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Chua D, Low ZS, Cheam GX, Ng AS, Tan NS. Utility of Human Relevant Preclinical Animal Models in Navigating NAFLD to MAFLD Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314762. [PMID: 36499091 PMCID: PMC9737809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is an emerging contributor to disease burden worldwide. The past decades of work established the heterogeneous nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) etiology and systemic contributions to the pathogenesis of the disease. This called for the proposal of a redefinition in 2020 to that of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to better reflect the current understanding of the disease. To date, several clinical cohort studies comparing NAFLD and MAFLD hint at the relevancy of the new nomenclature in enriching for patients with more severe hepatic injury and extrahepatic comorbidities. However, the underlying systemic pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Preclinical animal models have been imperative in elucidating key biological mechanisms in various contexts, including intrahepatic disease progression, interorgan crosstalk and systemic dysregulation. Furthermore, they are integral in developing novel therapeutics against MAFLD. However, substantial contextual variabilities exist across different models due to the lack of standardization in several aspects. As such, it is crucial to understand the strengths and weaknesses of existing models to better align them to the human condition. In this review, we consolidate the implications arising from the change in nomenclature and summarize MAFLD pathogenesis. Subsequently, we provide an updated evaluation of existing MAFLD preclinical models in alignment with the new definitions and perspectives to improve their translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Guo Xiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
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Yahya MA, Alshammari GM, Osman MA, Al-Harbi LN, Yagoub AEA, AlSedairy SA. Liquorice root extract and isoliquiritigenin attenuate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and damage in rats by regulating AMPK. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36121371 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2022.2102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study compared the ability of Liquorice roots aqueous extract (LRE) and its ingredient, isoliquiritigenin (ISL), in alleviating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and examined if this effect involves activation of AMPK.Materials and methods: Control or HFD-fed rats were treated with the vehicle, LRE (200 mg/kg), or ISL (30 mg/kg) for 8 weeks orally.Results: ISL and LRE reduced HFD-induced hyperglycaemia, improved liver structure, lowered serum and hepatic lipids, and attenuated hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. In the control and HFD-fed rats, ISL and LRE significantly stimulated the muscular and hepatic mRNA and protein levels of AMPK, improved oral glucose tolerance, reduced hepatic mRNA levels of SREBP1/2, and upregulated hepatic levels of PPARα and Bcl2. These effects were comparable for ISL and LRE and were prevented by co-administration of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor.Discussion and conclusion: ISL and LRE provide an effective theory to alleviate hepatic steatosis through activating AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdo Yahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghedeir M Alshammari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi A Osman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Naif Al-Harbi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abu ElGasim A Yagoub
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Abdulaziz AlSedairy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mendes Furtado M, Lima Rocha JÉ, da Silva Mendes AV, Mello Neto RS, Brito AKDS, Sena de Almeida JOC, Rodrigues Queiroz EI, de Sousa França JV, Cunha Sales ALDC, Gomes Vasconcelos A, Felix Cabral W, de Oliveira Lopes L, Souza do Carmo I, Souza Kückelhaus SA, de Souza de Almeida Leite JR, Nunes AMV, Rizzo MDS, Citó AMDGL, Fortes Lustosa AKM, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Martins MDCDCE, Arcanjo DDR. Effects of ω-3 PUFA-Rich Oil Supplementation on Cardiovascular Morphology and Aortic Vascular Reactivity of Adult Male Rats Submitted to an Hypercholesterolemic Diet. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020202. [PMID: 35205069 PMCID: PMC8869584 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, processed and ultraprocessed foods represent a significant component of the diet of modern societies, increasing the risk of developing obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Therefore, replacing saturated fats with mono- and polyunsaturated fats, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), has been considered as a dietary strategy to reduce clinical events related to atherosclerosis. In the present study, the effects of 56-day ω-3 PUFA-rich oil supplementation on liver function, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats were investigated, as well as its impact on cardiovascular health. Interestingly, we observed a positive effect in reducing hepatic markers, preserving cardiovascular morphology, and increasing vasodilator responsiveness. These findings contribute to the generation of consistent recommendations for the therapeutic use of ω-3 PUFAs in the treatment of atherosclerosis, leading to a consequent reduction in related morbidity and mortality. Abstract Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease associated with abnormalities of vascular functions. The consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids can be considered a strategy to reduce clinical events related to atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of supplementation with 310 mg of ω-3 PUFAs (2:1 eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acids) for 56 days on rats with hypercholesterolemia induced by a diet containing cholesterol (0.1%), cholic acid (0.5%), and egg yolk. Serum biochemical parameters were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Assessment of vascular effects was performed by analysis of histological sections of the heart and aortic arch stained with hematoxylin and eosin and vascular reactivity of the aorta artery. We observed that treatment with ω-3 PUFAs did not promote alterations in lipid profile. On the other hand, we documented a favorable reduction in liver biomarkers, as well as contributions to the preservation of heart and aortic arch morphologies. Interestingly, the vascular reactivity of rat thoracic aortic preparations was improved after treatment with ω-3 PUFAs, with a decrease in hyperreactivity to phenylephrine and increased vasorelaxation promoted by acetylcholine. Our findings suggest that the supplementation of hypercholesterolemic rats with ω-3 PUFAs promoted improvement in liver and vascular endothelial function as well as preserving heart and aortic tissue, reinforcing the early health benefits of ω-3 PUFAs in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and further related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariely Mendes Furtado
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Joana Érica Lima Rocha
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Sampaio Mello Neto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lina de Carvalho Cunha Sales
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Andreanne Gomes Vasconcelos
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Felix Cabral
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luana de Oliveira Lopes
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Selma Aparecida Souza Kückelhaus
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Maria Viana Nunes
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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Carreres L, Jílková ZM, Vial G, Marche PN, Decaens T, Lerat H. Modeling Diet-Induced NAFLD and NASH in Rats: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040378. [PMID: 33918467 PMCID: PMC8067264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, characterized by hepatic steatosis without any alcohol abuse. As the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing worldwide, important research activity is being dedicated to deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to define new therapeutic targets. To investigate these pathways and validate preclinical study, reliable, simple and reproducible tools are needed. For that purpose, animal models, more precisely, diet-induced NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models, were developed to mimic the human disease. In this review, we focus on rat models, especially in the current investigation of the establishment of the dietary model of NAFLD and NASH in this species, compiling the different dietary compositions and their impact on histological outcomes and metabolic injuries, as well as external factors influencing the course of liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Carreres
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Guillaume Vial
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Inserm U 1300, Hypoxia PathoPhysiology (HP2), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hervé Lerat
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Unité Mixte de Service UGA hTAG, Inserm US 046, CNRS UAR 2019, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence:
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Kim YR, Lee EJ, Shin KO, Kim MH, Pewzner-Jung Y, Lee YM, Park JW, Futerman AH, Park WJ. Hepatic triglyceride accumulation via endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced SREBP-1 activation is regulated by ceramide synthases. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-16. [PMID: 31676768 PMCID: PMC6825147 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not only important for protein synthesis and folding but is also crucial for lipid synthesis and metabolism. In the current study, we demonstrate an important role of ceramide synthases (CerS) in ER stress and NAFLD progression. Ceramide is important in sphingolipid metabolism, and its acyl chain length is determined by a family of six CerS in mammals. CerS2 generates C22-C24 ceramides, and CerS5 or CerS6 produces C16 ceramide. To gain insight into the role of CerS in NAFLD, we used a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mouse model. Decreased levels of CerS2 and increased levels of CerS6 were observed in the steatotic livers of mice fed a HFD. In vitro experiments with Hep3B cells indicated the protective role of CerS2 and the detrimental role of CerS6 in the ER stress response induced by palmitate treatment. In particular, CerS6 overexpression increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) cleavage with decreased levels of INSIG-1, leading to increased lipogenesis. Blocking ER stress abrogated the detrimental effects of CerS6 on palmitate-induced SREBP-1 cleavage. In accordance with the protective role of CerS2 in the palmitate-induced ER stress response, CerS2 knockdown enhanced ER stress and SREBP-1 cleavage, and CerS2 heterozygote livers exhibited a stronger ER stress response and higher triglyceride levels following HFD. Finally, treatment with a low dose of bortezomib increased hepatic CerS2 expression and protected the development of NAFLD following HFD. These results indicate that CerS and its derivatives impact hepatic ER stress and lipogenesis differently and might be therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Promoting the activity of a protective membrane protein may help limit the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obesity. Stress on a key cellular organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), contributes to NAFLD progression. Woo-Jae Park at Gachon University in Incheon, Joo-Won Park at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, and co-workers across South Korea have uncovered the role of a family of ER membrane proteins called ceramide synthases (CerS) in the regulation of ER stress during disease development. The team found increased levels of CerS6 in the livers of mouse fed a high-fat diet, while CerS2 decreased. The increased C16-ceramide by CerS6 overexpression triggered excess fat formation by increasing ER stress and SREBP-1 cleavage. However, when the team enhanced the expression of CerS2 using an existing chemotherapy drug, mice were protected from developing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ryung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07084, Republic of Korea.
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Tumanovska LV, Swanson RJ, Serebrovska ZO, Portnichenko GV, Goncharov SV, Kysilov BA, Moibenko OO, Dosenko VE. Cholesterol enriched diet suppresses ATF6 and PERK and upregulates the IRE1 pathways of the unfolded protein response in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Relevance to pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in the setting of hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:219-226. [PMID: 31202527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been dedicated to hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, as they are the primary conditions that influence the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the concurrent effects of these two factors are unknown. Our research used spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fed a cholesterol enriched diet (CED) as model of atherosclerosis formation to discover what effect the simultaneous actions of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia have on the UPR. The combination of hypertension and consumption of a CED (not the CED alone) caused the formation of early atherosclerotic features. Both increased expression of the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (CHOP) and the insulin induced gene 1 (INSIG1), which is the target gene of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-c (SREBP1-c), and decreased expression of the spliced x-box binding protein1 (sXBP1) mRNA were observed in the SHR fed a CED. Cholesterol overload strongly suppressed glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose regulated protein 94 (GRP 94), and the expression of CHOP and INSIG1 mRNA in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Unlike other UPR factors, the sXBP1 mRNA expression was strongly downregulated in SHR fed a normal diet but upregulated in those fed a CED. The changes to UPR in the SHR fed a CED were associated with improvement of the initially impaired heart function of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesya V Tumanovska
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - R James Swanson
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 306 Liberty View Lane, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA
| | - Zoya O Serebrovska
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Georgii V Portnichenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergii V Goncharov
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan A Kysilov
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olexandr O Moibenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor E Dosenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Inhibiting Extracellular Cathepsin D Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Sprague⁻Dawley Rats †. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050171. [PMID: 31060228 PMCID: PMC6571693 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and lifestyle changes are leading to an increased occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using a hyperlipidemic murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we have previously demonstrated that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) is involved with lipid dysregulation and inflammation. However, despite identifying CTSD as a major player in NAFLD pathogenesis, the specific role of extracellular CTSD in NAFLD has not yet been investigated. Given that inhibition of intracellular CTSD is highly unfavorable due to its fundamental physiological function, we here investigated the impact of a highly specific and potent small-molecule inhibitor of extracellular CTSD (CTD-002) in the context of NAFLD. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with CTD-002, and incubation of hepatic HepG2 cells with a conditioned medium derived from CTD-002-treated macrophages, resulted in reduced levels of inflammation and improved cholesterol metabolism. Treatment with CTD-002 improved hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed rats. Additionally, plasma levels of insulin and hepatic transaminases were significantly reduced upon CTD-002 administration. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that modulation of extracellular CTSD can serve as a novel therapeutic modality for NAFLD.
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Chung YH, Bang JS, Kang CM, Goh JW, Lee HS, Hong SM, Kim DS, Park ES, Jung TW, Shin YK, Lee JH, Jeong JH. Aqueous Extract of Humulus japonicus Attenuates Hyperlipidemia and Fatty Liver in Obese Mice. J Med Food 2018; 21:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seok Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Muk Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Goh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Myeong Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-nam, Korea
| | - Yong Kyoo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Science, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Tomato Juice Supplementation Influences the Gene Expression Related to Steatosis in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091215. [PMID: 30200543 PMCID: PMC6165399 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to identify the effect of tomato juice on the expression of genes and levels of metabolites related to steatosis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks-old) were grouped (6 rats/group) in four experimental groups: NA (normal diet and water), NL (normal diet and tomato juice), HA (high-fat diet and water), and HL (high-fat diet and tomato juice). After an intervention period of 5 weeks, rats were sacrificed and biochemical parameters, biomarkers of oxidative stress, liver metabolites, and gene expression were determined. Although the H diet provoked dislipemia related to steatosis, no changes in isoprostanes or liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed. Changes in the gene expression of the HA group were produced by the high consumption of fat, whereas the consumption of tomato juice had different effects, depending on the diet. In the NL group, the genes involved in β-oxidation were upregulated, and in groups NL and HL upregulation of CD36 and downregulation of APOB and LPL were observed. In addition, in the HL group the accumulation of lycopene upregulated the genes FXR and HNF4A, which have been suggested as preventive factors in relation to steatosis. Regarding the metabolomics study, intake of tomato juice stimulated the biosynthesis of glutathione and amino acids of the transulfurization pathway, increasing the levels of metabolites related to the antioxidant response.
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Wang JM, Qiu Y, Yang Z, Kim H, Qian Q, Sun Q, Zhang C, Yin L, Fang D, Back SH, Kaufman RJ, Yang L, Zhang K. IRE1α prevents hepatic steatosis by processing and promoting the degradation of select microRNAs. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/530/eaao4617. [PMID: 29764990 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity or a high-fat diet represses the endoribonuclease activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), a transducer of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. An impaired UPR is associated with hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is caused by lipid accumulation in the liver. We found that IRE1α was critical to maintaining lipid homeostasis in the liver by repressing the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate lipid mobilization. In mice fed normal chow, the endoribonuclease function of IRE1α processed a subset of precursor miRNAs in the liver, including those of the miR-200 and miR-34 families, such that IRE1α promoted their degradation through the process of regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). A high-fat diet in mice or hepatic steatosis in patients was associated with the S-nitrosylation of IRE1α and inactivation of its endoribonuclease activity. This resulted in an increased abundance of these miRNA families in the liver and, consequently, a decreased abundance of their targets, which included peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and the deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), regulators of fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride lipolysis. IRE1α deficiency exacerbated hepatic steatosis in mice. The abundance of the miR-200 and miR-34 families was also increased in cultured, lipid-overloaded hepatocytes and in the livers of patients with hepatic steatosis. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which IRE1α maintains lipid homeostasis through its regulation of miRNAs, a regulatory pathway distinct from the canonical IRE1α-UPR pathway under acute ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yining Qiu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhao Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Qingwen Qian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sung Hong Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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11
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Nwe Win N, Kanda T, Nakamura M, Nakamoto S, Okamoto H, Yokosuka O, Shirasawa H. Free fatty acids or high-concentration glucose enhances hepatitis A virus replication in association with a reduction in glucose-regulated protein 78 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:694-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Pozzo L, Vornoli A, Coppola I, Croce CMD, Giorgetti L, Gervasi PG, Longo V. Effect of HFD/STZ on expression of genes involved in lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in rats. Life Sci 2016; 166:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Emamat H, Noori M, Foroughi F, Rismanchi M, Eini-Zinab H, Hekmatdoost A. An Accessible and Pragmatic Experimental Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Middle East J Dig Dis 2016; 8:109-15. [PMID: 27252817 PMCID: PMC4885609 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
There is no convenient cheap pragmatic experimental model for Nonalcoholic Fatty
Liver Disease (NAFLD)/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Objective: Our objective
was to create a pragmatic model of NAFLD/NASH.
METHODS
Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat, high sugar homemade diet ad libitum for
seven weeks. The high-fat, high sugar diet included 59% of energy derived from fat,
30% from carbohydrates, and 11% from protein. Serum levels of fasting glucose, triglyceride,
cholesterol, liver enzymes, insulin, and hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) gene expression were determined. Hepatic histology was examined by H&E
stain.
RESULTS
Rats fed the high-fat, high sugar diet developed hepatic steatosis, and a moderate
inflammation, which was associated with increased serum levels of liver enzymes,
glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, and hepatic TNF-α gene expression.
CONCLUSION
This rat model resembles the key features of human NAFLD/NASH and provides a
simple pragmatic experimental model for elucidating the disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Emamat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Foroughi
- Department of Pathology, Taleghani Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Rismanchi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Eini-Zinab
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Lee HS, Lee YJ, Chung YH, Nam Y, Kim ST, Park ES, Hong SM, Yang YK, Kim HC, Jeong JH. Beneficial Effects of Red Yeast Rice on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, and Fatty Liver in Mice. J Med Food 2015; 18:1095-102. [PMID: 26133037 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common cause of hyperlipidemia, which is a major coronary risk factor. Previous studies have shown red yeast rice (RYR) effectiveness in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RYR on obesity and hyperlipidemia. Mice were randomly separated into five groups: the control group with a normal diet, the high-fat diet (HFD) group fed a HFD without any treatment, and HFD-fed groups supplemented with RYR (1 g/kg/day for 8 weeks, 1 g/kg/day for 12 weeks, and 2.5 g/kg/day for 8 weeks). Body weight was recorded twice and food intake thrice weekly. Liver and fat pads were surgically removed and weighed. The levels of lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and leptin levels were measured. The HFD feeding resulted in obesity, which was associated with increases in body weight, liver weight, fat pad weight, liver enzymes, and plasma leptin levels with the development of hyperlipidemia. RYR prevented weight gain and fat pad weight in mice fed a HFD. RYR alleviated blood lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and leptin levels, and improved atherogenic index. These findings suggest that RYR has therapeutic potential in treating obesity and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sung Lee
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- 3 Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunsung Nam
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- 4 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Myung Hong
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Kuk Yang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- 5 Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
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15
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Fakhoury-Sayegh N, Trak-Smayra V, Khazzaka A, Esseily F, Obeid O, Lahoud-Zouein M, Younes H. Characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced in wistar rats following four different diets. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:350-7. [PMID: 26244072 PMCID: PMC4523477 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased worldwide in parallel with overnutrition characterized by high-fat and high-carbohydrate intake. Our objective was to establish, in 16 weeks, a model of NAFLD in Wistar pathogen-free rats following four dietary types. MATERIALS/METHODS Forty (6 weeks old) healthy Wistar male rats, weighing an average of 150 g were randomly divided into four groups of ten and assigned a diet with the same quantity (15 g/rat/day), but with different composition. The moderate-fat (MF) group was fed a moderate-fat diet (31.5% fat and 50% carbohydrates), the high-fat (HF) group was fed a fat-rich diet (51% fat), the high-sucrose (HS) group and the high-fructose (HFr) group were fed a carbohydrate-rich diet (61%). The carbohydrate contents of the HS group was composed of 60.3% sucrose while that of the HFr group was composed of 59.3% fructose. RESULTS At week 16, the HF group had the highest percentage of cells enriched in fat (40%) and the highest weight and liver weight (P < 0.05). The HFr group showed significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin at week 16 as compared to week 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 15 g/rat/day diet composed of 51% fat or 61% carbohydrates enriched mainly in fructose may induce characteristics of NAFLD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fakhoury-Sayegh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviane Trak-Smayra
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aline Khazzaka
- Department of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fady Esseily
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Lahoud-Zouein
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health II, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Younes
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, 19, rue Pierre Waguet, France
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16
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Gorman S, Black LJ, Feelisch M, Hart PH, Weller R. Can skin exposure to sunlight prevent liver inflammation? Nutrients 2015; 7:3219-39. [PMID: 25951129 PMCID: PMC4446748 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver inflammation contributes towards the pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we discuss how skin exposure to sunlight may suppress liver inflammation and the severity of NAFLD. Following exposure to sunlight-derived ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the skin releases anti-inflammatory mediators such as vitamin D and nitric oxide. Animal modeling studies suggest that exposure to UVR can prevent the development of NAFLD. Association studies also support a negative link between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and NAFLD incidence or severity. Clinical trials are in their infancy and are yet to demonstrate a clear beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation. There are a number of potentially interdependent mechanisms whereby vitamin D could dampen liver inflammation, by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis, modulating the gut microbiome and through altered production and transport of bile acids. While there has been a focus on vitamin D, other mediators induced by sun exposure, such as nitric oxide may also play important roles in curtailing liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Richard Weller
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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17
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In vivo selection to identify bacterial strains with enhanced ecological performance in synbiotic applications. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2455-65. [PMID: 25616794 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03903-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy for enhancing the establishment of probiotic bacteria in the human intestinal tract is via the parallel administration of a prebiotic, which is referred to as a synbiotic. Here we present a novel method that allows a rational selection of putative probiotic strains to be used in synbiotic applications: in vivo selection (IVS). This method consists of isolating candidate probiotic strains from fecal samples following enrichment with the respective prebiotic. To test the potential of IVS, we isolated bifidobacteria from human subjects who consumed increasing doses of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) for 9 weeks. A retrospective analysis of the fecal microbiota of one subject revealed an 8-fold enrichment in Bifidobacterium adolescentis strain IVS-1 during GOS administration. The functionality of GOS to support the establishment of IVS-1 in the gastrointestinal tract was then evaluated in rats administered the bacterial strain alone, the prebiotic alone, or the synbiotic combination. Strain-specific quantitative real-time PCR showed that the addition of GOS increased B. adolescentis IVS-1 abundance in the distal intestine by nearly 2 logs compared to rats receiving only the probiotic. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing not only confirmed the increased establishment of IVS-1 in the intestine but also revealed that the strain was able to outcompete the resident Bifidobacterium population when provided with GOS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that IVS can be used to successfully formulate a synergistic synbiotic that can substantially enhance the establishment and competitiveness of a putative probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract.
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18
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Lee HS, Nam Y, Chung YH, Kim HR, Park ES, Chung SJ, Kim JH, Sohn UD, Kim HC, Oh KW, Jeong JH. Beneficial effects of phosphatidylcholine on high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver in mice. Life Sci 2014; 118:7-14. [PMID: 25445436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Soybean-derived PC is an essential cell membrane phospholipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential alleviation effects of soybean PC on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its related complications. MAIN METHODS We fed C57BL/6 mice a HFD for 12 weeks and administered PC orally for 8 or 12 weeks at different doses. At the end of the experiment, blood was prepared for biochemical analysis and leptin ELISA. Aorta, epididymal and mesenteric fat and liver were removed surgically, weighed and observed for histological or immunohistochemical changes. KEY FINDINGS PC significantly prevented body weight gain and lipid accumulation and alleviated hyperlipidemia by decreasing triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and the atherogenic index in serum or by increasing the HDL/TC ratio. Aortic apoE expression and serum leptin levels were suppressed by PC treatment in the HFD-induced obese mouse model. Elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in HFD-fed mice were decreased in the PC groups. PC treatment significantly decreased HFD-induced liver weight and hepatic lipid accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE PC treatment alleviated HFD-induced obese status and obesity-related complications such as hyperlipidemic changes that induce cardiovascular disease and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Rim Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Woong Oh
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea; Christmas clinic, Sin-gal-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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19
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The effect of tomato juice supplementation on biomarkers and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in rats with induced hepatic steatosis. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:933-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Kucera O, Cervinkova Z. Experimental models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8364-8376. [PMID: 25024595 PMCID: PMC4093690 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world, and it persists at a high prevalence. NAFLD is characterised by the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and includes a spectrum of histopathological findings, ranging from simple fatty liver through non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, which may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of NAFLD in humans has currently been limited by the lack of satisfactory animal models. The ideal animal model for NAFLD should reflect all aspects of the intricate etiopathogenesis of human NAFLD and the typical histological findings of its different stages. Within the past several years, great emphasis has been placed on the development of an appropriate model for human NASH. This paper reviews the widely used experimental models of NAFLD in rats. We discuss nutritional, genetic and combined models of NAFLD and their pros and cons. The choice of a suitable animal model for this disease while respecting its limitations may help to improve the understanding of its complex pathogenesis and to discover appropriate therapeutic strategies. Considering the legislative, ethical, economical and health factors of NAFLD, animal models are essential tools for the research of this disease.
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21
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Handa P, Maliken BD, Nelson JE, Morgan-Stevenson V, Messner DJ, Dhillon BK, Klintworth HM, Beauchamp M, Yeh MM, Elfers CT, Roth CL, Kowdley KV. Reduced adiponectin signaling due to weight gain results in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Hepatology 2014; 60:133-45. [PMID: 24464605 PMCID: PMC5993561 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity and adiponectin depletion have been associated with the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The goal of this study was to identify the relationship between weight gain, adiponectin signaling, and development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in an obese, diabetic mouse model. Leptin-receptor deficient (Lepr(db/db) ) and C57BL/6 mice were administered a diet high in unsaturated fat (HF) (61%) or normal chow for 5 or 10 weeks. Liver histology was evaluated using steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning scores. Serum, adipose tissue, and liver were analyzed for changes in metabolic parameters, messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein levels. Lepr(db/db) HF mice developed marked obesity, hepatic steatosis, and more than 50% progressed to NASH at each timepoint. Serum adiponectin level demonstrated a strong inverse relationship with body mass (r = -0.82; P < 0.0001) and adiponectin level was an independent predictor of NASH (13.6 μg/mL; P < 0.05; area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) = 0.84). White adipose tissue of NASH mice was characterized by increased expression of genes linked to oxidative stress, macrophage infiltration, reduced adiponectin, and impaired lipid metabolism. HF lepr (db/db) NASH mice exhibited diminished hepatic adiponectin signaling evidenced by reduced levels of adiponectin receptor-2, inactivation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and decreased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and β-oxidation (Cox4, Nrf1, Pgc1α, Pgc1β and Tfam). In contrast, recombinant adiponectin administration up-regulated the expression of mitochondrial genes in AML-12 hepatocytes, with or without lipid-loading. CONCLUSION Lepr(db/db) mice fed a diet high in unsaturated fat develop weight gain and NASH through adiponectin depletion, which is associated with adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose that this murine model of NASH may provide novel insights into the mechanism for development of human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Handa
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bryan D. Maliken
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - James E. Nelson
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Vicki Morgan-Stevenson
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Barjinderjit K. Dhillon
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Heather M. Klintworth
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mary Beauchamp
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Clinton T. Elfers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Christian L. Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kris V. Kowdley
- Liver Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Institute, and Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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22
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Enhanced amelioration of high-fat diet-induced fatty liver by docosahexaenoic acid and lysine supplementations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:310981. [PMID: 24967351 PMCID: PMC4055637 DOI: 10.1155/2014/310981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is the most common pathological condition in the liver. Here, we generated high-fat diet-(HFD-) induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and tested the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and lysine during a four-week regular chow (RC)feeding. Our results showed that 1% lysine and the combination of 1% lysine + 1% DHA reduced body weight. Moreover, serum triglyceride levels were reduced by 1% DHA and 1% lysine, whereas serum alanine transaminase activity was reduced by 1% DHA and 1% DHA + 0.5% lysine. Switching to RC reduced hepatic lipid droplet accumulation, which was further reduced by the addition of DHA or lysine. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines were suppressed by DHA and combinations of DHA + lysine, whereas the mRNA for the lipogenic gene, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), was suppressed by DHA. In the gonadal adipose tissues, combinations of DHA and lysine inhibited mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes, including ACC1, fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase, and perilipin. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that, in conjunction with RC-induced benefits, supplementation with DHA or lysine further ameliorated the high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and provided an alternative strategy to treat, and potentially prevent, NAFLD.
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23
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Jun DW. [The role of diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 61:243-51. [PMID: 23756665 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2013.61.5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is about 20-25% in Korean adults population. Obesity is strongly associated with NAFLD and the prevention of obesity is a major public issue. Unfortunately, pharmacological treatment of obesity and NAFLD remains uncertain. Only weight loss by dietary changes been shown to lead to histological improvement in fatty liver. So the nutrition therapy is a cornerstone of treatment for NAFLD. Epidemiologic studies show that saturated fat, trans-fatty acid, carbohydrate, and simple sugar have strong correlation with intrahepatic fat accumulation. But, true associations with specific nutrients still remain unclear. Recently, fructose consumption has been rising in many countries and several epidemiologic studies show that fructose consumption has strong correlation with metabolic diseases. The consumption of excessively added sugar in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis has received attention. Most clinicians agree with lifestyle modification are effective in histologic improvement. Total energy intake restriction is the most important action to reduce intrahepatic fat accumulation. Macronutrient composition may also have correlation with the development of NAFLD. To reduce the incidence of NAFLD, public statements on optimal dietary education program have been issused. Various specific dietary programs are suggested. Among them low fat diet and low carbohydrate diet are suggested in patients with NAFLD. However, there is no ideal diet to obtain the histological improvement in NAFLD. Further randomised controlled studies about specific diet are needed to determine the long-term benefit and histological improvement by ideal diet. Tailoring diet therapy to a patient's lifestyle is more important than universal specific dietary program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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24
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Bernal C, Martín-Pozuelo G, Lozano AB, Sevilla Á, García-Alonso J, Canovas M, Periago MJ. Lipid biomarkers and metabolic effects of lycopene from tomato juice on liver of rats with induced hepatic steatosis. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1870-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Ahmed U, Oates PS. Dietary fat level affects tissue iron levels but not the iron regulatory gene HAMP in rats. Nutr Res 2012; 33:126-35. [PMID: 23399663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because dietary fats affect the regulation and use of body iron, we hypothesized that iron regulatory and transport genes may be affected by dietary fat. A model of early-stage I to II, nonalcoholic fatty liver was used in which rats were fed standard (35% energy from fat) or high-fat (71% energy from fat) liquid diets with normal iron content (STD/HF groups). In addition, intraperitoneal injections of iron dextran were given to iron-loaded (STD+/HF+ groups) and iron-deficient diets to STD-/HF- groups. Plasma osmolality, hemoglobin level, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were increased in all STD diet groups compared with all HF diet groups. Plasma iron and transferrin saturation were affected by an interaction between dietary fat and iron. They were high in the STD group (normal iron) compared with their respective HF group. Similarly, this group also showed a 4-fold increase in the messenger RNA expression of the hepatic hemochromatosis gene. Spleen iron was high in the iron-loaded STD+ group compared with all other groups. Hepatic iron and messenger RNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, interleukin-6, and iron transport genes (transferrin receptor 2, divalent metal transporter 1 iron-responsive element, and divalent metal transporter 1 non-iron-responsive element) were increased, whereas tumor necrosis factor α was decreased in the HF diet groups. The expression of iron regulatory gene HAMP was not increased in the HF diet groups. Iron regulatory and transport genes involved in cellular and systemic iron homeostasis may be affected by the macronutrient composition of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbreen Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Aguiar e Silva MA, Vechetti-Junior IJ, Nascimento AFD, Furtado KS, Azevedo L, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF. Effects of swim training on liver carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1101-9. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of swim training on the promotion–progression stages of rat liver carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were submitted to chemically induced liver carcinogenesis and allocated into 4 major groups, according their dietary regimen (16 weeks) and swim training of 5 days per week (8 weeks): 2 groups were fed low-fat diet (LFD, 6% fat) and trained or not trained and 2 groups were fed high-fat diet (HFD, 21% fat) and trained or not trained. At week 20, the animals were killed and liver samples were processed for histological analyses; immunohistochemical detection of persistent or remodeling preneoplastic lesions (pPNL and rPNL) expressing placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) enzyme; or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 protein levels by Western blotting or malonaldehyde (MDA) and total glutathione detection by HPLC. Overall analysis indicated that swim training reduced the body weight and body fat in both LFD and HFD groups, normalized total cholesterol levels in the HFD group while decreased the MDA levels, increased glutathione levels and both number of GST-P-positive pPNL and hepatocellular adenomas in LFD group. Also, a favorable balance in PCNA, cleaved caspase-3, and bcl-2 levels was detected in the liver from the LFD-trained group in relation to LFD-untrained group. The findings of this study indicate that the swim training protocol as a result of exercise postconditioning may attenuate liver carcinogenesis under an adequate dietary regimen with lowered fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Aguiar e Silva
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan José Vechetti-Junior
- Post-Graduation Program in General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - André Ferreira do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Silva Furtado
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Faculty of Nutrition, UNIFAL, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, UNIFESP, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Tzanetakou IP, Doulamis IP, Korou LM, Agrogiannis G, Vlachos IS, Pantopoulou A, Mikhailidis DP, Patsouris E, Vlachos I, Perrea DN. Water Soluble Vitamin E Administration in Wistar Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2012; 6:88-97. [PMID: 22930662 PMCID: PMC3428633 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401206010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A diet rich in fat is associated with hepatic fat deposition [steatosis; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)]. The exact cause of NAFLD however, is still unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a water-soluble formulation of vitamin E on a dietary-induced-NAFLD animal model. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (n=20) were allocated to 2 groups: Controls (Group A, n=6), which received a standard chow diet for 24 weeks and a High Cholesterol group (HC: n=14), which received a standard chow diet enriched with cholesterol for the first 14 weeks of the experiment (t(1)). At t(1), the HC group was divided into: Group HC(B), which received a high-saturated-fat/high-cholesterol (HSF/HCH) diet and Group HC(C), which followed the same HSF/HCH diet but was also administered water soluble vitamin E (10 IU/kg body weight/day), for 10 more weeks. RESULTS At the end of the study, group HC(C) exhibited significantly lower mean total cholesterol (T-CHOL) than group HC(B) (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed between HC(C) and Control groups in blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations. Liver Function Tests did not vary between all groups at the end of the study. Animals in group HC(B) exhibited higher SGOT at the end of the study compared with the beginning of the study (p<0.05). Group HC(B) exhibited the highest scores in steatosis, and grading (according to the NAFLD scoring system) in the histopathological analysis (p≤0.001 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin E seems to exert a hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective role in the presence of a HSF/HCH atherogenic diet in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P Tzanetakou
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias P Doulamis
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Laskarina-Maria Korou
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - George Agrogiannis
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vlachos
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alkisti Pantopoulou
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlachos
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina N Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N. S. Christeas”, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Levene AP, Kudo H, Armstrong MJ, Thursz MR, Gedroyc WM, Anstee QM, Goldin RD. Quantifying hepatic steatosis - more than meets the eye. Histopathology 2012; 60:971-81. [PMID: 22372668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) is the histological tool used to assess disease severity based on steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning. As steatosis contributes up to three of a potential eight points to NAS, it is important to quantify steatosis accurately. We sought to determine the optimum histological technique for identifying fat in tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS Using tissue from a mouse model of NAFLD, with validation in human liver biopsies, the percentage steatosis and fat droplet size were assessed in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)- and Oil Red-O (ORO)-stained sections by light microscopy and digital image analysis (DIA). Results were compared to biochemical tissue triglyceride content and MRI assessment of hepatic lipid content. H&E steatosis assessment correlated poorly with tissue triglyceride concentration. However, ORO DIA exhibited much higher sensitivity and specificity for steatosis and correlated very well with triglyceride concentration in mouse and human liver (R = 0.706, P = 0.001 and R = 0.894, P =0.041, respectively). MRI-based assessment of steatosis was inaccurate. CONCLUSIONS ORO DIA is the most accurate method for detecting and quantifying steatosis. Although H&E-based NAS remains clinically valid in both clinical research and experimental situations, ORO DIA is a more robust technique to assess liver steatosis accurately for NAS scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Levene
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
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Coenzyme Q metabolism is disturbed in high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1644-1657. [PMID: 22408414 PMCID: PMC3291983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to be a major contributory factor in the development of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disorder worldwide. In this study, the effects of high fat diet-induced NAFLD on Coenzyme Q (CoQ) metabolism and plasma oxidative stress markers in rats were investigated. Rats were fed a standard low fat diet (control) or a high fat diet (57% metabolizable energy as fat) for 18 weeks. The concentrations of total (reduced + oxidized) CoQ9 were increased by >2 fold in the plasma of animals fed the high fat diet, while those of total CoQ10 were unchanged. Reduced CoQ levels were raised, but oxidized CoQ levels were not, thus the proportion in the reduced form was increased by about 75%. A higher percentage of plasma CoQ9 as compared to CoQ10 was in the reduced form in both control and high fat fed rats. Plasma protein thiol (SH) levels were decreased in the high fat-fed rats as compared to the control group, but concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides and low density lipoprotein (LDL) conjugated dienes were unchanged. These results indicate that high fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats is associated with altered CoQ metabolism and increased protein, but not lipid, oxidative stress.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in male rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:133-41. [PMID: 22280920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder observed in children and adults characterized by an accumulation of liver fat (>5% wet weight) in the absence of excessive alcohol intake. NAFLD affects 10 to 30% of the American population and is the most common cause of liver disease in the United States. NAFLD leads to serious disturbances in cardiovascular and hormonal function; however, possible effects on brain function have been overlooked. The aims of the present study were to test whether diet-induced NAFLD impairs hippocampal-dependent memory and to determine whether any observed deficits are associated with changes in hippocampal insulin signaling or concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Post-weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fructose (60% of calories) or control diet for 12 weeks and then trained and tested in a spatial water maze. NAFLD was confirmed with postmortem measures of liver mass and liver lipid concentrations. NAFLD did not affect acquisition of the spatial water maze, but did impair retention tested 48 h later. Specifically, both groups demonstrated similar decreases in latency to swim to the escape platform over training trials, but on the memory test NAFLD rats took longer to reach the platform and made fewer visits to the platform location than control diet rats. There were no differences between the groups in terms of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor β subunit (IR-β) and protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) in hippocampal slices or hippocampal BDNF or IGF-1 concentrations. Thus, these data indicate that NAFLD impairs hippocampal-dependent memory function and that the deficit does not appear attributable to alterations in hippocampal insulin signaling or hippocampal BDNF or IGF-1 concentrations.
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Kučera O, Garnol T, Lotková H, Staňková P, Mazurová Y, Hroch M, Bolehovská R, Roušar T, Červinková Z. The effect of rat strain, diet composition and feeding period on the development of a nutritional model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Physiol Res 2010; 60:317-28. [PMID: 21114362 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this work was to establish and characterize a nutritional model of NAFLD in rats. Wistar or Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed ad libitum a standard diet (ST-1, 10 % kcal fat), a medium-fat gelled diet (MFGD, 35 % kcal fat) and a high-fat gelled diet (HFGD, 71 % kcal fat) for 3 or 6 weeks. We examined the serum biochemistry, the hepatic malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH) and cytokine concentration, the respiration of liver mitochondria, the expression of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) mRNA in the liver and histopathological samples. Feeding with MFGD and HFGD in Wistar rats or HFGD in Sprague-Dawley rats induced small-droplet or mixed steatosis without focal inflammation or necrosis. Compared to the standard diet, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical parameters, except lower concentrations of triacylglycerols in HFGD and MFGD groups. Liver GSH was decreased in rats fed HFGD for 3 weeks in comparison with ST-1. Higher hepatic malondialdehyde was found in both strains of rats fed HFGD for 6 weeks and in Sprague-Dawley groups using MFGD or HFGD for 3 weeks vs. the standard diet. Expression of UCP-2 mRNA was increased in Wistar rats fed MFGD and HFGD for 6 weeks and in Sprague-Dawley rats using HFGD for 6 weeks compared to ST-1. The present study showed that male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed by HFGD developed comparable simple steatosis without signs of progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kučera
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Lomba A, Martínez JA, García-Díaz DF, Paternain L, Marti A, Campión J, Milagro FI. Weight gain induced by an isocaloric pair-fed high fat diet: a nutriepigenetic study on FASN and NDUFB6 gene promoters. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:273-8. [PMID: 20729114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that dietary macronutrient distribution plays an important role in insulin regulation, a risk factor associated to obesity, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. To assess whether the macronutrient composition of the diet could be related to obesity onset by affecting the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, we investigated in rats the metabolic effects of two pair-fed isocaloric diets: control (rich in carbohydrates) and high fat diet (rich in fat; HFD). Compared to controls, HFD induced higher weight gain and adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance, which was accompanied by a slight increase in adiponectin levels and liver steatosis. Epididymal adipose tissue expression of the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1β-subcomplex 6 (NDUFB6) were significantly reduced in HFD group. These variations in mRNA levels were accompanied by changes in the methylation patterns of several CpG islands located in the promoter region of these genes. However, no correlations were found between gene expression and the methylation status. These results suggest that high fat intake produces overweighted rats independently of total energy intake. These diets could also induce some epigenetic changes in the promoters of key genes that could influence gene expression and may be behind metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Lomba
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology. University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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A polyphenol extract modifies quantity but not quality of liver fatty acid content in high-fat-high-sucrose diet-fed rats: possible implication of the sirtuin pathway. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1760-70. [PMID: 20673376 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-fat or high-fat-high-sucrose diets are known to induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and this is emerging as one of the most common liver diseases worldwide. Some polyphenols have been reported to decrease rat hepatic lipid accumulation, in particular those extracted from red grapes such as resveratrol. The present study was designed to determine whether a polyphenol extract (PPE), from red grapes, modulates liver fatty acid composition and desaturase activity indexes in rats fed a high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diet, and to explore whether sirtuin-1 deacetylase activation was implicated in the effect of the PPE against liver steatosis. The effect of this PPE on mitochondriogenesis and mitochondrial activity was also explored. The PPE decreased liver TAG content in HFHS+PPE diet-fed rats in comparison with HFHS diet-fed rats. The PPE had no effect on liver fatty acid composition, desaturase activity indexes and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression. Sirtuin-1 deacetylase protein expression was significantly increased with the PPE; AMP kinase protein expression was higher with the PPE in comparison with the HFHS rats, but no modification of phosphorylated AMP kinase was observed. Protein expression of phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase was decreased in HFHS rats and returned to basal values with the PPE. Finally, the PPE modulated PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) but did not modify mitochondriogenesis and mitochondrial activity. In conclusion, the PPE partially prevented the accumulation of TAG in the liver by regulating acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, a key enzyme in lipid metabolism, probably via sirtuin-1 deacetylase activation. However, the PPE had no effect on the qualitative composition of liver fatty acids.
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Attorri L, Di Biase A, Di Benedetto R, Rigato P, Di Virgilio A, Salvati S. Micronutrient-enriched rapeseed oils reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:422-8. [PMID: 20678771 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that vegetable food consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the content of bioactive molecules present in large quantities in plant food. The main proposal of this study was to evaluate in vivo whether micronutrient-enriched rapeseed oils (optimised oils) obtained using different crushing and refining procedures and characterised by different quantities and qualities of micronutrients, could have any beneficial effect on lipid profile and antioxidant status of plasma and liver. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The lipid source consisted of 20% optimised rapeseed oils with different quantities and qualities of micronutrients. The control group received traditional refined rapeseed oil. The experimental optimised oils all had a hypolipidaemic effect. In the group fed the highest levels of micronutrients, the reduction in plasma and hepatic triglycerides reached 25% and 17%, respectively, that of cholesterol 20% and 14%, respectively. In plasma, the ferric antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione significantly increased and lipid peroxidation decreased in parallel with the enhancement of micronutrients. The same trend was observed in the liver, except for glutathione peroxidase which was not affected by optimised oils. These results indicate that a regular intake of optimised rapeseed oils can help to improve lipid status and prevent oxidative stress, providing evidence that optimised oils could be a functional food with potentially important cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Attorri
- Department of Public Veterinary Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V. Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Lomba A, Milagro FI, García-Díaz DF, Marti A, Campión J, Martínez JA. Obesity induced by a pair-fed high fat sucrose diet: methylation and expression pattern of genes related to energy homeostasis. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:60. [PMID: 20534152 PMCID: PMC2909242 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of some genes controlling energy homeostasis could be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that may play a role in body weight regulation. Thus, it is known that various nutritional factors affect DNA methylation. In order to assess whether the macronutrient composition of the diet could be related to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and with obesity development, we investigated the effects on methylation and expression patterns of two pair-fed isocaloric diets in rats: control (rich in starch) and HFS (rich in fat and sucrose). Results The pair-fed HFS diet induced higher weight gain and adiposity as compared to the controls as well as liver triglyceride accumulation and oxidative stress. Feeding the HFS diet impaired glucose tolerance and serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Liver glucokinase expression, a key glycolytic gene, remained unaltered, as well as the mRNA values of fatty acid synthase and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 6 (NDUFB6) in liver and visceral adipocytes, which regulate lipogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, respectively. Liver expression of hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADHB), a key gene of β-oxidation pathway, was higher in the HFS-fed animals. However, the methylation status of CpG islands in HADHB and glucokinase genes remained unchanged after feeding the HFS diet. Conclusions These results confirm that the distribution and type of macronutrients (starch vs. sucrose, and percent of fat) influence obesity onset and the associated metabolic complications. HFS diets produce obesity independently of total energy intake, although apparently no epigenetic (DNA methylation) changes accompanied the modifications observed in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Lomba
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the effects of diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This includes the effects of calories, both in excess and restricted, as well as macronutrients. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings suggest that short-term hypercaloric feeding leads to increased intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG), whereas short-term hypocaloric feeding leads to decreased IHTG, despite little change in total body weight, suggesting that ongoing excess caloric delivery directly contributes to the development of NAFLD. Weight loss with either low-fat or low-carbohydrate diets can improve IHTG; however, specific macronutrients, such as fructose, trans-fatty acids, and saturated fat, may contribute to increased IHTG independent of total calorie intake. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids may play a protective role in NAFLD. The mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood. SUMMARY Diet plays a role in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. It is reasonable to advise patients with NAFLD to reduce calorie intake with either low-fat or low-carbohydrate diets as well as limit intakes of fructose, trans-fatty acids, and saturated fat.
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Tan Y, Chen JH, Zhang JN, Wang LJ, Liu HX. Therapeutic effects of diet change on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:3394-3401. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i33.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of diet change on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and explore potential mechanisms involved.
METHODS: Eighty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly and equally divided into five groups: two normal control groups (NG8 and NG12 groups; fed a normal diet for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively), two high-fat diet groups (HG8 and HG12 groups; fed a high-fat diet for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively), and one diet change group (DG group; fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and a normal diet for another 4 weeks). The glucose infusion rate (GIR) was detected by the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test. The levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, FFAs, FBS, FIns, TNF-α, SOD and MDA in the serum or liver were tested using a biochemistry automatic analyzer or by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The expression of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phospho-IRS-1 Ser307 (p-IRS-1Ser307) was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Compared with the two matched NG groups, the body weight, liver index, the levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, FFAs, FIns and TNF-α in the serum and TG, TC, FFAs and MDA in the liver increased (all P < 0.05 or 0.01), the level of SOD in the liver and GIR decreased (t = 4.88 and 7.92, respectively; both P < 0.05), and the expression of JNK1 protein and p-IRS-1Ser307 in the liver was upregulated in the two HG groups (t = 4.39, 5.81; 4.60, and 6.48, respectively). Significant differences were also noted in the above parameters between the HG8 and HG12 groups (all P < 0.05 or 0.01). A positive correlation was found between the expression intensity of JNK1 and insulin resistance (IR). The fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was aggravated in the HG groups with the prolongation of feeding time. In the DG group, all the above parameters were improved but did not return to normal levels as those in the NG groups (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: A rat model of NAFLD and a rat model of NASH are established by feeding rats a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. Diet change can improve NAFLD induced by a high fat diet.
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