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Choobineh S, Borjian Fard M, Soori R, Mazaheri Z. Telocytes response to cardiac growth induced by resistance exercise training and endurance exercise training in adult male rats. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:12. [PMID: 37301825 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes are interstitial cells found in different tissues, including cardiac stem cell niches. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of the telocytes to the cardiac growth that occurs in response to resistance and endurance exercise trainings using rats distributed into control, endurance, and resistance training groups. Results revealed that the ratio of heart weight to body weight, cardiomycyte number, cardiomyocyte area, thickness of the left ventricular wall were significantly higher in the training groups compared to the control group. We observed increment in the cardiomyocytes surface area and thickness of the left ventricular wall in the resistance-training group than endurance-training group. We conclude that both resistance and endurance exercise trainings will lead to an increased number of cardiac telocytes, consequently, promote activity of the cardiac stem cells, and results in physiological cardiac growth, and this response does not seem to depend on the type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siroos Choobineh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Borjian Fard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rahman Soori
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Basic Medical Science Research Center, Histogenotech Company, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Shafique S, Ali SR, Rajput SN, Salim A, Khan I. Cardiac Transcription Regulators Differentiate Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiac Cells. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:12-29. [PMID: 36484201 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221143774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy presents an attractive alternative to conventional therapies for degenerative diseases. Numerous studies have investigated the capability of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) to contribute to the regeneration of cardiomyocytes, and the results have encouraged further basic and clinical studies on the MSC-based treatment of cardiomyopathies. This study aimed to determine the potential of cardiomyogenic transcription factors in differentiating hUC-MSCs into cardiac-like cells in vitro. MSCs were isolated from umbilical cord tissue and were transduced with the transcription factor genes, GATA-4 and Nkx 2.5, via infection with lentiviruses, to promote differentiation into the cardiomyogenic lineage. Gene and protein expression were analysed with qPCR and immunocytochemical staining. After transduction, differentiated cardiac-like cells showed significant expression of cardiac genes and proteins, namely GATA-4, Nkx-2.5, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myosin heavy chain (MHC). The cardiomyogenic-induced group significantly overexpressed cardiac-specific genes (GATA-4, Nkx-2.5, cTnI, MHC, α-actinin and Wnt2). Expression of the calcium channel gene was also significantly increased, while the sodium channel gene was downregulated in the transduced hUC-MSCs, as compared to non-transduced cells. The results suggest that GATA-4 and Nkx-2.5 interact synergistically in the activation of downstream cardiac transcription factors, demonstrating the functional convergence of hUC-MSC differentiation into cardiac-like cells. These findings could potentially be utilised in the efficient production of cardiac-like cells from stem cells; these cardiac-like cells could then be used in various applications, such as for in vivo implantation in infarcted myocardium, and for drug screening in toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Shafique
- 208246Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Roohina Ali
- 208246Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shafiqa Naeem Rajput
- 208246Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- 208246Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- 208246Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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3
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Miloradovic D, Miloradovic D, Ljujic B, Jankovic MG. Optimal Delivery Route of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair: The Path to Good Clinical Practice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022:83-100. [PMID: 35389200 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a promising therapy for treating progressive heart disease. However, translation into clinics efficiently and successfully has proven to be much more complicated. Many questions remain for optimizing treatment. Application method influences destiny of MSCs and afterwards impacts results of procedure, yet there is no general agreement about most suitable method of MSC delivery in the clinical setting. Herein, we explain principle of most-frequent MSCs delivery techniques in cardiology. This chapter summarizes crucial translational obstacles of clinical employment of MSCs for cardiac repair when analysed trough a prism of latest research centred on different techniques of MSCs application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Miloradovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Miloradovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ljujic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic Jankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Liu Z, Mikrani R, Zubair HM, Taleb A, Naveed M, Baig MMFA, Zhang Q, Li C, Habib M, Cui X, Sembatya KR, Lei H, Zhou X. Systemic and local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells for heart renovation: Challenges and innovations. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173049. [PMID: 32142771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the beginning stage of heart disease, the blockage of blood flow frequently occurs due to the persistent damage and even death of myocardium. Cicatricial tissue developed after the death of myocardium can affect heart function, which ultimately leads to heart failure. In recent years, several studies carried out about the use of stem cells such as embryonic, pluripotent, cardiac and bone marrow-derived stem cells as well as myoblasts to repair injured myocardium. Current studies focus more on finding appropriate measures to enhance cell homing and survival in order to increase paracrine function. Until now, there is no universal delivery route for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for different diseases. In this review, we summarize the advantages and challenges of the systemic and local pathways of MSC delivery. In addition, we also describe some advanced measures of cell delivery to improve the efficiency of transplantation. The combination of cells and therapeutic substances could be the most reliable method, which allows donor cells to deliver sufficient amounts of paracrine factors and provide long-lasting effects. The cardiac support devices or tissue engineering techniques have the potential to facilitate the controlled release of stem cells on local tissue for a sustained period. A novel promising epicardial drug delivery system is highlighted here, which not only provides MSCs with a favorable environment to promote retention but also increases the contact area and a number of cells recruited in the heart muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | | | - Abdoh Taleb
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Asraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Cuican Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Murad Habib
- Department of Surgery, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Xingxing Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Kiganda Raymond Sembatya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Worker Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, PR China; Department of Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China; Department of Surgery, Nanjing Shuiximen Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210017, PR China.
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5
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Nakao M, Kim K, Nagase K, Grainger DW, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Phenotypic traits of mesenchymal stem cell sheets fabricated by temperature-responsive cell culture plate: structural characteristics of MSC sheets. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:353. [PMID: 31779694 PMCID: PMC6883536 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most stem cell therapy strategies reported to date, stem cells are introduced to damaged tissue sites to repair and regenerate the original tissue structure and function. MSC therapeutic efficacies are inconsistent, largely attributed to transplanted MSC difficulties both in engrafting at tissue sites and in retaining their therapeutic functions from suspension formulations. MSC functional components, including cell adhesion and cell–cell junction proteins, and ECM that contribute to essential cellular therapeutic effects, are damaged or removed by proteolytic enzymes used in stem cell harvesting strategies from culture. To overcome these limitations, methods to harvest and transplant cells without disrupting critical stem cell functions are required. Cell sheet technology, exploiting temperature-responsive cell culture surfaces, permits cell harvest without cell protein damage. This study is focused on phenotypic traits of MSC sheets structurally and functionally to understand therapeutic benefits of cell sheets. Methods/results This study verified cleaved cellular proteins (vinculin, fibronectin, laminin, integrin β-1, and connexin 43) and increased apoptotic cell death produced under standard trypsin harvesting treatment in a time-dependent manner. However, MSC sheets produced without trypsin using only temperature-controlled sheet harvest from culture plastic exhibited intact cellular structures. Also, MSCs harvested using enzymatic treatment (i.e., chemical disruption) showed higher pYAP expression compared to MSC sheets. Conclusion Retention of cellular structures such as ECM, cell–cell junctions, and cell–ECM junctions is correlated with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) survival after detachment from cell culture surfaces. Retaining these proteins intact in MSC cultures using cell sheet technology is proposed to enhance stem cell survival and their function in stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Health Sciences, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kyungsook Kim
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Health Sciences, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - David W Grainger
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Health Sciences, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Health Sciences, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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6
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Bei Y, Tao L, Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM, Xiao J. MicroRNAs Mediate Beneficial Effects of Exercise in Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1000:261-280. [PMID: 29098626 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, repress gene expressions at posttranscriptional level in most cases and are involved in cardiovascular physiology and disease pathogenesis. Increasing evidence has proved that miRNAs are potential regulators of exercise induced cardiac growth and mediate the benefits of exercise in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we will review the regulatory effects of miRNAs in cardiac adaptations to exercise, and summarize their cardioprotective effects against myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. Also, we will introduce circulating miRNAs in response to acute and chronic exercise. Therefore, miRNAs may serve as novel therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bei
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, 050474, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, 050096, Romania.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, 050474, Romania
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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7
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Jiang H, Gao Q, Che X, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Dai Y. Inhibition of penile tunica albuginea myofibroblasts activity by adipose-derived stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5149-5156. [PMID: 29201230 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of tunica albuginea myofibroblasts (MFs) serves an essential role in Peyronie's disease (PD). Increasing evidence has reported that adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been demonstrated to attenuate the symptoms of PD in animal models. However, the mechanisms of the antifibrotic effects of ADSCs in PD remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the inhibitory effects and possible mechanism of ADSCs on the activation of MFs derived from rat penile tunica albuginea were investigated. ADSCs were obtained from the paratesticular fat of Sprague Dawley rats. MFs were transformed from rat penile tunica albuginea fibroblasts through stimulation with 5 ng/ml tumor growth factor-β1. Transwell cell cultures were adopted for co-culture of ADSCs and MFs. Western blot analysis was used to assess changes in the expression levels of α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen I, phosphorylated (p)-SMAD family member 2 (Smad2), Smad2, ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)1 and ROCK2, caspase3, caspase9, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Collagen gel assays were used to assess cell contractility. Additionally, the concentration of hydroxyproline in the culture medium was detected using commercially available kits. It was demonstrated that ADSCs reduced the expression of αSMA and collagen I of MFs. Furthermore, p-Smad2, RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 expression was significantly reduced in the MFs+ADSCs group compared with that in the MFs-only culture, while the expression of MMPs (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13) and caspases (caspase3 and caspase9) was upregulated. In addition, ADSCs were able to downregulate the concentration of hydroxyproline in the culture medium of MFs and reverse the contraction of MFs. Collectively, these results suggested that ADSCs inhibited the activation of MFs, decreased collagen production, and suppressed the contraction of myofibroblasts, via Smad and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways. Furthermore, ADSCs reduced the deposition of collagen and promoted the apoptosis of MFs via MMPs, and caspases. Accordingly, the application of ADSCs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesong Jiang
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Qingqiang Gao
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yutian Dai
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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8
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MiR-222 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Physiology and Pathology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4962426. [PMID: 28127557 PMCID: PMC5239839 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4962426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs and miRs) are endogenous 19–22 nucleotide, small noncoding RNAs with highly conservative and tissue specific expression. They can negatively modulate target gene expressions through decreasing transcription or posttranscriptional inducing mRNA decay. Increasing evidence suggests that deregulated miRNAs play an important role in the genesis of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, circulating miRNAs can be biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. MiR-222 has been reported to play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the heart. Here we reviewed the recent studies about the roles of miR-222 in cardiovascular diseases. MiR-222 may be a potential cardiovascular biomarker and a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
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9
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Shen L, Wang H, Bei Y, Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM, Xiao J. Formation of New Cardiomyocytes in Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:91-102. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Tao L, Bei Y, Zhang H, Xiao J, Li X. Exercise for the heart: signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20773-84. [PMID: 26318584 PMCID: PMC4673228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise, a potent functional intervention in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, is a hot topic in recent years. Exercise has been shown to reduce cardiac risk factors, protect against myocardial damage, and increase cardiac function. This improves quality of life and decreases mortality and morbidity in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac aging, and pulmonary hypertension. The cellular adaptation to exercise can be associated with both endogenous and exogenous factors: (1) exercise induces cardiac growth via hypertrophy and renewal of cardiomyocytes, and (2) exercise induces endothelial progenitor cells to proliferate, migrate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells, giving rise to endothelial regeneration and angiogenesis. The cellular adaptations associated with exercise are due to the activation of several signaling pathways, in particular, the growth factor neuregulin1 (NRG1)-ErbB4-C/EBPβ and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-PI3k-Akt signaling pathways. Of interest, microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) such as miR-222 also play a major role in the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, exploring the mechanisms mediating exercise-induced benefits will be instrumental for devising new effective therapies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab and Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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11
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Noiseux N, Borie M, Desnoyers A, Menaouar A, Stevens LM, Mansour S, Danalache BA, Roy DC, Jankowski M, Gutkowska J. Preconditioning of stem cells by oxytocin to improve their therapeutic potential. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5361-72. [PMID: 23024264 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Principal limitation of cell therapy is cell loss after transplantation because of the interplay between ischemia, inflammation, and apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism of preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with oxytocin (OT), which has been proposed as a novel strategy for enhancing therapeutic potential of these cells in ischemic heart. In this study, we demonstrate that rat MSCs express binding sites for OT receptor and OT receptor transcript and protein as detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. In response to OT (10(-10) to 10(-6) M) treatment, MSCs respond with rapid calcium mobilization and up-regulation of the protective protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) and phospho-ERK1/2 proteins. In OT-stimulated cells, phospho-Akt accumulates intracellularly close to the mitochondrial marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4. Functional analyses reveal the involvement of Akt/ERK1/2 pathways in cell proliferation, migration, and protection against the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of hypoxia and serum deprivation. In addition, OT preconditioning increases MSC glucose uptake. Genes with angiogenic, antiapoptotic, and cardiac antiremodeling properties, such as heat shock proteins (hsps) HSP27, HSP32, HSP70, vascular endothelial growth factor, thrombospondin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were also up-regulated upon OT exposure. Moreover, coculture with OT-preconditioned MSC reduces apoptosis, as measured using terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay in newborn rat cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation. In conclusion, these results indicate that OT treatment evokes MSC protection through both intrinsic pathways and secretion of cytoprotective factors. Ex vivo cellular treatment with OT represents an attractive strategy aimed to maximize the biological and functional properties of effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Noiseux
- Centre de Recherche, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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12
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Engela AU, Baan CC, Peeters AMA, Weimar W, Hoogduijn MJ. Interaction between adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T-cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:41-54. [PMID: 22472599 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x636984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunosuppressive capabilities, which have evoked interest in their application as cell therapy in transplant patients. So far it has been unclear whether allogeneic MSCs and host regulatory T-cells (Tregs) functionally influence each other. We investigated the interaction between both cell types using perirenal adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) from kidney donors and Tregs from blood bank donors or kidney recipients 6 months after transplantation. The immunomodulatory capacity of ASCs was not prejudiced by both Tregs from healthy donors and Tregs from graft recipients, indicating that ASCs were not targeted by the inhibitory effects of Tregs and vice versa. In addition, Tregs supported ASC function, as they did not alter the secretion of IFN-γ by immune cells and hence contributed to ASC activation and efficiency. ASCs exerted their suppressive role by expressing IDO, reducing levels of TNF-α, and by inducing the production of IL-10 in effector cells and Tregs. In conclusion, this study presents evidence that donor ASCs and acceptor Tregs do not impair each other's function and therefore encourages the use of MSC therapy for the prevention of graft rejection in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja U Engela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Transplantation Laboratory/Nephrology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Flemming A, Schallmoser K, Strunk D, Stolk M, Volk HD, Seifert M. Immunomodulative Efficacy of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in Human Platelet Lysate. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:1143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Corcos J, Loutochin O, Campeau L, Eliopoulos N, Bouchentouf M, Blok B, Galipeau J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for external urethral sphincter restoration in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 30:447-55. [PMID: 21412824 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of intra-sphincteric injections of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) changes in an animal model of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral pudendal nerve section to induce SUI. Six rats were SUI controls, 6 received periurethral injection of Plasma-Lyte (SUI placebo control) and 12 were given periurethral injection of PKH26-labeled MSCs. Four weeks after injection, conscious cystometry was undertaken in animals and VLPP recorded. All groups were sacrificed, and frozen urethra sections were submitted to pathology and immunohistochemistry assessment. RESULTS Rat MSCs were positive for the cell surface antigens CD44, CD73, CD90, and RT1A, and negative for CD31, CD45, and RT1B, confirming their stem cell phenotype. In vitro, differentiated MSCs expressed α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin, markers of smooth and striated muscles in vivo. Immunohistochemistry of rat urethras revealed PKH26-labeled MSCs in situ and at the injection site. LPP was significantly improved in animals injected with MSCs. Mean LPP was 24.28 ± 1.47 cmH(2) O in rats implanted with MSCs and 16.21 ± 1.26 cmH(2) O in SUI controls (P<0.001). Atrophic urethras with implanted MSCs were positively stained for myosin heavy chain and desmin. CONCLUSION Rat MSCs have the ability to differentiate and skew their phenotype towards smooth and striated muscles, as demonstrated by SMA up-regulation and desmin expression. Periurethral injection of MSCs in an animal model of SUI restored the damaged external urethral sphincter and significantly improved VLPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Corcos
- Division of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics and vehicles for gene and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1156-66. [PMID: 20828588 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a set of several fairly unique properties which make them ideally suited both for cellular therapies/regenerative medicine, and as vehicles for gene and drug delivery. These include: 1) relative ease of isolation; 2) the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of seemingly functional cell types of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin; 3) the ability to be extensively expanded in culture without a loss of differentiative capacity; 4) they are not only hypoimmunogenic, but they produce immunosuppression upon transplantation; 5) their pronounced anti-inflammatory properties; and 6) their ability to home to damaged tissues, tumors, and metastases following in vivo administration. In this review, we summarize the latest research in the use of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine, as immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory agents, and as vehicles for transferring both therapeutic genes in genetic disease and genes designed to destroy malignant cells.
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Kay HY, Wu H, Lee SI, Kim SG. Applications of genetically modified tools to safety assessment in drug development. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:1-8. [PMID: 24278499 PMCID: PMC3834461 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of new drug development consists of several stages; after identifying potential candidate compounds, preclinical studies using animal models link the laboratory and human clinical trials. Among many steps in preclinical studies, toxicology and safety assessments contribute to identify potential adverse events and provide rationale for setting the initial doses in clinical trials. Gene modulation is one of the important tools of modern biology, and is commonly employed to examine the function of genes of interest. Advances in new drug development have been achieved by exploding information on target selection and validation using genetically modified animal models as well as those of cells. In this review, a recent trend of genetically modified methods is discussed with reference to safety assessments, and the exemplary applications of gene-modulating tools to the tests in new drug development were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kay
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
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Heo JH, Cho KJ, Choi DW, Kim SW. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human mesenchymal stem cell-derived neurons. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:15-9. [PMID: 24278501 PMCID: PMC3834464 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.1.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have greater potential for immediate clinical and toxicological applications, due to their ability to self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate into a variety of cell types. To identify novel candidate genes that were specifically expressed during transdifferentiation of human MSCs to neuronal cells, we performed a differential expression analysis with random priming approach using annealing control primer-based differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approach. We identified genes for acyl-CoA thioesterase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, brain glycogen phosphorylase, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase and aldehyde reductase were up-regualted, whereas genes for transgelin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan were down-regulated in MSC-derived neurons. These differentially expressed genes may have potential role in regulation of neurogenesis. This study could be applied to environmental toxicology in the field of testing the toxicity of a chemical or a physical agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea
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18
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Stastna M, Abraham MR, Van Eyk JE. Cardiac stem/progenitor cells, secreted proteins, and proteomics. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1800-7. [PMID: 19303873 PMCID: PMC4340703 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is emerging as a novel approach for myocardial repair over conventional cardiovascular therapies. In addition to embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells from noncardiac sources, there is a small population of resident stem cells in the heart from which new cardiac cells (myocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) can be derived and used for cardiac repair in case of heart injury. It has been proposed that the clinical benefit of stem cells may arise from secreted proteins that mediate regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine manner. To be able to track the regulatory pathway on a molecular basis, utilization of proteomics in stem cell research is essential. Proteomics offers a tool that can address questions regarding stem cell response to disease/injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Veveri 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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19
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Zhang G, Hu Q, Braunlin EA, Suggs LJ, Zhang J. Enhancing efficacy of stem cell transplantation to the heart with a PEGylated fibrin biomatrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:1025-36. [PMID: 18476809 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BMNC) transplantation provides the possibility of rescue or regeneration of myocardium lost during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The extensive death of transplanted cells and the lack of sustained engraftment may limit its application. We investigated whether delivery of BMNCs by an injectable PEGylated fibrin biomatrix that covalently binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) would enhance the rate of cell engraftment and improve cardiac function. Balb/C female mice with AMI secondary to left anterior descending coronary ligation were randomly assigned to one of six groups: the Saline control group (n = 8) received a myocardial injection of saline (50 microL); the Cell group (n = 10) received a myocardial injection in the peri-infarct and infarct zones consisting of 500,000 murine BMNCs suspended in 50 microL saline; and the Biomatrix + HGF (n = 9) and Biomatrix + HGF + Cell (n = 9) group hearts received the HGF-loaded injectable biomatrix (identical volume) with or without entrapped BMNCs. Control groups consisting of the biomatrix alone (n = 9) and Biomatrix + Cells (n = 9) without HGF were also included for comparison. The left ventricular (LV) function was measured by echocardiography at days 14 and 28 post-MI. All animals were euthanized 4 weeks after AMI and transplantation for evaluation of angiogenesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis by immunohistochemistry. Cell prevalence rate at 4 weeks increased 15-fold in hearts receiving the Biomatrix + HGF + Cell delivery (p < 0.01), which was accompanied by the lowest levels of apoptosis and the highest LV function recovery among the treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-0238, USA
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20
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van Beem RT, Hirsch A, Lommerse IM, Zwaginga JJ, Noort WA, Biemond BJ, Piek JJ, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Recovery and functional activity of mononuclear bone marrow and peripheral blood cells after different cell isolation protocols used in clinical trials for cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction. EUROINTERVENTION 2009; 4:133-8. [PMID: 19112790 DOI: 10.4244/eijv4i1a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Clinical trials showed contradictory results in functional recovery after intracoronary infusion of autologous mononuclear (bone marrow) cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A recent study suggests that this might be related to the isolation protocol used. In The Netherlands, a comparable randomised multicentre trial (HEBE) was designed. To validate the isolation method of bone marrow and peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells, we compared our processing protocol with methods comparable to the ASTAMI (no beneficial effect) and the REPAIR-AMI study (beneficial effect). METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of several factors (density gradient, washing buffer and centrifugation speed) has been studied on recovery and function (migration and clonogenic capacity) of mononuclear cells. Significantly lower cell recoveries were found at a centrifugation speed of 250 g, compared to 600 or 800 g, respectively. Furthermore, washing buffer without supplemented human serum albumin and heparin resulted in significantly lower cell recovery and functional impairment as measured by clonogenic capacity. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study justify the cell-processing protocol as applied in the HEBE trial (600 g, human serum albumin supplemented washing buffer). This protocol results in viable and functional cells of which the quantity and quality is at least comparable to a successful study like the REPAIR-AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T van Beem
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The role of animal models in evaluating reasonable safety and efficacy for human trials of cell-based interventions for neurologic conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:1-9. [PMID: 18728679 PMCID: PMC2682696 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in regenerative medicine seems likely to produce new treatments for neurologic conditions that use human cells as therapeutic agents; at least one trial for such an intervention is already under way. The development of cell-based interventions for neurologic conditions (CBI-NCs) will likely include preclinical studies using animals as models for humans with conditions of interest. This paper explores predictive validity challenges and the proper role for animal models in developing CBI-NCs. In spite of limitations, animal models are and will remain an essential tool for gathering data in advance of first-in-human clinical trials. The goal of this paper is to provide a realistic lens for viewing the role of animal models in the context of CBI-NCs and to provide recommendations for moving forward through this challenging terrain.
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Greco SJ, Zhou C, Ye JH, Rameshwar P. A method to generate human mesenchymal stem cell-derived neurons which express and are excited by multiple neurotransmitters. Biol Proced Online 2008; 10:90-101. [PMID: 19461957 PMCID: PMC2683550 DOI: 10.1251/bpo147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a protocol to generate heterogenous populations of neurotransmitter-producing neurons
from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are bone marrow (BM)-derived cells which undergo lineage-
specific differentiation to generate bone, fat, cartilage and muscle, but are also capable of transdifferentiating into
defined ectodermal and endodermal tissues. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of MSCs as an
alternative source of customized neurons for experimental neurobiology or other regenerative approaches. Our
neuronal protocol utilizes freshly harvested human MSCs cultured on specific surfaces and exposed to an induction
cocktail consisting of low serum concentration, retinoic acid (RA), growth factors and supplements. Here we report on
the types of neurotransmitters produced by the neurons, and demonstrate that the cells are electrically responsive to
exogenous neurotransmitter administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Greco
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Rm. E-579 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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23
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Shirinsky VP, Khapchaev AY, Stepanova OV. Molecular mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis and the prospects for cardiomyocyte regeneration in cardiac failure. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Crop M, Baan C, Weimar W, Hoogduijn M. Potential of mesenchymal stem cells as immune therapy in solid-organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2008; 22:365-76. [PMID: 19000235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a rising interest in the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for clinical applications. This interest stems from the beneficial properties of MSCs, which include multi-lineage differentiation and immunosuppressive ability, suggesting there is a role for MSC therapy for tissue regeneration and in immunologic disease. Despite recent clinical trials investigating the use of MSCs in treating immune-mediated disease, their applicability in solid-organ transplantation is still unknown. In this review, we identified topics that are important when considering MSC therapy in clinical organ transplantation. Whereas, from other clinical studies, it would appear that administration of MSCs is safe, issues like dosing, timing, route of administration, and in particular the use of autologous or donor-derived MSCs may be of crucial importance for the functional outcome of MSCs treatment in organ transplantation. We discuss these topics and assess the feasibility of MSCs therapy in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meindert Crop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Cell therapy in ischemic settings: fact and fiction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135:986-90. [PMID: 18455573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Metabolic Flexibility Permits Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival in an Ischemic Environment. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1325-36. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sussman M. "AKT"ing lessons for stem cells: regulation of cardiac myocyte and progenitor cell proliferation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 17:235-40. [PMID: 17936205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac development and postnatal growth depend on activation of AKT, but initial strategies to improve myocardial repair using AKT were stymied by undesirable corollary alterations in myocardial structure and function. These unfortunate precedents were based on high-level expression of constitutively activated AKT, predominantly in the cytoplasm of the cell. Based on subsequent studies establishing that activated AKT accumulates in the nucleus, we reasoned that the location of AKT, not simply the activity level, would be a critical determinant of the phenotypic outcome resulting from AKT activation. Using myocardial-specific expression of nuclear-targeted AKT (AKT/nuc), the proliferation of myocardial stem and progenitor cell populations is enhanced, casting new light on the implementation of AKT activity as a molecular interventional approach for treatment of cardiomyopathic damage resulting from acute injury, chronic stress, or the debilitating changes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sussman
- Department of Biology, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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