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Long L, Xu FC, Yuan M, Shang SZ, Song HG, Zhao JR, Hu GY, Zhang ZN, Zhao XT, Ma JY, Hussain A, Wang P, Cai YF, Jin SX, Gao W. GhHAM regulates GoPGF-dependent gland development and contributes to broad-spectrum pest resistance in cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923085 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cotton is a globally cultivated crop, producing 87% of the natural fiber used in the global textile industry. The pigment glands, unique to cotton and its relatives, serve as a defense structure against pests and pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism underlying gland formation and the specific role of pigment glands in cotton's pest defense are still not well understood. In this study, we cloned a gland-related transcription factor GhHAM and generated the GhHAM knockout mutant using CRISPR/Cas9. Phenotypic observations, transcriptome analysis, and promoter-binding experiments revealed that GhHAM binds to the promoter of GoPGF, regulating pigment gland formation in cotton's multiple organs via the GoPGF-GhJUB1 module. The knockout of GhHAM significantly reduced gossypol production and increased cotton's susceptibility to pests in the field. Feeding assays demonstrated that more than 80% of the cotton bollworm larvae preferred ghham over the wild type. Furthermore, the ghham mutants displayed shorter cell length and decreased gibberellins (GA) production in the stem. Exogenous application of GA3 restored stem cell elongation but not gland formation, thereby indicating that GhHAM controls gland morphogenesis independently of GA. Our study sheds light on the functional differentiation of HAM proteins among plant species, highlights the significant role of pigment glands in influencing pest feeding preference, and provides a theoretical basis for breeding pest-resistant cotton varieties to address the challenges posed by frequent outbreaks of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, P.R. China
| | - Man Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Zhai Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Ge Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Gai-Yuan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Nan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fan Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Xia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P.R. China
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Wu WK, Nie GB, Lin JL, Huang JF, Guo XX, Chen M, Fang X, Mao YB, Li Y, Wang LJ, Tao XY, Gao Y, Yang ZR, Huang JQ. Regulation of Glandular Size and Phytoalexin Biosynthesis by a Negative Feedback Loop in Cotton. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403059. [PMID: 38840438 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse defense mechanisms encompassing physical and chemical barriers. Cotton pigment glands are known for containing various defense metabolites, but the precise regulation of gland size to modulate defense compound levels remains enigmatic. Here, it is discovered that the VQ domain-containing protein JAVL negatively regulates pigment gland size and the biosynthesis of defense compounds, while the MYC2-like transcription factor GoPGF has the opposite effect. Notably, GoPGF directly activates the expression of JAVL, whereas JAVL suppresses GoPGF transcription, establishing a negative feedback loop that maintains the expression homeostasis between GoPGF and JAVL. Furthermore, it is observed that JAVL negatively regulates jasmonate levels by inhibiting the expression of jasmonate biosynthetic genes and interacting with GoPGF to attenuate its activation effects, thereby maintaining homeostatic regulation of jasmonate levels. The increased expression ratio of GoPGF to JAVL leads to enlarged pigment glands and elevated jasmonates and defense compounds, enhancing insect and pathogen resistance in cotton. These findings unveil a new mechanism for regulating gland size and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, providing innovative strategies for strengthening plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gui-Bin Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jia-Fa Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | - Yiqun Gao
- Department of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zuo-Ren Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Zhang ZN, Long L, Zhao XT, Shang SZ, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Hu GY, Mi LY, Song CP, Gao W. The dual role of GoPGF reveals that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:314-328. [PMID: 37865884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol and the related terpenoids are stored in the pigment gland to protect cotton plants from biotic stresses, but little is known about the synthetic sites of these metabolites. Here, we showed that GoPGF, a key gene regulating gland formation, was expressed in gland cells and roots. The chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis demonstrated that GoPGF targets GhJUB1 to regulate gland morphogenesis. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) showed high accumulation of gossypol biosynthetic genes in gland cells. Moreover, integrated analysis of the ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed that GoPGF binds to the promoter of several gossypol biosynthetic genes. The cotton callus overexpressing GoPGF had dramatically increased the gossypol levels, indicating that GoPGF can directly activate the biosynthesis of gossypol. In addition, the gopgf mutant analysis revealed the existence of both GoPGF-dependent and -independent regulation of gossypol production in cotton roots. Our study revealed that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton and that GoPGF plays a dual role in regulating gland morphogenesis and gossypol biosynthesis. The study provides new insights for exploring the complex relationship between glands and the metabolites they store in cotton and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Lu Long
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shen-Zhai Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Gai-Yuan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Ling-Yu Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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Zhou Y, Li G, Han G, Mao S, Yang L, Wang Y. Novel Mechanisms Underlying Rubber Accumulation and Programmed Cell Death in Laticiferous Canals of Decaisnea insignis Fruits: Cytological and Transcriptomic Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3497. [PMID: 37836237 PMCID: PMC10575083 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber is one of the most important industrial raw materials, and its biosynthesis is still a fascinating process that is still largely unknown. In this research, we studied Decaisnea insignis, a unique rubber-producing plant that is different from other rubber-producing species due to the presence of lactiferous canals in its pericarp. The present study aims to provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying rubber accumulation and PCD by subjecting the Decaisnea insignis laticiferous canals to light microscopy, TUNEL assay, and DAPI staining, as well as viability analysis, cellular ultrastructure analysis, and molecular analysis using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence labeling, transmission electron microscopy, and transcriptome sequencing. At the cellular level, the origin of small rubber particles in the laticiferous canals had no morphological correlation with other organelles, and these particles were freely produced in the cytosol. The volume of the rubber particles increased at the sunken and expanding stage, which were identified as having the characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD); meanwhile, plenty of the rubber precursors or rubber particles were engulfed by the vacuoles, indicating a vacuole-mediated autophagy process. The accumulation of rubber particles occurred after the degeneration of protoplasts, suggesting a close association between rubber biosynthesis and PCD. The molecular analysis revealed the expression patterns of key genes involved in rubber biosynthesis. The upstream genes DiIPP, DiFPP, and DiGGPPS showed a decreasing trend during fruit ripening, while DiHRT, which is responsible for rubber particle extension, exhibited the highest expression level during the rubber particle formation. Moreover, the transcription factors related to PCD, DiLSD1, and DiLOL2 showed a negative correlation with the expression pattern of DiHRT, thus exhibiting strict rules of sequential expression during rubber biosynthesis. Additionally, the expression trends of DiXCP1 and DiCEP1, which act as proteases during PCD, were positively correlated with DiGGPPS expression. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the autophagic PCD may play a crucial role in rubber accumulation in D. insignis. Further research is still needed to fully understand the complex regulatory network underlying rubber biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafu Zhou
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Gen Li
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guijun Han
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shaoli Mao
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Luyao Yang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (G.L.); (G.H.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
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Dai Y, Liu S, Zuo D, Wang Q, Lv L, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Yu JZ, Song G. Identification of MYB gene family and functional analysis of GhMYB4 in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:755-766. [PMID: 37027022 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors (TFs) form a large gene family involved in a variety of biological processes in plants. Little is known about their roles in the development of cotton pigment glands. In this study, 646 MYB members were identified in Gossypium hirsutum genome and phylogenetic classification was analyzed. Evolution analysis revealed assymetric evolution of GhMYBs during polyploidization and sequence divergence of MYBs in G. hirustum was preferentially happend in D sub-genome. WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) showed that four modules had potential relationship with gland development or gossypol biosynthesis in cotton. Eight differentially expressed GhMYB genes were identified by screening transcriptome data of three pairs of glanded and glandless cotton lines. Of these, four were selected as candidate genes for cotton pigment gland formation or gossypol biosynthesis by qRT-PCR assay. Silencing of GH_A11G1361 (GhMYB4) downregulated expression of multiple genes in gossypol biosynthesis pathway, indicating it could be involved in gossypol biosynthesis. The potential protein interaction network suggests that several MYBs may have indirect interaction with GhMYC2-like, a key regulator of pigment gland formation. Our study was the systematic analysis of MYB genes in cotton pigment gland development, providing candidate genes for further study on the roles of cotton MYB genes in pigment gland formation, gossypol biosynthesis and future crop plant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Dai
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shang Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - John Z Yu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Guoli Song
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Sun Y, Han Y, Sheng K, Yang P, Cao Y, Li H, Zhu QH, Chen J, Zhu S, Zhao T. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals the developmental trajectory and transcriptional regulatory networks of pigment glands in Gossypium bickii. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:694-708. [PMID: 36772793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive utilization of cottonseeds is limited by the presence of pigment glands and its inclusion gossypol. The ideal cotton has glandless seeds but a glanded plant, a trait found in only a few Australian wild cotton species, including Gossypium bickii. Introgression of this trait into cultivated species has proved to be difficult. Understanding the biological processes toward pigment gland morphogenesis and the associated underlying molecular mechanisms will facilitate breeding of cultivated cotton varieties with the trait of glandless seeds and glanded plant. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on 12 222 protoplasts isolated from cotyledons of germinating G. bickii seeds 48 h after imbibition. Clustered into 14 distinct clusters unsupervisedly, these cells could be grouped into eight cell populations with the assistance of known cell marker genes. The pigment gland cells were well separated from others and could be separated into pigment gland parenchyma cells, secretory cells, and apoptotic cells. By integrating the pigment gland cell developmental trajectory, transcription factor regulatory networks, and core transcription factor functional validation, we established a model for pigment gland formation. In this model, light and gibberellin were verified to promote the formation of pigment glands. In addition, three novel genes, GbiERF114 (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 114), GbiZAT11 (ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 11), and GbiNTL9 (NAC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-LIKE 9), were found to affect pigment gland formation. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into pigment gland morphogenesis and lay the cornerstone for future cotton scRNA-seq investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifei Han
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuang Sheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefen Cao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huazu Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jinhong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Hainan, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Hainan, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Hainan, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhou Y, Li G, Han G, Xun L, Mao S, Yang L, Wang Y. Developmental Programmed Cell Death Involved in Ontogenesis of Dictamnus dasycarpus Capitate Glandular Hairs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:395. [PMID: 36679107 PMCID: PMC9863949 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes have received much attention due to their commercial and biological value. Recent studies have focused on the development of various glands in plants, suggesting that programmed cell death (PCD) may play an important role during the development of plant secretory structures. However, the development processes and cytological characteristics in different types of plant secretory structures differed significantly. This study aims to provide new data on the developmental PCD of the capitate glandular hairs in Dictamnus dasycarpus. Light, scanning, immunofluorescence labeling, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the different developmental processes of the capitate glandular hairs from a cytological perspective. Morphologically, the capitate glandular hair originates from one initial epidermal cell and differentiates into a multicellular trichome characterized by two basal cells, two lines of stalk cells, and a multicellular head. It is also histochemically detected by essential oils. TUNEL-positive reactions identified nuclei with diffused fluorescence or an irregular figure by DAPI, and Evans blue staining showed that the head and stalk cells lost their viability. Ultrastructural evidence revealed the developmental process by two possible modes of PCD. Non-autolytic PCD was characterized by buckling cell walls and degenerated nuclei, mitochondria, plastids, multivesicular body (MVB), and end-expanded endoplasmic reticulum in the condensed cytoplasm, which were mainly observed in the head cells. The MVB was detected in the degraded vacuole, a degraded nucleus with condensed chromatin and diffused membrane, and eventual loss of the vacuole membrane integrity exhibited typical evidence of vacuole-mediated autolytic PCD in the stalk cells. Furthermore, protoplasm degeneration coupled with dark oil droplets and numerous micro-dark osmiophilic substances was observed during late stages. The secretion mode of essential oils is also described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafu Zhou
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Gen Li
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guijun Han
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Lulu Xun
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shaoli Mao
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Luyao Yang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
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8
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She L, Wang N, Xu Y, Wang G, Shao L. Detection and counting of pigment glands in cotton leaves using improved U-Net. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1075051. [PMID: 36699844 PMCID: PMC9869271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1075051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, as an important oil and raw material for feed, is mainly produced by cotton pigment gland, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of pharmaceutics, agriculture and industry. Accurate knowledge of the distribution of pigment gland in cotton leaves is important for estimating gossypol content. However, pigment glands are extremely small and densely distributed, manual counting is laborious and time-consuming, and difficult to count quickly and accurately. It is thus necessary to design a fast and accurate gland counting method. In this paper, the machine vision imaging technology is used to establish an image acquisition platform to obtain cotton leaf images, and a network structure is proposed based on deep learning, named as Interpolation-pooling net, to segment the pigment glands in the cotton leaf images. The network adopts the structure of first interpolation and then pooling, which is more conducive to the extraction of pigment gland features. The accuracy of segmentation of the model in cotton leaf image set is 96.7%, and the mIoU (Mean Intersection over Union), Recall, Precision and F1-score is 0.8181, 0.8004, 0.8004 and 0.8004 respectively. In addition, the number of pigment glands in cotton leaves of three different densities was measured. Compared with manual measurements, the square of the correlation coefficient (R 2) of the three density pigment glands reached 0.966, 0.942 and 0.91, respectively. The results show that the proposed semantic segmentation network based on deep learning has good performance in the detection and counting of cotton pigment glands, and has important value for evaluating the gossypol content of different cotton varieties. Compared with the traditional chemical reagent determination method, this method is safer and more economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan She
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Limin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with the Gossypol Synthesis and Gland Morphogenesis in Gossypium hirsutum. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081452. [PMID: 36011363 PMCID: PMC9408450 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypium hirsutum is an important source of natural textile fibers. Gossypol, which is a sesquiterpenoid compound mainly existing in the cotton pigment glands, can facilitate resistance to the stress from diseases and pests. The level of gossypol in the cotton is positively correlated to the quantity of pigment glands. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of gossypol synthesis and gland morphogenesis are still poorly understood, especially from a transcriptional perspective. The transcripts of young leaves and ovules at 30 DPA of the glanded plants and glandless plants were studied by RNA-Seq and 865 million clean reads were obtained. A total of 34,426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes related to gossypol synthesis or gland morphogenesis displayed significant differential expression between the two cultivars. Functional annotation revealed that the candidate genes related to catalytic activity, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and biomolecular decomposition processes. Our work herein unveiled several potential candidate genes related to gossypol synthesis or gland morphogenesis and may provide useful clues for a breeding program of cotton cultivars with low cottonseed gossypol contents.
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10
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Jan M, Liu Z, Guo C, Zhou Y, Sun X. An Overview of Cotton Gland Development and Its Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094892. [PMID: 35563290 PMCID: PMC9103798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton refers to species in the genus Gossypium that bear spinnable seed coat fibers. A total of 50 species in the genus Gossypium have been described to date. Of these, only four species, viz. Gossypium, hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboretum, and G. herbaceum are cultivated; the rest are wild. The black dot-like structures on the surfaces of cotton organs or tissues, such as the leaves, stem, calyx, bracts, and boll surface, are called gossypol glands or pigment glands, which store terpenoid aldehydes, including gossypol. The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) pigment gland is a distinctive structure that stores gossypol and its derivatives. It provides an ideal system for studying cell differentiation and organogenesis. However, only a few genes involved in the process of gland formation have been identified to date, and the molecular mechanisms underlying gland initiation remain unclear. The terpenoid aldehydes in the lysigenous glands of Gossypium species are important secondary phytoalexins (with gossypol being the most important) and one of the main defenses of plants against pests and diseases. Here, we review recent research on the development of gossypol glands in Gossypium species, the regulation of the terpenoid aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, discoveries from genetic engineering studies, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (M.J.); (Z.L.); (C.G.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (M.J.); (Z.L.); (C.G.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (M.J.); (Z.L.); (C.G.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (M.J.); (Z.L.); (C.G.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (M.J.); (Z.L.); (C.G.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Feng Z, Bartholomew ES, Liu Z, Cui Y, Dong Y, Li S, Wu H, Ren H, Liu X. Glandular trichomes: new focus on horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:158. [PMID: 34193839 PMCID: PMC8245418 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes (GTs) are epidermal outgrowths with the capacity to biosynthesize and secrete specialized metabolites, that are of great scientific and practical significance. Our understanding of the developmental process of GTs is limited, and no single plant species serves as a unique model. Here, we review the genetic mechanisms of GT initiation and development and provide a summary of the biosynthetic pathways of GT-specialized metabolites in nonmodel plant species, especially horticultural crops. We discuss the morphology and classification of GT types. Moreover, we highlight technological advancements in methods employed for investigating GTs. Understanding the molecular basis of GT development and specialized metabolites not only offers useful avenues for research in plant breeding that will lead to the improved production of desirable metabolites, but also provides insights for plant epidermal development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Library of China Agricultural University, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
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12
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Gene Expression Correlation Analysis Reveals MYC-NAC Regulatory Network in Cotton Pigment Gland Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095007. [PMID: 34066899 PMCID: PMC8125883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) family is involved in various development processes including Programmed Cell Death (PCD) associated development. However, the relationship between NAC family and PCD-associated cotton pigment gland development is largely unknown. In this study, we identified 150, 153 and 299 NAC genes in newly updated genome sequences of G. arboreum, G. raimondii and G. hirsutum, respectively. All NAC genes were divided into 8 groups by the phylogenetic analysis and most of them were conserved during cotton evolution. Using the vital regulator of gland formation GhMYC2-like as bait, expression correlation analysis screened out 6 NAC genes which were low-expressed in glandless cotton and high-expressed in glanded cotton. These 6 NAC genes acted downstream of GhMYC2-like and were induced by MeJA. Silencing CGF1(Cotton Gland Formation1), another MYC-coding gene, caused almost glandless phenotype and down-regulated expression of GhMYC2-like and the 6 NAC genes, indicating a MYC-NAC regulatory network in gland development. In addition, predicted regulatory mechanism showed that the 6 NAC genes were possibly regulated by light, various phytohormones and transcription factors as well as miRNAs. The interaction network and DNA binding sites of the 6 NAC transcription factors were also predicted. These results laid the foundation for further study of gland-related genes and gland development regulatory network.
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Wu C, Cheng H, Li S, Zuo D, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Lv L, Wang Q, Song G. Molecular cloning and characterization of GhERF105, a gene contributing to the regulation of gland formation in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:102. [PMID: 33602142 PMCID: PMC7893949 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) is one of the most economically important crops in the world due to its significant source of fiber, feed, foodstuff, oil and biofuel products. However, the utilization of cottonseed was limited due to the presence of small and darkly pigmented glands that contain large amounts of gossypol, which is toxic to human beings and non-ruminant animals. To date, some progress has been made in the pigment gland formation, but the underlying molecular mechanism of its formation was still unclear. RESULTS In this study, we identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor named GhERF105 (GH_A12G2166), which was involved in the regulation of gland pigmentation by the comparative transcriptome analysis of the leaf of glanded and glandless plants. It encoded an ERF protein containing a converved AP2 domain which was localized in the nucleus with transcriptional activity, and showed the high expression in glanded cotton accessions that contained much gossypol. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) against GhERF105 caused the dramatic reduction in the number of glands and significantly lowered levels of gossypol in cotton leaves. GhERF105 showed the patterns of spatiotemporal and inducible expression in the glanded plants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GhERF105 contributes to the pigment gland formation and gossypol biosynthesis in partial organs of glanded plant. It also provides a potential molecular basis to generate 'glandless-seed' and 'glanded-plant' cotton cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Wu
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Zhongxu Lin
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
| | - Guoli Song
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000 China
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14
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Gao W, Xu F, Long L, Li Y, Zhang J, Chong L, Botella JR, Song C. The gland localized CGP1 controls gland pigmentation and gossypol accumulation in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1573-1584. [PMID: 31883409 PMCID: PMC7292540 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pigment glands, also known as black glands or gossypol glands, are specific for Gossypium spp. These glands strictly confine large amounts of secondary metabolites to the lysigenous cavity, leading to the glands' intense colour and providing defence against pests and pathogens. This study performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of glanded versus glandless cotton cultivars. Twenty-two transcription factors showed expression patterns associated with pigment glands and were characterized. Phenotypic screening of the genes, via virus-induced gene silencing, showed an apparent disappearance of pigmented glands after the silencing of a pair of homologous MYB-encoding genes in the A and D genomes (designated as CGP1). Further study showed that CGP1a encodes an active transcription factor, which is specifically expressed in the gland structure, while CGP1d encodes a non-functional protein due to a fragment deletion, which causes premature termination. RNAi-mediated silencing and CRISPR knockout of CGP1 in glanded cotton cultivars generated a glandless-like phenotype, similar to the dominant glandless mutant Gl2e . Microscopic analysis showed that CGP1 knockout did not affect gland structure or density, but affected gland pigmentation. The levels of gossypol and related terpenoids were significantly decreased in cgp1 mutants, and a number of gossypol biosynthetic genes were strongly down-regulated. CGP1 is located in the nucleus where it interacts with GoPGF, a critical transcription factor for gland development and gossypol synthesis. Our data suggest that CGP1 and GoPGF form heterodimers to control the synthesis of gossypol and other secondary metabolites in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Fu‐Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jun‐Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Leelyn Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Jose Ramon Botella
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Chun‐Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
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15
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Feng S, Xu M, Liu F, Cui C, Zhou B. Reconstruction of the full-length transcriptome atlas using PacBio Iso-Seq provides insight into the alternative splicing in Gossypium australe. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:365. [PMID: 31426739 PMCID: PMC6701088 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gossypium australe F. Mueller (2n = 2x = 26, G2 genome) possesses valuable characteristics. For example, the delayed gland morphogenesis trait causes cottonseed protein and oil to be edible while retaining resistance to biotic stress. However, the lack of gene sequences and their alternative splicing (AS) in G. australe remain unclear, hindering to explore species-specific biological morphogenesis. RESULTS Here, we report the first sequencing of the full-length transcriptome of the Australian wild cotton species, G. australe, using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) from the pooled cDNA of ten tissues to identify transcript loci and splice isoforms. We reconstructed the G. australe full-length transcriptome and identified 25,246 genes, 86 pre-miRNAs and 1468 lncRNAs. Most genes (12,832, 50.83%) exhibited two or more isoforms, suggesting a high degree of transcriptome complexity in G. australe. A total of 31,448 AS events in five major types were found among the 9944 gene loci. Among these five major types, intron retention was the most frequent, accounting for 68.85% of AS events. 29,718 polyadenylation sites were detected from 14,536 genes, 7900 of which have alternative polyadenylation sites (APA). In addition, based on our AS events annotations, RNA-Seq short reads from germinating seeds showed that differential expression of these events occurred during seed germination. Ten AS events that were randomly selected were further confirmed by RT-PCR amplification in leaf and germinating seeds. CONCLUSIONS The reconstructed gene sequences and their AS in G. australe would provide information for exploring beneficial characteristics in G. australe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Hybrid Cotton R&D Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Hybrid Cotton R&D Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Fujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Hybrid Cotton R&D Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Hybrid Cotton R&D Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Hybrid Cotton R&D Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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16
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Ni XL, Gui MY, Tan LL, Zhu Q, Liu WZ, Li CX. Programmed Cell Death and Aerenchyma Formation in Water-Logged Sunflower Stems and Its Promotion by Ethylene and ROS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1928. [PMID: 30687344 PMCID: PMC6333753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that waterlogging/ hypoxic conditions induce aerenchyma formation to facilitate gas exchange. Ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as regulatory signals, might also be involved in these adaptive responses. However, the interrelationships between these signals have seldom been reported. Herein, we showed that programmed cell death (PCD) was involved in aerenchyma formation in the stem of Helianthus annuus. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in the stem was induced through waterlogging (WA), ethylene and ROS. Pre-treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation in the seedlings after treatment with WA, ET and 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole (AT, catalase inhibitor). In addition, pre-treatment with the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) partially suppressed aerenchyma formation induced through WA and ET in the seedlings, but barely inhibited aerenchyma formation induced through ROS. These results revealed that ethylene-mediated ROS signaling plays a role in aerenchyma formation, and there is a causal and interdependent relationship during WA, ET and ROS in PCD, which regulates signal networks in the stem of H. annuus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Gui
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-western China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Zhang J, Wang F, Zhang C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu G, Zhao Y, Hao F, Zhang J. A novel VIGS method by agroinoculation of cotton seeds and application for elucidating functions of GhBI-1 in salt-stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1091-1100. [PMID: 29868984 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A VIGS method by agroinoculation of cotton seeds was developed for gene silencing in young seedlings and roots, and applied in functional analysis of GhBI-1 in response to salt stress. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been widely used to investigate the functions of genes expressed in mature leaves, but not yet in young seedlings or roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Here, we developed a simple and effective VIGS method for silencing genes in young cotton seedlings and roots by soaking naked seeds in Agrobacterium cultures carrying tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-VIGS vectors. When the naked seeds were soaked in Agrobacterium cultures with an OD600 of 1.5 for 90 min, it was optimal for silencing genes effectively in young seedlings as clear photo-bleaching phenotype in the newly emerging leaves of pTRV:GhCLA1 seedlings were observed at 12-14 days post inoculation. Silencing of GhPGF (cotton pigment gland formation) by this method resulted in a 90% decrease in transcript abundances of the gene in roots at the early development stage. We further used the tool to investigate function of GhBI-1 (cotton Bax inhibitor-1) gene in response to salt stress and demonstrated that GhBI-1 might play a protective role under salt stress by suppressing stress-induced cell death in cotton. Our results showed that the newly established VIGS method is a powerful tool for elucidating functions of genes in cotton, especially the genes expressed in young seedlings and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chuanyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fushun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Cotton Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Ni XL, Tan LL, Zhou YF, Liu WZ, Li CX. The involvement of programmed cell death in inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis in Trapa pseudoincisa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:412-427. [PMID: 32290981 DOI: 10.1071/fp17203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trapa plants (Trapaceae) have an inflated leaf petiole called a spongy airbag. The aims of this study were to assess the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) in the process of inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis. In this paper, light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate cytological events and the development of inflated leaf petiole. During this process, the inflated leaf petiole of Trapa pseudoincisa L. undergoes a developmental process, changing from solid to hollow phase. Debris from the degraded cells was seldom observed in the transverse sections of leaf petioles, but some degraded cells with an abnormal morphology were observed in longitudinal sections. Cytoplasmic changes, such as disrupted vacuoles, degraded plastids, and the emergence of secondary vacuoles were observed during leaf petiole morphogenesis. In addition, gel electrophoresis and TUNEL assays were used to evaluate DNA cleavage during petiole morphogenesis. DNA internucleosomal cleavage and TUNEL-positive nuclei indicate that the typical PCD features of DNA cleavage occurred early in the process. These results revealed that PCD plays a critical role in inflated leaf petiole morphogenesis. Additionally, a trans-disciplinary systems approach is required that recognises the necessity for integration of cytological and molecular characteristics for identification of aerenchyma type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling-Ling Tan
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ya-Fu Zhou
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory for the Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Ni XL, Su H, Zhou YF, Wang FH, Liu WZ. Leaf-shape remodeling: programmed cell death in fistular leaves of Allium fistulosum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:419-431. [PMID: 25132341 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some species of Allium in Liliaceae have fistular leaves. The fistular lamina of Allium fistulosum undergoes a process from solid to hollow during development. The aims were to reveal the process of fistular leaf formation involved in programmed cell death (PCD) and to compare the cytological events in the execution of cell death to those in the unusual leaf perforations or plant aerenchyma formation. In this study, light and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the development of fistular leaves and cytological events. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and gel electrophoresis were used to determine nuclear DNA cleavage during the PCD. The cavity arises in the leaf blade by degradation of specialized cells, the designated pre-cavity cells, in the center of the leaves. Nuclei of cells within the pre-cavity site become TUNEL-positive, indicating that DNA cleavage is an early event. Gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA internucleosomal cleavage occurred resulting in a characteristic DNA ladder. Ultrastructural analysis of cells at the different stages showed disrupted vacuoles, misshapen nuclei with condensed chromatin, degraded cytoplasm and organelles and emergence of secondary vacuoles. The cell walls degraded last, and residue of degraded cell walls aggregated together. These results revealed that PCD plays a critical role in the development of A. fistulosum fistular leaves. The continuous cavity in A. fistulosum leaves resemble the aerenchyma in the pith of some gramineous plants to improve gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Zhou YF, Mao SL, Li SF, Ni XL, Li B, Liu WZ. Programmed cell death: a mechanism for the lysigenous formation of secretory cavities in leaves of Dictamnus dasycarpus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:147-160. [PMID: 25017170 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secretory cavities in Rutaceae has been the subject of great interest. In this study, cytological events that are involved in the lysigenous formation of the secretory cavities in the leaves of Dictamnus dasycarpus are characterized by an interesting pattern of programmed cell death (PCD). During the developmental process, clusters of cells from a single protoepidermal cell embark on different trajectories and undergo different cell death fates: the cell walls of the secretory cells have characteristics of thinning or complete breakdown, while the sheath cells present a predominantly thick-walled feature. A DAPI assay shows deformed nuclei that are further confirmed to be TUNEL-positive. Gel electrophoresis indicates that DNA cleavage is random and does not result in ladder-like DNA fragmentation. Ultrastructurally, several remarkable features of PCD have been determined, such as misshapen nuclei with condensed chromatin and a significantly diffused membrane, degenerated mitochondria and plastids with disturbed membrane systems, multivesicular bodies, plastolysomes, vacuole disruption and lysis of the center secretory cell. Cytological evidence and Nile red stains exhibit abundant essential oils accumulated in degenerated outer secretory cells after the dissolution of the center secretory cell. In addition, explanations of taxonomic importance and the relationship between PCD and oil droplet accumulation in the secretory cavities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fu Zhou
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Shao-Li Mao
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Si-Feng Li
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xi-Lu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Bin Li
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Gui MY, Liu WZ. Programmed cell death during floral nectary senescence in Ipomoea purpurea. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:677-685. [PMID: 24185946 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nectaries of Ipomoea purpurea wilt in the late flowering period. The senescence process of nectaries is frequently associated with cell lysis. In this paper, various techniques were used to investigate whether programmed cell death (PCD) was involved in the senescence process of nectaries in I. purpurea. Ultrastructural studies showed that nectary cells began to undergo structural distortion, chromatin condensation, mitochondrial membrane degradation, and vacuolar-membrane dissolution and rupture after bloom. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (dUTP) nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that nectary cell nuclear DNA began to degrade during the budding stage, and disappeared in the fruiting stage. DNA gel electrophoresis showed that degradation of DNA was random. Together, these results suggest that PCD participate in the senescence of the nectary in I. purpurea. PCD began during the budding period, followed by significant changes in nectary morphology and structure during the flowering period. During the fruiting stage, the PCD process is complete and the nectary degrades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, school of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Bei Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Zhou YF, Liu WZ. Laticiferous canal formation in fruits of Decaisnea fargesii: a programmed cell death process? PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:683-694. [PMID: 21058023 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), a topic of abiding interest, remodels plants at the cell, tissue, and organ levels involving various developmental processes of plants. The aim of this study is to provide a morphological characterization of evidence of PCD involvement in the laticiferous canal formation in fruit of Decaisnea fargesii. Several ultrastructural features of PCD have been observed including disintegration of vacuole and plasma membranes, cell wall degeneration, degenerated cytoplasm, abundant membrane structures and flocculent material, mitochondria and misshapen nuclei coupled with degraded plastids in vacuoles, and nuclei enveloped by rubber granule. In D. fargesii, the nuclei of the secretory epidermal cells become TUNEL-positive from the sunken stage to the late expanding stage, then DAPI-negative during the mature stage, indicating an early event of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage and a late event of complete DNA degeneration. Gel electrophoresis indicates that DNA cleavage is random and does not result in the laddering pattern indicating multiples of internucleosomal units. During the PCD of secretory epidermal cells, the rubber granules continue to be synthesized and accumulated in the secretory epidermal cells despite nuclear degradation. The PCD's role in laticiferous canal formation suggests that PCD may play important roles in gland development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Bei Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
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The role of the parenchyma sheath and PCD during the development of oil cavities in Pterodon pubescens (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). C R Biol 2011; 334:535-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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