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Wissinger B, Gamer D, Jägle H, Giorda R, Marx T, Mayer S, Tippmann S, Broghammer M, Jurklies B, Rosenberg T, Jacobson SG, Sener EC, Tatlipinar S, Hoyng CB, Castellan C, Bitoun P, Andreasson S, Rudolph G, Kellner U, Lorenz B, Wolff G, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Schwartz M, Cremers FPM, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Zrenner E, Salati R, Sharpe LT, Kohl S. CNGA3 mutations in hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:722-37. [PMID: 11536077 PMCID: PMC1226059 DOI: 10.1086/323613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2001] [Accepted: 07/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that mutations in the CNGA3 gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel cause autosomal recessive complete achromatopsia linked to chromosome 2q11. We now report the results of a first comprehensive screening for CNGA3 mutations in a cohort of 258 additional independent families with hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders. CNGA3 mutations were detected not only in patients with the complete form of achromatopsia but also in incomplete achromats with residual cone photoreceptor function and (rarely) in patients with evidence for severe progressive cone dystrophy. In total, mutations were identified in 53 independent families comprising 38 new CNGA3 mutations, in addition to the 8 mutations reported elsewhere. Apparently, both mutant alleles were identified in 47 families, including 16 families with presumed homozygous mutations and 31 families with two heterozygous mutations. Single heterozygous mutations were identified in six additional families. The majority of all known CNGA3 mutations (39/46) are amino acid substitutions compared with only four stop-codon mutations, two 1-bp insertions and one 3-bp in-frame deletion. The missense mutations mostly affect amino acids conserved among the members of the cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channel family and cluster at the cytoplasmic face of transmembrane domains (TM) S1 and S2, in TM S4, and in the cGMP-binding domain. Several mutations were identified recurrently (e.g., R277C, R283W, R436W, and F547L). These four mutations account for 41.8% of all detected mutant CNGA3 alleles. Haplotype analysis suggests that the R436W and F547L mutant alleles have multiple origins, whereas we found evidence that the R283W alleles, which are particularly frequent among patients from Scandinavia and northern Italy, have a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wissinger
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Daphne Gamer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Herbert Jägle
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Tim Marx
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Simone Mayer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sabine Tippmann
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Martina Broghammer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Bernhard Jurklies
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Samuel G. Jacobson
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - E. Cumhur Sener
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sinan Tatlipinar
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Carel B. Hoyng
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Claudio Castellan
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sten Andreasson
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Günter Rudolph
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Ulrich Kellner
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Gerhard Wolff
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Christine Verellen-Dumoulin
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Marianne Schwartz
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Frans P. M. Cremers
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Roberto Salati
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Lindsay T. Sharpe
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
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