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Production of thermostable β-glucosidase and CMCase by Penicillium sp. LMI01 isolated from the Amazon region. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Methods of Candida dubliniensis identification and its occurrence in human clinical material. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:401-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Livério HO, Ruiz LDS, Freitas RSD, Nishikaku A, Souza ACD, Paula CR, Domaneschi C. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis strains isolated from oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e14. [PMID: 28423089 PMCID: PMC5398186 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess a collection of yeasts to verify the presence of Candida dubliniensis among strains isolated from the oral mucosa of AIDS pediatric patients which were initially characterized as Candida albicans by the traditional phenotypic method, as well as to evaluate the main phenotypic methods used in the discrimination between the two species and confirm the identification through genotypic techniques, i.e., DNA sequencing. Twenty-nine samples of C. albicans isolated from this population and kept in a fungi collection were evaluated and re-characterized. In order to differentiate the two species, phenotypic tests (Thermotolerance tests, Chromogenic medium, Staib agar, Tobacco agar, Hypertonic medium) were performed and genotypic techniques using DNA sequencing were employed for confirmation of isolated species. Susceptibility and specificity were calculated for each test. No phenotypic test alone was sufficient to provide definitive identification of C. dubliniensis or C. albicans, as opposed to results of molecular tests. After amplification and sequencing of specific regions of the 29 studied strains, 93.1% of the isolates were identified as C. albicans and 6.9% as C. dubliniensis. The Staib agar assay showed a higher susceptibility (96.3%) in comparison with other phenotypic techniques. Therefore, genotypic methods are indispensable for the conclusive identification and differentiation between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisson Oliveira Livério
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli Santos de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Nishikaku
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório Especial de Micologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudete Rodrigues Paula
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Domaneschi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Estomatologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pereira CA, Domingues N, Araújo MIDSA, Junqueira JC, Back-Brito GN, Jorge AOC. Production of virulence factors in Candida strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis and control individuals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oral microbial colonization in children with sickle cell anaemia under long-term prophylaxis with penicillin. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1042-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yazdanpanah A, Khaithir TMN. Issues in identifying germ tube positive yeasts by conventional methods. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 28:1-9. [PMID: 24375729 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida speciation is vital for epidemiology and management of candidiasis. Nonmolecular conventional methods often fail to identify closely related germ tube positive yeasts from clinical specimens. The present study was conducted to identify these yeasts and to highlight issues in conventional versus molecular methods of identification. A total of 98 germ tube positive yeasts from high vaginal swabs were studied over a 12-month period. Isolates were examined with various methods including growth at 42 °C and 45 °C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), color development on CHROMagar Candida medium, chlamydospore production on corn meal agar at 25 °C, carbohydrate assimilation using ID 32C system, and polymerase chain reaction using a single pair of primers targeting the hyphal wall protein 1 (Hwp1) gene. Of all the isolates studied, 97 were molecularly confirmed as C. albicans and one isolate was identified as C. dubliniensis. No C. africana was detected in this study. The molecular method used in our study was an accurate and useful tool for discriminating C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. africana. The conventional methods, however, were less accurate and riddled with many issues that will be discussed in further details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Yazdanpanah
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pereira CA, Toledo BC, Santos CT, Pereira Costa ACB, Back-Brito GN, Kaminagakura E, Jorge AOC. Opportunistic microorganisms in individuals with lesions of denture stomatitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Back-Brito GN, da Mota AJ, de Souza Bernardes LÂ, Takamune SS, Prado EDFGB, Cordás TA, Balducci I, da Nobrega FG, Koga-Ito CY. Effects of eating disorders on oral fungal diversity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 113:512-7. [PMID: 22668429 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eating disorders anorexia and bulimia nervosa can cause several systemic and oral alterations related to poor nutrition and induced vomiting; however, the oral microflora of these patients is poorly studied. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate fungal microflora in the oral cavity of these patients by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. STUDY DESIGN Oral rinse samples were cultured to assess the prevalence of Candida species, and the isolates were identified by API system. Microorganism counts were compared by the Mann-Whitney test (5%). Ribotyping, a type of molecular analysis, was performed by sequencing the D1/D2 regions of 28S rRNA. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the eating disorder group showed higher oral Candida spp. prevalence with culture-dependent methods and higher species diversity with culture-independent methods. CONCLUSIONS Eating disorders can lead to an increased oral Candida carriage. Culture-independent identification found greater fungal diversity than culture-dependent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Nuernberg Back-Brito
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos Dental School, University Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Comparison of Phenotypic Tests and PCR to Detect Candida Albicans From Vaginal Specimens (Tabriz, 2009-2010). Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ge YP, Wang L, Lu GX, Shen YN, Liu WD. A simple and reliable PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to identify Candida albicans and its closely related Candida dubliniensis. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:873-9. [PMID: 24031901 PMCID: PMC3768858 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is an emerging pathogen capable of causing superficial as well as systemic infections. Due to its close similarity to C. albcians, conventional methods based on phenotypic traits are not always reliable in identification of C. dubliniensis. In this study, we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to identify and discriminate between the two closely related species. The D1/D2 region of 28S rDNA was amplified by PCR and enzymatically digested by ApaI and BsiEI respectively. PCR products of both species were digested into two fragments by ApaI, but those of other yeast species were undigested. BsiEI cut the PCR products of C. albicans into two fragments but not those of C. dubliniensis. Thus two species were differentiated. We evaluated 10 reference strains representing 10 yeast species, among which C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were successfully identified. A total of 56 phenotypically characterized clinical isolates (42 C. albicans isolates and 14 C. dubliniensis isolates) were also investigated for intra-species variability. All tested isolates produced identical RFLP patterns to their respective reference strains except one initially misidentified isolate. Our method offers a simple, rapid and reliable molecular method for the identification of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ping Ge
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province , China
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Querido SMR, Back-Brito GN, Dos Santos SSF, Leão MVP, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Opportunistic microorganisms in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1321-8. [PMID: 24031759 PMCID: PMC3768714 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy may cause changes in the resident oral microbiota, with the increase of opportunistic pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Candida, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity of fifty patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and systemically healthy controls. Oral rinsing and subgingival samples were obtained, plated in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, mannitol agar and MacConkey agar, and incubated for 48 h at 37°C. Candida spp. and coagulase-positive staphylococci were identified by phenotypic tests, C. dubliniensis, by multiplex PCR, and coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp., by the API systems. The number of Candida spp. was significantly higher in tuberculosis patients, and C. albicans was the most prevalent specie. No significant differences in the prevalence of other microorganisms were observed. In conclusion, the antimicrobial therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis induced significant increase only in the amounts of Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maria Rodrigues Querido
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, São José dos Campos, Universidade Estadual Paulista , São José dos Campos, SP , Brasil
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Junqueira JC, Fuchs BB, Muhammed M, Coleman JJ, Suleiman JMAH, Vilela SFG, Costa ACBP, Rasteiro VMC, Jorge AOC, Mylonakis E. Oral Candida albicans isolates from HIV-positive individuals have similar in vitro biofilm-forming ability and pathogenicity as invasive Candida isolates. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:247. [PMID: 22053894 PMCID: PMC3217868 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida can cause mucocutaneous and/or systemic infections in hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients. Most individuals are colonized by Candida spp. as part of the oral flora and the intestinal tract. We compared oral and systemic isolates for the capacity to form biofilm in an in vitro biofilm model and pathogenicity in the Galleria mellonella infection model. The oral Candida strains were isolated from the HIV patients and included species of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. norvegensis, and C. dubliniensis. The systemic strains were isolated from patients with invasive candidiasis and included species of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, and C. kefyr. For each of the acquired strains, biofilm formation was evaluated on standardized samples of silicone pads and acrylic resin. We assessed the pathogenicity of the strains by infecting G. mellonella animals with Candida strains and observing survival. Results The biofilm formation and pathogenicity in Galleria was similar between oral and systemic isolates. The quantity of biofilm formed and the virulence in G. mellonella were different for each of the species studied. On silicone pads, C. albicans and C. dubliniensis produced more biofilm (1.12 to 6.61 mg) than the other species (0.25 to 3.66 mg). However, all Candida species produced a similar biofilm on acrylic resin, material used in dental prostheses. C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were the most virulent species in G. mellonella with 100% of mortality, followed by C. lusitaniae (87%), C. novergensis (37%), C. krusei (25%), C. glabrata (20%), and C. kefyr (12%). Conclusions We found that on silicone pads as well as in the Galleria model, biofilm formation and virulence depends on the Candida species. Importantly, for C. albicans the pathogenicity of oral Candida isolates was similar to systemic Candida isolates, suggesting that Candida isolates have similar biofilm-forming ability and virulence regardless of the infection site from which it was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Eng, Francisco José Longo, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Ribeiro PM, Bacal F, Koga-Ito CY, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of heart transplantation patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:6-10. [PMID: 21437462 PMCID: PMC4245856 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. can lead to infections or even fungal sepsis
particularly among immunocompromized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Ribeiro
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Ribeiro PM, Querido SMR, Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Research on Candida dubliniensis in a Brazilian yeast collection obtained from cardiac transplant, tuberculosis, and HIV-positive patients, and evaluation of phenotypic tests using agar screening methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:81-6. [PMID: 21763095 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to research Candida dubliniensis among isolates present in a Brazilian yeast collection and to evaluate the main phenotypic methods for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis from oral cavity. A total of 200 isolates, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis obtained from heart transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy, tuberculosis patients under antibiotic therapy, HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy, and healthy subjects, were analyzed using the following phenotypic tests: formation and structural arrangement of chlamydospores on corn meal agar, casein agar, tobacco agar, and sunflower seed agar; growth at 45 °C; and germ tube formation. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a preliminary screen for C. dubliniensis, 48 of the 200 isolates on corn meal agar, 30 of the 200 on casein agar, 16 of the 200 on tobacco agar, and 15 of the 200 on sunflower seed agar produced chlamydoconidia; 27 of the 200 isolates showed no or poor growth at 45 °C. All isolates were positive for germ tube formation. These isolates were considered suggestive of C. dubliniensis. All of them were subjected to PCR analysis using C. dubliniensis-specific primers. C. dubliniensis isolates were not found. C. dubliniensis isolates were not recovered in this study done with immunocompromised patients. Sunflower seed agar was the medium with the smallest number of isolates of C. albicans suggestive of C. dubliniensis. None of the phenotypic methods was 100% effective for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, São José dos Campos Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chowdhary A, Randhawa HS, Kowshik T, Kathuria S, Roy P, Brandt ME. Application of hypertonic Sabouraud glucose agar for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:440-2. [PMID: 21396542 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of hypertonic Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) with 6.5% NaCl for phenotypic differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans is reported. Identity of the test fungi (C. albicans, 84; C. dubliniensis, 18) was based on their typical phenotypic characteristics and confirmed by a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction that targets the novel C. dubliniensis group I intron in the large ribosomal subunit. At 96 h of incubation at 28 °C, all of the 84 C. albicans isolates showed growth on hypertonic SGA contrary to the consistently negative results with the 20 C. dubliniensis isolates. In strong contrast, chlamydospore formation on Staib agar yielded 10 (11.9%) false-positive results and 74 (88%) of the test C. albicans isolates showed false-negative results at 45 °C. We conclude that hypertonic SGA with 6.5% NaCl can be recommended for wider application as a reliable and inexpensive medium for routine differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is increasing as an opportunistic pathogen causing candidemia and candidiasis worldwide. In addition, other non-albicans Candida species are now also associated with pertinent infections. These include the closely related C. dubliniensis, which shares many phenotypic similarities with C. albicans. These similarities pose problems in the identification of isolates and have previously led to misidentification of these species. As a result, several identification techniques based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics have been developed to differentiate between these Candida species. This review will focus on the similarities and differences between these two Candida species highlighting different identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Bremenkamp RM, Caris AR, Jorge AOC, Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Balducci I, Brighenti FL, Koga-Ito CY. Prevalence and antifungal resistance profile of Candida spp. oral isolates from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:549-55. [PMID: 21183157 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to measure the prevalence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of patients with diabetes types 1 and 2 when compared to healthy individuals and to study antifungal resistance profile of the isolates. DESIGN There were 162 subjects in the study: diabetes type 1 (n=39); control group 1 (n=50): healthy individuals matched in gender, age, and oral conditions to diabetes type 1 patients; diabetes type 2 (n=37); control group 2 (n=36) who were matched to each patient of the diabetes type 2 group. Stimulated saliva was collected and isolates were identified with phenotypic tests. The presence of C. dubliniensis was determined by multiplex PCR. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in Candida spp. frequency between the diabetes 1 group and its control (p=0.443) nor between the diabetes 2 group and its control (p=0.429). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated yeast in all groups. In the diabetes groups, C. stellatoidea, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. lipolytica, C. glabrata, and C. krusei were also identified. Additionally, in control groups, C. kefyr was also detected. None of the isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and flucytosine. A low percentage of the isolates were resistant to ketoconazole. CONCLUSIONS No differences were detected in colonization of Candida spp. oral isolates from type 1 and type 2 diabetes when compared to matched controls. The antifungal resistance of Candida spp. isolates for ketoconazole from type 1 diabetes patients was significantly higher than that of its matched control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bremenkamp
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Microbiology and Immunology, São José dos Campos Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, São Dimas, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Pasligh J, Radecke C, Fleischhacker M, Ruhnke M. Comparison of phenotypic methods for the identification of Candida dubliniensis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2010; 43:147-54. [PMID: 20457432 DOI: 10.1016/s1684-1182(10)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Mixed infections caused by different Candida species are the rule rather than the exception. The discrimination between the two closely related species Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis is not trivial. Therefore, there is a need for fast, reliable, and inexpensive methods with high specificity for the identification and differentiation of these two Candida species, which are frequently detected in the oral cavities of patients with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. METHODS We applied several phenotypic identification methods (growth on Rice-agar, Bird-seed agar, CHROMagar Candida, API ID 32C; growth at 42 degrees C and 45 degrees C) and compared them with genotyping by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A sensitivity of 44% for the identification of C. dubliniensis was achieved for growth on Rice-agar, 97% for discrimination on Bird-seed agar, 95% with the assimilation profile index API ID 32C, and 97% when grown at 45 degrees C. We found two API codes not described for C. dubliniensis so far. Additionally, 88% of our C. dubliniensis isolates assimilated palatinose, in contrast to the 1% described in the API reference manual. CONCLUSION According to our results, cultivation of Candida isolates on Bird-seed agar after screening on CHROMagar Candida is a very sensitive, simple, and cost-effective method for discriminating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pasligh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Marinho SA, Teixeira AB, Santos OS, Cazanova RF, Ferreira CAS, Cherubini K, de Oliveira SD. Identification of Candida spp. by phenotypic tests and PCR. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:286-94. [PMID: 24031493 PMCID: PMC3768677 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of Candida species is of great importance, as it presents prognostic and therapeutical significance, allowing an early and appropriate antifungical therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify isolates of Candida spp. from oral mucosa of 38 patients with oral candidosis evaluated in 2004 by phenotypic methods and PCR, discriminating C. albicans from the other Candida species. The tests used for phenotypic analysis were germ-tube and chlamydoconidia production, culture in CHROMAgar™ Candida, carbohydrate assimilation test, growth at 45ºC and culture in Tween 80 agar. Genotypic confirmation was performed by PCR. Phenotypic tests showed that 63.2% strains formed germ-tubes, 73.7% produced chlamydoconidia, and 63.2% showed green colonies in chromogenic medium, presumptively indicating C. albicans or C. dubliniensis. The carbohydrate assimilation test confirmed these results. A total of 21% strains were identified as C. krusei and 13.2% were indicative of C. tropicalis. Of these later strains, three produced chlamydoconidia. The association of other phenotypic tests with culture in Tween 80 agar identified 95.8% of strains as C. albicans and 4.2% as C. dubliniensis. All 24 strains indicative of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were confirmed by PCR as C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aparecida Marinho
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil ; Serviço de Estomatologia, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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DRBC agar: a new tool for Candida dubliniensis identification. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:155-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Vasconcellos TC, Querido SMR, Jorge AOC, Reis ASM, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY. Frequency of Candida spp. in the Oral Cavity of Brazilian HIV-Positive Patients and Correlation with CD4 Cell Counts and Viral Load. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:81-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Isolation of Candida dubliniensis for the First Time in Cali, Colombia, and its Identification with Phenotyping Methods. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:19-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Secretion of E,E-farnesol and biofilm formation in eight different Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1859-61. [PMID: 18332168 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01646-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of E,E-farnesol (FOH) and biofilm formation were studied under various conditions in 56 strains of eight Candida spp. FOH production differed significantly not only between Candida spp. but within Candida albicans strains as well. FOH concentrations and biofilm formation were the highest for C. albicans.
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Baixench MT, Viguié C, Paugam A. Isolation of Candida dubliniensis in a French hospital mycology laboratory. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:258-259. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Baixench
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - C. Viguié
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - A. Paugam
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
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de Loreto ÉS, Pozzatti P, Alves Scheid L, Santurio D, Morais Santurio J, Alves SH. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on rosemary extract agar and oregano extract agar. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:172-7. [PMID: 18484650 PMCID: PMC6649199 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a recently described pathogenic species which shares many phenotypic features with Candida albicans and therefore, may be misidentified in microbiological laboratories. Because molecular methods can be onerous and unfeasible in routine mycological laboratories with restricted budgets such as those in developing countries, phenotypic techniques have been encouraged in the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of these species. We examined the colony morphology and chlamydospore production of 30 C. dubliniensis isolates and 100 C. albicans isolates on two new proposed media: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract agar (REA) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract agar (OEA). These substrates are traditionally used as spices and medicinal herbs. In both of these media, all C. dubliniensis isolates (100%) showed rough colonies with peripheral hyphal fringes and abundant chlamydospores after 24 to 48 hr of incubation at 25 degrees C. In contrast, under the same conditions, all isolates of C. albicans (100%) showed smooth colonies without hyphal fringes or chlamydospores. In conclusion, REA and OEA offer a simple, rapid, and inexpensive screening media for the differentiation of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érico Silva de Loreto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pozzatti
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliane Alves Scheid
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Deise Santurio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Paugam A, Baixench MT, Viguié C. [An update on Candida dubliniensis]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 38:1-7. [PMID: 18065177 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eleven years ago, Irish authors, using molecular biology, demonstrated the existence of Candida dubliniensis, a new species of Candida close to Candida albicans. Initially isolated from AIDS patients with oral candidiasis, this species was detected, even in immunocompetent patients. Recently, with new, easy to implement identification tests (latex, immunochromatography), numerous epidemiological studies were undertaken. In most studies, C. dubliniensis was most often identified in the oral cavity. In the absence of HIV infection, the proportion C. dubliniensis/C. albicans ranged from 1 to 5% but it increased to 15-20% in case of HIV infection. It should be stressed that, from an experimental point of view, the acquisition of a secondary resistance to fluconazole is more quickly obtained with C. dubliniensis that with C. albicans, this resistance remains exceptionally observed in clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paugam
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, groupe hospitalier Cochin-Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
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CHRYSSANTHOU E, FERNANDEZ V, PETRINI B. Performance of commercial latex agglutination tests for the differentiation ofCandida dubliniensisandCandida albicansin routine diagnostics. APMIS 2007; 115:1281-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Us E, Cengiz SA. Prevalence and phenotypic evaluation of Candida dubliniensis in pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis in a university hospital in Ankara. Mycoses 2007; 50:13-20. [PMID: 17302742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is very similar to Candida albicans in terms of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. As the hormonal milieu of the vagina during pregnancy, characterised by a lack of maternal cell-mediated immunity, enhances Candida colonisation and serves as a risk factor for symptomatic expression, investigation into the isolation of C. dubliniensis in vaginal discharges of pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis was made. A total of 77 Candida isolates obtained from 60 patients positive for vulvovaginal candidosis collected from 218 pregnant women were investigated for C. dubliniensis subsistence. In total 41 Candida species phenotypically identified as C. albicans on the basis of a positive germ tube test and carbohydrate assimilation tests were screened for the presence of C. dubliniensis. Phenotypic tests for differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans, such as growth at 42 and 45 degrees C on Sabouraud dextrose agar, appearance on CHROMagar and colony morphology on Cornmeal-Tween-80 agar and Staib agar were carried out. Only one strain (2.43%) was phenotypically identified as C. dubliniensis. According to our study, a combination of at least five phenotypic methods is necessary for an exact diagnosis of C. dubliniensis. Large-scale studies of pregnant women are required to discover the aetiological importance of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Us
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis: ten years on. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 253:9-17. [PMID: 16213674 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis was first described as a novel species in 1995. This organism is very closely related to the important human yeast pathogen, Candida albicans. However, despite the very close phylogenetic relationship between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis and the fact that they share a large number of phenotypic traits, epidemiological and virulence model data indicate that the former is a far more successful pathogen. In order to investigate the molecular basis of the lower virulence of C. dubliniensis recent comparative genomic hybridisation studies have revealed the absence and divergence of specific genes implicated in candidal virulence. Data from the C. dubliniensis genome sequencing project will allow a complete comparison between the genomes of the two species to be performed and thus enhance our understanding of candidal virulence and how virulence has evolved in Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Sullivan
- Microbiology Research Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Sheth CC, Johnson E, Baker ME, Haynes K, Mühlschlegel FA. Phenotypic identification ofCandida albicansby growth on chocolate agar. Med Mycol 2005; 43:735-8. [PMID: 16422305 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500265998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a simple method for the identification of Candida albicans in clinical samples. A total of 383 clinical isolates of Candida species were streaked onto chocolate agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of an atmosphere of 6% CO2. All 208 of the C. albicans isolates tested, developed an easy to identify filamentous colony morphology. Of 175 other Candida species tested, 172 (98.3%) were distinguishable from C. albicans by their smooth colony morphology. Three isolates (1.7%) exhibited weak filamentation after prolonged incubation. Although not a routine medium in medical mycology a significant advantage of using chocolate agar lies in its use in clinical bacteriology laboratories for the isolation of fastidious bacteria. Implementation of the proposed method is applicable across a range of specimen types, thus allowing the direct identification of C. albicans in clinical samples. This simple method may allow a quicker entry into directed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag C Sheth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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