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Deprez S, Stove CP. Dried blood microsampling-assisted therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463724. [PMID: 36592482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the field of solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy and autoimmune disorders, treatment with immunosuppressant drugs requires intensive follow-up of the blood concentrations via therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) because of their narrow therapeutic window and high intra- and inter-subject variability. This requires frequent hospital visits and venepunctures to allow the determination of these analytes, putting a high burden on the patients. In the context of patient-centric thinking, it is becoming increasingly established that at least part of these conventional blood draws could be replaced by microsampling, allowing home-sampling and increasing the quality of life for these patients. In this review we discuss the published methods - mostly using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry - that have utilized (volumetric) dried blood samples as an alternative for conventional liquid whole blood for the TDM of immunosuppressant drugs. Furthermore, some pre-analytical considerations using DBS or volumetric alternatives are considered, as well as the applicability on clinical samples. The implementation status in clinical practice is also discussed, including (1) the cost-effectiveness of this approach compared to venepuncture, (2) the availability of multiplexed methods, (3) the status of harmonization and (4) patient perception. A brief perspective on potential future developments for the dried blood-based TDM of immunosuppressant drugs is provided, by considering how obstacles for the implementation of these strategies into clinical practice might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Deprez
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Fotiadis C, Xekouki P, Papalois AE, Antonakis PT, Sfiniadakis I, Flogeras D, Karampela E, Zografos G. Effects of mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporine administration on graft survival and function after islet allotransplantation in diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2733-8. [PMID: 15884112 PMCID: PMC4305906 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i18.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop an experimental model of islet allotran-splantation in diabetic rats and to determine the positive or adverse effects of MMF as a single agent.
METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats and 18 male Lewis rats were used as recipients and donors respectively. Diabetes was induced by the use of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Unpurified islets were isolated using the collagenase digestion technique and transplanted into the splenic parenchyma. The recipients were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: group A (control group) had no immunosuppression; group B received cyclosporine (CsA) (5 mg/kg); group C received mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (20 mg/kg). The animals were killed on the 12th d. Blood and grafted tissues were obtained for laboratory and histological assessment.
RESULTS: Median allograft survival was significantly higher in the two therapy groups than that in the controls (10 and 12 d for CsA and MMF respectively vs 0 d for the control group, P<0.01). No difference in allograft survival between the CsA and MMF groups was found. However, MMF had less renal and hepatic toxicity and allowed weight gain.
CONCLUSION: Monotherapy with MMF for immunosu-ppression was safe in an experimental model of islet allotransplantation and was equally effective with cyclosporine, with less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Fotiadis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Athens University Medical School, 12 Diligiani str, 14561 Athens, Greece.
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Wietzke-Braun P, Braun F, Sattler B, Ramadori G, Ringe B. Initial steroid-free immunosuppression after liver transplantation in recipients with hepatitis c virus related cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2213-7. [PMID: 15259068 PMCID: PMC4724974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Steroids can increase hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. After liver transplantation (LTx), steroids are commonly used for immunosuppression and acute rejection is usually treated by high steroid dosages. Steroids can worsen the outcome of recurrent HCV infection. Therefore, we evaluated the outcome of HCV infected liver recipients receiving initial steroid-free immunosuppression.
METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing LTx received initial steroid-free immunosuppression. Indication for LTx included 7 patients with HCV related cirrhosis. Initial immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus 2 × 0.05 mg/kg·d po and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 × 15 mg/kg·d po. The tacrolimus dosage was adjusted to trough levels in the target range of 10-15 μg/L during the first 3 mo and 5-10 μg/L thereafter. Manifestations of acute rejection were verified histologically.
RESULTS: Patient and graft survival of 30 patients receiving initial steroid-free immunosuppression was 86% and 83% at 1 and 2 years. Acute rejection occurred in 8/30 patients, including 1 HCV infected recipient. All HCV-infected patients had HCV genotype II (1b). HCV seropositivity occurred within the first 4 mo after LTx. The virus load was not remarkably increased during the first year after LTx. Histologically, grafts had no severe recurrent hepatitis.
CONCLUSION: From our experience, initial steroid-free immunosuppression does not increase the risk of acute rejection in HCV infected liver recipients. Furthermore, none of the HCV infected patients developed serious chronic liver diseases. It suggests that it may be beneficial to avoid steroids in this particular group of patients after LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perdita Wietzke-Braun
- Abteilung fur Gastroenterologie und ndokrinologie, Georg-August Universitat, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Gottingen, Germany.
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Hafizi S, Mordi VN, Andersson KM, Chester AH, Yacoub MH. Differential effects of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, and FK506 on human coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and signalling. Vascul Pharmacol 2004; 41:167-76. [PMID: 15607500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive agents are at the forefront of preventing organ rejection after transplantation. However, their effects on vascular smooth muscle cell-mediated intimal hyperplasia that occurs in post-transplant coronary artery disease are less well known. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the in vitro effects of three immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A (CsA), FK506 (tacrolimus), and rapamycin (sirolimus, Rapa) on cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (cSMC). CsA inhibited both platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated DNA synthesis and serum-induced proliferation at high concentrations (> or =1000 ng/ml). The growth-inhibitory effect of CsA was not altered by anti-TGF-beta neutralising antibodies nor was autocrine TGF-beta release detected in CsA-treated culture medium. At inhibitory doses, CsA inhibited ERK kinase activation by PDGF, although cytotoxicity was also apparent. Most notably, CsA visibly prevented PDGF-induced altered cell morphology. Rapa was a highly potent and effective inhibitor of cSMC proliferation (reduction in DNA synthesis by >50% from 0.01 ng/ml), acting through inhibition of 70-kDa S6 kinase (p70S6k). FK506 (1-1000 ng/ml) did not affect cSMC proliferation alone, although a > or =250-fold excess of FK506 over Rapa completely reversed the inhibitory effect of Rapa, confirming that these two agents share a common intracellular receptor, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP). CONCLUSION Rapa is a powerful inhibitor of cSMC proliferation, while CsA slighly inhibits cSMC proliferation, although only at higher concentrations that may be toxic. These results indicate that therapeutic immunosuppression with Rapa may be additionally useful in prevention or delay of posttransplant coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Hafizi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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Cho CS, Elkahwaji J, Chang Z, Scheunemann TL, Manthei ER, Hamawy MM. Modulation of the electrophoretic mobility of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) by the calcineurin inhibitors CsA and FK506: LAT is a potential substrate for PKC and calcineurin signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2003; 15:85-93. [PMID: 12401523 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for T cell activation. Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, inhibitors of T cell proliferation, have been very useful for preventing autoimmune and inflammatory disease and graft rejection. However, both compounds are associated with side effects. We show that TCR ligation in the presence of FK506 or CsA induced rapid modifications in LAT that modulate the electrophoretic mobility of the molecule in SDS-PAGE. Calcineurin, a target for CsA and FK506, dephosphorylated LAT in vitro and restored its electrophoretic mobility. Stimulating T cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA induced a shift in the mobility of LAT, whereas inhibitors of PKC blocked the effect of PMA. Thus, manipulating calcineurin or PKC activation alters the electrophoretic mobility of LAT. These results shed light on the molecular actions of CsA and FK506 in T cells and implicate LAT in mediating the drugs' actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin, H4/749, CSC, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Braun F, Peters B, Schütz E, Lorf T, Undre N, Oellerich M, Ringe B. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus early after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1538-9. [PMID: 12176473 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie, Georg-August-Universität, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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del Mar Fernández De Gatta M, Santos-Buelga D, Domínguez-Gil A, García MJ. Immunosuppressive therapy for paediatric transplant patients: pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41:115-35. [PMID: 11888332 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200241020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive therapy in paediatric transplant recipients is changing as a consequence of the increasing number of available immunosuppressive agents. Generic and other new formulations are now emerging onto the market, clinical experience is growing, and it is expected that clinicians should tailor immunosuppressive protocols to individual patients by optimising dosages and drugs according to the maturation and clinical status of the child. Most information about the clinical pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs in paediatrics is centred on cyclosporin, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in renal and liver transplant recipients; data regarding other immunosuppressants and transplant types are limited. Although the clinical pharmacokinetics of these drugs in paediatric transplant recipients are still under investigation, it is evident that the pharmacokinetic parameters observed in adults may not be applicable to children, especially in younger age groups. In general, patients younger than 5 years old show higher clearance rates irrespective of the organ transplanted or drug used. Another important factor that frequently affects clearance in this patient population is the post-transplant time. In accordance with these findings, and in contrast with the usual under-dosage in children, the need for higher dosages in younger recipients and during the early post-transplant period seems evident. To achieve the best compromise between prevention of rejection and toxicity, dosage individualisation is required and this can be achieved through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This approach is particularly useful to ensure the cost-effective management of paediatric transplant recipients in whom the pharmacokinetic behaviour, target concentrations for clinical use and optimal dosage strategies of a particular drug may not yet be well defined. Although TDM may be a tool for improving immunosuppressive therapy, there is little information concerning its positive contribution to clinical events, including outcomes, for paediatric patients. Substantial information to support the use of TDM exists for cyclosporin and, to a lesser extent, for tacrolimus, but a diversity of options affects their implementation in the clinical setting. The role of TDM in therapy with mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus has yet to be defined regarding both methods and clinical indications. Pharmacodynamic monitoring appears more suited to other immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, corticosteroids and monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. If coupled with pharmacokinetic measurements, such monitoring would allow earlier and more precise optimisation of therapy. Very few population pharmacokinetic studies have been carried out in paediatric transplant patients. This type of study is needed so that techniques such as Bayesian forecasting can be applied to optimise immunosuppressive therapy in paediatric transplant patients.
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Folkmane I, Bicans J, Chapenko S, Murovska M, Rosentals R. Results of renal transplantation with different immunosuppressive regimens. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:558-9. [PMID: 12009623 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inese Folkmane
- Department of Transplantation, Medical Academy of Latvia, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Braun F, Kassuhn M, Laabs S, Streit F, Armstrong VW, Oellerich M, Ringe B. Intestinal biotransformation of cyclosporine A in an extracorporeal pig intestine perfusion model. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3154-5. [PMID: 11750354 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Braun F, Schütz E, Peters B, Talaulicar R, Grupp C, Undre N, Schäfer A, Armstrong VW, Oellerich M, Ringe B. Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:2127-8. [PMID: 11377473 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)01970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirugie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Braun F, Christians U, Laabs S, Elias K, Shipkova M, Schütz E, Ringe B. An ex vivo model to study the intestinal biotransformation of immunosuppressive drugs. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1999. [PMID: 11120037 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Braun F, Christians U, Laabs S, Elias K, Shipkova M, Schütz E, Ringe B. An ex vivo model to study the intestinal biotransformation of immunosuppressives. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2536. [PMID: 11120282 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Berenguer M, Ferrell L, Watson J, Prieto M, Kim M, Rayón M, Córdoba J, Herola A, Ascher N, Mir J, Berenguer J, Wright TL. HCV-related fibrosis progression following liver transplantation: increase in recent years. J Hepatol 2000; 32:673-84. [PMID: 10782918 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The natural history and predictors of HCV-related disease severity post-transplantation are uncertain. The aims of this study were to define the natural history of post-transplantation HCV infection by assessing the rate of fibrosis progression, to determine if the post-transplantation natural history differs from that observed pre-transplantation, and to identify predictors of post-transplantation disease progression. METHODS Post-transplantation biopsies (mean: 3+/-1.6/patient) from 284 patients were scored according to histologic stage, using the method of Desmet et al. Change in fibrosis score (fibrosis progression/year) post-transplantation was used as the primary outcome. Predictors analyzed included viral factors (genotype and viral load at transplantation), patient demographics, year of transplantation, country of transplantation, pre-transplantation fibrosis progression, immunosuppression and laboratory data. RESULTS There was a linear association between change in fibrosis score and time from transplantation, with a median rate of fibrosis progression per year of 0.3 (0.004-2.19/year). Using parametric time-to-event analysis, the expected median duration to cirrhosis was 10 years. The rate of post-transplantation fibrosis progression was significantly higher than pre-transplantation (0.2/year (0.09-0.8) p<0.0001), and higher in Spanish than US centers (0.48 (0.01-2.19) vs 0.28 (0.004-2.08); p=0.09) despite similar progression rates prior to transplantation. Variables independently associated with post-transplantation progression included year of transplantation (p=0.0001), race (p=0.02), number of methyl-prednisolone boluses (p=0.03), and HCV RNA levels at transplantation (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS HCV-related disease progression is accelerated in immunocompromised compared to immunocompetent patients, with a progressive increase in patients who have recently undergone liver transplantation. Changes in patient management post-transplantation over time and between transplant centers may account for the increase in fibrosis progression observed in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berenguer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center/University of California, San Francisco/Liver Center, 94121, USA
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Braun F, Canelo R, Lorf T, Schütz E, Grupp C, Müller GA, Ringe B. Living-related versus living-unrelated kidney transplantation using tacrolimus initial immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:115-6. [PMID: 10700989 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Braun
- Klinik für Transplantationschirurgie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
The proteasome is the main nonlysosomal endoprotease in the cytoplasm and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for the generation of most antigenic peptides as ligands for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins. The proteasome hence qualifies as a target for modifying or silencing antigen processing and presentation to cytotoxic T cells, which are important players in transplant rejection and autoimmune disease. The authors summarize recent progress in the understanding of antigen processing by the proteasome and discuss the potential of novel and selective proteasome inhibitors as drugs for suppressing or modifying the cytotoxic immune response.
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Ringe B, Braun F. Firstborn right OR A son with more than one father? Transpl Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1998.tb00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ringe B, Braun F, Lorf T, Canelo R, Schütz E, Sattler B, Ramadori G. Tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in clinical liver transplantation: experience with a steroid-sparing concept. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:1415-6. [PMID: 9636573 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Ringe
- Abteilung für Klinische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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