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Chen Q, Li L, Samidurai A, Thompson J, Hu Y, Willard B, Lesnefsky EJ. Acute endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced mitochondria respiratory chain damage: The role of activated calpains. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23404. [PMID: 38197290 PMCID: PMC11032170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301158rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The induction of acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress damages the electron transport chain (ETC) in cardiac mitochondria. Activation of mitochondria-localized calpain 1 (CPN1) and calpain 2 (CPN2) impairs the ETC in pathological conditions, including aging and ischemia-reperfusion in settings where ER stress is increased. We asked if the activation of calpains causes the damage to the ETC during ER stress. Control littermate and CPNS1 (calpain small regulatory subunit 1) deletion mice were used in the current study. CPNS1 is an essential subunit required to maintain CPN1 and CPN2 activities, and deletion of CPNS1 prevents their activation. Tunicamycin (TUNI, 0.4 mg/kg) was used to induce ER stress in C57BL/6 mice. Cardiac mitochondria were isolated after 72 h of TUNI treatment. ER stress was increased in both control littermate and CPNS1 deletion mice with TUNI treatment. The TUNI treatment activated both cytosolic and mitochondrial CPN1 and 2 (CPN1/2) in control but not in CPNS1 deletion mice. TUNI treatment led to decreased oxidative phosphorylation and complex I activity in control but not in CPNS1 deletion mice compared to vehicle. The contents of complex I subunits, including NDUFV2 and ND5, were decreased in control but not in CPNS1 deletion mice. TUNI treatment also led to decreased oxidation through cytochrome oxidase (COX) only in control mice. Proteomic study showed that subunit 2 of COX was decreased in control but not in CPNS1 deletion mice. Our results provide a direct link between activation of CPN1/2 and complex I and COX damage during acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arun Samidurai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Edward J. Lesnefsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Richmond Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Yang S, Song Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Yang D, Song X. Multifaceted Roles of Copper Ions in Anticancer Nanomedicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300410. [PMID: 37027332 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The significantly increased copper level in tumor tissues and serum indicates the close association of copper ions with tumor development, making copper ions attractive targets in the development of novel tumor treatment methods. The advanced nanotechnology developed in the past decades provides great potential for tumor therapy, among which Cu-based nanotherapeutic systems have received greater attention. Herein, the multifaceted roles of copper ions in cancer progression are summarized and the recent advances in the copper-based nanostructures or nanomedicines for different kinds of tumor therapies including copper depletion therapy, copper-based cytotoxins, copper-ion-based chemodynamic therapy and its combination with other treatments, and copper-ion-induced ferroptosis and cuproptosis activation are discussed. Furthermore, the perspectives for the further development of copper-ion-based nanomedicines for tumor therapy and clinic translation are presented by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550009, P. R. China
| | - Yingnan Song
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550009, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Hu
- Nanjing Polytechnic Institute, 210048, Nanjing, China
| | - HongJin Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550009, P. R. China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 211816, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 211816, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, China
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Xue Q, Kang R, Klionsky DJ, Tang D, Liu J, Chen X. Copper metabolism in cell death and autophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:2175-2195. [PMID: 37055935 PMCID: PMC10351475 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element in biological systems, maintaining the activity of enzymes and the function of transcription factors. However, at high concentrations, copper ions show increased toxicity by inducing regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Furthermore, copper ions can trigger macroautophagy/autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that plays a dual role in regulating the survival or death fate of cells under various stress conditions. Pathologically, impaired copper metabolism due to environmental or genetic causes is implicated in a variety of human diseases, such as rare Wilson disease and common cancers. Therapeutically, copper-based compounds are potential chemotherapeutic agents that can be used alone or in combination with other drugs or approaches to treat cancer. Here, we review the progress made in understanding copper metabolic processes and their impact on the regulation of cell death and autophagy. This knowledge may help in the design of future clinical tools to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment.Abbreviations: ACSL4, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4; AIFM1/AIF, apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1; AIFM2, apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 2; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; ALOX, arachidonate lipoxygenase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; ATG, autophagy related; ATG13, autophagy related 13; ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATOX1, antioxidant 1 copper chaperone; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATP7A, ATPase copper transporting alpha; ATP7B, ATPase copper transporting beta; BAK1, BCL2 antagonist/killer 1; BAX, BCL2 associated X apoptosis regulator; BBC3/PUMA, BCL2 binding component 3; BCS, bathocuproinedisulfonic acid; BECN1, beclin 1; BID, BH3 interacting domain death agonist; BRCA1, BRCA1 DNA repair associated; BSO, buthionine sulphoximine; CASP1, caspase 1; CASP3, caspase 3; CASP4/CASP11, caspase 4; CASP5, caspase 5; CASP8, caspase 8; CASP9, caspase 9; CCS, copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase; CD274/PD-L1, CD274 molecule; CDH2, cadherin 2; CDKN1A/p21, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; CDKN1B/p27, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; COMMD10, COMM domain containing 10; CoQ10, coenzyme Q 10; CoQ10H2, reduced coenzyme Q 10; COX11, cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone COX11; COX17, cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone COX17; CP, ceruloplasmin; CYCS, cytochrome c, somatic; DBH, dopamine beta-hydroxylase; DDIT3/CHOP, DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DLAT, dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase; DTC, diethyldithiocarbamate; EIF2A, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3/PERK, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ESCRT-III, endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III; ETC, electron transport chain; FABP3, fatty acid binding protein 3; FABP7, fatty acid binding protein 7; FADD, Fas associated via death domain; FAS, Fas cell surface death receptor; FASL, Fas ligand; FDX1, ferredoxin 1; GNAQ/11, G protein subunit alpha q/11; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; GSDMD, gasdermin D; GSH, glutathione; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HIF1, hypoxia inducible factor 1; HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL17, interleukin 17; KRAS, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase; LOX, lysyl oxidase; LPCAT3, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3; MAP1LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP2K1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; MAP2K2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MAPK14/p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MEMO1, mediator of cell motility 1; MT-CO1/COX1, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I; MT-CO2/COX2, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTs, metallothioneins; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; NFKB/NF-Κb, nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NPLOC4/NPL4, NPL4 homolog ubiquitin recognition factor; PDE3B, phosphodiesterase 3B; PDK1, phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; PHD, prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain; PIK3C3/VPS34, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PMAIP1/NOXA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1; POR, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase; PUFA-PL, PUFA of phospholipids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCO1, synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase 1; SCO2, synthesis of cytochrome C oxidase 2; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; SLC11A2/DMT1, solute carrier family 11 member 2; SLC31A1/CTR1, solute carrier family 31 member 1; SLC47A1, solute carrier family 47 member 1; SOD1, superoxide dismutase; SP1, Sp1 transcription factor; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; STEAP4, STEAP4 metalloreductase; TAX1BP1, Tax1 binding protein 1; TEPA, tetraethylenepentamine; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TM, tetrathiomolybdate; TP53/p53, tumor protein p53; TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase 1; UCHL5, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L5; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; ULK2, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2; USP14, ubiquitin specific peptidase 14; VEGF, vascular endothelial gro wth factor; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dengg M, Stirling CH, Reid MR, Verburg P, Armstrong E, Kelly LT, Wood SA. Growth at the limits: comparing trace metal limitation of a freshwater cyanobacterium (Dolichospermum lemmermannii) and a freshwater diatom (Fragilaria crotonensis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:467. [PMID: 35013511 PMCID: PMC8748459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater phytoplankton blooms are increasing in prevalence and there are conflicting views on whether trace metals limit growth of key species and thus bloom formation. The Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand, was formed by multiple eruptions of a super-volcano which emitted rhyolitic tephra leaving lakes depleted in trace metals. This provides an opportunity to test the potential of trace metal limitation on freshwater phytoplankton growth under nanomolar concentrations. Growth responses of two algal species isolated from Lake Taupō, Dolichospermum lemmermannii (cyanobacteria) and Fragilaria crotonensis (diatom), to six biologically important trace metals (manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, copper and molybdenum) were examined in culture experiments. These were conducted at three trace metal concentrations: (1) ambient, (2) two-times ambient, and (3) ten-times ambient concentrations in Lake Taupō. Elevated concentrations of iron significantly increased growth rates and maximum cell densities in D. lemmermannii, whereas no significant concentration dependence was observed for other trace metals. Fragilaria crotonensis showed no significant growth response to elevated concentrations of trace metals. These results highlight the importance of iron as a growth limiting nutrient for cyanobacteria and indicate that even small (twofold) increases in Fe concentrations could enhance cyanobacteria growth rates in Lake Taupō, potentially causing cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dengg
- Department of Geology and Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Claudine H Stirling
- Department of Geology and Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm R Reid
- Department of Geology and Centre for Trace Element Analysis, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Piet Verburg
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Hamilton, 3251, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Armstrong
- Department of Marine Science, NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Enhanced lipid metabolism induces the sensitivity of dormant cancer cells to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7290. [PMID: 33790399 PMCID: PMC8012701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer can develop into a recurrent metastatic disease with latency periods of years to decades. Dormant cancer cells, which represent a major cause of recurrent cancer, are relatively insensitive to most chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. We previously demonstrated that cancer cells exhibited dormancy in a cell density-dependent manner. Dormant cancer cells exhibited increased porphyrin metabolism and sensitivity to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). However, the metabolic changes in dormant cancer cells or the factors that enhance porphyrin metabolism have not been fully clarified. In this study, we revealed that lipid metabolism was increased in dormant cancer cells, leading to ALA-PDT sensitivity. We performed microarray analysis in non-dormant and dormant cancer cells and revealed that lipid metabolism was remarkably enhanced in dormant cancer cells. In addition, triacsin C, a potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs), reduced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation and decreased ALA-PDT sensitivity. We demonstrated that lipid metabolism including ACS expression was positively associated with PpIX accumulation. This research suggested that the enhancement of lipid metabolism in cancer cells induces PpIX accumulation and ALA-PDT sensitivity.
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Roy M, Pal I, Nath AK, Dey SG. Peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4505-4518. [PMID: 32297620 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis attributes the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to the deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide into plaques and fibrils in the AD brain. The metal ion hypothesis which implicates several metal ions, viz. Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, in the AD pathology on account of their abnormal accumulation in the Aβ plaques along with an overall dyshomeostasis of these metals in the AD brain was proposed a while back. Metal ion chelators and ionophores, put forward as possible drug candidates for AD, are yet to succeed in clinical trials. Heme, which is widely distributed in the mammalian body as the prosthetic group of several important proteins and enzymes, has been thought to be associated with AD by virtue of its colocalization in the Aβ plaques along with the similarity of several heme deficiency symptoms with those of AD and most importantly, due to its ability to bind Aβ. This feature article illustrates the active site environment of heme-Aβ which resembles those of peroxidases. It also discusses the peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ, its ability to effect oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters like serotonin and also the identification of the highly reactive high-valent intermediate, compound I. The effect of second sphere residues on the formation and peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ along with the generation and decay of compound I is highlighted throughout the article. The reactivities of heme bound Aβ peptides give an alternative theory to understand the possible cause of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Alleyne T, Ignacio DN, Sampson VB, Ashe D, Wilson M. Simulating the slow to fast switch in cytochrome c oxidase catalysis by introducing a loop flip near the enzyme's cytochrome c (substrate) binding site. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:677-685. [PMID: 27489224 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Alleyne
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Diane N Ignacio
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Damian Ashe
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Michael Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
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Does any drug to treat cancer target mTOR and iron hemostasis in neurodegenerative disorders? Biometals 2016; 30:1-16. [PMID: 27853903 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are increased by age. Alleviation of their symptoms and protection of normal neurons against degeneration are the main aspects of the research to establish novel therapeutic strategies. Iron as the one of most important cation not only play important role in the structure of electron transport chain proteins but also has pivotal duties in cellular activities. But disruption in iron hemostasis can make it toxin to neurons which causes lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and etc. In patients with Alzheimer and Parkinson misbalancing in iron homeostasis accelerate neurodegeneration and cause neuroinflmmation. mTOR as the common signaling pathway between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders controls iron uptake and it is in active form in both diseases. Anti-cancer drugs which target mTOR causes iron deficiency and dual effects of mTOR inhibitors can candidate them as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate neurodegeneration/inflammation because of iron overloading.
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Li M, Zhao C, Duan T, Ren J, Qu X. New insights into Alzheimer's disease amyloid inhibition: nanosized metallo-supramolecular complexes suppress aβ-induced biosynthesis of heme and iron uptake in PC12 cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:832-6. [PMID: 24574275 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized metallo-supramolecular compounds, [Ni2 L3 ](4+) and [Fe2 L3 ](4+) , can not only strongly inhibit Aβ aggregation but also reduce the peroxidase activity of Aβ-heme. Further studies demonstrate that through blocking the heme-binding site, these two compounds can suppress Aβ-induced biosynthesis of heme and iron uptake in PC12 cells. This work provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of Aβ inhibitors on Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Taicheng Duan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
- National Analytical Research Center of Electrochemistry & Spectroscopy; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Science; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130022 China
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11
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Oxidative phosphorylation in Debaryomyces hansenii: physiological uncoupling at different growth phases. Biochimie 2014; 102:124-36. [PMID: 24657599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Physiological uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was studied in Debaryomyces hansenii. In other species, such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OxPhos can be uncoupled through differential expression of branched respiratory chain enzymes or by opening of a mitochondrial unspecific channel (ScMUC), respectively. However D. hansenii mitochondria, which contain both a branched respiratory chain and a mitochondrial unspecific channel (DhMUC), selectively uncouple complex I-dependent rate of oxygen consumption in the stationary growth phase. The uncoupled complex I-dependent respiration was only 20% of the original activity. Inhibition was not due to inactivation of complex I, lack of protein expression or to differential expression of alternative oxidoreductases. Furthermore, all other respiratory chain activities were normal. Decrease of complex I-dependent respiration was due to NAD(+) loss from the matrix, probably through an open of DhMUC. When NAD(+) was added back, coupled complex I-activity was recovered. NAD(+) re-uptake was independent of DhMUC opening and seemed to be catalyzed by a NAD(+)-specific transporter, which was sensitive to bathophenanthroline, bromocresol purple or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as described for S. cerevisiae mitochondrial NAD(+) transporters. Loss of NAD(+) from the matrix through an open MUC is proposed as an additional mechanism to uncouple OxPhos.
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12
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Benkhellat Z, Allali M, Beley M, Wenger E, Bernard M, Parizel N, Selmeczi K, Joly JP. Click synthesis of symmetric bis-triazol ligands and full characterisation of their copper(ii)-complexes. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Liu J, Ames BN. Reducing mitochondrial decay with mitochondrial nutrients to delay and treat cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 8:67-89. [PMID: 16053240 DOI: 10.1080/10284150500047161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial decay due to oxidative damage is a contributor to brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). One type of mitochondrial decay is oxidative modification of key mitochondrial enzymes. Enzyme dysfunction, that is due to poor binding of substrates and coenzymes may be ameliorated by supplementing adequate levels of substrates or coenzyme precursors. Such supplementation with mitochondrial nutrients (mt-nutrients) may be useful to prevent or delay mitochondrial decay, thus prevent or treat AD and PD. In the present review, we survey the literature to identify mt-nutrients that can (1) protect mitochondrial enzymes and/or stimulate enzyme activity by elevating levels of substrates and cofactors; (2) induce phase-2 enzymes to enhance antioxidant defenses; (3) scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidant production in mitochondria, and (4) repair mitochondrial membrane. Then, we discuss the relationships among mt-nutrient deficiency, mitochondrial decay, and cognitive dysfunction, and summarize available evidence suggesting an effect of mt-nutrient supplementation on AD and PD. It appears that greater effects might be obtained by longer-term administration of combinations of mt-nutrients. Thus, optimal doses of combinations of mt-nutrients to delay and repair mitochondrial decay could be a strategy for preventing and treating cognitive dysfunction, including AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Liu
- Nutritional Genomic Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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14
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Pramanik D, Ghosh C, Mukherjee S, Dey SG. Interaction of amyloid β peptides with redox active heme cofactor: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Lyons JA, Aragão D, Slattery O, Pisliakov AV, Soulimane T, Caffrey M. Structural insights into electron transfer in caa3-type cytochrome oxidase. Nature 2012; 487:514-8. [PMID: 22763450 PMCID: PMC3428721 DOI: 10.1038/nature11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase is a member of the heme copper oxidase superfamily (HCO)1. HCOs function as the terminal enzymes in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and aerobic prokaryotes, coupling molecular oxygen reduction to transmembrane proton pumping. Integral to the enzyme’s function is the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to the oxidase via a transient association of the two proteins. Electron entry and exit are proposed to occur from the same site on cytochrome c2–4. Here we report the crystal structure of the caa3-type cytochrome oxidase from Thermus thermophilus, which has a covalently tethered cytochrome c domain. Crystals were grown in a bicontinuous mesophase using a synthetic short-chain monoacylglycerol as the hosting lipid. From the electron density map, at 2.36 Å resolution, a novel integral membrane subunit and a native glycoglycerophospholipid embedded in the complex were identified. Contrary to previous electron transfer mechanisms observed for soluble cytochrome c, the structure reveals the architecture of the electron transfer complex for the fused cupredoxin/cytochrome c domain which implicates different sites on cytochrome c for electron entry and exit. Support for an alternative to the classical proton gate characteristic of this HCO class is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lyons
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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16
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Pramanik D, Dey SG. Active Site Environment of Heme-Bound Amyloid β Peptide Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:81-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1084578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Pramanik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India 700032
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India 700032
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17
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Klein A, Butsch K, Neudörfl J. Electron transfer studies on Cu(II) complexes bearing phenoxy-pincer ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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19
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Saitoh Y, Izumitsu K, Morita A, Tanaka C. A copper-transporting ATPase BcCCC2 is necessary for pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 284:33-43. [PMID: 20526618 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that serves as a cofactor for numerous enzymes. In eukaryotes, copper-transporting ATPases deliver copper to various copper-containing proteins in the trans-golgi network. This study identified a copper-transporting ATPase gene BcCcc2 in a fungus pathogenic to plants, Botrytis cinerea. We investigated the biological roles of BcCCC2 by generating null mutants for BcCcc2. Melanization, conidiation and the formation of sclerotia were severely affected in DeltaBcCcc2 mutants. Moreover, a pathogenicity assay using tomato leaves and carnation petals revealed the mutants to be nonpathogenic. Further analysis indicated that they formed fewer appressoria and infection cushions than the wild-type. These structures were aberrant in morphology and in many cases had a significantly reduced ability to penetrate the plant epidermis. An assay also indicated that DeltaBcCcc2 mutants were defective in infection through wounds. BcCCC2 is necessary not only for penetrating a host but also for fungal growth within plant tissues. Our results also imply that B. cinerea requires copper-containing proteins for infection that are inactive in the absence of the copper-transporting ATPase BcCCC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimoto Saitoh
- Laboratory of Environmental Mycoscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Savelieff MG, Lu Y. CuA centers and their biosynthetic models in azurin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:461-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Lipton AS, Heck RW, de Jong WA, Gao AR, Wu X, Roehrich A, Harbison GS, Ellis PD. Low temperature 65Cu NMR spectroscopy of the Cu+ site in azurin. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13992-9. [PMID: 19746904 DOI: 10.1021/ja901308v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
(65)Cu central-transition NMR spectroscopy of the blue copper protein azurin in the reduced Cu(I) state, conducted at 18.8 T and 10 K, gave a strongly second order quadrupole perturbed spectrum, which yielded a (65)Cu quadrupole coupling constant of +/-71.2 +/- 1 MHz, corresponding to an electric field gradient of +/-1.49 atomic units at the copper site, and an asymmetry parameter of approximately 0.2. Quantum chemical calculations employing second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and large basis sets successfully reproduced these experimental results. Sensitivity and relaxation times were quite favorable, suggesting that NMR may be a useful probe of the electronic state of copper sites in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lipton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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22
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Seo AY, Xu J, Servais S, Hofer T, Marzetti E, Wohlgemuth SE, Knutson MD, Chung HY, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial iron accumulation with age and functional consequences. Aging Cell 2008; 7:706-16. [PMID: 18843794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the aging process, an accumulation of non-heme iron disrupts cellular homeostasis and contributes to the mitochondrial dysfunction typical of various neuromuscular degenerative diseases. Few studies have investigated the effects of iron accumulation on mitochondrial integrity and function in skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Thus, we isolated liver mitochondria (LM), as well as quadriceps-derived subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM), from male Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats at 8, 18, 29 and 37 months of age. Non-heme iron content in SSM, IFM and LM was significantly higher with age, reaching a maximum at 37 months of age. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) was more susceptible to the opening in aged mitochondria containing high levels of iron (i.e. SSM and LM) compared to IFM. Furthermore, mitochondrial RNA oxidation increased significantly with age in SSM and LM, but not in IFM. Levels of mitochondrial RNA oxidation in SSM and LM correlated positively with levels of mitochondrial iron, whereas a significant negative correlation was observed between the maximum Ca(2+) amounts needed to induce mPTP opening and iron contents in SSM, IFM and LM. Overall, our data suggest that age-dependent accumulation of mitochondrial iron may increase mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage,thereby enhancing the susceptibility to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Y Seo
- Department of Aging and Geriatrics, Division of Biology of Aging, Genomics and Biomarkers Core of the Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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23
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Atamna H, Newberry J, Erlitzki R, Schultz CS, Ames BN. Biotin deficiency inhibits heme synthesis and impairs mitochondria in human lung fibroblasts. J Nutr 2007; 137:25-30. [PMID: 17182796 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Four of the 5 biotin-dependent carboxylases (BDC) are in the mitochondria. BDC replace intermediates in the Krebs [tricarboxylic acid (TCA)] cycle that are regularly removed for the synthesis of key metabolites such as heme or amino acids. Heme, unlike amino acids, is not recycled to regenerate these intermediates, is not utilized from the diet, and must be synthesized in situ. We studied whether biotin deficiency (BD) lowers heme synthesis and whether mitochondria would be disrupted. Biotin-deficient medium was prepared by using bovine serum stripped of biotin with charcoal/dextran or avidin. Biotin-deficient primary human lung fibroblasts (IMR90) lost their BDC and senesced before biotin-sufficient cells. BD caused heme deficiency; there was a decrease in heme content and heme synthesis, and biotin-deficient cells selectively lost mitochondrial complex IV, which contains heme-a. Loss of complex IV, which is part of the electron transport chain, triggered oxidant release and oxidative damage, hallmarks of heme deficiency. Restoring biotin to the biotin-deficient medium prevented the above changes. Old cells were more susceptible to biotin shortage than young cells. These findings highlight the biochemical connection among biotin, heme, and iron metabolism, and the mitochondria, due to the role of biotin in maintaining the biochemical integrity of the TCA cycle. The findings are discussed in relation to aging and birth defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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24
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Musser SM, Stowell MH, Chan SI. Cytochrome c oxidase: chemistry of a molecular machine. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 71:79-208. [PMID: 8644492 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123171.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of proposed chemical models attempting to explain the proton pumping reactions catalyzed by the CcO complex, especially the number of recent models, makes it clear that the problem is far from solved. Although we have not discussed all of the models proposed to date, we have described some of the more detailed models in order to illustrate the theoretical concepts introduced at the beginning of this section on proton pumping as well as to illustrate the rich possibilities available for effecting proton pumping. It is clear that proton pumping is effected by conformational changes induced by oxidation/reduction of the various redox centers in the CcO complex. It is for this reason that the CcO complex is called a redox-linked proton pump. The conformational changes of the proton pump cycle are usually envisioned to be some sort of ligand-exchange reaction arising from unstable geometries upon oxidation/reduction of the various redox centers. However, simple geometrical rearrangements, as in the Babcock and Mitchell models are also possible. In any model, however, hydrogen bonds must be broken and reformed due to conformational changes that result from oxidation/reduction of the linkage site during enzyme turnover. Perhaps the most important point emphasized in this discussion, however, is the fact that proton pumping is a directed process and it is electron and proton gating mechanisms that drive the proton pump cycle in the forward direction. Since many of the models discussed above lack effective electron and/or proton gating, it is clear that the major difficulty in developing a viable chemical model is not formulating a cyclic set of protein conformational changes effecting proton pumping (redox linkage) but rather constructing the model with a set of physical constraints so that the proposed cycle proceeds efficiently as postulated. In our discussion of these models, we have not been too concerned about which electron of the catalytic cycle was entering the site of linkage, but merely whether an ET to the binuclear center played a role. However, redox linkage only occurs if ET to the activated binuclear center is coupled to the proton pump. Since all of the models of proton pumping presented here, with the exception of the Rousseau expanded model and the Wikström model, have a maximum stoichiometry of 1 H+/e-, they inadequately explain the 2 H+/e- ratio for the third and fourth electrons of the dioxygen reduction cycle (see Section V.B). One way of interpreting this shortfall of protons is that the remaining protons are pumped by an as yet undefined indirectly coupled mechanism. In this scenario, the site of linkage could be coupled to the pumping of one proton in a direct fashion and one proton in an indirect fashion for a given electron. For a long time, it was assumed that at least some elements of such an indirect mechanism reside in subunit III. While recent evidence argues against the involvement of subunit III in the proton pump, subunit III may still participate in a regulatory and/or structural capacity (Section II.E). Attention has now focused on subunits I and II in the search for residues intimately involved in the proton pump mechanism and/or as part of a proton channel. In particular, the role of some of the highly conserved residues of helix VIII of subunit I are currently being studied by site directed mutagenesis. In our opinion, any model that invokes heme alpha 3 or CuB as the site of linkage must propose a very effective means by which the presumedly fast uncoupling ET to the dioxygen intermediates is prevented. It is difficult to imagine that ET over the short distance from heme alpha 3 or CuB to the dioxygen intermediate requires more than 1 ns. In addition, we expect the conformational changes of the proton pump to require much more than 1 ns (see Section V.B).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Musser
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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25
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Hubbard J, Hughes M, Poole R, Williams H. Effects of low environmental manganese concentrations on the respiratory chains of Paracoccus denitrificans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may be a principal underlying event in aging, including the degenerative diseases of aging such as brain degeneration. Mitochondria provide energy for basic metabolic processes, and their decay with age impairs cellular metabolism and leads to cellular decline. Progress over the last decade in delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Ames
- University of California, Berkeley, and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, USA.
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27
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Atamna H, Frey WH. A role for heme in Alzheimer's disease: heme binds amyloid beta and has altered metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11153-8. [PMID: 15263070 PMCID: PMC503755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404349101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is a common factor linking several metabolic perturbations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including iron metabolism, mitochondrial complex IV, heme oxygenase, and bilirubin. Therefore, we determined whether heme metabolism was altered in temporal lobes obtained at autopsy from AD patients and age-matched nondemented subjects. AD brain demonstrated 2.5-fold more heme-b (P < 0.01) and 26% less heme-a (P = 0.16) compared with controls, resulting in a highly significant 2.9-fold decrease in heme-a/heme-b ratio (P < 0.001). Moreover, the strong Pearson correlation between heme-a and heme-b measured in control individuals (r(2) = 0.66, P < 0.002, n = 11) was abolished in AD subjects (r(2) = 0.076, P = 0.39, n = 12). The level of ferrochelatase (which makes heme-b in the mitochondrial matrix) in AD subjects was 4.2 times (P < 0.04) that in nondemented controls, suggesting up-regulated heme synthesis. To look for a possible connection between these observations and established mechanisms in AD pathology, we examined possible interactions between amyloid beta (A beta) and heme. A beta((1-40)) and A beta((1-42)) induced a redshift of 15-20 nm in the spectrum of heme-b and heme-a, suggesting that heme binds A beta, likely to one or more of the histidine residues. Lastly, in a tissue culture model, we found that clioquinol, a metal chelator in clinical trials for AD therapy, decreased intracellular heme. In light of these observations, we have proposed a model of AD pathobiology in which intracellular A beta complexes with free heme, thereby decreasing its bioavailability (e.g., heme-a) and resulting in functional heme deficiency. The model integrates disparate observations, including A beta, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholesterol, and the proposed efficacy of clioquinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Nutritional Genomics Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA 94609, USA.
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28
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Jeannine Lincoln A, Donat N, Palmer G, Prochaska LJ. Site-specific antibodies against hydrophilic domains of subunit III of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase affect enzyme function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 416:81-91. [PMID: 12859984 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies were raised against conserved amino acid sequences in four extramembranous portions of subunit III (sIII) from beef cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and the role of these domains in the functional activities of the enzyme was investigated. The binding of one antipeptide antibody corresponding to an externally exposed (facing the intermembrane space) domain of COX sIII (amino acids 180-189 in the primary sequence) exhibited a 30-50% stimulation of electron transfer activity in both detergent-dispersed COX and COX incorporated into phospholipid vesicles (COV). Antibody binding to two different matrix-faced domains (amino acids 57-66 and 148-159 in the sequence) resulted in small stimulations (10-25%) of COX electron transfer activity. The remaining antipeptide antibody (against amino acids 119-128) had no effect on electron transfer activity of COX in detergent solution, but exhibited a slight inhibition of activity (15%) in COV. The mechanism of antibody-induced stimulation of COX electron transfer activity was determined to be an increase in the maximum velocity of the enzyme and not due to a change in the apparent K(m) of cytochrome c interaction with COX as determined by steady state kinetic assays. Antibody binding to COX in COV increased the respiratory control ratio (an indicator of endogenous proton permeability) of COV, but had no effect on the vectorial proton pumping activity of COV. These results suggest that these conserved, hydrophilic domains of COX sIII are conformationally linked to the electron transfer function of the enzyme in subunits I and II and that sIII may serve as a regulatory subunit for COX electron transfer and proton pumping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeannine Lincoln
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yoshikawa
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kamigohri Akoh, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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30
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Atamna H, Walter PB, Ames BN. The role of heme and iron-sulfur clusters in mitochondrial biogenesis, maintenance, and decay with age. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:345-53. [PMID: 11795893 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria decay with age from oxidative damage and loss of protective mechanisms. Resistance, repair, and replacement mechanisms are essential for mitochondrial preservation and maintenance. Iron plays an essential role in the maintenance of mitochondria, through its two major functional forms: heme and iron-sulfur clusters. Both iron-based cofactors are formed and utilized in the mitochondria and then distributed throughout the cell. This is an important function of mitochondria that is not directly related to the production of ATP. Heme and iron-sulfur clusters are important for the normal assembly and for the optimal activity of the electron transfer complexes. Loss of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), integrity of mtDNA, and function can result from abnormal homeostasis of iron. We review the physiological role of iron-sulfur clusters and heme in the integrity of the mitochondria and the generation of oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley/CHORI, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA
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31
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Atamna H, Liu J, Ames BN. Heme deficiency selectively interrupts assembly of mitochondrial complex IV in human fibroblasts: revelance to aging. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48410-6. [PMID: 11598132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108362200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme deficiency was studied in young and old normal human fibroblasts (IMR90). Regardless of age, heme deficiency increased the steady-state level of oxidants and lipid peroxidation and sensitized the cells to fluctuations in intracellular Ca(2+). Heme deficiency selectively decreased the activity and protein content of mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) by 95%, indicating a decrease in successful assembly. Complexes I-III and catalase remained intact under conditions of heme deficiency, whereas ferrochelatase was up-regulated. Complex IV is the only hemeprotein in the cell that contains heme a, which may account for its susceptibility. The rate of removal and assembly of complex IV declines with age. These findings are relevant to worldwide iron deficiency in women and children and to an age-related decline in complex IV in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Atamna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94609, USA
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32
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Hiser L, Hosler JP. Heme A is not essential for assembly of the subunits of cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:45403-7. [PMID: 11574544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107016200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aa(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a proteobacterium of the alpha subgroup, is structurally similar to the core subunits of the terminal oxidase in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Subunit I, the product of the coxI gene, normally binds two heme A molecules. A deletion of cox10, the gene for the farnesyltransferase required for heme A synthesis, did not prevent high level accumulation of subunit I in the cytoplasmic membrane. Thus, subunit I can be expressed and stably inserted into the cytoplasmic membrane in the absence of heme A. Aposubunit I was purified via affinity chromatography to a polyhistidine tag. Copurification of subunits II and III with aposubunit I indicated that assembly of the core oxidase complex occurred without the binding of heme A. In addition to formation of the apooxidase containing all three large structural proteins, CoxI-II and CoxI-III heterodimers were isolated from cox10 deletion strains harboring expression plasmids with coxI and coxII or with coxI and coxIII, respectively. This demonstrated that subunit assembly of the apoenzyme was not an inherently ordered or sequential process. Thus, multiple paths must be considered for understanding the assembly of this integral membrane metalloprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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33
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Hiser L, Di Valentin M, Hamer AG, Hosler JP. Cox11p is required for stable formation of the Cu(B) and magnesium centers of cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:619-23. [PMID: 10617659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the core subunits of the aa(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria and aerobic bacteria such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides requires the association of three subunits and the formation of five to seven metal centers. Several assembly proteins are required for the late stages of oxidase assembly in eukaryotes; some of these are also present in Rb. sphaeroides. To investigate the role of one of these proteins, Cox11p, the mitochondrial-like oxidase of Rb. sphaeroides was overexpressed and purified from cells that lacked cox11, the gene for Cox11p. The oxidase that assembled in the absence of Cox11p lacked Cu(B) at the active site and contained greatly reduced amounts of metal at the magnesium/manganese-binding site between subunits I and II. This inactive oxidase, however, did contain hemes a and a(3), Cu(A), and all three subunits. These results indicate that Cox11p is required at a late, perhaps final, step in the assembly of cytochrome oxidase, most likely the insertion of Cu(B). Oxidase which assembled in a strain with a low copy number of cox11 appeared nearly wild type, suggesting that Cox11p is required in substoichiometric amounts for its role in oxidase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hiser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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34
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Yoshikawa S. Bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. Subcell Biochem 2000; 35:581-619. [PMID: 11192734 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46828-x_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshikawa
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) Kamigohri, Akoh, Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
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35
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Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Saari
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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36
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ANTHOLINE WILLIAME, KRONECK PETERMH, ZUMFT WALTERG. Electron paramagnetic resonance power studies on the mixed-valence electron transfer centre of nitrous oxide reductase: presence of a modified CuAsite in the enzyme fromPseudomonas stutzeri. Mol Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00268979809483255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Marx MK, Mayer-Posner F, Soulimane T, Buse G. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis and thiol-group determination of isoforms of bovine cytochrome c oxidase, a hydrophobic multisubunit membrane protein. Anal Biochem 1998; 256:192-9. [PMID: 9473277 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectra (MALDI-MS) are obtained from entire bovine heart (H) and liver (L) cytochrome c oxidase membrane protein complexes. Molecular masses of most of the subunits are in excellent agreement with the published sequences. Some corrections are necessary for the nuclear coded subunit IX, which is N-acetylated, and X, with a corrected C-terminal peptide sequence. The mass values of two of the three tissue-specific subunits (VIII-L and X-L) are not in agreement with the DNA-deduced sequences and have been corrected by protein sequencing. For the investigation of the cysteine status 7-diethyl-amino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin proved to be an excellent site-specific reagent. MALDI-MS with the SH-reacted enzyme indicates disulfide bridges only in subunit VII and a distorted tetrahedral S coordination of the zinc in subunit VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Marx
- Institut für Biochemie, Klinikum der RWTH Aachen, Germany
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38
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Orii Y. Determination and novel features of the absolute absorption spectra of the heme a moieties in cytochrome c oxidase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1998; 30:47-53. [PMID: 9623805 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020555427215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The absolute absorption spectra of the two heme a moieties in cytochrome c oxidase were determined in the Soret region where spectral contributions from copper ions are negligible. This determination employs a set of absorption spectra of the enzyme recorded during anaerobic reduction with sodium dithionite, and does not require any other spectral data. The unique feature of the component spectra revealed in the present study suggests the existence of a specific interaction of heme a with the immediate environment as its origin. The usefulness of the absolute spectra in quantitative analysis of the spectral data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Orii
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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39
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Yoshikawa S, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Tsukihara T. Crystal structure of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase at 2.8 A resolution. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1998; 30:7-14. [PMID: 9623800 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020595108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen different polypeptide subunits, each in one copy, five phosphatidyl ethanolamines and three phosphatidyl glycerols, two hemes A, three Cu ions, one Mg ion, and one Zn ion are detectable in the crystal structure of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase in the fully oxidized form at 2.8 A resolution. A propionate of hems a, a peptide unit (-CO-NH-), and an imidazole bound to CuA are hydrogen-bonded sequentially, giving a facile electron transfer path from CUA to heme a. The O2 binding and reduction site, heme a3, is 4.7 A apart from CuB. Two possible proton transfer paths from the matrix side to the cytosolic side are located in subunit I, including hydrogen bonds and internal cavities likely to contain randomly oriented water molecules. Neither path includes the O2 reduction site. The O2 reduction site has a proton transfer path from the matrix side possibly for protons for producing water. The coordination geometry of CuB and the location of Tyr244 in subunit I at the end of the scalar proton path suggests a hydroperoxo species as the two electron reduced intermediate in the O2 reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshikawa
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Kamigohri, Akoh Hyogo, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Denitrification is a distinct means of energy conservation, making use of N oxides as terminal electron acceptors for cellular bioenergetics under anaerobic, microaerophilic, and occasionally aerobic conditions. The process is an essential branch of the global N cycle, reversing dinitrogen fixation, and is associated with chemolithotrophic, phototrophic, diazotrophic, or organotrophic metabolism but generally not with obligately anaerobic life. Discovered more than a century ago and believed to be exclusively a bacterial trait, denitrification has now been found in halophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and in the mitochondria of fungi, raising evolutionarily intriguing vistas. Important advances in the biochemical characterization of denitrification and the underlying genetics have been achieved with Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paracoccus denitrificans, Ralstonia eutropha, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Pseudomonads represent one of the largest assemblies of the denitrifying bacteria within a single genus, favoring their use as model organisms. Around 50 genes are required within a single bacterium to encode the core structures of the denitrification apparatus. Much of the denitrification process of gram-negative bacteria has been found confined to the periplasm, whereas the topology and enzymology of the gram-positive bacteria are less well established. The activation and enzymatic transformation of N oxides is based on the redox chemistry of Fe, Cu, and Mo. Biochemical breakthroughs have included the X-ray structures of the two types of respiratory nitrite reductases and the isolation of the novel enzymes nitric oxide reductase and nitrous oxide reductase, as well as their structural characterization by indirect spectroscopic means. This revealed unexpected relationships among denitrification enzymes and respiratory oxygen reductases. Denitrification is intimately related to fundamental cellular processes that include primary and secondary transport, protein translocation, cytochrome c biogenesis, anaerobic gene regulation, metalloprotein assembly, and the biosynthesis of the cofactors molybdopterin and heme D1. An important class of regulators for the anaerobic expression of the denitrification apparatus are transcription factors of the greater FNR family. Nitrate and nitric oxide, in addition to being respiratory substrates, have been identified as signaling molecules for the induction of distinct N oxide-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Zumft
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität Fridericiana, Karlsruhe, Germany
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41
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Ortwein C, Link TA, Meunier B, Colson-Corbisier AM, Rich PR, Brandt U. Structural and functional analysis of deficient mutants in subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1321:79-92. [PMID: 9284958 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Four point mutations in subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that had been selected for respiratory incompetence but still contained spectrally detectable haem aa3 were analysed. The isolated mutant enzymes exhibited minor band shifts in their optical spectra and contained all eleven subunits. However, steady state activities were only a few percent compared to wild type enzyme. Using a comprehensive experimental approach, we first checked the integrity of the enzyme preparations and then identified the specific functional defect. The results are discussed using information from the recently solved structures of cytochrome c oxidase at 2.8 A. Mutation 167N is positioned between haem a and a conserved glutamate residue (E243). It caused a distortion of the EPR signal of haem a and shifted its midpoint potential by 54 mV to the negative. The high-resolution structure suggests that the primary reason for the low activity of the mutant enzyme could be that asparagine in position 67 might form a stable hydrogen bond to E243, which is part of a proposed proton channel. Cytochrome c oxidase isolated from mutant T316K did not meet our criteria for homogeneity and was therefore omitted from further analysis. Mutants G352V and V380M exhibited an impairment of electron transfer from haem a to a3 and ligand binding to the binuclear centre was affected. In mutant V380M also the midpoint potential of CuB was shifted by 65 mV to the positive. The results indicated for these two mutants changes primarily associated with the binuclear centre, possibly associated with an interference in the routes and/or sites of protonation which are required for stable formation of the catalytic intermediates. This interpretation is discussed in the light of the high resolution structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ortwein
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Zentrum der Biologischen Chemie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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42
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Witt H, Wittershagen A, Bill E, Kolbesen BO, Ludwig B. Asp-193 and Glu-218 of subunit II are involved in the Mn2+-binding of Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome c oxidase. FEBS Lett 1997; 409:128-30. [PMID: 9202131 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase contains a binding site for a non-redox-active metal at the interface of subunits I and II, usually a magnesium ion. In Paracoccus denitrificans oxidase, typically 20% may be replaced by manganese, using standard growth media. Site-directed mutants were constructed in subunit II (D193N and E218Q), and the isolated enzymes analyzed by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and EPR. Both mutants show a strong reduction of the manganese stoichiometry and a diminished electron transfer activity, demonstrating that D193 and E218 are involved in the binding of a manganese/magnesium ion in this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Witt
- Institute of Biochemistry/Molecular Genetics, University of Frankfurt, Biozentrum, Germany
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43
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Medeiros DM, Shiry L, Samelman T. Cardiac nuclear encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits are decreased with copper restriction but not iron restriction: gene expression, protein synthesis and heat shock protein aspects. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 117:77-87. [PMID: 9185337 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hearts from rats fed a copper-deficient (Cu-) diet have decreased levels of nuclear-encoded peptides of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). Studies were conducted to determine whether iron deficiency would lead to a similar finding, whether mRNA transcripts and the chaperonin heat shock proteins (HSP) 60 and 70 from hearts of Cu- rats were decreased as compared with copper-adequate controls and whether synthesis of mitochondrial and nuclear encoded peptides differed as affected by diet copper. In study 1, weanling rats were assigned to one of three groups (n = 6 in each group): (1) control copper and iron adequate fed rats; (2) Cu- rats and (3) iron-deficient (Fe-) rats. Western blotting of nonmyofibrillar cardiac proteins revealed that the nuclear encoded peptides of CCO from the Cu- rats were markedly decreased as compared with control and Fe- rats. Mitochondrial encoded subunits did not appear to differ by treatment groups. Iron-deficient rats had similar nuclear encoded peptide levels as those of controls. In study 2, mRNA transcripts from Cu- (n = 4) and control copper adequate (n = 4) rats did not appear to differ for subunits II and IV, which correspond to mitochondrial and nuclear encoded subunits, respectively. In study 3, levels of HSP 60 and 70 from hearts of Cu- rats (n = 3) did not differ from Cu+ rats (n = 3). In study 4, infusion of 3H-(4,5)-leucine into the hearts of Cu+ and Cu- rats suggested there was no difference in synthesis of the nuclear encoded peptides by copper status and some indication there was enhanced breakdown of the nuclear encoded peptides among the Cu- rats. As expected, more isotope was incorporated into the mitochondria of Cu- rats than Cu+ rats. These results demonstrate an independent effect of copper upon the apparent decrease in the nuclear encoded subunits of CCO, the effect of copper upon the CCO subunits is probably post-transcriptional and that translocation of the nuclear encoded subunits from the ribosomes to the mitochondria via the chaperonin proteins is not a primary defect in explaining these observations in hearts from Cu- rats and synthesis of the nuclear encoded subunits of CCO in not impaired in copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Medeiros
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Management, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295, USA
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44
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Fundel SM, Pountney DL, Bogumil R, Gehrig PM, Hasler DW, Faller P, Vasák M. Isolation and characterization of a novel monomeric zinc- and heme-containing protein from bovine brain. FEBS Lett 1996; 395:33-8. [PMID: 8849684 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An acidic zinc- and heme-containing protein was isolated from the soluble fraction of bovine brain and has been purified to homogeneity. The zinc-heme protein is a monomeric globular protein with a molecular mass of 31 200 Da as determined by electrospray mass spectrometry. The protein was isolated with 0.90 +/- 0.05 zinc per protein and with substoichiometric amounts of heme. Amino acid sequences of four peptides (ca. 20% of the protein) were determined and the comparison of these sequences with those of protein and gene sequence databases revealed no significant correlation with any known protein. Thus, it is concluded that it is a novel protein of currently unknown biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fundel
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Wallace-Williams SE, James CA, de Vries S, Saraste M, Lappalainen P, van der Oost J, Fabian M, Palmer G, Woodruff WH. Far-Red Resonance Raman Study of Copper A in Subunit II of Cytochrome c Oxidase. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacie E. Wallace-Williams
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Chris A. James
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Simon de Vries
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Matti Saraste
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - John van der Oost
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Marian Fabian
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Graham Palmer
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - William H. Woodruff
- CST-4, Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop G758, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Technical University Delft, The Netherlands European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Germany Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
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Berks BC, Ferguson SJ, Moir JW, Richardson DJ. Enzymes and associated electron transport systems that catalyse the respiratory reduction of nitrogen oxides and oxyanions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1232:97-173. [PMID: 8534676 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B C Berks
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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48
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Pfenninger S, Antholine WE, Barr ME, Hyde JS, Kroneck PM, Zumft WG. Electron spin-lattice relaxation of the [Cu(1.5) ... Cu(1.5)] dinuclear copper center in nitrous oxide reductase. Biophys J 1995; 69:2761-9. [PMID: 8599682 PMCID: PMC1236513 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxation times have been obtained with time-domain EPR for the dinuclear mixed valence [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)[ S = 1/2 center in nitrous oxide reductase, N2OR, from Pseudomonas stutzeri, in the TN5 mutant defective in copper chromophore biosynthesis, in a synthetic mixed valence complex, and in type 1 and 2 copper complexes. Data confirmed that the intrinsic electron spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, for N2OR in the temperature range of 6-25 K is unusually short for copper centers. At best, a twofold increase of T1 from g perpendicular to g parallel was measured. Optimized fits of the saturation-recovery data were obtained using both double-exponential and stretched-exponential functions. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate of mutant N2OR is about T5.0 with the stretched-exponential model or T3.3 and T3.9 for the model using the sum of two exponentials. These T1s are intrinsic to the mixed valence [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)] center, and no interaction of the second copper center in wild-type N2OR with the [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)] center has been observed. The T1 of the mixed valence center of N2OR is not only shorter than for monomeric square planar Cu(II) complexes, but also shorter than for a synthetic mixed valence complex, Cu2(N[CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2]3N). The short T1 is attributed to the vibrational modes of type 1 copper and/or the metal-metal interaction in [CuA(1.5) ... CuA(1.5)].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pfenninger
- Biophysics Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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49
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Farrar JA, Lappalainen P, Zumft WG, Saraste M, Thomson AJ. Spectroscopic and mutagenesis studies on the CuA centre from the cytochrome-c oxidase complex of Paracoccus denitrificans. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 232:294-303. [PMID: 7556164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome-c oxidase contains an unusual copper centre (CuA) located in subunit II. This centre mediates one-electron transfer from cytochrome c to low-spin heme a. Recent spectroscopic and biochemical studies have shown that this centre is a valence delocalised dinuclear [Cu(+1.5)-Cu(+1.5)] centre. We have measured the absorption, EPR and variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the CuA-binding domain isolated from Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome aa3. The EPR spectrum showed the following signals: gparallel = 2.18; gperpendicular = 2.03. gparallel exhibited a seven-line hyperfine splitting pattern, with an intensity ratio showing that the single unpaired electron interacted equally with two copper nuclei. The magnetic circular dichroism spectrum was identical to those from CuA in bovine heart cytochrome-c oxidase and centre A of nitrous-oxide reductase, showing the close structural similarity between the three centres. To identify the ligands of CuA, all the conserved putative ligands in the P. denitrificans CuA domain were substituted. Only five residues, Cys244, Cys248, His209, His252, and Met255, were required for correct assembly of the CuA centre. Replacement of Met255 caused protein misfolding. Hence, methionine may have a structural role for the folding of the protein rather than being a CuA ligand. Given that both copper ions must have identical coordination geometries, the number of possible structures is limited. Two models are proposed: one involves the thiolate side-chains of Cys244 and Cys248 bridging a pair of copper ions with one histidine coordinating each copper ion, and the other has terminal ligation of each copper ion by one cysteine and one histidine residue. In both models, the metal-metal distance can be sufficiently short to permit direct d-orbital overlap of the copper ions. The magnetic circular dichroism transitions at 475 nm and 525 nm are assigned to thiolate-to-copper charge-transfer processes polarised perpendicular to one another, although the magnetic circular dichroism intensities show that the excited states were heavily mixed with copper d-orbitals. These intensities can be interpreted in the thiolate bridged model in terms of transitions within a Cu2(SR)2 rhomb. In the model involving terminal cysteine ligation, exciton coupling of two thiolate-to-copper charge-transfer transitions of similar energy, polarised along the Cu-S bonds, would contribute two transitions perpendicular to one another. This requires that the cysteine ligands have a cis orientation relative to one another.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Farrar
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
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50
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Henkel G, Müller A, Weißgräber S, Nolting HF, Buse G, Soulimane T, Steffens GCM. Die Metallzentren der intakten nativen Cytochrom-c-Oxidase aus Rinderherz-Mitochondrien: EXAFS-spektroskopische Identifizierung und Charakterisierung eines neuartigen homodinuclearen Kupferzentrums (CuA) sowie des heterodinuclearen Fea3-CuB-Zentrums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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