene family coding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 18:61-97. [PMID: 24425161 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1987] [Accepted: 02/24/1988] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current state of knowledge concerning the expression of the nuclear genes that code the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides of photosystem II is presented. This review covers the structure of these genes, the complex multistep pathway involved in their expression, and the environmental and other factors which regulate their expression. Some of the effects of these factors are mediated, at least in part, at the level of transcription, but other effects can be explained only by the existence of multiple posttranscriptional regulatory steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Buetow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 S. Goodwin Avenue, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
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Sockett RE, Armitage JP, Evans MC. Methylation-independent and methylation-dependent chemotaxis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:5808-14. [PMID: 3119570 PMCID: PMC214153 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.12.5808-5814.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro methylation, methanol production assays, and the use of specific antibodies raised against the sensory transducing protein Tar in Escherichia coli all failed to demonstrate the presence of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, although such proteins did exist in another photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum. The range of chemicals to which Rhodobacter sphaeroides responds, the lack of an all-or-none response, and the lack of true repellents indicate an alternative chemosensory pathway. The existence of MCPs in Rhodospirillum rubrum means that the lack of MCPs is not the result of a phototrophic metabolism, but may be connected to the unidirectional flagellar motor of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sockett
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Ide JP, Klug DR, Kühlbrandt W, Giorgi LB, Porter G. The state of detergent solubilised light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b protein complex as monitored by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence and circular dichroism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Bassi R, Høyer-Hansen G, Barbato R, Giacometti GM, Simpson DJ. Chlorophyll-proteins of the photosystem II antenna system. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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White MJ, Green BR. Polypeptides belonging to each of the three major chlorophyll a + b protein complexes are present in a chlorophyll-b-less barley mutant. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 165:531-5. [PMID: 3297692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptides of the three major chlorophyll a + b protein complexes were detected in a chlorophyll-b-less barley mutant (chlorina f2) using immunological techniques. Antibodies to CP Ia, a photosystem I complex containing both the reaction center (CP I) and the chlorophyll a + b antenna (LHCI), detected substantial amounts of LHCI polypeptides in mutant thylakoids. Some polypeptides of the two photosystem-II-associated chlorophyll a + b complexes, CP 29 and LHCII, were also detected using antibodies raised against these complexes. The CP 29 apoprotein and the minor 25-kDa polypeptide of LHCII were present in amounts that could be seen by Coomassie blue staining. In contrast, the two major polypeptides of LHCII were greatly diminished in amount, and one of them may be completely absent. These data suggest that the absence of chlorophyll b may have differing effects on the synthesis, processing or turnover of the various chlorophyll a + b binding polypeptides. They also show that these polypeptides can be inserted into thylakoids in the absence of Chl b, and that significant amounts of some of them are accumulated in the mutant thylakoids.
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25
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Bürgi R, Suter F, Zuber H. Arrangement of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex in the thylakoid membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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[26] Isolation procedures for inside-out thylakoid vesicles. Methods Enzymol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)48028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Hinz UG, Welinder KG. The light-harvesting complex of photosystem II in barley. Structure and chlorophyll organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02910426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Import of proteins into chloroplasts. Membrane integration of a thylakoid precursor protein reconstituted in chloroplast lysates. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chitnis PR, Harel E, Kohorn BD, Tobin EM, Thornber JP. Assembly of the precursor and processed light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of Lemna into the light-harvesting complex II of barley etiochloroplasts. J Cell Biol 1986; 102:982-8. [PMID: 3512584 PMCID: PMC2114146 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.3.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When the in vitro synthesized precursor of a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCP) from Lemna gibba is imported into barley etiochloroplasts, it is processed to a single form. Both the processed form and the precursor are found in the thylakoid membranes, assembled into the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. Neither form can be detected in the stromal fraction. The relative amounts of precursor and processed forms observed in the thylakoids are dependent on the developmental stage of the plastids used for uptake. The precursor as well as the processed form can also be detected in thylakoids of greening maize plastids used in similar uptake experiments. This detection of a precursor in the thylakoids, which has not been previously reported, could be a result of using rapidly developing plastids and/or using an heterologous system. Our results demonstrate that the extent of processing of LHCP precursor is not a prerequisite for its inclusion in the complex. They are also consistent with the possibility that the processing step can occur after insertion of the protein into the thylakoid membrane.
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32
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Kohorn BD, Harel E, Chitnis PR, Thornber JP, Tobin EM. Functional and mutational analysis of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of thylakoid membranes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 102:972-81. [PMID: 3512583 PMCID: PMC2114125 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.3.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precursor for a Lemna light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (pLHCP) has been synthesized in vitro from a single member of the nuclear LHCP multigene family. We report the sequence of this gene. When incubated with Lemna chloroplasts, the pLHCP is imported and processed into several polypeptides, and the mature form is assembled into the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC II). The accumulation of the processed LHCP is enhanced by the addition to the chloroplasts of a precursor and a co-factor for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Using a model for the arrangement of the mature polypeptide in the thylakoid membrane as a guide, we have created mutations that lie within the mature coding region. We have studied the processing, the integration into thylakoid membranes, and the assembly into light-harvesting complexes of six of these deletions. Four different mutant LHCPs are found as processed proteins in the thylakoid membrane, but only one appears to have an orientation in the membrane that is similar to that of the wild type. No mutant LHCP appears in LHC II. The other two mutant LHCPs cannot be detected within the chloroplasts. We conclude that stable complex formation is not required for the processing and insertion of altered LHCPs into the thylakoid membrane. We discuss the results in light of our model.
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33
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Gülen D, Knox R, Breton J. Optical effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of the isolated light harvesting complex of higher plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 9:13-20. [PMID: 24442280 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting complex (LHC) of higher plants isolated using Triton X-100 has been studied during its transformation into a monomeric form known as CPII. The change was accomplished by gradually increasing the concentration of the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Changes in the red spectral region of the absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and linear dichroism spectra occurring during this treatment have been observed at room temperature. According to a current hypothesis the main features of the visible region absorption and CD spectra of CPII can be explained reasonably successfully in terms of an exciton coupling among its chlorophyll (Chl) b molecules. We suggest that the spectral differences between the isolated LHC and the CPII may be understood basically in terms of an exciton coupling between the Chl b core of a given CPII unit and at least one of the Chla's of either the same or the adjacent CPII. We propose that this Chl a-Chl b coupling existing in LHC disappears upon segregation into CPII, probably as a result of a detergent-related overall rotation of the strongly coupled Chl b core which changes the relative orientations of the two types of pigments and thus the nature of their coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gülen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, 14627, Rochester, New York, USA
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34
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Abadia J, Nishio JN, Terry N. Chlorophyll-protein and polypeptide composition of Mn-deficient sugar beet thylakoids. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 7:237-245. [PMID: 24443120 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1984] [Revised: 02/05/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyll-protein and polypeptide composition of manganese deficient and control sugar beet thylakoids was examined using three different detergent-electrophoresis systems. On a per chlorophyll basis, manganese deficiency reduced the amounts of CPa complex (separated by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and CP 47 and CP 43 complexes (separated by octylglucoside/SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) without decreasing the amounts of light harvesting complexes. Lithium dodecylsulfate/Triton X-100 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that manganese deficiency decreased several thylakoid polypeptides, including a chlorophyll b containing 30 kilodalton chlorophyll-protein complex, but did not decrease the amounts of 28 and 29 kilodalton light-harvesting chlorophyll b-containing polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abadia
- Department of Plant and Soil Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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35
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Extrinsic polypeptides of the chloroplast oxygen evolving complex constitute the tetrameric ESs particles of higher plant thylakoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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37
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Siefermann-Harms D. Carotenoids in photosynthesis. I. Location in photosynthetic membranes and light-harvesting function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(85)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Mansfield RW, Anderson JM. Transverse organization of components within the chloroplast cytochrome b-563f complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Larsson UK, Andersson B. Different degrees of phosphorylation and lateral mobility of two polypeptides belonging to the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Bassi R, Machold O, Simpson D. Chlorophyll-proteins of two photosystem I preparations from maize. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Lyon MK, Miller KR. Crystallization of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex within thylakoid membranes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1985; 100:1139-47. [PMID: 3884633 PMCID: PMC2113779 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.100.4.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have found that treatment of the photosynthetic membranes of green plants, or thylakoids, with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114 at a 10:1 ratio has three effects: (a) photosystem I and coupling factor are solubilized, so that the membranes retain only photosystem II (PS II) and its associated light-harvesting apparatus (LHC-II); (b) LHC-II is crystallized, and so is removed from its normal association with PS II; and (c) LHC-II crystallization causes a characteristic red shift in the 77 degrees K fluorescence from LHC-II. Treatment of thylakoids with the same detergent at a 20:1 ratio results in an equivalent loss of photosystem I and coupling factor, with LHC-II and PS II being retained by the membranes. However, no LHC-II crystals are formed, nor is there a shift in fluorescence. Thus, isolation of a membrane protein is not required for its crystallization, but the conditions of detergent treatment are critical. Membranes with crystallized LHC-II retain tetrameric particles on their surface but have no recognizable stromal fracture face. We have proposed a model to explain these results: LHC-II is normally found within the stromal half of the membrane bilayer and is reoriented during the crystallization process. This reorientation causes the specific fluorescence changes associated with crystallization. Tetrameric particles, which are not changed in any way by the crystallization process, do not consist of LHC-II complexes. PS II appears to be the only other major complex retained by these membranes, which suggests that the tetramers consist of PS II.
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42
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Bassi R. Spectral properties and polypeptide composition of the chlorophyll-proteins from thylakoids of granal and agranal chloroplasts of maize (Zea mays L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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The Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane—Isolation, Subfractionation and Purification of Its Supramolecular Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82587-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Ivey S, Berg SP. The use of polyclonal antibodies to identify peptides exposed on the stroma side of the spinach thylakoid. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1985; 6:193-199. [PMID: 24442878 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have raised polyclonal antibodies against an oxygen-evolving photosystem II preparation. Western Blot analysis of the whole serum revaals antibodies specific for at least 15 Coomassie visible bands ranging from 59 to 11 kDa. These antibodies are specific for proteins located on both sides of the membrane. Included are antibodies specific for Tris-removable peptides (33, 25 and 18 kda), which are thought to be exposed on the lumen surface of the PS II complex. Since the whole serum agglutinates thylakoids, antibodies specific for the stroma side of the PS II complex are also present. A sub-population of antibodies can be isolated by allowing the antibodies in whole serum to bind to EDTA-treated thylakoid membranes. The antibodies which specifically bind are cross-reactive with peptides with Mr of 59, 57, 34, 28, 27, 26, and 23 kDa. Our data indicate that these peptides have antigenic determinants exposed on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ivey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 80208, Denver, CO, USA
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45
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Hiller RG, Larkum A. The chlorophyll-protein complexes of Prochloron sp. (Prochlorophyta). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Slovacek RE, Harvey MA. Studies of chloroplast thylakoid proteins using monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 123:995-1001. [PMID: 6207823 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several monoclonal antibodies have been produced against partially purified photosystem I reaction center complexes isolated from spinach chloroplasts. One of the clones was shown to be highly specific for the 28,000 and 27,000 dalton subunits of purified light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding complex. Studies with thylakoids suggest at least a portion of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein molecules are exposed on a normally inaccessible surface of the membrane.
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47
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Ultrastructural characterization of the effects of detergent treatment on stacked thylakoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(84)90121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Andersson B, Larsson C, Jansson C, Ljungberg U, Åkerlund HE. Immunological studies on the organization of proteins in photosynthetic oxygen evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Nabedryk E, Andrianambinintsoa S, Breton J. Transmembrane orientation of α-helices in the thylakoid membrane and in the light-harvesting complex. A polarized infrared spectroscopy study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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