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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Rao PJM, Pallavi M, Bharathi Y, Priya PB, Sujatha P, Prabhavathi K. Insights into mechanisms of seed longevity in soybean: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206318. [PMID: 37546268 PMCID: PMC10400919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soybean, a crop of international importance, is challenged with the problem of seed longevity mainly due to its genetic composition and associated environmental cues. Soybean's fragile seed coat coupled with poor DNA integrity, ribosomal dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and poor antioxidant system constitute the rationale for fast deterioration. Variability among the genotypes for sensitivity to field weathering contributed to their differential seed longevity. Proportion and density of seed coat, glassy state of cells, calcium and lignin content, pore number, space between seed coat and cotyledon are some seed related traits that are strongly correlated to longevity. Further, efficient antioxidant system, surplus protective proteins, effective nucleotide and protein repair systems and free radical scavenging mechanisms also contributed to the storage potential of soybean seeds. Identification of molecular markers and QTLs associated with these mechanisms will pave way for enhanced selection efficiency for seed longevity in soybean breeding programs. This review reflects on the morphological, biochemical and molecular bases of seed longevity along with pointers on harvest, processing and storage strategies for extending vigour and viability in soybean.
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Lahuta LB, Szablińska-Piernik J, Stałanowska K, Horbowicz M, Górecki RJ, Railean V, Pomastowski P, Buszewski B. Exogenously Applied Cyclitols and Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Affect the Soluble Carbohydrate Profiles of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Seedling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1627. [PMID: 37111851 PMCID: PMC10145852 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclitols, such as myo-inositol and its isomers and methyl derivatives (i.e., d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol)), are classified as osmolytes and osmoprotectants and are significantly involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity and cold. Moreover, d-pinitol demonstrates a synergistic effect with glutathione (GSH), increasing its antioxidant properties. However, the role of cyclitols in plant protection against stresses caused by metal nanoparticles is not yet known. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of myo-inositol, d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol on wheat germination, seedling growth and changes in the profile of soluble carbohydrates in response to biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles ((Bio)Ag NPs). It was found that cyclitols were absorbed by germinating grains and transported within the growing seedlings but this process was disrupted by (Bio)Ag NPs. Cyclitols applied alone induced sucrose and 1-kestose accumulation in seedlings slightly, while (Bio)Ag NP doubled the concentrations of both sugars. This coincided with a decrease in monosaccharides; i.e., fructose and glucose. Cyclitols and (Bio)Ag NPs present in the endosperm resulted in reductions in monosaccharides, maltose and maltotriose, with no effect on sucrose and 1-kestose. Similar changes occurred in seedlings developing from primed grains. Cyclitols that accumulated in grain and seedlings during grain priming with d-pinitol and glutathione did not prevent the phytotoxic effects of (Bio)Ag NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesław B. Lahuta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Szablińska-Piernik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Stałanowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Horbowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ryszard J. Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Aussenac T, Rhazi L, Branlard G. Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymeric Proteins in Wheat Grains: The Rheologically Active Polymers. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111675. [PMID: 33207650 PMCID: PMC7697747 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the molecular weight distribution of polymeric proteins (PP) of bread wheat grains using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (A4F). The experiment, involving six environmental conditions and 130 cultivars, offered the opportunity to approach the phenotypic values of the polymer characteristics and their contribution of the rheological properties of flours and/or doughs. The contents of high-molecular-weight polymers (MW > 2 × 106 g·mol−1) that can be considered as “rheologically active polymers” (RAPP) for their major contribution to dough baking strength and mixing tolerance were mainly controlled by environmental factors. Under the influence of the growing conditions, at the cellular level, the redox status of non-protein free thiol, such as glutathione, is modified and leads to the formation of polymeric protein-bound glutathione conjugates (PPSSG). The accumulation of these conjugates reduces the formation of the RAPP by limiting the intermolecular interactions between PP in the grain during desiccation. This phenomenon is, therefore, potentially responsible for decreases in the technological properties of the wheat genotypes concerned. These first results invite us to continue our investigations to fully confirm this phenomenon, with emphasis on the behavior of wheat genotypes under various growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Aussenac
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, URL 7519, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026 Beauvais, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)344-062-500
| | - Larbi Rhazi
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, URL 7519, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026 Beauvais, France;
| | - Gérard Branlard
- INRAE, UCA UMR1095 GDEC, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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Nagel M, Seal CE, Colville L, Rodenstein A, Un S, Richter J, Pritchard HW, Börner A, Kranner I. Wheat seed ageing viewed through the cellular redox environment and changes in pH. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:641-654. [PMID: 31092082 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate biochemical mechanisms leading to seed deterioration, we studied 23 wheat genotypes after exposure to seed bank storage for 6-16 years compared to controlled deterioration (CD) at 45 °C and 14 (CD14) and 18% (CD18) moisture content (MC) for up to 32 days. Under two seed bank storage conditions, seed viability was maintained in cold storage (CS) at 0 °C and 9% seed MC, but significantly decreased in ambient storage (AS) at 20 °C and 9% MC. Under AS and CS, organic free radicals, most likely semiquinones, accumulated, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance, while the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was partly lost and partly converted to glutathione disulphide (GSSG), detected by HPLC. Under AS the glutathione half-cell reduction potential (EGSSG/2GSH) shifted towards more oxidising conditions, from -186 to -141 mV. In seeds exposed to CD14 or CD18, no accumulation of organic free radicals was observed, GSH and seed viability declined within 32 and 7 days, respectively, GSSG hardly changed (CD14) or decreased (CD18) and EGSSG/2GSH shifted to -116 mV. The pH of extracts prepared from seeds subjected to CS, AS and CD14 decreased with viability, and remained high under CD18. Across all treatments, EGSSG/2GSH correlated significantly with seed viability (r = 0.8, p<.001). Data are discussed with a view that the cytoplasm is in a glassy state in CS and AS, but during the CD treatments, underwent transition to a liquid state. We suggest that enzymes can be active during CD but not under the seed bank conditions tested. However, upon CD, enzyme-based repair processes were apparently outweighed by deteriorative reactions. We conclude that seed ageing by CD and under seed bank conditions are accompanied by different biochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise Colville
- b Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology , Kew , UK
| | - Axel Rodenstein
- c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Sun Un
- d Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-yvette , France
| | | | | | | | - Ilse Kranner
- e Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Redox poise and metabolite changes in bread wheat seeds are advanced by priming with hot steam. Biochem J 2018; 475:3725-3743. [PMID: 30401685 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fast and uniform germination is key to agricultural production and can be achieved by seed 'priming' techniques. Here, we characterised the responses of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds to a hot steam treatment ('BioFlash'), which accelerated water uptake, resulting in faster germination and seedling growth, typical traits of primed seed. Before the completion of germination, metabolite profiling of seeds revealed advanced accumulation of several amino acids (especially cysteine and serine), sugars (ribose, glucose), and organic acids (glycerate, succinate) in hot steam-treated seeds, whereas sugar alcohols (e.g. arabitol, mannitol) and trehalose decreased in all seeds. Tocochromanols (the 'vitamin E family') rose independently of the hot steam treatment. We further assessed shifts in the half-cell reduction potentials of low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiol-disulfide redox couples [i.e. glutathione disulfide (GSSG)/glutathione (GSH) and cystine/cysteine], alongside the activities of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-processing enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Upon the first 4 h of imbibition, a rapid conversion of LMW disulfides to thiols occurred. Completion of germination was associated with a re-oxidation of the LMW thiol-disulfide cellular redox environment, before more reducing conditions were re-established during seedling growth, accompanied by an increase in all ROS-processing enzyme activities. Furthermore, changes in the thiol-disulfide cellular redox state were associated to specific stages of wheat seed germination. In conclusion, the priming effect of the hot steam treatment advanced the onset of seed metabolism, including redox shifts associated with germination and seedling growth.
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Gerna D, Roach T, Stöggl W, Wagner J, Vaccino P, Limonta M, Kranner I. Changes in low-molecular-weight thiol-disulphide redox couples are part of bread wheat seed germination and early seedling growth. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:568-581. [PMID: 28580817 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1338344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide antioxidant glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) essentially contributes to thiol-disulphide conversions, which are involved in the control of seed development, germination, and seedling establishment. However, the relative contribution of GSH metabolism in different seed structures is not fully understood. We studied the GSH/glutathione disulphide (GSSG) redox couple and associated low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols and disulphides related to GSH metabolism in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds, focussing on redox changes in the embryo and endosperm during germination. In dry seeds, GSH was the predominant LMW thiol and, 15 h after the onset of imbibition, embryos of non-germinated seeds contained 12 times more LMW thiols than the endosperm. In germinated seeds, the embryo contained 17 and 11 times more LMW thiols than the endosperm after 15 and 48 h, respectively. This resulted in the embryo having significantly more reducing half-cell reduction potentials of GSH/GSSG and cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) redox couples (EGSSG/2GSH and ECySS/2Cys, respectively). Upon seed germination and early seedling growth, Cys and CySS concentrations significantly increased in both embryo and endosperm, progressively contributing to the cellular LMW thiol-disulphide redox environment (Ethiol-disulphide). The changes in ECySS/2Cys could be related to the mobilisation of storage proteins in the endosperm during early seedling growth. We suggest that EGSSG/2GSH and ECySS/2Cys can be used as markers of the physiological and developmental stage of embryo and endosperm. We also present a model of interaction between LMW thiols and disulphides with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in redox regulation of bread wheat germination and early seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerna
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Thomas Roach
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Johanna Wagner
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Patrizia Vaccino
- b Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria , Research Unit for Cereal Selection in Continental Areas, S . Angelo Lodigiano , Italy
| | - Margherita Limonta
- b Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria , Research Unit for Cereal Selection in Continental Areas, S . Angelo Lodigiano , Italy
| | - Ilse Kranner
- a Department of Botany , Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyer CH. Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:454-84. [PMID: 21777251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, Orsay cedex, France.
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Birtić S, Colville L, Pritchard HW, Pearce SR, Kranner I. Mathematically combined half-cell reduction potentials of low-molecular-weight thiols as markers of seed ageing. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1093-102. [PMID: 21749317 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.595409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The half-cell reduction potential of the glutathione disulphide (GSSG)/glutathione (GSH) redox couple appears to correlate with cell viability and has been proposed to be a marker of seed viability and ageing. This study investigated the relationship between seed viability and the individual half-cell reduction potentials (E(i)s) of four low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols in Lathyrus pratensis seeds subjected to artificial ageing: GSH, cysteine (Cys), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly) and γ-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-Glu-Cys). The standard redox potential of γ-Glu-Cys was previously unknown and was experimentally determined. The E(i)s were mathematically combined to define a LMW thiol-disulphide based redox environment (E(thiol-disulphide)). Loss of seed viability correlated with a shift in E(thiol-disulphide) towards more positive values, with a LD(50) value of -0.90 ± 0.093 mV M (mean ± SD). The mathematical definition of E(thiol-disulphide) is envisaged as a step towards the definition of the overall cellular redox environment, which will need to include all known redox-couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Birtić
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, UK
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Noctor G, Queval G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Foyer CH. Glutathione. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0142. [PMID: 22303267 PMCID: PMC3267239 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is a simple sulfur compound composed of three amino acids and the major non-protein thiol in many organisms, including plants. The functions of glutathione are manifold but notably include redox-homeostatic buffering. Glutathione status is modulated by oxidants as well as by nutritional and other factors, and can influence protein structure and activity through changes in thiol-disulfide balance. For these reasons, glutathione is a transducer that integrates environmental information into the cellular network. While the mechanistic details of this function remain to be fully elucidated, accumulating evidence points to important roles for glutathione and glutathione-dependent proteins in phytohormone signaling and in defense against biotic stress. Work in Arabidopsis is beginning to identify the processes that govern glutathione status and that link it to signaling pathways. As well as providing an overview of the components that regulate glutathione homeostasis (synthesis, degradation, transport, and redox turnover), the present discussion considers the roles of this metabolite in physiological processes such as light signaling, cell death, and defense against microbial pathogen and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Queval
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Present address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Department of Plant Biotechnologyand Genetics, Gent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Sejir Chaouch
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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12
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Foyer CH, Noctor G. Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:861-905. [PMID: 19239350 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an "integrator" of information from metabolism and the environment controlling plant growth and acclimation responses, as well as cell suicide events. The different ROS forms influence gene expression in specific and sometimes antagonistic ways. Low molecular antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate, glutathione) serve not only to limit the lifetime of the ROS signals but also to participate in an extensive range of other redox signaling and regulatory functions. In contrast to the low molecular weight antioxidants, the "redox" states of components involved in photosynthesis such as plastoquinone show rapid and often transient shifts in response to changes in light and other environmental signals. Whereas both types of "redox regulation" are intimately linked through the thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide pools, they also act independently of each other to achieve overall energy balance between energy-producing and energy-utilizing pathways. This review focuses on current knowledge of the pathways of redox regulation, with discussion of the somewhat juxtaposed hypotheses of "oxidative damage" versus "oxidative signaling," within the wider context of physiological function, from plant cell biology to potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Kranner I, Beckett R, Hochman A, Nash TH. Desiccation-Tolerance in Lichens: A Review. THE BRYOLOGIST 2008; 111:576-593. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-111.4.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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14
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Holtgrefe S, Gohlke J, Starmann J, Druce S, Klocke S, Altmann B, Wojtera J, Lindermayr C, Scheibe R. Regulation of plant cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoforms by thiol modifications. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 133:211-28. [PMID: 18298409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH; GapC; EC 1.2.1.12) catalyzes the oxidation of triose phosphates during glycolysis in all organisms, but additional functions of the protein has been put forward. Because of its reactive cysteine residue in the active site, it is susceptible to protein modification and oxidation. The addition of GSSG, and much more efficiently of S-nitrosoglutathione, was shown to inactivate the enzymes from Arabidopsis thaliana (isoforms GapC1 and 2), spinach, yeast and rabbit muscle. Inactivation was fully or at least partially reversible upon addition of DTT. The incorporation of glutathione upon formation of a mixed disulfide could be shown using biotinylated glutathione ethyl ester. Furthermore, using the biotin-switch assay, nitrosylated thiol groups could be shown to occur after treatment with nitric oxide donors. Using mass spectrometry and mutant proteins with one cysteine lacking, both cysteines (Cys-155 and Cys-159) were found to occur as glutathionylated and as nitrosylated forms. In preliminary experiments, it was shown that both GapC1 and GapC2 can bind to a partial gene sequence of the NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37; At5g58330). Transiently expressed GapC-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins were localized to the nucleus in A. thaliana protoplasts. As nuclear localization and DNA binding of GAPDH had been shown in numerous systems to occur upon stress, we assume that such mechanism might be part of the signaling pathway to induce increased malate-valve capacity and possibly other protective systems upon overreduction and initial formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as to decrease and protect metabolism at the same time by modification of essential cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Holtgrefe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Osnabrueck, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
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El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Bailly C. Oxidative signaling in seed germination and dormancy. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:175-82. [PMID: 19513212 PMCID: PMC2634111 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.3.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a key role in various events of seed life. In orthodox seeds, ROS are produced from embryogenesis to germination, i.e., in metabolically active cells, but also in quiescent dry tissues during after ripening and storage, owing various mechanisms depending on the seed moisture content. Although ROS have been up to now widely considered as detrimental to seeds, recent advances in plant physiology signaling pathways has lead to reconsider their role. ROS accumulation can therefore be also beneficial for seed germination and seedling growth by regulating cellular growth, ensuring a protection against pathogens or controlling the cell redox status. ROS probably also act as a positive signal in seed dormancy release. They interact with abscisic acid and gibberellins transduction pathway and are likely to control numerous transcription factors and properties of specific protein through their carbonylation.
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França MB, Panek AD, Eleutherio ECA. Oxidative stress and its effects during dehydration. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:621-31. [PMID: 16580854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Water is usually thought to be required for the living state, but several organisms are capable of surviving complete dehydration (anhydrobiotes). Elucidation of the mechanisms of tolerance against dehydration may lead to development of new methods for preserving biological materials that do not normally support drying, which is of enormous practical importance in industry, in clinical medicine as well as in agriculture. One of the molecular mechanisms of damage leading to death in desiccation-sensitive cells upon drying is free-radical attack to phospholipids, DNA and proteins. This review aims to summarize the strategies used by anhydrobiotes to cope with the danger of oxygen toxicity and to present our recent results about the importance of some antioxidant defense systems in the dehydration tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a usual model in the study of stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B França
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kranner I, Birtić S, Anderson KM, Pritchard HW. Glutathione half-cell reduction potential: a universal stress marker and modulator of programmed cell death? Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:2155-65. [PMID: 16785029 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of factors that contribute to cell viability loss is presently compromised by the lack of a universal measure that quantifies "stress." We have investigated mechanisms of viability loss in plant seeds to find a reliable marker of stress response. Oxidative damage has previously been correlated with degenerative processes and death, but how exactly this contributes to viability loss is unknown. We show in four species subjected to ageing or desiccation that seed viability decreased by 50% when the half-cell reduction potential of glutathione (E(GSSG/2GSH)), a major cellular antioxidant and redox buffer, increased to -180 to -160 mV. We then conducted a metaanalysis of data representative of 13 plant and fungal orders to show that plant stress generally becomes lethal when E(GSSG/2GSH) exceeds -160 mV. We put forward that this change in E(GSSG/2GSH) is part of the signaling cascade that initiates programmed cell death (PCD), finally causing internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in the final, or execution phase, of PCD. E(GSSG/2GSH) is therefore a universal marker of plant cell viability and allows us to predict whether a seed will live, germinate, and produce a new plant, or if it will die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Kranner
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
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Tea I, Genter T, Violleau F, Kleiber D. Changes in the glutathione thiol-disulfide status in wheat grain by foliar sulphur fertilization: consequences for the rheological properties of dough. J Cereal Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kranner I, Cram WJ, Zorn M, Wornik S, Yoshimura I, Stabentheiner E, Pfeifhofer HW. Antioxidants and photoprotection in a lichen as compared with its isolated symbiotic partners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3141-6. [PMID: 15710882 PMCID: PMC549463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407716102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme desiccation and irradiation increase the formation of reactive oxygen species in organisms. Lichens are highly resistant to potential damage, but it is not known whether biochemical interaction between their fungal and algal partners is involved in conferring stress tolerance. Here, we show that antioxidant and photoprotective mechanisms in the lichen Cladonia vulcani are more effective by orders of magnitude than those of its isolated partners. When alone, both alga and fungus suffer oxidative damage during desiccation, but in the lichen, each appears to induce up-regulation of protective systems in the other. Without the fungal contact, the alga tolerates only very dim light and its photoprotective system is only partially effective; without the alga, the glutathione-based antioxidant system of the fungus is slow and ineffective. In the lichen, this mutually enhanced resistance to oxidative stress and, in particular, its desiccation tolerance are essential for life above ground. This lifestyle, in turn, increases the chance of dispersal of reproductive propagules and ensures their joint evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Owusu-Apenten R. Colorimetric Analysis of Protein Sulfhydyl Groups in Milk: Applications and Processing Effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45:1-23. [PMID: 15730186 DOI: 10.1080/10408690590900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods for protein sulfhydryl (SH) group analysis in food systems have been largely overlooked. Nevertheless, changes in SH group concentration affect both physical and nutritional characteristics of high protein foods and ingredients. Food scientists and technologists require improved understanding of protein SH chemistry in order to design processes that minimize loss of thiol groups. This article surveys colorimetric methods for food protein SH group analysis with applications to fluid milk and dried milk powder. Most colorimetric assays (chloromeribenzoate, pyridine disulfide, Nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, papain reactivation assay, etc.) were found to be inferior to the Ellman method based on the use of 5,5'dithio (bis-2 nitro benzoic acid). Techniques for SH group analysis in fluid milk and dried milk powder are described, along with typical results, their interpretations, and current research related to processing effects and the role of milk SH content on a wider range of technological issues, such as development of cooked flavors, fouling and cleaning of plate heat exchanges, protein-protein interactions, and the storage stability. Finally, a number of areas requiring further research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Owusu-Apenten
- Department of Food Science, Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH; gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), a non-protein thiol with a very low redox potential (E'0 = 240 mV for thiol-disulfide exchange), is present in high concentration up to 10 mM in yeasts and filamentous fungi. GSH is concerned with basic cellular functions as well as the maintenance of mitochondrial structure, membrane integrity, and in cell differentiation and development. GSH plays key roles in the response to several stress situations in fungi. For example, GSH is an important antioxidant molecule, which reacts non-enzymatically with a series of reactive oxygen species. In addition, the response to oxidative stress also involves GSH biosynthesis enzymes, NADPH-dependent GSH-regenerating reductase, glutathione S-transferase along with peroxide-eliminating glutathione peroxidase and glutaredoxins. Some components of the GSH-dependent antioxidative defence system confer resistance against heat shock and osmotic stress. Formation of protein-SSG mixed disulfides results in protection against desiccation-induced oxidative injuries in lichens. Intracellular GSH and GSH-derived phytochelatins hinder the progression of heavy metal-initiated cell injuries by chelating and sequestering the metal ions themselves and/or by eliminating reactive oxygen species. In fungi, GSH is mobilized to ensure cellular maintenance under sulfur or nitrogen starvation. Moreover, adaptation to carbon deprivation stress results in an increased tolerance to oxidative stress, which involves the induction of GSH-dependent elements of the antioxidant defence system. GSH-dependent detoxification processes concern the elimination of toxic endogenous metabolites, such as excess formaldehyde produced during the growth of the methylotrophic yeasts, by formaldehyde dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal, a by-product of glycolysis, by the glyoxalase pathway. Detoxification of xenobiotics, such as halogenated aromatic and alkylating agents, relies on glutathione S-transferases. In yeast, these enzymes may participate in the elimination of toxic intermediates that accumulate in stationary phase and/or act in a similar fashion as heat shock proteins. GSH S-conjugates may also form in a glutathione S-transferases-independent way, e.g. through chemical reaction between GSH and the antifugal agent Thiram. GSH-dependent detoxification of penicillin side-chain precursors was shown in Penicillium sp. GSH controls aging and autolysis in several fungal species, and possesses an anti-apoptotic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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De Gara L, de Pinto MC, Moliterni VMC, D'Egidio MG. Redox regulation and storage processes during maturation in kernels of Triticum durum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:249-58. [PMID: 12493852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic changes during the development and maturation of Triticum durum Desf. (L.) kernels were studied, with particular emphasis on changes in the redox state of ascorbate and glutathione, as well as in the activities of the enzymes responsible for the recycling of their oxidized forms (ascorbic free radical reductase, EC 1.6.5.4; dehydroascorbate reductase, EC 1.8.5.1; glutathione reductase, EC 1.6.4.2) and for detoxification or utilization of hydrogen peroxide (ascorbate peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.11; catalase, EC 1.11.1.6). In parallel with this analysis, the production and storage of reserve compounds was studied, in particular, soluble carbohydrates (mono- di-saccharides and fructans) and the transition from sulphydryl groups to disulphide bridges into proteins. The results indicate that both the activities of the ascorbate and glutathione redox enzymes and that of catalase are high before the start of drying maturation, after which they decrease. Moreover, analysis of the redox state of ascorbate and glutathione pairs and the sulphydryl to disulphide transition into proteins suggests that these three parameters are tightly related during kernel maturation, thus confirming the involvement of the two redox pairs in protein maturation as well as in protection against reactive oxygen species. The physiological implications of the changes in cellular redox state and in soluble carbohydrates for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and reaching the resting phase in orthodox seeds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Gara
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Vegetale, Via E Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Dietz KJ. Redox control, redox signaling, and redox homeostasis in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:141-93. [PMID: 14667044 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Redox chemistry is a key feature of life. Oxidized substrates are reduced to synthesize functional molecules; reduced substrates are oxidized for energy supply. In addition, cells must fight against uncontrolled oxidation of essential constituents, a process that continuously occurs in an atmosphere of 21% O2. The redox situation is further complicated in plants with their highly reactive photosynthetic metabolism. To this end it is now well established that redox regulation is a central element in adjusting plant metabolism and development to the prevailing environmental conditions. This review introduces general redox chemistry and the main components of the cellular redox network, namely pyridine nucleotides, ascorbate, glutathione, lipoic acid, tocopherol, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins, and other thiol proteins. Examples for redox sensing, transduction, redox-regulated enzymes and transcription, and the function of regulatory circuits are presented. Emphasis is placed on redox regulation of photosynthesis, which is the best understood metabolism governed by redox control on essentially all levels, ranging from gene transcription to translation, assembly and turnover, as well as short-term adaptation by state transition and enzyme activity. Increasing evidence shows the importance of redox regulation in the context of transport, plant development, and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Kranner I, Beckett RP, Wornik S, Zorn M, Pfeifhofer HW. Revival of a resurrection plant correlates with its antioxidant status. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 31:13-24. [PMID: 12100479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Myrothamnus flabellifolia, a short woody shrub from southern Africa, can survive severe desiccation of its vegetative organs. We studied mechanisms protecting this plant from oxidative damage during desiccation for 2 weeks, 4 and 8 months, and also during subsequent rehydration. This plant retains high concentrations of chlorophyll during desiccation, and these chlorophyll molecules are probably a source for potentially harmful singlet oxygen production. Desiccation triggered substantial increases in zeaxanthin and redox shifts of the antioxidants glutathione and ascorbate towards their oxidised forms. Simultaneously, the concentrations of violaxanthin, beta-carotene, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, and glutathione reductase activity progressively decreased. Antheraxanthin, gamma-tocopherol, lutein, neoxanthin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase displayed less pronounced changes in response to desiccation. Even after 4 months of desiccation, Myrothamnus flabellifolia recovered rapidly upon rehydration. Re-watering induced formation of ascorbate and glutathione, simultaneous reduction of their oxidised forms, and rapid production of alpha-tocopherol and of various carotenoids. Only after 8 months of desiccation did the antioxidant system of M. flabellifolia break down; 3 weeks after the onset of rehydration, these plants abscised their leaves, but even then they were still able to recover and develop new ones. Ascorbate, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were totally depleted after 8 months of desiccation and did not recover upon rehydration; glutathione was partly maintained, but only in the oxidised form. We present a model demonstrating which parts of antioxidant pathways break down as oxidative stress becomes detrimental and we discuss some potential implications of our results for the genetic modification of crop plants to improve their drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kranner I. Glutathione status correlates with different degrees of desiccation tolerance in three lichens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:451-460. [PMID: 33873437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Glutathione-related mechanisms of coping with desiccation were studied in three lichens (Pseudevernia furfuracea, Peltigera polydactyla and Lobaria pulmonaria) with different degrees of tolerance. Reduced (GSH) and oxidised glutathione (GSSG), glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were measured during short- and long-term desiccation, and subsequent rehydration. • Glutathione was analysed by HPLC, and enzymes by spectrophotometry. Lichens were desiccated over silica gel, and rehydrated either in liquid water or water vapour. • Desiccation caused oxidation of almost all of the GSH. After short-term desiccation, rehydration caused rapid reduction of GSSG in all three species. Following long-term desiccation, P. furfuracea (the most desiccation-tolerant lichen studied) rapidly increased GSH when rehydrated in liquid water or water vapour. However, in P. polydactyla, neither method of rehydration re-established the initial GSH pool. After long-term desiccation, L. pulmonaria regenerated initial concentrations of GSH only when rehydrated in liquid water. • Reduction of GSSG was correlated with re-establishment of the predesiccation activity of G6PDH, a key enzyme of the oxidative pentose shunt. This enzyme probably provides NADPH during the first stages of rehydration, when photosynthesis is not yet possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Graz Schubertstraße 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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The Role of Glutathione and Glutathione-related Enzymes in Plant-pathogen Interactions. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47644-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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