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Qatomah A, Aihara H. Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in the USA: The current state and future perspectives. DEN OPEN 2025; 5:e394. [PMID: 38915785 PMCID: PMC11194299 DOI: 10.1002/deo2.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a transformative advancement in the endoscopic management of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. Initially conceived for the treatment of early gastric cancer, ESD has demonstrated proficiency in achieving en-bloc resection of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. ESD has experienced widespread acceptance in Japan and East Asia; however, its adoption in the USA remains delayed. This initial hesitancy could be attributed to procedural complexity and training demands; nonetheless, recently, ESD has been gaining popularity in the USA. This is due to the advancements in endoscopic technology, tailored training programs, and cumulative evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of ESDs. This review aimed to deliberate the historical progress, current implementation, and prospective trajectory of ESDs in the USA. With ongoing clinical research, technological integration, and educational efforts, ESD is likely to become the gold standard for managing large gastrointesitinal lesions. This progress marks an imperative step toward less invasive, more precise, and patient-centric approaches regarding advanced therapeutic endoscopy in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Qatomah
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMcGill University Health CenterMontrealCanada
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CenterJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Hiroyuki Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndoscopyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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2
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Hadjinicolaou AV, Pappas A, Sujendran V, Kakhandki V, Abe S, di Pietro M. Untutored training pathway to achieve competence in esophagogastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in a Western center. Gastrointest Endosc 2024; 99:439-443.e6. [PMID: 37898221 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2023.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has a long learning curve. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an ESD unsupervised training model for experienced endoscopists. METHODS Stepwise training included a visit to a high-volume center, unsupervised training on an ex vivo porcine model, and in vivo human upper GI cases with anatomic progression. Performance measures included en bloc resection, R0 resection, adverse event rates, and operating time. RESULTS After observation of 30 esophagogastric ESDs and 15 untutored ex vivo ESDs, 5 human cases of distal gastric ESDs were performed, followed by 55 unselected esophagogastric cases. En bloc and R0 resection rates were 93.0% and 80.7%, respectively. Operating time was 14.0 min/cm2 in the stomach and 25.1 min/cm2 in the esophagus, with evidence of a learning curve for esophageal ESDs (first block 30.26 min/cm2 vs second block 14.81 min/cm2, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Untutored training for esophagogastric ESD is feasible and allows endoscopists, experienced in therapeutic endoscopy, to achieve the required standards toward competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V Hadjinicolaou
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Pappas
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Sujendran
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Center, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vibhay Kakhandki
- Department of Anaesthesia, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seiichiro Abe
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Massimiliano di Pietro
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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3
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Inoue T, Utsumi T, Agatsuma N, Nishikawa Y, Soshi M, Sano Y, Seno H. A novel endoscopy training system by video-based asynchronous communication. Endoscopy 2022; 55:E307-E309. [PMID: 36513105 PMCID: PMC9833951 DOI: 10.1055/a-1978-7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Utsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Agatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishikawa
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Sano
- Gastrointestinal Center and Institute of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Care (iMEC), Sano Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Cho JH, Jin SY, Park S. Resection speed of endoscopic submucosal dissection according to the location of gastric neoplasia: a learning curve using cumulative sum analysis. Surg Endosc 2022; 37:2969-2979. [PMID: 36512121 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is few study evaluating the relationship between endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) resection speed and the lesion characteristics of gastric neoplasia. We investigated the learning curve of consecutive ESDs using cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis. METHODS A total of 356 ESDs performed by a single endoscopist were grouped chronologically into three learning periods. The ESD procedure was defined to be fast when resection speed was > 9.0 cm2/hour. The CUSUM method was used to assess the number of ESDs required for achieving proficiency and mastery. RESULTS Mean resection speed was significantly faster in Phase III (15.1 cm2/hour) compared to those in Phase I (9.3 cm2/hour) and II (11.4 cm2/hour) (p < 0.001). Tumors in the stomach's upper and middle third location were significantly associated with difficulty in attaining the fast resection speed (odds ratios, 0.05 and 0.36) compared to the lower third location. The number of ESDs required to achieve a competency for fast resection was 15 for tumors in the lower third of the stomach and 98 for those in the upper/middle third location, respectively. In the lower third location of the tumor, the CUSUM curve revealed that 75 cases were needed to achieve proficiency and 174 cases to achieve mastery. However, mastery was not achieved in ESD for the upper/middle third tumor during the study period. CONCLUSION The time required to achieve relevant competency in gastric ESD depends on the tumor location.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increasing use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been reported in Western countries, although some differences in training schemes and outcomes have been described. We aimed to report the training model, implementation, and outcomes of ESD in Portugal. METHODS All endoscopists trained at our center from our country (n = 9) were invited to a survey regarding: (a) training period; (b) ESD outcomes and (c) implementation of ESD in each respective center. RESULTS All endoscopists completed the survey. Learning ESD was centered on human ESD assistance in a high-volume center during a median time of 6 months and complemented mainly by hands-on courses (89%). During the surveyed period, a total of 1229 ESD were performed, mostly in gastric locations (74%). Median complete R0 and curative resection rate were 92% (IQR, 81-96.8) and 87% (IQR, 74-93.3), respectively, and median perforation rate was 0.89% (IQR, 0.25-6.22). The main limitations encountered during the implementation of ESD were related to the lack of initial mentoring or insufficient expertise to progress to more difficult lesions. CONCLUSION Learning ESD through participation in hands-on courses and visiting high-volume centers seems to be adequate to achieve a good competence at the initial stage of ESD, which in fact is in consonance with the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommendations. However, mentoring is essential for technical progression, and this represents the fundamental barrier during the adoption of ESD, which may be overcome by increasing hands-on training in animal or artificial simulators, but preferably with the implementation of a structured training program.
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6
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McCarty TR, Bazarbashi AN, Thompson CC, Aihara H. Hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) compared with conventional ESD for colorectal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2021; 53:1048-1058. [PMID: 32947624 DOI: 10.1055/a-1266-1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is increasingly utilized to overcome the complexity of conventional ESD. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of hybrid ESD for treatment of colorectal lesions. METHODS Search strategies were developed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Pooled proportions were calculated with rates estimated using random effects models. Measured outcomes included en bloc resection, procedure-associated complications, recurrence, and need for surgery. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare effectiveness of conventional versus hybrid ESD. RESULTS 16 studies (751 patients) were included with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) lesion size of 27.96 (10.55) mm. En bloc resection rate was 81.63 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 72.07 - 88.44; I2 = 80.89). Complications, recurrences, and need for surgery occurred in 7.74 % (95 %CI 4.78 - 12.31; I2 = 65.84), 4.52 % (95 %CI 1.40 - 13.65; I2 = 76.81), and 3.64 % (95 %CI 1.76 - 7.37; I2 = 15.52), respectively. Mean procedure duration was 48.83 (22.37) minutes. On subgroup analyses comparing outcomes for conventional (n = 1703) versus hybrid ESD (n = 497), procedure duration was significantly shorter for hybrid ESD (mean difference 18.45 minutes; P = 0.003), with lower complication rates (P = 0.04); however, hybrid ESD had lower en bloc resection rates (P < 0.001). There was no difference in rates of recurrence or surgery (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION While hybrid ESD was safe and effective for removal of colorectal lesions, with shorter procedure duration, fewer complications, and no difference in recurrence versus conventional ESD, hybrid ESD was associated with a lower en bloc resection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R McCarty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ahmad Najdat Bazarbashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christopher C Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Shinozaki K, Misumi Y, Nonaka K. Digestive endoscopic submucosal dissection training using konjac. Dig Endosc 2021; 33:871-872. [PMID: 33745164 DOI: 10.1111/den.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Shinozaki
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Misumi
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Nonaka
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Kaan HL, Ho KY. Towards achieving mastery in advanced endoscopic procedures: Standardized training programs and improved endoscopic systems. JGH Open 2021; 5:727-728. [PMID: 34263064 PMCID: PMC8264242 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Leng Kaan
- Department of SurgeryNational University HospitalSingaporeSingapore
- Department of SurgeryNg Teng Fong General HospitaISingaporeSingapore
- Department of SurgeryNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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9
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Mistry S, Alaber O, Chandar AK, Perez LKM, Dumot J, Bhatt A, Chak A. A survey of physician training and credentialing in endoscopic submucosal dissection in the United States. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:2794-2800. [PMID: 34164729 PMCID: PMC8695623 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is technically challenging, has a longer learning curve and a greater complication rate than most new endoscopic procedures. Formal training and credentialing guidelines for ESD are currently lacking in the United States (US). AIM To survey ESD experts across the US to determine their learning process and obtain their opinion on how training and credentialing for ESD should develop. DESIGN Anonymous electronic survey. SUBJECTS ASGE members who are practicing US endoscopists. METHODS The survey was developed by iterative revisions of questions administered to three investigators who have been performing ESD for > 5 years. The final survey was distributed electronically to US endoscopists who had previously attended ESD expert conferences. RESULTS Thirty-five (58.3%) of 60 practicing ESD experts responded to the survey. A majority (91%) were in university-based, community, or tertiary care hospitals. All practitioners practiced on porcine explants and observed live ESD procedures as part of the training. Out of the participants, 75.8% received formal supervised hands-on training on porcine explants and/or humans before performing ESD independently. Fifty percent indicated that their facility had written guidelines specifically for ESD credentialing. Four out of 5 felt that credentialing requirements should include attending weekend ESD courses, observing live procedures, practicing on explants, and advanced endoscopic training in interventional endoscopy such as an additional year of fellowship. LIMITATIONS Survey completion rate of 58.3%. CONCLUSION ESD training should include practicing on explants, observation of live procedures, training in interventional endoscopy, and attending educational courses. Credentialing guidelines for ESD based on expert opinion need to be developed in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohi Mistry
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Omar Alaber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Apoorva Krishna Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - John Dumot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Amit Bhatt
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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10
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Aihara H, Dacha S, Anand GS, Byrne KR, Chahal P, James T, Kowalski TE, Repaka A, Saadi M, Sheth SG, Taylor JR, Williams RL, Wagh MS. Core curriculum for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93:1215-1221. [PMID: 33820649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunil Dacha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gobind S Anand
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kathryn R Byrne
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Prabhleen Chahal
- Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Theodore James
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas E Kowalski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aparna Repaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammed Saadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sunil G Sheth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason R Taylor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renee L Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mihir S Wagh
- University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Küttner-Magalhães R, Pimentel-Nunes P, Araújo-Martins M, Libânio D, Borges-Canha M, Marcos-Pinto R, Koch AD, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): how do Western endoscopists value animal models? Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:492-497. [PMID: 33556257 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1879251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)was introduced in the West later than in the East. Our aim was to assess how Western endoscopists performing ESD have been trained and how they value animal models for training. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online survey regarding training in ESD was sent to Western endoscopists who published articles on advanced resection techniques. RESULTS From 279 endoscopists, 58 (21%) completed the questionnaire, of which 50 confirmed performance of clinical ESD. Endoscopists had a median of 15 years of endoscopic experience (IQR 9.75-20.25) and all of them were performing conventional EMR, before starting ESD. Prior to clinical ESD, 74% (n = 37) underwent training with ex vivo models, 84% (n = 42) with live animal models and 92% (n = 46) with at least, one of the two models. After starting clinical ESD, as trainers, 52% (n = 26) were involved with ex vivo and 60% (n = 30) with live animal models. Personal usefulness of ex vivo and live animal models was rated with a median of 9 (IQR 8-10) and 10 (IQR 8-10), out of 10, respectively. Courses with ex vivo and live animal models were considered a prerequisite before clinical practice by 84% (n = 42) and 78% (n = 39), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Western endoscopists have extensive endoscopic experience before starting ESD. The majority had pre-clinical training with ex vivo and live animal models and more than half are acting as trainers of other endoscopists with these models. Animal models are considered very useful and deemed a prerequisite before clinical practice by the majority of the endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Küttner-Magalhães
- Department of Gastroenterology, Santo António Hospital, Porto University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS) and CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Araújo-Martins
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Libânio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS) and CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, São João University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos-Pinto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Santo António Hospital, Porto University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS) and CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arjun D Koch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS) and CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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McCarty TR, Aihara H. Current state of education and training for endoscopic submucosal dissection: Translating strategy and success to the USA. Dig Endosc 2020; 32:851-860. [PMID: 31797470 DOI: 10.1111/den.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a rigorous and technically sophisticated method for removal of lesions within the gastrointestinal tract. Despite having advantages of en-bloc resection of lesions, regardless of size, and widespread use in Japan and Asia, ESD has not become widely adopted in the USA for a variety of reasons. Based upon Japanese education and the master-apprentice model, modification to the education system and additional techniques designed to facilitate broader adoption are required for trainees in the USA. This article will review the current state of education and training for ESD in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R McCarty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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13
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Varma P, Saxena P. Establishing a submucosal endoscopy program in a gastrointestinal unit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2020. [DOI: 10.18528/ijgii200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Varma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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14
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Dickinson KJ, Dunkin BJ, Nguyen-Lee JJ, Ali AB, Zajac S. Task Deconstruction of Colonic Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (cESD): An Expert Consensus. World J Surg 2020; 44:2401-2408. [PMID: 32133568 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow adoption of colonic ESD (cESD) in the US is multifactorial due to: lack of clinical training construct (e.g., gastric ESD in Japan), complication risks, and technical difficulty. More than 28,000 patients/year undergo colonic resection for benign lesions that could be managed effectively with cESD. Selected patients could avoid surgery if procedural adoption of cESD increased due to more accessible training. Current US cESD training is scarce, and existing programs are piecemeal. There is a need to develop an effective national training program for practicing endoscopists. A prerequisite to training development is a comprehensive task list delineating procedural steps. The aim of this work was to describe an evidence-based method of deconstructing cESD into the essential steps to provide a task list to guide teaching and assessment. METHODS Subject-matter experts (SMEs) performed a literature review to create an initial procedural step list. Eleven clinical cESD SMEs and four educational SMEs formed a 'cESD Working Group' to develop consensus regarding steps. Through a two-stage modified Delphi process, a consensus on a comprehensive standard cESD deconstructed task list was reached. The aim was to standardize cESD teaching to efficiently bring a novice to safe performance. RESULTS A literature review identified eight initial cESD steps. First-round Delphi consensus was gained on seven steps. Semi-structured focus group discussions resulted in consensus on a modified version of 7 of the initial steps, with addition of two steps. Consensus on procedural actions needed to perform each step was achieved after the hands-on laboratory. The final result was a ten-step deconstructed task list for standard cESD. CONCLUSION The development of a standardized cESD procedural task list provides a foundation to safely and efficiently teach cESD to practicing endoscopists. This list can be used to develop a training pathway to increase procedural adoption. Selected patients currently undergoing colonic resections could benefit from increased adoption of cESD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Dickinson
- Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation and Education (MITIE), 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA.
| | - Brian J Dunkin
- Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation and Education (MITIE), 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - John J Nguyen-Lee
- Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation and Education (MITIE), 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Aman B Ali
- Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation and Education (MITIE), 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Stephanie Zajac
- Houston Methodist Institute for Technology, Innovation and Education (MITIE), 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
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15
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Zhang X, Ly EK, Nithyanand S, Modayil RJ, Khodorskiy DO, Neppala S, Bhumi S, DeMaria M, Widmer JL, Friedel DM, Grendell JH, Stavropoulos SN. Learning Curve for Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection With an Untutored, Prevalence-Based Approach in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:580-588.e1. [PMID: 31220645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely used in Asia to resect early-stage gastrointestinal neoplasms, but use of ESD in Western countries is limited. We collected data on the learning curve for ESD at a high-volume referral center in the United States to guide development of training programs in the Americas and Europe. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive ESDs performed by a single operator at a high-volume referral center in the United States from 2009 through 2017. ESD was performed in 540 lesions: 449 mucosal (10% esophageal, 13% gastric, 5% duodenal, 62% colonic, and 10% rectal) and 91 submucosal. We estimated case volumes required to achieve accepted proficiency benchmarks (>90% for en bloc resection and >80% for histologic margin-negative (R0) resection) and resection speeds >9cm2/hr. RESULTS Pathology analysis of mucosal lesions identified 95 carcinomas, 346 premalignant lesions, and 8 others; the rate of en bloc resection increased from 76% in block 1 (50 cases) to a plateau of 98% after block 5 (250 cases). The rate of R0 resection improved from 45% in block 1 to >80% after block 5 (250 cases) and ∼95% after block 8 (400 cases). Based on cumulative sum analysis, approximately 170, 150, and 280 ESDs are required to consistently achieve a resection speed >9cm2/hr in esophagus, stomach, and colon, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of ESDs performed at a large referral center in the United States, we found that an untutored, prevalence-based approach allowed operators to achieve all proficiency benchmarks after ∼250 cases. Compared with Asia, ESD requires more time to learn in the West, where the untutored, prevalence-based approach requires resection of challenging lesions, such as colon lesions and previously manipulated lesions, in early stages of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York; Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai St Luke's-West Hospital Center, New York, New York
| | - Erin K Ly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Sagarika Nithyanand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Rani J Modayil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Dmitriy O Khodorskiy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Sivaram Neppala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Sriya Bhumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Matthew DeMaria
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Jessica L Widmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - David M Friedel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - James H Grendell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Stavros N Stavropoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, New York University-Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.
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Kotzev AI, Yang D, Draganov PV. How to master endoscopic submucosal dissection in the USA. Dig Endosc 2019; 31:94-100. [PMID: 30022521 DOI: 10.1111/den.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an established technique for the endoscopic therapy of dysplastic and early cancerous lesions throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The procedure requires both a sophisticated knowledge for lesion characterization and high-level endoscopic skills. As a result, the learning curve is very steep and, in Japan, it takes years to gain proficiency under the traditional Master-Apprentice teaching model. At present, as a result of multiple limitations, this training model is not applicable to the USA. Nevertheless, a unique, multipronged, stepwise approach has emerged as a viable pathway to train US endoscopists in ESD. Although this approach deserves refinement, it has already led to the expansion of ESD in the USA, has contributed to the widening of the indications for ESD, and has further developed ESD techniques. Multiple challenges remain, but they can be overcome by active collaboration between Japanese and US endoscopists and professional societies. The robust interest in ESD in the USA has drawn industry attention with a few innovations already coming to fruition and many more in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Iskrenov Kotzev
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dennis Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Peter V Draganov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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17
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Competency assessment for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection using an endoscopic part-task training box. Surg Endosc 2018; 33:2548-2552. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Defining competencies for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric neoplasms. Surg Endosc 2018; 33:1206-1215. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ma MX, Bourke MJ. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in the West: Current status and future directions. Dig Endosc 2018; 30:310-320. [PMID: 28884493 DOI: 10.1111/den.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was first conceptually described almost 30 years ago in Japan and is now widely practiced throughout East Asia. ESD expands the boundaries of endoscopic resection (ER) by allowing en bloc resection of large early neoplastic lesions within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This offers advantages over other ER techniques by facilitating definitive histological staging and curative treatment of early cancer in selected cases. Indeed, the experience of ESD in Eastern countries is significant, and excellent outcomes from high-volume centers are reported. The potential benefits of ESD are recognized by Western endoscopists, but its adoption has been limited. A number of factors contribute to this, including epidemiological differences in GIT neoplasia between Western and Eastern populations and limitations in training opportunities. In this review, we discuss the role of ESD, its current status and the future in Western endoscopic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Bourke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Schlachterman A, Yang D, Goddard A, Gotoda T, Draganov PV. Perspectives on endoscopic submucosal dissection training in the United States: a survey analysis. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6:E399-E409. [PMID: 29607391 PMCID: PMC5876020 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a widely accepted method for en-bloc resection of dysplastic lesions and early cancer in Asia and Europe. A limiting factor in adoption of ESD in the United States is perceived lack of training opportunities. The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate ESD experience of attendees at a University-sponsored ESD training course; (2) characterize effectiveness of the current ESD training regimen and its impact on ESD adoption in the United States; and (3) gauge trainees' attitude towards ESD. PATIENTS AND METHODS An electronic anonymous survey was distributed to the 86 physicians who participated in the University of Florida's annual ESD course from 2014 to 2016. Main outcomes included participants' practice setting, prior training, current ESD techniques, and planned training. RESULTS A total of 34 participants (40 %) completed the survey. Most of the respondents routinely use one or more endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) techniques (97.1 %) in their practice. Most respondents (79 %) had no experience with ESD on humans prior to the ESD course. Following completion of course training, more participants reported ongoing hands-on ESD exposure, with 15/34 (44 %) having performed ESD in humans. Most participants identified potential hurdles for adoption of ESD. CONCLUSION A dedicated ESD training course with hands-on experience, under the guidance of experts, notably increased use of ESD among participants. Limited availability of structured training opportunities, concerns over procedural length, lack of adequate number of lesions, and potential for serious adverse events (AEs) were identified as the main factors slowing adoption of ESD in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schlachterman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Dennis Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - April Goddard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Takuji Gotoda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter V. Draganov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States,Corresponding author Peter V. Draganov, MD Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of Florida1329 SW 16th Street, Suite 5251Gainesville, FL 32608+1-352-627-9002
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Wang AY, Draganov PV. Training in endoscopic submucosal dissection from a Western perspective. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tgie.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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23
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Tsou YK, Chuang WY, Liu CY, Ohata K, Lin CH, Lee MS, Cheng HT, Chiu CT. Learning curve for endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal neoplasms. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:544-50. [PMID: 26123695 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant learning curve for endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal neoplasms that has not been fully characterized. This retrospective study included 33 consecutive superficial esophageal neoplasms for analysis of the learning curve for esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection based on a single, novice endoscopist's experience. The study was divided into three periods (T1, T2, and T3) of 10 endoscopic submucosal dissection procedures in chronological order, with 13 procedures in the last period. Patient factors (age, sex, coexistent esophageal varices, or submucosal fibrosis) and tumor factors (location at upper esophagus, involving >3/4 esophageal circumference) for endoscopic submucosal dissection were not statistically different between the periods. The mean procedure time was 74.6 min/cm(2) , 23.4 min/cm(2) , and 10.5 min/cm(2) for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The procedure time decreased over time (P = 0.02) and post hoc test revealed significant difference was only between T3 and T1 (P = 0.019). The en bloc resection rate was 50%, 100%, and 92.3% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively (P for trend = 0.015). R0 resection rate was 40%, 100%, and 84.6% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively (P for trend = 0.023). Two patients had complications: each one patient in T1 and T3 period experienced major bleeding during the procedure (P for trend = 0.875). None of the patients had esophageal perforation. The results of the study concluded that at least 30 cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal neoplasms are needed for a novice endoscopist to gain early proficiency in this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Tsou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - W-Y Chuang
- Deparment of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohata
- Department of Gastroenterology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C-H Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - M-S Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - H-T Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-T Chiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
ESD is an established effective treatment modality for premalignant and early-stage malignant lesions of the stomach, esophagus, and colorectum. Compared with EMR, ESD is generally associated with higher rates of en bloc, R0, and curative resections and a lower rate of local recurrence. Oncologic outcomes with ESD compare favorably with competing surgical interventions, and ESD also serves as an excellent T-staging tool to identify noncurative resections that will require further treatment. ESD is technically demanding and has a higher rate of adverse events than most endoscopic procedures including EMR. As such,sufficient training is critical to ensure safe conduct and high-quality resections. A standardized training model for Western endoscopists has not been clearly established,but will be self-directed and include courses, animal model training, and optimally an observership at an expert center.Numerous dedicated ESD devices are now available in the United States from different manufacturers. Although the use of ESD in the United States is increasing, issues related to technical difficulty, limited training opportunities and mentors, risk of adverse events, long procedure duration,and suboptimal reimbursement may limit ESD adoption in the United States to a modest number of academic referral centers for the foreseeable future.
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Tanimoto MA, Guerrero ML, Morita Y, Aguirre-Valadez J, Gomez E, Moctezuma-Velazquez C, Estradas-Trujillo JA, Valdovinos MA, Uscanga LF, Fujita R. Impact of formal training in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastrointestinal cancer: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 7:417-428. [PMID: 25901222 PMCID: PMC4400632 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To summarize the clinical impact of a formal training for the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastrointestinal cancer.
METHODS: We searched databases including PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library and Science citation Index updated to August 2014 to include eligible articles. In the Meta-analysis, the main outcome measurements were en bloc resection rate, local recurrence rate (R0) and the incidence of procedure-related complications (perforation, bleeding).
RESULTS: En bloc resection was high for both, dissecting stomach tumors with an overall percentage of 93.2% (95%CI: 90.5-95.8) and dissecting colorectal tumors with an overall percentage of 89.4% (95%CI: 85.1-93.7). Although the number of studies reporting R0 resection (the dissected specimen was revealed free of tumor in both vertical and lateral margins) was small, the overall estimates for R0 resection were 81.4% (95%CI: 72-90.8) for stomach and 85.9% (95%CI: 77.5-95.5) for colorectal tumors, respectively. The analysis showed that the percentage of immediate perforation and bleeding were very low; 4.96 (95%CI: 3.6-6.3) and 1.4% (95%CI: 0.8-1.9) for colorectal tumors and 3.1% (95%CI: 2.0-4.1) and 4.8% (95%CI: 2.8-6.7) for stomach tumors, respectively.
CONCLUSION: In order to obtain the same rate of success of the analyzed studies it is a necessity to create training centers in the western countries during the “several years” of gastroenterology residence first only to teach EGC diagnose and second only to train endoscopic submucosal dissection.
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Aslan F, Alper E, Cekıc C, Yurtlu DA, Ekıncı N, Arabul M, Unsal B, Mıura Y, Yamamoto H. Endoscopic submucosal dissection in gastric lesions: the 100 cases experience from a tertiary reference center in West. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:368-75. [PMID: 25582554 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.999253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an endoscopic treatment method widely used in premalignant and malignant lesions in countries of the Far East. This method, which is difficult technically and has a high complication risk rate, has rarely been performed in the West, because of the fewer number of upper gastrointestinal lesions. In the present study, we aimed to present our results of gastric ESD procedures in respect to the learning curve. METHODS A total of 100 ESD procedures, which were performed in the stomach between April 2012 and September 2014, were recorded prospectively before and after the procedure. Patient data were analyzed retrospectively. ESD procedures were numbered chronologically; the first 30 patients constituted group 1, whereas the rest were classified as the group 2. ESD results were compared between the groups. RESULTS In a total of 95 patients, 100 gastric ESDs were performed. The overall en-bloc and complete resection rates were 93% and 92%, respectively. In respect of the learning curve, there were significant differences in the sizes of lesions and tissues obtained, procedure duration and dissection rate, snare use and knife preferences between groups (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p = 0.009, and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was detected in the en-bloc and complete resection rates and complications between the groups. CONCLUSION According to guideline recommendations and masters for ESD, if ESD training is initiated and continued, successful ESD may be performed in localized lesions in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Aslan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
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Pioche M, Rivory J, Aguero-Garcete G, Guillaud O, O'Brien M, Lafon C, Reversat N, Uraoka T, Yahagi N, Ponchon T. New isolated bovine colon model dedicated to colonic ESD hands-on training: development and first evaluation. Surg Endosc 2015; 29:3209-15. [PMID: 25582965 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-4062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ESD is the reference method to achieve en bloc resections for large digestive lesions. Nevertheless, it is a difficult and risky technique. Animal models exist to teach the initial skills, particularly in Japan, where pigs' stomachs are dedicated models to gastric ESD. In Europe, we have to develop different strategies of teaching with dedicated colon models. A pig colon is a good model but thinner and narrower than a human's. In this present work, we evaluated a bovine colon model to perform rectal ESD in retroflexion. METHODS First, we prepared six bowels to precise the preparation protocol. Then, two endoscopists unexperienced in ESD performed 64 procedures on eight models. Learning curves and factors of variation were studied. RESULTS A precise protocol to prepare the colon was defined. The two students achieved en bloc resection in 89.1 % of cases with a rate of 6.2 % of perforations. A large heterogeneity appeared between the speed and the success rate depending mainly on the age of the animal bowel. Using calf colons, the failure rates were higher (p = 0.002) and the speed was lower (p < 0.001) than for adult bovine ones. A learning curve appeared with, respectively, 0.49 and 0.59 cm(2)/min throughout the study. No significant difference appeared between measured and calculated specimen areas. DISCUSSION Bovine colon is a new model to teach ESD in colorectal conditions. The bovine age is important to homogenize the model. A learning curve existed with a time procedure decreasing throughout the study. Further studies are needed to evaluate the precise learning curve with more students. CONCLUSION A bovine colon model is a suitable model to teach colorectal ESD. Nevertheless, an adult bovine colon model is more homogeneous than a calf one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pioche
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France. .,Endoscopy Unit, Cancer Center Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Inserm U1032, Labtau, Lyon, France.
| | - Jérôme Rivory
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Guillermo Aguero-Garcete
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Guillaud
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Marc O'Brien
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Toshio Uraoka
- Endoscopy Unit, Cancer Center Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yahagi
- Endoscopy Unit, Cancer Center Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thierry Ponchon
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Disease Department, H Pavillon- Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437, Lyon Cedex, France.,Inserm U1032, Labtau, Lyon, France
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A feasibility study of chemically assisted endoscopic submucosal mechanical dissection using mesna for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Surg Endosc 2014; 29:3373-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-4031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gotoda T, Kusano C, Moriyasu F. Future perspective of gastric cancer endotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 25333001 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) has proven safety and efficacy, and is the established standard of care in Japan. In the past decade, it is increasingly established worldwide. The endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is superior to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) technique as it is designed to provide adequate staging and long-term curative therapy-based on the en bloc R0 specimen irrespective of the size and/or location of the tumor coupled with the reliable pathological specimen. However, ESD is still requiring skilled and experienced endoscopist to perform because of complex procedures, higher complication and causing long-time consuming. The learning and application of these relatively complex endoscopic techniques for EGC has been shown across the world. Thus, a standardized ESD training system is urgently needed to disseminate safe and effective ESD technique to practices with limited ESD experience. In recent years, several innovations providing solutions to easier and safer performance of ESD have emerged. Those increase control of surgical effectors manipulating the target tissue, and enhance performance in complex surgical tasks. Very recently, the use of the laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) procedure is indicated for EGC that would be difficult to treat with ESD. As an ultimate gastric cancer endotherapy with a reasonable surgical time, LECS might be promising method at this stage. The indications for LECS for EGC could be expanded in the future, which could result in increasingly successful gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Gotoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Kusano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Moriyasu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Saito I, Tsuji Y, Sakaguchi Y, Niimi K, Ono S, Kodashima S, Yamamichi N, Fujishiro M, Koike K. Complications related to gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection and their managements. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:398-403. [PMID: 25324997 PMCID: PMC4198554 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2014.47.5.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer is a well-established procedure with the advantage of resection in an en bloc fashion, regardless of the size, shape, coexisting ulcer, and location of the lesion. However, gastric ESD is a more difficult and meticulous technique, and also requires a longer procedure time, than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection. These factors naturally increase the risk of various complications. The two most common complications accompanying gastric ESD are bleeding and perforation. These complications are known to occur both intraoperatively and postoperatively. However, there are other rare but serious complications related to gastric ESD, including aspiration pneumonia, stenosis, venous thromboembolism, and air embolism. Endoscopists should have sufficient knowledge about such complications and be prepared to deal with them appropriately, as successful management of complications is necessary for the successful completion of the entire ESD procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sakaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kodashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a well-established advanced mucosal resection technique used in Japan, where it originated, and some other Asian countries. The technical difficulty and potentially higher rates of significant complications have been obstacles for its dissemination across the United States, on top of the lack of available equipment, candidate lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, and adequate training programs. Yet American physicians are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits of ESD. Simplification of technique, modification of tools and materials, and improved availability of training opportunities are essential in order to accelerate the adoption of ESD in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Fukami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, B158, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Gotoda T, Ho KY, Soetikno R, Kaltenbach T, Draganov P. Gastric ESD: current status and future directions of devices and training. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2014; 24:213-33. [PMID: 24679233 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of early gastric cancer, which has been proved to be safe and effective and is the established standard of care in Japan, has become increasingly established worldwide in the past decade. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is superior to EMR, as it is designed to provide precise pathologic staging and long-term curative therapy based on an en bloc R0 specimen irrespective of the size and/or location of the tumor. However, ESD requires highly skilled and experienced endoscopists. The introduction of ESD to the Western world necessitates collaborations between Eastern and Western endoscopists, pathologists, and surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Gotoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Khek-Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228
| | - Roy Soetikno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Avenue, GI-111, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tonya Kaltenbach
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Avenue, GI-111, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Peter Draganov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room HD 602, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Murata A, Okamoto K, Muramatsu K, Matsuda S. Time trend of medical economic outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer in Japan: a national database analysis. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:294-301. [PMID: 23801338 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available on the analysis of chronological changes in medical economic outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric cancer. This study aimed to investigate the recent time trend of medical economic outcomes of ESD for gastric cancer based on the Japanese administrative database. METHODS A total of 32,943 patients treated with ESD for gastric cancer were referred to 907 hospitals from 2009 to 2011 in Japan. We collected patients' data from the administrative database to compare ESD-related complications, risk-adjusted length of stay (LOS), and medical costs during hospitalization. The study periods were categorized into three groups: 2009 (n = 9,727), 2010 (n = 11,052), and 2011 (n = 12,164). RESULTS No significant difference was observed in ESD-related complications between three study periods (p = 0.496). However, mean LOS and medical costs during hospitalization of patients with ESD were significantly lower in 2011 than in 2009 and 2010 (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients who received ESD in 2011 had a significantly shorter LOS and lower medical costs during hospitalization compared with those in 2009. The unstandardized coefficient of patients with ESD in 2011 for LOS was -0.78 days [95 % confidence interval (CI), -0.89 to -0.65; p ≤ 0.001], while that of those for medical costs during hospitalization was -290.5 US dollars (95 % CI, -392.3 to -188.8; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the complication rate of ESD was stable, whereas the LOS and medical costs of patients were significantly reduced from 2009 to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Murata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan,
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Murata A, Okamoto K, Muramatsu K, Matsuda S. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer: the influence of hospital volume on complications and length of stay. Surg Endosc 2013; 28:1298-306. [PMID: 24337914 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Coman RM, Gotoda T, Draganov PV. Training in endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5:369-378. [PMID: 23951392 PMCID: PMC3742702 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v5.i8.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) represents an important advancement in the therapy of early neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions by providing higher en-bloc curative resection rate with lower recurrence compared to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and by sparing the involved organ and protecting patient’s quality of life. Despite these advantages ESD is associated with long procedure times and a higher rate of complications, making ESD a challenging procedure which requires advanced endoscopic skills. Thus, there has been a recognized need for structured training system for ESD to enhance trainee experience and, to reduce the risks of complications and inadequate treatment. ESD has a very flat learning curve. However, we do not have uniformly accepted benchmarks for competency. Nevertheless, it appears that, in Japan, more than 30 supervised gastric ESD procedures are required to achieve technical proficiency and minimize complications. A number of training algorithms have been proposed in Japan with the aim to standardize ESD training. These algorithms cannot be directly applied in the West due to substantial differences including the availability of highly qualified mentors, the type of pathology seen, choice of devices, and trainee’s background. We propose a training algorithm for Western physicians which integrates both hands-on training courses, animal model work as well as visits to expert centers. No specific preceptor training programs have been yet developed but there is a consensus that these programs are important for permeation of ESD worldwide.
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36
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Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) represents an important advancement in the therapy of early neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions by providing higher en-bloc curative resection rate with lower recurrence compared to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and by sparing the involved organ and protecting patient's quality of life. Despite these advantages ESD is associated with long procedure times and a higher rate of complications, making ESD a challenging procedure which requires advanced endoscopic skills. Thus, there has been a recognized need for structured training system for ESD to enhance trainee experience and, to reduce the risks of complications and inadequate treatment. ESD has a very flat learning curve. However, we do not have uniformly accepted benchmarks for competency. Nevertheless, it appears that, in Japan, more than 30 supervised gastric ESD procedures are required to achieve technical proficiency and minimize complications. A number of training algorithms have been proposed in Japan with the aim to standardize ESD training. These algorithms cannot be directly applied in the West due to substantial differences including the availability of highly qualified mentors, the type of pathology seen, choice of devices, and trainee's background. We propose a training algorithm for Western physicians which integrates both hands-on training courses, animal model work as well as visits to expert centers. No specific preceptor training programs have been yet developed but there is a consensus that these programs are important for permeation of ESD worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana M Coman
- Roxana M Coman, Peter V Draganov, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Gotoda T, Jung HY. Endoscopic resection (endoscopic mucosal resection/ endoscopic submucosal dissection) for early gastric cancer. Dig Endosc 2013; 25 Suppl 1:55-63. [PMID: 23362925 DOI: 10.1111/den.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer is a well-established standard therapy in Japan and Korea, and is increasingly used in other countries. Endoscopic resection should be curative for patients, and safe, easy and effective not only for patients, but also for endoscopists. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is superior to standard endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as it is designed to provide en bloc R0 resection regardless of size and/or location. Correct pathological assessment of en bloc resected specimens is crucial for accurate diagnosis and patient stratification for the risk of metastasis. Outcome studies in Japan and Korea, countries with the highest incidence of gastric cancer, have shown that ESD is efficacious in leading to a good long-term outcome; however, ESD requires an experienced endoscopist with a high skill level. Expanded indications for endoscopic resection have been proposed, especially after large en bloc resection have been accomplished using ESD. The use of ESD could be of huge benefit for the management of gastrointestinal superficial neoplasms. However, for ESD to become a viable therapeutic option, it requires close and supportive working relationships between endoscopists, pathologists and surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Gotoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fujishiro M, Jung HY, Goda K, Hirasawa K, Kakushima N, Lee IL, Morita Y, Oda I, Takeuchi M, Yamamoto Y, Zhou PH, Uedo N. Desirable training and roles of Japanese endoscopists towards the further penetration of endoscopic submucosal dissection in Asia. Dig Endosc 2012; 24 Suppl 1:121-3. [PMID: 22533766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was invented in Japan and is now permeating into the rest of the world. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the desirable ESD training by knowing the current status of ESD training in Japan. After this, we mainly discussed the following three topics: (i) requirements for preceptees to start ESD training; (ii) requirements for competent endoscopists in ESD; and (iii) requirements for preceptors in the first half of the upper gastrointestinal tract session at the Endoscopic Forum Japan 2011. Additionally, we discussed what Japanese endoscopists can do for further permeation of ESD outside Japan, especially in Asia in the second half. The session was wrapped up by the conclusions that it was absolutely necessary to establish official training courses authorized by the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society with certification for trainees and trainers and our Japanese endoscopists had a responsibility to spread ESD safely and reliably by collaborating with enthusiastic endoscopists in each country which have different backgrounds in terms of incidences and screening systems of target diseases, accessibility to endoscopy, medical economics, national characters, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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