1
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Gao B, Li P, Zhu S. Single Deletion Unmasks Hidden Anti-Gram-Negative Bacterial Activity of an Insect Defensin-Derived Peptide. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2512-2528. [PMID: 38335999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Insect defensins are a large family of antimicrobial peptides primarily active against Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we explore their hidden anti-Gram-negative bacterial potential via a nature-guided strategy inspired by natural deletion variants of Drosophila defensins. Referring to these variants, we deleted the equivalent region of an insect defensin with the first cysteine-containing N-terminus, and the last three cysteine-containing C-terminal regions remained. This 15-mer peptide exhibits low solubility and specifically targets Gram-positive bacteria. Further deletion of alanine-9 remarkably improves its solubility, unmasks its hidden anti-Gram-negative bacterial activity, and alters its states in different environments. Intriguingly, compared with the oxidized form, the 14-mer reduced peptide shows increased activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through a membrane-disruptive mechanism. The broad-spectrum activity and tolerance to high-salt environments and human serum, together with no toxicity to mammalian or human cells, make it a promising candidate for the design of new peptide antibiotics against Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Group of Peptide Biology and Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety (Chinese Academy of Sciences), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shunyi Zhu
- Group of Peptide Biology and Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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2
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Randall JR, Vieira LC, Wilke CO, Davies BW. Deep mutational scanning and machine learning uncover antimicrobial peptide features driving membrane selectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.551017. [PMID: 37547010 PMCID: PMC10402124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.551017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides commonly act by disrupting bacterial membranes, but also frequently damage mammalian membranes. Deciphering the rules governing membrane selectivity is critical to understanding their function and enabling their therapeutic use. Past attempts to decipher these rules have failed because they cannot interrogate adequate peptide sequence variation. To overcome this problem, we develop deep mutational surface localized antimicrobial display (dmSLAY), which reveals comprehensive positional residue importance and flexibility across an antimicrobial peptide sequence. We apply dmSLAY to Protegrin-1, a potent yet toxic antimicrobial peptide, and identify thousands of sequence variants that positively or negatively influence its antibacterial activity. Further analysis reveals that avoiding large aromatic residues and eliminating disulfide bound cysteine pairs while maintaining membrane bound secondary structure greatly improves Protegrin-1 bacterial specificity. Moreover, dmSLAY datasets enable machine learning to expand our analysis to include over 5.7 million sequence variants and reveal full Protegrin-1 mutational profiles driving either bacterial or mammalian membrane specificity. Our results describe an innovative, high-throughput approach for elucidating antimicrobial peptide sequence-structure-function relationships which can inform synthetic peptide-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Randall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Luiz C. Vieira
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin; Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Bryan W. Davies
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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3
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Chen N, Jiang C. Antimicrobial peptides: Structure, mechanism, and modification. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115377. [PMID: 37099837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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4
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Ciulla MG, Gelain F. Structure-activity relationships of antibacterial peptides. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:757-777. [PMID: 36705032 PMCID: PMC10034643 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role in innate immunity, whose components are mainly peptide-based molecules with antibacterial properties. Indeed, the exploration of the immune system over the past 40 years has revealed a number of natural peptides playing a pivotal role in the defence mechanisms of vertebrates and invertebrates, including amphibians, insects, and mammalians. This review provides a discussion regarding the antibacterial mechanisms of peptide-based agents and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) with the aim of describing a topic that is not yet fully explored. Some growing evidence suggests that innate immunity should be strongly considered for the development of novel antibiotic peptide-based libraries. Also, due to the constantly rising concern of antibiotic resistance, the development of new antibiotic drugs is becoming a priority of global importance. Hence, the study and the understanding of defence phenomena occurring in the immune system may inspire the development of novel antibiotic compound libraries and set the stage to overcome drug-resistant pathogens. Here, we provide an overview of the importance of peptide-based antibacterial sources, focusing on accurately selected molecular structures, their SARs including recently introduced modifications, their latest biotechnology applications, and their potential against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Last, we provide cues to describe how antibacterial peptides show a better scope of action selectivity than several anti-infective agents, which are characterized by non-selective activities and non-targeted actions toward pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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5
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Matching amino acids membrane preference profile to improve activity of antimicrobial peptides. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1199. [PMID: 36347951 PMCID: PMC9643456 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are cationic antibiotics that can kill multidrug-resistant bacteria via membrane insertion. However, their weak activity limits their clinical use. Ironically, the cationic charge of AMPs is essential for membrane binding, but it obstructs membrane insertion. In this study, we postulate that this problem can be overcome by locating cationic amino acids at the energetically preferred membrane surface. All amino acids have an energetically preferred or less preferred membrane position profile, and this profile is strongly related to membrane insertion. However, most AMPs do not follow this profile. One exception is protegrin-1, a powerful but neglected AMP. In the present study, we found that a potent AMP, WCopW5, strongly resembles protegrin-1 and that the match between its sequence and the preferred position profile closely correlates with its antimicrobial activity. One of its derivatives, WCopW43, has antimicrobial activity comparable to that of the most effective AMPs in clinical use.
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6
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Manaig YJY, Sandrini S, Panseri S, Tedeschi G, Folch JM, Sánchez A, Savoini G, Agazzi A. Low n-6/n-3 Gestation and Lactation Diets Influence Early Performance, Muscle and Adipose Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content and Deposition, and Relative Abundance of Proteins in Suckling Piglets. Molecules 2022; 27:2925. [PMID: 35566276 PMCID: PMC9103047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios in swine diets can potentially impose a higher risk of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in swine. A low ratio between the two omega PUFAs has beneficial effects on sows' and piglets' production performance and immunity status. At present, there are few studies on how sow nutrition directly affects the protein and fat deposition in suckling piglets. Two groups of sows were fed diets with high or low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratios of 13:1 (SOY) and 4:1 (LIN), respectively, during gestation and lactation. Longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue from newborn piglets, nourished only with sow's milk, were subjected to fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to proteomics assays based on nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS). Fatty acid profiles on both muscle and adipose tissues resembled the magnitude of the differences between fatty acid across diets. Proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of 4 muscle and 11 adipose tissue proteins in SOY compared to LIN in both piglet tissues. The detected overabundance of haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein, and the stimulation of protein-coding genes and proteins related to the innate immune response and acute inflammatory response could be associated with the pro-inflammatory role of n-6 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yron Joseph Yabut Manaig
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.F.); (A.S.)
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.S.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Silvia Sandrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.S.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.S.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- CRC “Innovation for Well-Being and Environment” (I-WE), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Josep M. Folch
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.F.); (A.S.)
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armand Sánchez
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.F.); (A.S.)
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Savoini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.S.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.S.); (S.P.); (G.S.); (A.A.)
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7
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Zouhir A, Semmar N. Structure-activity trend analysis between amino-acids and minimal inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial peptides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:438-455. [PMID: 34965022 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide large structural libraries of molecules with high variability of constitutional amino-acids (AAs). Highlighting structural organization and structure-activity trends in such molecular systems provide key information on structural associations and functional conditions that could usefully help for drug design. This work presents link analyses between minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and different types of constitutional AAs of anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMPs. This scope was based on a dataset of 328 published molecules. Regulation levels of AAs in AMPs were statistically ordinated by correspondence analysis helping for classification of the 328 AMPs into nine structurally homogeneous peptide clusters (PCs 1-9) characterized by high/low relative occurrences of different AAs. Within each PC, negative trends between MIC and AAs were highlighted by iterated multiple linear regression models built by bootstrap processes (bagging). MIC-decrease was linked to different AAs that varied with PCs: alcohol type AAs (Thr, Ser) in Cys-rich and low Arg PCs (PCs 1-3); basic AAs (Lys, Arg) in Pro-rich and low Val PCs (PCs 4-8); Trp (heterocyclic AA) in Arg-rich PCs (PCs 6, 7, 9). Aliphatic AAs (more particularly Gly) showed MIC-reduction effects in different PCs essentially under interactive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmajid Zouhir
- University of Tunis El Manar, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis
| | - Nabil Semmar
- University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of BioInformatics, bioMathematics and bioStatistics (BIMS), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
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8
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Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179494. [PMID: 34502403 PMCID: PMC8431371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious intestinal colitis, manifesting as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and epithelial barrier disruption, affects millions of humans worldwide and, without effective treatment, can result in death. In addition to this, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses an urgent need for alternative anti-infection therapies for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapies that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to their (1) unique mode of action, (2) broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and (3) protective role in GI tract maintenance. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an AMP of pig origin that was previously shown to reduce the pathological effects of chemically induced digestive tract inflammation (colitis) and to modulate immune responses and tissue repair. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the protective effects of PG-1 on pathogen-induced colitis in an infection study over a 10-day experimental period. The oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium intestinal infection in mice as evidenced by reduced histopathologic change in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and more effective clearance of bacterial infection relative to challenged phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Additionally, PG-1 treatment altered the expression of various inflammatory mediators during infection, which may act to resolve inflammation and re-establish intestinal homeostasis. PG-1 administered in its mature form was more effective relative to the pro-form (ProPG-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of PG-1 on infectious colitis.
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9
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Gan BH, Gaynord J, Rowe SM, Deingruber T, Spring DR. The multifaceted nature of antimicrobial peptides: current synthetic chemistry approaches and future directions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7820-7880. [PMID: 34042120 PMCID: PMC8689412 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00729c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections caused by 'superbugs' are increasing globally, and conventional antibiotics are becoming less effective against these bacteria, such that we risk entering a post-antibiotic era. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained significant attention for their clinical potential as a new class of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we discuss several facets of AMPs including their diversity, physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and effects of environmental factors on these features. This review outlines various chemical synthetic strategies that have been applied to develop novel AMPs, including chemical modifications of existing peptides, semi-synthesis, and computer-aided design. We will also highlight novel AMP structures, including hybrids, antimicrobial dendrimers and polypeptides, peptidomimetics, and AMP-drug conjugates and consider recent developments in their chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ha Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Josephine Gaynord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Sam M Rowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tomas Deingruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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10
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Kumar R, Ali SA, Singh SK, Bhushan V, Mathur M, Jamwal S, Mohanty AK, Kaushik JK, Kumar S. Antimicrobial Peptides in Farm Animals: An Updated Review on Its Diversity, Function, Modes of Action and Therapeutic Prospects. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040206. [PMID: 33352919 PMCID: PMC7766339 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the arsenals of the innate host defense system, exhibiting evolutionarily conserved characteristics that are present in practically all forms of life. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compounded with a slow discovery rate for new antibiotics that have necessitated scientific efforts to search for alternatives to antibiotics. Research on the identification of AMPs has generated very encouraging evidence that they curb infectious pathologies and are also useful as novel biologics to function as immunotherapeutic agents. Being innate, they exhibit the least cytotoxicity to the host and exerts a wide spectrum of biological activity including low resistance among microbes and increased wound healing actions. Notably, in veterinary science, the constant practice of massive doses of antibiotics with inappropriate withdrawal programs led to a high risk of livestock-associated antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the world faces tremendous pressure for designing and devising strategies to mitigate the use of antibiotics in animals and keep it safe for posterity. In this review, we illustrate the diversity of farm animal-specific AMPs, and their biochemical foundations, mode of action, and prospective application in clinics. Subsequently, we present the data for their systematic classification under the major and minor groups, antipathogenic action, and allied bioactivities in the host. Finally, we address the limitations of their clinical implementation and envision areas for further advancement.
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11
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Mercer DK, Torres MDT, Duay SS, Lovie E, Simpson L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, de la Fuente-Nunez C, O'Neil DA, Angeles-Boza AM. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides to Better Predict Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:326. [PMID: 32733816 PMCID: PMC7358464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) as potential therapeutics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) stands as an essential part of the process in identification and optimisation of candidate AMP. Standard methods for AST, developed almost 60 years ago for testing conventional antibiotics, are not necessarily fit for purpose when it comes to determining the susceptibility of microorganisms to AMP. Without careful consideration of the parameters comprising AST there is a risk of failing to identify novel antimicrobials at a time when antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is leading the planet toward a post-antibiotic era. More physiologically/clinically relevant AST will allow better determination of the preclinical activity of drug candidates and allow the identification of lead compounds. An important consideration is the efficacy of AMP in biological matrices replicating sites of infection, e.g., blood/plasma/serum, lung bronchiolar lavage fluid/sputum, urine, biofilms, etc., as this will likely be more predictive of clinical efficacy. Additionally, specific AST for different target microorganisms may help to better predict efficacy of AMP in specific infections. In this manuscript, we describe what we believe are the key considerations for AST of AMP and hope that this information can better guide the preclinical development of AMP toward becoming a new generation of urgently needed antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Searle S. Duay
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Emma Lovie
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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12
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Rodnin MV, Vasquez-Montes V, Nepal B, Ladokhin AS, Lazaridis T. Experimental and Computational Characterization of Oxidized and Reduced Protegrin Pores in Lipid Bilayers. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:287-298. [PMID: 32500172 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protegrin-1 (PG-1), an 18-residue β-hairpin stabilized by two disulfide bonds, is a member of a family of powerful antimicrobial peptides which are believed to act through membrane permeabilization. Here we used a combination of experimental and computational approaches to characterize possible structural arrangements of PG-1 in lipid bilayers mimicking bacterial membranes. We have measured the dose-response function of the PG-1-induced leakage of markers of various sizes from vesicles and found it to be consistent with the formation of pores of two different sizes. The first one allows the release of small dyes and occurs at peptide:lipid ratios < 0.006. Above this ratio, larger pores are observed through which the smallest of dextrans FD4 can be released. In parallel with pore formation, we observe a general large-scale destabilization of vesicles which is probably related to complete rupture of some vesicles. The population of vesicles that are completely ruptured depends linearly on PG-1:lipid ratio. Neither pore size, nor vesicle rupture are influenced by the formation of disulfide bonds. Previous computational work on oxidized protegrin is complemented here by all-atom MD simulations of PG-1 with reduced disulfide bonds both in solution (monomer) and in a bilayer (dimer and octamer). The simulations provide molecular insights into the influence of disulfide bonds on peptide conformation, aggregation, and oligomeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola V Rodnin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Victor Vasquez-Montes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Binod Nepal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Alexey S Ladokhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Themis Lazaridis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA. .,Graduate Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics marked a golden age in the revolution of human medicine. However, decades later, bacterial infections remain a global healthcare threat, and a return to the pre-antibiotic era seems inevitable if stringent measures are not adopted to curb the rapid emergence and spread of multidrug resistance and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In hospital settings, multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) bearing Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are amongst the most problematic due to the paucity of treatment options, increased hospital stay, and exorbitant medical costs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide an excellent potential strategy for combating these threats. Compared to empirical antibiotics, they show low tendency to select for resistance, rapid killing action, broad-spectrum activity, and extraordinary clinical efficacy against several MDR strains. Therefore, this review highlights multidrug resistance among nosocomial bacterial pathogens and its implications and reiterates the importance of AMPs as next-generation antibiotics for combating MDR superbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.,Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.,Institutes for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zhi-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China, E-mail:
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14
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Deplazes E, Chin YKY, King GF, Mancera RL. The unusual conformation of cross-strand disulfide bonds is critical to the stability of β-hairpin peptides. Proteins 2019; 88:485-502. [PMID: 31589791 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cross-strand disulfides (CSDs) found in β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides (β-AMPs) show a unique disulfide geometry that is characterized by unusual torsion angles and a short Cα-Cα distance. While the sequence and disulfide bond connectivity of disulfide-rich peptides is well studied, much less is known about the disulfide geometry found in CSDs and their role in the stability of β-AMPs. To address this, we solved the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the β-AMP gomesin (Gm) at 278, 298, and 310 K, examined the disulfide bond geometry of over 800 disulfide-rich peptides, and carried out extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the peptides Gm and protegrin. The NMR data suggests Cα-Cα distances characteristic for CSDs are independent of temperature. Analysis of disulfide-rich peptides from the Protein Data Bank revealed that right-handed and left-handed rotamers are equally likely in CSDs. The previously reported preference for right-handed rotamers was likely biased by restricting the analysis to peptides and proteins solved using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, data from MD simulations showed that the short Cα-Cα distance is critical for the stability of these peptides. The unique disulfide geometry of CSDs poses a challenge to biomolecular force fields and to retain the stability of β-hairpin fold over long simulation times, restraints on the torsion angles might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Deplazes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yanni K-Y Chin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Rončević T, Vukičević D, Krce L, Benincasa M, Aviani I, Maravić A, Tossi A. Selection and redesign for high selectivity of membrane-active antimicrobial peptides from a dedicated sequence/function database. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:827-834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Hong Y, Truong AD, Lee J, Lee K, Kim GB, Heo KN, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Identification of duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and characterization of its bactericidal activity. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:1052-1061. [PMID: 30381731 PMCID: PMC6601062 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to identify duck liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) and demonstrate its antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Methods Tissue samples were collected from 6 to 8-week-old Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized. To confirm the duck LEAP-2 transcript expression levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted. Two kinds of peptides (a linear peptide and a disulfide-type peptide) were synthesized to compare the antimicrobial activity. Then, antimicrobial activity assay and fluorescence microscopic analysis were conducted to demonstrate duck LEAP-2 bactericidal activity. Results The duck LEAP-2 peptide sequence showed high identity with those of other avian species (>85%), as well as more than 55% of identity with mammalian sequences. LEAP-2 mRNA was highly expressed in the liver with duodenum next, and then followed by lung, spleen, bursa and jejunum and was the lowest in the muscle. Both of LEAP-2 peptides efficiently killed bacteria, although the disulfide-type LEAP-2 showed more powerful bactericidal activity. Also, gram-positive bacteria was more susceptible to duck LEAP-2 than gram-negative bacteria. Using microscopy, we confirmed that LEAP-2 peptides could kill bacteria by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Conclusion Duck LEAP-2 showed its antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Disulfide bonds were important for the powerful killing effect by disrupting the bacterial cell envelope. Therefore, duck LEAP-2 can be used for effective antibiotics alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Janggeun Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyungbaek Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kang-Nyeong Heo
- Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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17
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Huynh E, Akhtar N, Li J. Efficient Production of Recombinant Protegrin-1 From Pichia pastoris, and Its Antimicrobial and in vitro Cell Migration Activity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2300. [PMID: 30319593 PMCID: PMC6170612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protegrin (PG) belongs to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin family. To date, five protegrin sequences have been identified in pigs, PG-1 to PG-5. Of these, PG-1 exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against a broad range of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms as well as viruses. However, the other potential role(s) of PG beyond antimicrobial has largely been unexplored. The aim of this study was to use nonpathogenic yeast Pichia pastoris to express antimicrobially active recombinant protegrin (rPG-1). Additionally, the effect of PG-1 on cell migration and proliferation was also examined in vitro using pig intestinal epithelial cells as a model. Highest level of rPG-1 (104 ± 11 μg/mL) was detected at 24 h in fermentation culture medium. Similar to rPG-1, 0.8 ± 0.10 g/L of proform PG-1 (rProPG-1) and 0.2 ± 0.02 g/L of the PG-1 cathelin domain (rCath) was detected in fermentation culture medium. Resulting recombinant PG-1 and cleaved rProPG-1 exerted antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5α at the same level as chemically synthesized PG-1. Enhanced cell migration was observed (p < 0.05) in groups treated with rProPG-1, rCath, and rPG-1 compared to the control. Furthermore, rPG-1 was stable at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 80°C. In summary, biologically active recombinant protegrin in its pro-, cathelin-, and mature- forms were successfully expressed in P. pastoris suggesting potential feasibility for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanna Huynh
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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18
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Sivanesam K, Kier BL, Whedon SD, Chatterjee C, Andersen NH. Biological consequences of improving the structural stability of hairpins that have antimicrobial activity. J Pept Sci 2018; 23:899-906. [PMID: 29193517 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Designing new antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) focuses heavily on the activity of the peptide and less on the elements that stabilize the secondary structure of these peptides. Studies have shown that improving the structure of naturally occurring AMPs can affect activity and so here we explore the relationship between structure and activity of two non-naturally occurring AMPs. We have used a backbone-cyclized peptide as a template and designed an uncyclized analogue of this peptide that has antimicrobial activity. We focused on beta-hairpin-like structuring features. Improvements to the structure of this peptide reduced the activity of the peptide against gram-negative, Escherichia coli but improved the activity against gram-positive, Corynebacterium glutamicum. Distinctions in structuring effects on gram-negative versus gram-positive activity were also seen in a second peptide system. Structural improvements resulted in a peptide that was more active than the native against gram-positive bacterium but less active against gram-negative bacterium. Our results show that there is not always a correlation between improved hairpin-structuring and activity. Other factors such as the type of bacteria being targeted as well as net positive charge can play a role in the potency of AMPs. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkena Sivanesam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brandon L Kier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Samuel D Whedon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Champak Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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19
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Xue Q, Liu XB, Lao YH, Wu LP, Wang D, Zuo ZQ, Chen JY, Hou J, Bei YY, Wu XF, Leong KW, Xiang H, Han J. Anti-infective biomaterials with surface-decorated tachyplesin I. Biomaterials 2018; 178:351-362. [PMID: 29778319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Implants decorated with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can prevent infection and reduce the risk of creating antibiotic resistance. Yet the restricted mobility of surficial AMP often compromises its activity. Here, we report a simple but effective strategy to allow a more flexible display of AMP on the biomaterial surface and demonstrate its efficacy for wound healing. The AMP, tachyplesin I (Tac), is tagged with the polyhydroxyalkanoate-granule-associated protein (PhaP) and immobilized on haloarchaea-produced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) via hydrophobic interaction. The PhaP-Tac coating effectively inhibits the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It also increases the surface hydrophilicity to improve fibroblast proliferation in vitro, and accelerates wound healing by decreasing bacterial counts to below 105 CFU per gram of tissue in a deep-wound mouse model in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an effective strategy to realize the full potential of AMPs in imparting implants with an anti-microbial activity that is localized and potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Lin-Ping Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Semreen MH, El-Gamal MI, Abdin S, Alkhazraji H, Kamal L, Hammad S, El-Awady F, Waleed D, Kourbaj L. Recent updates of marine antimicrobial peptides. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:396-409. [PMID: 29556131 PMCID: PMC5856950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are group of proteins showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that have been known to be powerful agents against a variety of pathogens. This class of compounds contributed to solving the microbial resistance dilemma that limited the use of many potent antimicrobial agents. The marine environment is known to be one of the richest sources for antimicrobial peptides, yet this environment is not fully explored. Hence, the scientific research attention should be directed toward the marine ecosystem as enormous amount of useful discoveries could be brought to the forefront. In the current article, the marine antimicrobial peptides reported from mid 2012 to 2017 have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shifaa Abdin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hajar Alkhazraji
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leena Kamal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saba Hammad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faten El-Awady
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dima Waleed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Layal Kourbaj
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Yu M, Yan J, He W, Li C, Ma PX, Lei B. Synthetic θ-Defensin Antibacterial Peptide as a Highly Efficient Nonviral Vector for Redox-Responsive miRNA Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700001. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710054 China
| | - Jin Yan
- Center for Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Wangxiao He
- Center for Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Science; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710054 China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710054 China
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22
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Yang N, Liu X, Teng D, Li Z, Wang X, Mao R, Wang X, Hao Y, Wang J. Antibacterial and detoxifying activity of NZ17074 analogues with multi-layers of selective antimicrobial actions against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3392. [PMID: 28611436 PMCID: PMC5469750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NZ17074 (N1), an arenicin-3 derivative isolated from the lugworm, has potent antibacterial activity and is cytotoxic. To reduce its cytotoxicity, seven N1 analogues with different structures were designed by changing their disulfide bonds, hydrophobicity, or charge. The “rocket” analogue-N2 and the “kite” analogue-N6 have potent activity and showed lower cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells than N1. The NMR spectra revealed that N1, N2, and N6 adopt β-sheet structures stabilized by one or two disulfide bonds. N2 and N6 permeabilized the outer/inner membranes of E. coli, but did not permeabilize the inner membranes of S. enteritidis. N2 and N6 induced E. coli and S. enteritidis cell cycle arrest in the I-phase and R-phase, respectively. In E. coli and in S. enteritidis, 18.7–43.8% of DNA/RNA/cell wall synthesis and 5.7–61.8% of DNA/RNA/protein synthesis were inhibited by the two peptides, respectively. Collapsed and filamentous E. coli cells and intact morphologies of S. enteritidis cells were observed after treatment with the two peptides. Body weight doses from 2.5–7.5 mg/kg of N2 and N6 enhanced the survival rate of peritonitis- and endotoxemia-induced mice; reduced the serum IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels; and protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. These data indicate that N2 and N6, through multiple selective actions, may be promising dual-function candidates as novel antimicrobial and anti-endotoxin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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23
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Henderson JM, Waring AJ, Separovic F, Lee KYC. Antimicrobial Peptides Share a Common Interaction Driven by Membrane Line Tension Reduction. Biophys J 2017; 111:2176-2189. [PMID: 27851941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of host-defense molecules that neutralize a broad range of pathogens. Their membrane-permeabilizing behavior has been commonly attributed to the formation of pores; however, with the continuing discovery of AMPs, many are uncharacterized and their exact mechanism remains unknown. Using atomic force microscopy, we previously characterized the disruption of model membranes by protegrin-1 (PG-1), a cationic AMP from pig leukocytes. When incubated with zwitterionic membranes of dimyristoylphosphocholine, PG-1 first induced edge instability at low concentrations, then porous defects at intermediate concentrations, and finally worm-like micelle structures at high concentrations. These rich structural changes suggested that pore formation constitutes only an intermediate state along the route of PG-1's membrane disruption process. The formation of these structures could be best understood by using a mesophase framework of a binary mixture of lipids and peptides, where PG-1 acts as a line-active agent in lowering interfacial bilayer tensions. We have proposed that rather than being static pore formers, AMPs share a common ability to lower interfacial tensions that promote membrane transformations. In a study of 13 different AMPs, we found that peptide line-active behavior was not driven by the overall charge, and instead was correlated with their adoption of imperfect secondary structures. These peptide structures commonly positioned charged residues near the membrane interface to promote deformation favorable for their incorporation into the membrane. Uniquely, the data showed that barrel-stave-forming peptides such as alamethicin are not line-active, and that the seemingly disparate models of toroidal pores and carpet activity are actually related. We speculate that this interplay between peptide structure and the distribution of polar residues in relation to the membrane governs AMP line activity in general and represents a novel, to our knowledge, avenue for the rational design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The James Frank Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan J Waring
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ka Yee C Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The James Frank Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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24
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Edwards IA, Elliott AG, Kavanagh AM, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Contribution of Amphipathicity and Hydrophobicity to the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of β-Hairpin Peptides. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:442-450. [PMID: 27331141 PMCID: PMC4906375 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bacteria have acquired
extensive resistance mechanisms to protect themselves against antibiotic
action. Today the bacterial membrane has become one of the “final
frontiers” in the search for new compounds acting on novel
targets to address the threat of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and XDR
bacterial pathogens. β-Hairpin antimicrobial peptides are amphipathic,
membrane-binding antibiotics that exhibit a broad range of activities
against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal pathogens. However,
most members of the class also possess adverse cytotoxicity and hemolytic
activity that preclude their development as candidate antimicrobials.
We examined peptide hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, and structure
to better dissect and understand the correlation between antimicrobial
activity and toxicity, membrane binding, and membrane permeability.
The hydrophobicity, pI, net charge at physiological
pH, and amphipathic moment for the β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides
tachyplesin-1, polyphemusin-1, protegrin-1, gomesin, arenicin-3, and
thanatin were determined and correlated with key antimicrobial activity
and toxicity data. These included antimicrobial activity against five
key bacterial pathogens and two fungi, cytotoxicity against human
cell lines, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes. Observed
antimicrobial activity trends correlated with compound amphipathicity
and, to a lesser extent, with overall hydrophobicity. Antimicrobial
activity increased with amphipathicity, but unfortunately so did toxicity.
Of note, tachyplesin-1 was found to be 8-fold more amphipathic than
gomesin. These analyses identify tachyplesin-1 as a promising scaffold
for rational design and synthetic optimization toward an antibiotic
candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela M. Kavanagh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road (Building 80), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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25
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Mohanram H, Bhattacharjya S. Salt-resistant short antimicrobial peptides. Biopolymers 2016; 106:345-56. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harini Mohanram
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551
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26
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Wang CK, King GJ, Conibear AC, Ramos MC, Chaousis S, Henriques ST, Craik DJ. Mirror Images of Antimicrobial Peptides Provide Reflections on Their Functions and Amyloidogenic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5706-13. [PMID: 27064294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric forms of BTD-2, PG-1, and PM-1 were synthesized to delineate the structure and function of these β-sheet antimicrobial peptides. Activity and lipid-binding assays confirm that these peptides act via a receptor-independent mechanism involving membrane interaction. The racemic crystal structure of BTD-2 solved at 1.45 Å revealed a novel oligomeric form of β-sheet antimicrobial peptides within the unit cell: an antiparallel trimer, which we suggest might be related to its membrane-active form. The BTD-2 oligomer extends into a larger supramolecular state that spans the crystal lattice, featuring a steric-zipper motif that is common in structures of amyloid-forming peptides. The supramolecular structure of BTD-2 thus represents a new mode of fibril-like assembly not previously observed for antimicrobial peptides, providing structural evidence linking antimicrobial and amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariana C Ramos
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Zughaier SM, Svoboda P, Pohl J. Structure-Dependent Immune Modulatory Activity of Protegrin-1 Analogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 3:694-713. [PMID: 26097747 PMCID: PMC4472440 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protegrins are porcine antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that belong to the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides. Protegrin-1 (PG-1), the most investigated member of the protegrin family, is an arginine-rich peptide consisting of 18 amino acid residues, its main chain adopting a β-hairpin structure that is linked by two disulfide bridges. We report on the immune modulatory activity of PG-1 and its analogs in neutralizing bacterial endotoxin and capsular polysaccharides, consequently inhibiting inflammatory mediators’ release from macrophages. We demonstrate that the β-hairpin structure motif stabilized with at least one disulfide bridge is a prerequisite for the immune modulatory activity of this type of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu M. Zughaier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-404-321-6111 (ext. 12461); Fax: +1-404-329-2210
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.); (J.P.)
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.); (J.P.)
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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28
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Panteleev PV, Bolosov IA, Ovchinnikova TV. Bioengineering and functional characterization of arenicin shortened analogs with enhanced antibacterial activity and cell selectivity. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:82-91. [PMID: 26814379 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New bioengineering approaches are required for development of more active and less toxic antimicrobial peptides. In this study we used β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1 as a template for design of more potent antimicrobials. In particular, six shortened 17-residue analogs were obtained by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Besides, we have introduced the second disulfide bridge by analogy with the structure of tachyplesins. As a result, a number of analogs with enhanced activity and cell selectivity were developed. In comparison with arenicin-1, which acts on cell membranes with low selectivity, the most potent and promising its analog termed ALP1 possessed two-fold higher antibacterial activity and did not affect viability of mammalian cells at concentration up to 50 μM. The therapeutic index of ALP1 against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was significantly increased compared with that of arenicin-1 while the mechanism of action remained the same. Like arenicin-1, the analog rapidly disrupt membranes of both stationary and exponential phase bacterial cells and effectively kills multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, ALP1 was shown to bind DNA in vitro at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The circular dichroism spectra demonstrated that secondary structures of the shortened analogs were similar to that of arenicin-1 in water solution, but significantly differed in membrane-mimicking environments. This work shows that a strand length is one of the key parameters affecting cell selectivity of β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Panteleev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilia A Bolosov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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29
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Peptides and Peptidomimetics for Antimicrobial Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:366-415. [PMID: 26184232 PMCID: PMC4588174 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and highlight a few classes of traditional antimicrobial peptides with a focus on structure-activity relationship studies. After first dissecting the important physiochemical properties that influence the antimicrobial and toxic properties of antimicrobial peptides, the contributions of individual amino acids with respect to the peptides antibacterial properties are presented. A brief discussion of the mechanisms of action of different antimicrobials as well as the development of bacterial resistance towards antimicrobial peptides follows. Finally, current efforts on novel design strategies and peptidomimetics are introduced to illustrate the importance of antimicrobial peptide research in the development of future antibiotics.
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30
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Ong ZY, Wiradharma N, Yang YY. Strategies employed in the design and optimization of synthetic antimicrobial peptide amphiphiles with enhanced therapeutic potentials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 78:28-45. [PMID: 25453271 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which predominantly act via membrane active mechanisms have emerged as an exciting class of antimicrobial agents with tremendous potential to overcome the global epidemic of antibiotics-resistant infections. The first generation of AMPs derived from natural sources as diverse as plants, insects and humans has provided a wealth of compositional and structural information to design novel synthetic AMPs with enhanced antimicrobial potencies and selectivities, reduced cost of production due to shorter sequences and improved stabilities under physiological conditions. In this review, we will first discuss the common strategies employed in the design and optimization of synthetic AMPs, followed by highlighting the various approaches utilized to enhance the therapeutic potentials of designed AMPs under physiological conditions. Lastly, future perspectives on the development of improved AMPs for therapeutic applications will be presented.
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31
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Mohanram H, Bhattacharjya S. Cysteine deleted protegrin-1 (CDP-1): anti-bacterial activity, outer-membrane disruption and selectivity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3006-16. [PMID: 24997421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protegin-1 (PG-1: RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR-amide) assumes a rigid β-hairpin like structure that is stabilized by two disulfide bridges between Cys6-Cys15 and Cys8-Cys13. Previous studies, employing linear analogs of PG-1, with Cys to Ala mutations or modified Cys, have demonstrated that the disulfide bridges are critical for the broad spectrum and salt resistant antimicrobial activity of PG-1. METHODS In order to understand structural and functional roles of disulfide bonds in protegrins, we have synthesized a Cys deleted variant of PG-1 or CDP-1, RGGRLYRRRFVVGR-amide, and two of its analogs, RR11, RLYRRRFVVGR-amide, and LR10, LYRRRFVVGR-amide, containing deletion of residues at the N-terminus. These peptides have been characterized for bactericidal activity and mode of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using optical spectroscopy, ITC and NMR. RESULTS Antibacterial activity, against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, of the three peptides follows the order: CDP-1>RR11>LR10. LR10 displays only limited activity toward Gram-negative strains. CDP-1 demonstrates efficient membrane permeabilization and high-affinity interactions with LPS. CDP-1 and RR11 both assume β-hairpin like compact structures in complex with LPS, whereas LR10 adopts an extended conformation in LPS. In zwitterionic DPC micelles CDP-1 and the truncated analog peptides do not adopt folded conformations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite the absence of stabilizing disulfide bridges CDP-1 shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and assumes β-hairpin like structure in complex with LPS. The β-hairpin structure may be essential for outer membrane permeabilization and cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Mohanram
- School of Biological Sciences, Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
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32
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Mohanram H, Bhattacharjya S. β-Boomerang Antimicrobial and Antiendotoxic Peptides: Lipidation and Disulfide Bond Effects on Activity and Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:482-501. [PMID: 24756162 PMCID: PMC4014704 DOI: 10.3390/ph7040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and endotoxin- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammations are among some of the most prominent health issues globally. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are eminent molecules that can kill drug-resistant strains and neutralize LPS toxicity. LPS, the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria safeguards cell integrity against hydrophobic compounds, including antibiotics and AMPs. Apart from maintaining structural integrity, LPS, when released into the blood stream, also induces inflammatory pathways leading to septic shock. In previous works, we have reported the de novo design of a set of 12-amino acid long cationic/hydrophobic peptides for LPS binding and activity. These peptides adopt β-boomerang like conformations in complex with LPS. Structure-activity studies demonstrated some critical features of the β-boomerang scaffold that may be utilized for the further development of potent analogs. In this work, β-boomerang lipopeptides were designed and structure-activity correlation studies were carried out. These lipopeptides were homo-dimerized through a disulfide bridge to stabilize conformations and for improved activity. The designed peptides exhibited potent antibacterial activity and efficiently neutralized LPS toxicity under in vitro assays. NMR structure of C4YI13C in aqueous solution demonstrated the conserved folding of the lipopeptide with a boomerang aromatic lock stabilized with disulfide bond at the C-terminus and acylation at the N-terminus. These lipo-peptides displaying bacterial sterilization and low hemolytic activity may be useful for future applications as antimicrobial and antiendotoxin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Mohanram
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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33
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Lalatsa A, Schatzlein AG, Uchegbu IF. Strategies to deliver peptide drugs to the brain. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1081-93. [PMID: 24601686 DOI: 10.1021/mp400680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as neurodegeneration, pain, psychiatric disorders, stroke, and brain cancers would greatly benefit from the use of highly potent and specific peptide pharmaceuticals. Peptides are especially desirable because of their low inherent toxicity. The presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB), their short duration of action, and their need for parenteral administration limits their clinical use. However, over the past decade there have been significant advances in delivering peptides to the central nervous system. Angiopep peptides developed by Angiochem (Montreal, Canada), transferrin antibodies developed by ArmaGen (Santa Monica, USA), and cell penetrating peptides have all shown promise in delivering therapeutic peptides across the BBB after intravenous administration. Noninvasive methods of delivering peptides to the brain include the use of chitosan amphiphile nanoparticles for oral delivery and nose to brain strategies. The uptake of the chitosan amphiphile nanoparticles by the gastrointestinal epithelium is important for oral peptide delivery. Finally protecting peptides from plasma degradation is integral to the success of most of these peptide delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth , St Michael's Building 5.05, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, U.K
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34
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Barlow PG, Findlay EG, Currie SM, Davidson DJ. Antiviral potential of cathelicidins. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:55-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The global burden of morbidity and mortality arising from viral infections is high; however, the development of effective therapeutics has been slow. As our understanding of innate immunity has expanded over recent years, knowledge of natural host defenses against viral infections has started to offer potential for novel therapeutic strategies. An area of current research interest is in understanding the roles played by naturally occurring cationic host defense peptides, such as the cathelicidins, in these innate antiviral host defenses across different species. This research also has the potential to inform the design of novel synthetic antiviral peptide analogs and/or provide rationale for therapies aimed at boosting the natural production of these peptides. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of the antiviral activities of cathelicidins, an important family of cationic host defense peptides, and consider the implications for novel antiviral therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Barlow
- Health, Life & Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Silke M Currie
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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35
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Yu HY, Yip BS, Tu CH, Chen HL, Chu HL, Chih YH, Cheng HT, Sue SC, Cheng JW. Correlations between membrane immersion depth, orientation, and salt-resistance of tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2720-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Lazaridis T, He Y, Prieto L. Membrane interactions and pore formation by the antimicrobial peptide protegrin. Biophys J 2013; 104:633-42. [PMID: 23442914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protegrin is an antimicrobial peptide with a β-hairpin structure stabilized by a pair of disulfide bonds. It has been extensively studied by solid-state NMR and computational methods. Here we use implicit membrane models to examine the binding of monomers on the surface and in the interior of the membrane, the energetics of dimerization, the binding to membrane pores, and the stability of different membrane barrel structures in pores. Our results challenge a number of conclusions based on previous experimental and theoretical work. The burial of monomers into the membrane interior is found to be unfavorable for any membrane thickness. Because of its imperfect amphipathicity, protegrin binds weakly, at most, on the surface of zwitterionic membranes. However, it binds more favorably onto toroidal pores. Anionic charge on the membrane facilitates the binding due to electrostatic interactions. Solid-state NMR results have suggested a parallel NCCN association of monomers in dimers and association of dimers to form octameric or decameric β-barrels. We find that this structure is not energetically plausible for binding to bilayers, because in this configuration the hydrophobic sides of two monomers point in opposite directions. In contrast, the antiparallel NCCN and especially the parallel NCNC octamers are stable and exhibit a favorable binding energy to the pore. The results of 100-ns simulations in explicit bilayers corroborate the higher stability of the parallel NCNC barrel compared with the parallel NCCN barrel. The ability to form pores in zwitterionic membranes provides a rationalization for the peptide's cytotoxicity. The discrepancies between our results and experiment are discussed, and new experiments are proposed to resolve them and to test the validity of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis Lazaridis
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York/CUNY, New York, New York, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The efficacies of many antimicrobial peptides are greatly reduced under high salt concentrations, therefore limiting their use as pharmaceutical agents. Here, we describe a strategy to boost salt resistance and serum stability of short antimicrobial peptides by adding the nonnatural bulky amino acid β-naphthylalanine to their termini. The activities of the short salt-sensitive tryptophan-rich peptide S1 were diminished at high salt concentrations, whereas the activities of its β-naphthylalanine end-tagged variants were less affected.
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38
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Avitabile C, Capparelli R, Rigano MM, Fulgione A, Barone A, Pedone C, Romanelli A. Antimicrobial peptides from plants: stabilization of theγcore of a tomato defensin by intramolecular disulfide bond. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:240-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Avitabile
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
| | - R. Capparelli
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - M. M. Rigano
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - A. Fulgione
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - A. Barone
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Soil, Plant, Environmental and Animal Production Sciences; Via Università 100; 80055; Portici; Italy
| | - C. Pedone
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
| | - A. Romanelli
- University of Naples ‘Federico II’, School of Biotechnological Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; Via Mezzocannone 16; 80134; Naples; Italy
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A comprehensive summary of LL-37, the factotum human cathelicidin peptide. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:22-35. [PMID: 23246832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a group of antimicrobial peptides. Since their discovery, it has become clear that they are an exceptional class of peptides, with some members having pleiotropic effects. Not only do they possess an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral function, they also show a chemotactic and immunostimulatory/-modulatory effect. Moreover, they are capable of inducing wound healing, angiogenesis and modulating apoptosis. Recent insights even indicate for a role of these peptides in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent and relevant insights concerning the human cathelicidin LL-37.
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40
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Protegrin-1 inhibits dengue NS2B-NS3 serine protease and viral replication in MK2 cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:251482. [PMID: 23093838 PMCID: PMC3470887 DOI: 10.1155/2012/251482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue diseases have an economic as well as social burden worldwide. In this study, the antiviral activity of protegrin-1 (PG-1, RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR) peptide towards dengue NS2B-NS3pro and viral replication in Rhesus monkey kidney (MK2) cells was investigated. The peptide PG-1 was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, and disulphide bonds formation followed by peptide purification was confirmed by LC-MS and RPHPLC. Dengue NS2B-NS3pro was produced as a single-chain recombinant protein in E. coli. The NS2B-NS3pro assay was carried out by measuring the florescence emission of catalyzed substrate. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the inhibition potential of PG-1 towards dengue serotype-2 (DENV-2) replication in MK2 cells. The results showed that PG-1 inhibited dengue NS2B-NS3pro at IC(50) of 11.7 μM. The graded concentrations of PG-1 at nontoxic range were able to reduce viral replication significantly (P < 0.001) at 24, 48, and 72 hrs after viral infection. However, the percentage of inhibition was significantly (P < 0.01) higher at 24 hrs compared to 48 and 72 hrs. These data show promising therapeutic potential of PG-1 against dengue infection, hence it warrants further analysis and improvement of the peptide features as a prospective starting point for consideration in designing attractive dengue virus inhibitors.
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41
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Machado A, Fázio MA, Miranda A, Daffre S, Machini MT. Synthesis and properties of cyclic gomesin and analogues. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:588-98. [PMID: 22865764 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gomesin (Gm) was the first antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from the hemocytes of a spider, the Brazilian mygalomorph Acanthoscurria gomesiana. We have been studying the properties of this interesting AMP, which also displays anticancer, antimalarial, anticryptococcal and anti-Leishmania activities. In the present study, the total syntheses of backbone-cyclized analogues of Gm (two disulfide bonds), [Cys(Acm)(2,15)]-Gm (one disulfide bond) and [Thr(2,6,11,15),(D)-Pro(9)]-Gm (no disulfide bonds) were accomplished, and the impact of cyclization on their properties was examined. The consequence of simultaneous deletion of pGlu(1) and Arg(16) -Glu-Arg(18) -NH(2) on Gm antimicrobial activity and structure was also analyzed. The results obtained showed that the synthetic route that includes peptide backbone cyclization on resin was advantageous and that a combination of 20% DMSO/NMP, EDC/HOBt, 60 °C and conventional heating appears to be particularly suitable for backbone cyclization of bioactive peptides. The biological properties of the Gm analogues clearly revealed that the N-terminal amino acid pGlu(1) and the amidated C-terminal tripeptide Arg(16) -Glu-Arg(18) -NH(2) play a major role in the interaction of Gm with the target membranes. Moreover, backbone cyclization practically did not affect the stability of the peptides in human serum; it also did not affect or enhanced hemolytic activity, but induced selectivity and, in some cases, discrete enhancements of antimicrobial activity and salt tolerance. Because of its high therapeutic index, easy synthesis and lower cost, the [Thr(2,6,11,15),(D)-Pro(9)]-Gm analogue remains the best active Gm-derived AMP developed so far; nevertheless, its elevated instability in human serum may limit its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Machado
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Easy strategy to increase salt resistance of antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4918-21. [PMID: 21768519 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00202-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacies of many antimicrobial peptides are greatly reduced under high salt concentrations, limiting their development as pharmaceutical compounds. Here, we describe an easy strategy to increase salt resistance of antimicrobial peptides by replacing tryptophan or histidine residues with the bulky amino acids β-naphthylalanine and β-(4,4'-biphenyl)alanine. The activities of the salt-sensitive peptide P-113 were diminished at high salt concentrations, whereas the activities of its β-naphthylalanine and β-(4,4'-biphenyl)alanine-substituted variant were less affected.
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43
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Rui H, Im W. Protegrin-1 orientation and physicochemical properties in membrane bilayers studied by potential of mean force calculations. J Comput Chem 2011; 31:2859-67. [PMID: 20589740 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protegrin-1 (PG-1) belongs to the family of antimicrobial peptides. It interacts specifically with the membrane of a pathogen and kills the pathogen by releasing its cellular contents. To fully understand the energetics governing the orientation of PG-1 in different membrane environments and its effects on the physicochemical properties of the peptide and membrane bilayers, we have performed the potential of mean force (PMF) calculations as a function of its tilt angle at four distinct rotation angles in explicit membranes composed of either DLPC (1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine) or POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine) lipid molecules. The resulting PMFs in explicit lipid bilayers were then used to search for the optimal hydrophobic thickness of the EEF1/IMM1 implicit membrane model in which a two-dimensional PMF in the tilt and rotation space was calculated. The PMFs in explicit membrane systems clearly reveal that the energetically favorable tilt angle is affected by both the membrane hydrophobic thickness and the PG-1 rotation angle. Local thinning of the membrane around PG-1 is observed upon PG-1 tilting. The thinning is caused by both hydrophobic mismatch and arginine-lipid head group interactions. The two-dimensional PMF in the implicit membrane is in good accordance with those from the explicit membrane simulations. The ensemble-averaged Val16 (15)N and (13)CO chemical shifts weighted by the two-dimensional PMF agree fairly well with the experimental values, suggesting the importance of peptide dynamics in calculating such ensemble properties for direct comparison with experimental observables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Rui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Bolintineanu DS, Kaznessis YN. Computational studies of protegrin antimicrobial peptides: a review. Peptides 2011; 32:188-201. [PMID: 20946928 PMCID: PMC3013618 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, naturally occurring peptides that exhibit strong antibacterial properties generally believed to be a result of selective bacterial membrane disruption. As a result, there has been significant interest in the development of therapeutic antibiotics based on AMPs; however, the poor understanding of the fundamental mechanism of action of these peptides has largely hampered such efforts. We present a summary of computational and theoretical investigations of protegrin, a particularly potent peptide that is both an excellent model for the mechanism of action of AMPs and a promising therapeutic candidate. Experimental investigations have shed light on many of the key steps in the action of protegrin: protegrin monomers are known to dimerize in various lipid environments; protegrin peptides interact strongly with lipid bilayer membranes, particularly anionic lipids; protegrins have been shown to form pores in lipid bilayers, which results in uncontrolled ion transport and may be a key factor in bacterial death. In this work, we present a comprehensive review of the computational and theoretical studies that have complemented and extended the information obtained from experimental work with protegrins, as well as a brief survey of the experimental biophysical studies that are most pertinent to such computational work. We show that a consistent, mechanistic description of the bactericidal mechanism of action of protegrins is emerging, and briefly outline areas where the current understanding is deficient. We hope that the research reviewed herein offers compelling evidence of the benefits of computational investigations of protegrins and other AMPs, as well as providing a useful guide to future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan S. Bolintineanu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Yiannis N. Kaznessis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Corresponding author: , Tel: 612 624 4945, Fax: 612-626-7246
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Lee SB, Li B, Jin S, Daniell H. Expression and characterization of antimicrobial peptides Retrocyclin-101 and Protegrin-1 in chloroplasts to control viral and bacterial infections. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:100-15. [PMID: 20553419 PMCID: PMC3468903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Retrocyclin-101 (RC101) and Protegrin-1 (PG1) are two important antimicrobial peptides that can be used as therapeutic agents against bacterial and/or viral infections, especially those caused by the HIV-1 or sexually transmitted bacteria. Because of their antimicrobial activity and complex secondary structures, they have not yet been produced in microbial systems and their chemical synthesis is prohibitively expensive. Therefore, we created chloroplast transformation vectors with the RC101 or PG1 coding sequence, fused with GFP to confer stability, furin or Factor Xa cleavage site to liberate the mature peptide from their fusion proteins and a His-tag to aid in their purification. Stable integration of RC101 into the tobacco chloroplast genome and homoplasmy were confirmed by Southern blots. RC101 and PG1 accumulated up to 32%-38% and 17%∼26% of the total soluble protein. Both RC101 and PG1 were cleaved from GFP by corresponding proteases in vitro, and Factor Xa-like protease activity was observed within chloroplasts. Confocal microscopy studies showed location of GFP fluorescence within chloroplasts. Organic extraction resulted in 10.6-fold higher yield of RC101 than purification by affinity chromatography using His-tag. In planta bioassays with Erwinia carotovora confirmed the antibacterial activity of RC101 and PG1 expressed in chloroplasts. RC101 transplastomic plants were resistant to tobacco mosaic virus infections, confirming antiviral activity. Because RC101 and PG1 have not yet been produced in other cell culture or microbial systems, chloroplasts can be used as bioreactors for producing these proteins. Adequate yield of purified antimicrobial peptides from transplastomic plants should facilitate further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuangxia Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Mickiewicz B, Greber K, Sikorska E, Szultka Ł, Kamysz E, Kamysz W. Antimicrobial and conformational studies of the active and inactive analogues of the protegrin-1 peptide. FEBS J 2010; 277:1010-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gottler LM, Ramamoorthy A. Structure, membrane orientation, mechanism, and function of pexiganan--a highly potent antimicrobial peptide designed from magainin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1788:1680-6. [PMID: 19010301 PMCID: PMC2726618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing problem of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotic compounds and the need for new antibiotics have stimulated interest in the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as human therapeutics. Development of topically applied agents, such as pexiganan (also known as MSI-78, an analog of the naturally occurring magainin2, extracted from the skin of the African frog Xenopus laevis) has been the focus of pharmaceutical development largely because of the relative safety of topical therapy and the uncertainty surrounding the long-term toxicology of any new class of drug administered systemically. The main hurdle that has hindered the development of antimicrobial peptides is that many of the naturally occurring peptides (such as magainin), although active in vitro, are effective in animal models of infection only at very high doses, often close to the toxic doses of the peptide, reflecting an unacceptable margin of safety. Though MSI-78 did not pass the FDA approval, it is still the best-studied AMP to date for therapeutic purposes. Biophysical studies have shown that this peptide is unstructured in solution, forms an antiparallel dimer of amphipathic helices upon binding to the membrane, and disrupts membrane via toroidal-type pore formation. This article covers functional, biophysical, biochemical and structural studies on pexiganan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M. Gottler
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055
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Determining the orientation of protegrin-1 in DLPC bilayers using an implicit solvent-membrane model. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4799. [PMID: 19277199 PMCID: PMC2652109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuum models that describe the effects of solvent and biological membrane molecules on the structure and behavior of antimicrobial peptides, holds a promise to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of these peptides. In such methods, a lipid bilayer model membrane is implicitly represented by multiple layers of relatively low dielectric constant embedded in a high dielectric aqueous solvent, while an antimicrobial peptide is accounted for by a dielectric cavity with fixed partial charge at the center of each one of its atoms. In the present work, we investigate the ability of continuum approaches to predict the most probable orientation of the β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide Protegrin-1 (PG-1) in DLPC lipid bilayers by calculating the difference in the transfer free energy from an aqueous environment to a membrane-water environment for multiple orientations. The transfer free energy is computed as a sum of two terms; polar/electrostatic and non-polar. They both include energetic and entropic contributions to the free energy. We numerically solve the Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate the electrostatic contribution to the transfer free energy, while the non-polar contribution to the free energy is approximated using a linear solvent accessible surface area relationships. The most probable orientation of PG-1 is that with the lowest relative transfer free energy. Our simulation results indicate that PG-1 assumes an oblique orientation in DLPC lipid bilayers. The predicted most favorable orientation was with a tilt angle of 19°, which is in qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed orientations derived from solid-state NMR data.
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In IH, Zhao C, Nguyen T, Menzel L, Waring A, Lehrer R, Sherman MA. Clavaspirin, an antibacterial and haemolytic peptide fromStyela clava. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.10975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Langham AA, Khandelia H, Schuster B, Waring AJ, Lehrer RI, Kaznessis YN. Correlation between simulated physicochemical properties and hemolycity of protegrin-like antimicrobial peptides: predicting experimental toxicity. Peptides 2008; 29:1085-93. [PMID: 18455267 PMCID: PMC2424260 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic, antibiotic potential of antimicrobial peptides can be prohibitively diminished because of the cytotoxicity and hemolytic profiles they exhibit. Quantifying and predicting antimicrobial peptide toxicity against host cells is thus an important goal of AMP related research. In this work, we present quantitative structure activity relationships for toxicity of protegrin-like antimicrobial peptides against human cells (epithelial and red blood cells) based on physicochemical properties, such as interaction energies and radius of gyration, calculated from molecular dynamics simulations of the peptides in aqueous solvent. The hypothesis is that physicochemical properties of peptides, as manifest by their structure and interactions in a solvent and as captured by atomistic simulations, are responsible for their toxicity against human cells. Protegrins are beta-hairpin peptides with high activity against a wide variety of microbial species, but in their native state are toxic to human cells. Sixty peptides with experimentally determined toxicities were used to develop the models. We test the resulting relationships to determine their ability to predict the toxicity of several protegrin-like peptides. The developed QSARs provide insight into the mechanism of cytotoxic action of antimicrobial peptides. In a subsequent blind test, the QSAR correctly ranked four of five protegrin analogues newly synthesized and tested for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A. Langham
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin Schuster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alan J. Waring
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert I. Lehrer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yiannis N. Kaznessis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 612 624 4945; fax: +1 612 626 7246. E-mail address: (Y.N. Kaznessis)
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