1
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Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum Lecture: the Cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:620-677. [PMID: 36781689 PMCID: PMC10951048 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Schilling
- Department of Anatomy, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Richard Wingate
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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2
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Schilling K. Revisiting the development of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons in the light of single-cell genetic analyses. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:5-27. [PMID: 37940705 PMCID: PMC10794478 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a short update of our understanding of the inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellum. While these cells constitute but a minority of all cerebellar neurons, their functional significance is increasingly being recognized. For one, inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellar cortex are now known to constitute a clearly more diverse group than their traditional grouping as stellate, basket, and Golgi cells suggests, and this diversity is now substantiated by single-cell genetic data. The past decade or so has also provided important information about interneurons in cerebellar nuclei. Significantly, developmental studies have revealed that the specification and formation of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons fundamentally differ from, say, the cortical interneurons, and define a mode of diversification critically dependent on spatiotemporally patterned external signals. Last, but not least, in the past years, dysfunction of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons could also be linked with clinically defined deficits. I hope that this review, however fragmentary, may stimulate interest and help focus research towards understanding the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Schilling
- Anatomisches Institut - Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 10, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Lowenstein ED, Cui K, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Regulation of early cerebellar development. FEBS J 2023; 290:2786-2804. [PMID: 35262281 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study of cerebellar development has been at the forefront of neuroscience since the pioneering work of Wilhelm His Sr., Santiago Ramón y Cajal and many others since the 19th century. They laid the foundation to identify the circuitry of the cerebellum, already revealing its stereotypic three-layered cortex and discerning several of its neuronal components. Their work was fundamental in the acceptance of the neuron doctrine, which acknowledges the key role of individual neurons in forming the basic units of the nervous system. Increasing evidence shows that the cerebellum performs a variety of homeostatic and higher order neuronal functions beyond the mere control of motor behaviour. Over the last three decades, many studies have revealed the molecular machinery that regulates distinct aspects of cerebellar development, from the establishment of a cerebellar anlage in the posterior brain to the identification of cerebellar neuron diversity at the single cell level. In this review, we focus on summarizing our current knowledge on early cerebellar development with a particular emphasis on the molecular determinants that secure neuron specification and contribute to the diversity of cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Cui
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Rodrigo Hernandez-Miranda
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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4
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Puls R, von Haefen C, Bührer C, Endesfelder S. Protective Effect of Dexmedetomidine against Hyperoxia-Damaged Cerebellar Neurodevelopment in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040980. [PMID: 37107355 PMCID: PMC10136028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired cerebellar development of premature infants and the associated impairment of cerebellar functions in cognitive development could be crucial factors for neurodevelopmental disorders. Anesthetic- and hyperoxia-induced neurotoxicity of the immature brain can lead to learning and behavioral disorders. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), which is associated with neuroprotective properties, is increasingly being studied for off-label use in the NICU. For this purpose, six-day-old Wistar rats (P6) were exposed to hyperoxia (80% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) for 24 h after DEX (5 µg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) application. An initial detection in the immature rat cerebellum was performed after the termination of hyperoxia at P7 and then after recovery in room air at P9, P11, and P14. Hyperoxia reduced the proportion of Calb1+-Purkinje cells and affected the dendrite length at P7 and/or P9/P11. Proliferating Pax6+-granule progenitors remained reduced after hyperoxia and until P14. The expression of neurotrophins and neuronal transcription factors/markers of proliferation, migration, and survival were also reduced by oxidative stress in different manners. DEX demonstrated protective effects on hyperoxia-injured Purkinje cells, and DEX without hyperoxia modulated neuronal transcription in the short term without any effects at the cellular level. DEX protects hyperoxia-damaged Purkinje cells and appears to differentially affect cerebellar granular cell neurogenesis following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Puls
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Rava A, La Rosa P, Palladino G, Dragotto J, Totaro A, Tiberi J, Canterini S, Oddi S, Fiorenza MT. The appearance of phagocytic microglia in the postnatal brain of Niemann Pick type C mice is developmentally regulated and underscores shortfalls in fine odor discrimination. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4563-4579. [PMID: 36322609 PMCID: PMC7613956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The loss of NPC1 or NPC2 function results in cholesterol and sphingolipid dyshomeostasis that impairs developmental trajectories, predisposing the postnatal brain to the appearance of pathological signs, including progressive and stereotyped Purkinje cell loss and microgliosis. Despite increasing evidence reporting the activation of pro-inflammatory microglia as a cardinal event of NPC1 disease progression at symptomatic stages both in patients and preclinical models, how microglia cells respond to altered neurodevelopmental dynamics remains not completely understood. To gain an insight on this issue, we have characterized patterns of microglia activation in the early postnatal cerebellum and young adult olfactory bulb of the hypomorphic Npc1nmf164 mouse model. Previous evidence has shown that both these areas display a number of anomalies affecting neuron and glial cell proliferation and differentiation, which largely anticipate cellular changes and clinical signs, raising our interest on how microglia interplay to these changes. Even so, to separate the contribution of cues provided by the dysfunctional microenvironment we have also studied microglia isolated from mice of increasing ages and cultured in vitro for 1 week. Our findings show that microglia of both cerebellum and olfactory bulb of Npc1nmf164 mice adopt an activated phenotype, characterized by increased cell proliferation, enlarged soma size and de-ramified processes, as well as a robust phagocytic activity, in a time- and space-specific manner. Enhanced phagocytosis associates with a profound remodeling of gene expression signatures towards gene products involved in chemotaxis, cell recognition and engulfment, including Cd68 and Trem2. These early changes in microglia morphology and activities are induced by region-specific developmental anomalies that likely anticipate alterations in neuronal connectivity. As a proof of concept, we show that microglia activation within the granule cell layer and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb of Npc1nmf164 mice is associated with shortfalls in fine odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rava
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
| | - Giampiero Palladino
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Jessica Dragotto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Totaro
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
| | - Jessica Tiberi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Teramo Teramo Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
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6
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Shively SB, Edwards NA, MacDonald TJ, Johnson KR, Diaz-Rodriguez NM, Merrill MJ, Vortmeyer AO. Developmentally Arrested Basket/Stellate Cells in Postnatal Human Brain as Potential Tumor Cells of Origin for Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau Patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:885-899. [PMID: 35980299 PMCID: PMC9803908 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer disorder caused by a germline mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Loss of the wild-type allele results in VHL deficiency and the potential formation of cerebellar hemangioblastomas, which resemble embryonic hemangioblast proliferation and differentiation processes. Multiple, microscopic, VHL-deficient precursors, termed developmentally arrested structural elements (DASEs), consistently involve the cerebellar molecular layer in VHL patients, indicating the tumor site of origin. Unlike hemangioblastomas, however, cerebellar DASEs do not express brachyury, a mesodermal marker for hemangioblasts. In this study, neuronal progenitors occupying the molecular layer were investigated as tumor cells of origin. By immunohistochemistry, cerebellar DASEs and hemangioblastomas lacked immunoreactivity with antibody ZIC1 (Zic family member 1), a granule cell progenitor marker with concordance from oligonucleotide RNA expression array analyses. Rather, cerebellar DASEs and hemangioblastomas were immunoreactive with antibody PAX2 (paired box 2), a marker of basket/stellate cell progenitors. VHL cerebellar cortices also revealed PAX2-positive cells in Purkinje and molecular layers, resembling the histological and molecular development of basket/stellate cells in postnatal non-VHL mouse and human cerebella. These data suggest that VHL deficiency can result in the developmental arrest of basket/stellate cells in the human cerebellum and that these PAX2-positive, initiated cells await another insult or signal to form DASEs and eventually, tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Baughman Shively
- From the Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nancy A Edwards
- From the Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander O Vortmeyer
- Send correspondence to: Alexander O. Vortmeyer, MD, PhD, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 350 W. 11th Street, Suite 4034, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; E-mail:
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7
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Morphological pseudotime ordering and fate mapping reveal diversification of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3433. [PMID: 35701402 PMCID: PMC9197879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how diverse neurons are assembled into circuits requires a framework for describing cell types and their developmental trajectories. Here we combine genetic fate-mapping, pseudotemporal profiling of morphogenesis, and dual morphology and RNA labeling to resolve the diversification of mouse cerebellar inhibitory interneurons. Molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) derive from a common progenitor population but comprise diverse dendritic-, somatic-, and axon initial segment-targeting interneurons. Using quantitative morphology from 79 mature MLIs, we identify two discrete morphological types and presence of extensive within-class heterogeneity. Pseudotime trajectory inference using 732 developmental morphologies indicate the emergence of distinct MLI types during migration, before reaching their final positions. By comparing MLI identities from morphological and transcriptomic signatures, we demonstrate the dissociation between these modalities and that subtype divergence can be resolved from axonal morphogenesis prior to marker gene expression. Our study illustrates the utility of applying single-cell methods to quantify morphology for defining neuronal diversification.
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8
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Serra I, Stravs A, Osório C, Oyaga MR, Schonewille M, Tudorache C, Badura A. Tsc1 Haploinsufficiency Leads to Pax2 Dysregulation in the Developing Murine Cerebellum. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:831687. [PMID: 35645731 PMCID: PMC9137405 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.831687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) is a tumor suppressor that promotes the inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and mutations in TSC1 lead to a rare complex disorder of the same name. Despite phenotype heterogeneity, up to 50% of TSC patients present with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Consequently, TSC models are often used to probe molecular and behavioral mechanisms of ASD development. Amongst the different brain areas proposed to play a role in the development of ASD, the cerebellum is commonly reported to be altered, and cerebellar-specific deletion of Tsc1 in mice is sufficient to induce ASD-like phenotypes. However, despite these functional changes, whether Tsc1 haploinsufficiency affects cerebellar development is still largely unknown. Given that the mTOR pathway is a master regulator of cell replication and migration, we hypothesized that dysregulation of this pathway would also disrupt the development of cell populations during critical periods of cerebellar development. Here, we used a mouse model of TSC to investigate gene and protein expression during embryonic and early postnatal periods of cerebellar development. We found that, at E18 and P7, mRNA levels of the cerebellar inhibitory interneuron marker paired box gene 2 (Pax2) were dysregulated. This dysregulation was accompanied by changes in the expression of mTOR pathway-related genes and downstream phosphorylation of S6. Differential gene correlation analysis revealed dynamic changes in correlated gene pairs across development, with an overall loss of correlation between mTOR- and cerebellar-related genes in Tsc1 mutants compared to controls. We corroborated the genetic findings by characterizing the mTOR pathway and cerebellar development on protein and cellular levels with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. We found that Pax2-expressing cells were largely unchanged at E18 and P1, while at P7, their number was increased and maturation into parvalbumin-expressing cells delayed. Our findings indicate that, in mice, Tsc1 haploinsufficiency leads to altered cerebellar development and that cerebellar interneuron precursors are particularly susceptible to mTOR pathway dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Serra
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana Stravs
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Catarina Osório
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria Roa Oyaga
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Badura
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Badura,
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9
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Choi JM, Acharya R, Marasini S, Narayan B, Lee KW, Hwang WS, Chang DY, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H. Cell Type-specific Knockout with Gli1-mediated Cre Recombination in the Developing Cerebellum. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:203-212. [PMID: 34230222 PMCID: PMC8278141 DOI: 10.5607/en21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible Cre-loxP system provides a useful tool for inducing the selective deletion of genes that are essential for proper development and enables the study of gene functions in properly developed animals. Here, we show that inducible Cre-loxP driven by the Gli1-promoter can induce cell-type-specific deletion of target genes in cerebellar cortical neurons. We used reporter mice containing the YFP (yellow fluorescence protein) gene at the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus with a loxP-flanked transcriptional stop sequence, in which successful Cre-mediated excision of the stop sequence is indicated by YFP expression in Cre-expressing cells. Administration of tamoxifen during early postnatal days (P4~7) induces Cre-dependent excision of stop sequences and allows YFP expression in proliferating neuronal progenitor cells in the external granule layer and Bergmann glia in the Purkinje cell layer. A substantial number of YFP-positive progenitor cells in the external granule layer migrated to the internal granule cell layer and became granule cell neurons. By comparison, injection of tamoxifen during late postnatal days (P19~22) induces YFP expression only in Bergmann glia, and most granule cell neurons were devoid of YFP expression. The results indicate that the Gli1 promoter is temporarily active in progenitor cells in the external granule layer during the early postnatal period but constitutively active in Bergmann glia. We propose that the Gli1-mediated CreER system can be applied for the conditional deletion of genes of interest from cerebellar granule cell neurons and/or Bergmann glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Rakshya Acharya
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Bashyal Narayan
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Woo Sup Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Center, CelleBrain Ltd., Jeonju 54871, Korea
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10
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Schinzel F, Seyfer H, Ebbers L, Nothwang HG. The Lbx1 lineage differentially contributes to inhibitory cell types of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, a cerebellum-like structure, and the cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3032-3045. [PMID: 33786818 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a mammalian-specific nucleus of the auditory system. Anatomically, it is classified as a cerebellum-like structure. These structures are proposed to share genetic programs with the cerebellum. Previous analyses demonstrated that inhibitory serial sister cell types (SCTs) of the DCN and cerebellum are derived from the pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a) lineage. Postmitotic neurons of the Ptf1a lineage often express the transcription factor Ladybird homeobox protein homolog 1 (Lbx1) which is involved in neuronal cell fate determination. Lbx1 is therefore an attractive candidate for a further component of the genetic program shared between the DCN and cerebellum. Here, we used cell-type specific marker analysis in combination with an Lbx1 reporter mouse line to analyze in both tissues which cell types of the Ptf1a lineage express Lbx1. In the DCN, stellate cells and Purkinje-like cartwheel cells were part of the Lbx1 lineage and Golgi cells were not, as determined by cell counts. In contrast, in the cerebellum, stellate cells and Golgi cells were part of the Lbx1 lineage and Purkinje cells were not. Hence, two out of three phenotypically similar cell types differed with respect to their Lbx1 expression. Our study demonstrates that Lbx1 is differentially recruited to the developmental genetic program of inhibitory neurons both within a given tissue and between the DCN and cerebellum. The differential expression of Lbx1 within the DCN and the cerebellum might contribute to the genetic individuation of the inhibitory SCTs to adapt to circuit specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schinzel
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Seyfer
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Ebbers
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Gómez-González GB, Martínez-Torres A. Inter-fastigial projections along the roof of the fourth ventricle. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:901-917. [PMID: 33511462 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fastigial nucleus (FN) is a bilateral cerebellar integrative center for saccadic and vestibular control associated with non-motor functions such as feeding and cardiovascular regulation. In a previous study, we identified a tract of myelinated axons embedded in the subventricular zone (SVZ) that is located between the ependymal cells that form the dorsal wall of the ventricle and the glia limitans at the roof of the fourth ventricle González-González (Sci Rep 2017, 7:40768). Here, we show that this tract of axons, named subventricular axons or SVa, contains projection neurons that bilaterally interconnect both FNs. The approach consisted of the use of a battery of fluorescent neuronal tracers, transgenic mouse lines, and immunohistofluorescence. Our observations show that the SVa belong to a wide network of GABAergic projection neurons mainly located in the medial and caudal region of the FN. The SVa should be considered a part of a continuum of the cerebellar white matter that follows an alternative pathway through the SVZ, a region closely associated with the physiology of the fourth ventricle. This finding adds to our understanding of the complex organization of the FN; however, the function of the interconnection remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Gómez-González
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
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12
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Developmental Maturation of the Cerebellar White Matter-an Instructive Environment for Cerebellar Inhibitory Interneurons. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:286-308. [PMID: 32002802 PMCID: PMC7082410 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the developing cerebellum, the nascent white matter (WM) serves as an instructive niche for cerebellar cortical inhibitory interneurons. As their Pax2 expressing precursors transit the emerging WM, their laminar fate is programmed. The source(s) and nature of the signals involved remain unknown. Here, we used immunocytochemistry to follow the cellular maturation of the murine cerebellar WM during this critical period. During the first few days of postnatal development, when most Pax2 expressing cells are formed and many of them reach the cerebellar gray matter, only microglial cells can be identified in the territories through which Pax2 cells migrate. From p4 onward, cells expressing the oligodendrocytic or astrocyte markers, CNP-1, MBP or GFAP, started to appear in the nascent WM. Expression of macroglial markers increased with cerebellar differentiation, yet deep nuclei remained GFAP-negative at all ages. The progressive spread of maturing glia did not correlate with the exit of Pax2 cells from the WM, as indicated by the extensive mingling of these cells up to p15. Whereas sonic hedgehog-associated p75NTR expression could be verified in granule cell precursors, postmitotic Pax2 cells are p75NTR negative at all ages analyzed. Thus, if Pax2 cells, like their precursors, are sensitive to sonic hedgehog, this does not affect their expression of p75NTR. Our findings document that subsequently generated sets of Pax2 expressing precursors of inhibitory cerebellar interneurons are confronted with a dynamically changing complement of cerebellar glia. The eventual identification of fate-defining pathways should profit from the covariation with glial maturation predicted by the present findings.
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Tepper B, Bartkowska K, Okrasa M, Ngati S, Braszak M, Turlejski K, Djavadian R. Downregulation of TrkC Receptors Increases Dendritic Arborization of Purkinje Cells in the Developing Cerebellum of the Opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 33013328 PMCID: PMC7511753 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In therian mammals, the cerebellum is one of the late developing structures in the brain. Specifically, the proliferation of cerebellar granule cells occurs after birth, and even in humans, the generation of these cells continues during the first year of life. The main difference between marsupials and eutherians is that the majority of the brain structures in marsupials develop after birth. Herein, we report that in the newborn laboratory opossum (Monodelphis domestica), the cerebellar primordium is distinguishable in Nissl-stained sections. Additionally, bromodeoxyuridine birthdating experiments revealed that the first neurons form the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and Purkinje cells, and are generated within postnatal days (P) 1 and 5. Three weeks after birth, progenitors of granule cells in the external germinal layer (EGL) proliferate, producing granule cells. These progenitor cells persist for a long time, approximately 5 months. Furthermore, to study the effects of neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) during cerebellar development, cells were obtained from P3 opossums and cultured for 8 days. We found that TrkC downregulation stimulates dendritic branching of Purkinje neurons, which was surprising. The number of dendritic branches was higher in Purkinje cells transfected with the shRNA TrkC plasmid. However, there was no morphological change in the number of dendritic branches of granule cells transfected with either control or shRNA TrkC plasmids. We suggest that inhibition of TrkC activity enables NT3 binding to the neurotrophic receptor p75NTR that promotes dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells. This effect of TrkC receptors on dendritic branching is cell type specific, which could be explained by the strong expression of TrkC in Purkinje cells but not in granule cells. The data indicate a new role for TrkC receptors in Monodelphis opossum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tepper
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Okrasa
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sonia Ngati
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Braszak
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Refinement of Cerebellar Network Organization by Extracellular Signaling During Development. Neuroscience 2020; 462:44-55. [PMID: 32502568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum forms regular neural network structures consisting of a few major types of neurons, such as Purkinje cells, granule cells, and molecular layer interneurons, and receives two major inputs from climbing fibers and mossy fibers. Its regular structures consist of three well-defined layers, with each type of neuron designated to a specific location and forming specific synaptic connections. During the first few weeks of postnatal development in rodents, the cerebellum goes through dynamic changes via proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and maturation, to create such a network structure. The development of this organized network structure presumably relies on the communication between developing elements in the network, including not only individual neurons, but also their dendrites, axons, and synapses. Therefore, it is reasonable that extracellular signaling via synaptic transmission, secreted molecules, and cell adhesion molecules, plays important roles in cerebellar network development. Although it is not yet clear as to how overall cerebellar development is orchestrated, there is indeed accumulating lines of evidence that extracellular signaling acts toward the development of individual elements in the cerebellar networks. In this article, we introduce what we have learned from many studies regarding the extracellular signaling required for cerebellar network development, including our recent study suggesting the importance of unbiased synaptic inputs from parallel fibers.
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15
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Prestori F, Mapelli L, D'Angelo E. Diverse Neuron Properties and Complex Network Dynamics in the Cerebellar Cortical Inhibitory Circuit. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:267. [PMID: 31787879 PMCID: PMC6854908 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal inhibition can be defined as a spatiotemporal restriction or suppression of local microcircuit activity. The importance of inhibition relies in its fundamental role in shaping signal processing in single neurons and neuronal circuits. In this context, the activity of inhibitory interneurons proved the key to endow networks with complex computational and dynamic properties. In the last 50 years, the prevailing view on the functional role of cerebellar cortical inhibitory circuits was that excitatory and inhibitory inputs sum spatially and temporally in order to determine the motor output through Purkinje cells (PCs). Consequently, cerebellar inhibition has traditionally been conceived in terms of restricting or blocking excitation. This assumption has been challenged, in particular in the cerebellar cortex where all neurons except granule cells (and unipolar brush cells in specific lobules) are inhibitory and fire spontaneously at high rates. Recently, a combination of electrophysiological recordings in vitro and in vivo, imaging, optogenetics and computational modeling, has revealed that inhibitory interneurons play a much more complex role in regulating cerebellar microcircuit functions: inhibition shapes neuronal response dynamics in the whole circuit and eventually regulate the PC output. This review elaborates current knowledge on cerebellar inhibitory interneurons [Golgi cells, Lugaro cells (LCs), basket cells (BCs) and stellate cells (SCs)], starting from their ontogenesis and moving up to their morphological, physiological and plastic properties, and integrates this knowledge with that on the more renown granule cells and PCs. We will focus on the circuit loops in which these interneurons are involved and on the way they generate feed-forward, feedback and lateral inhibition along with complex spatio-temporal response dynamics. In this perspective, inhibitory interneurons emerge as the real controllers of cerebellar functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Park H, Kim T, Kim J, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K. Inputs from Sequentially Developed Parallel Fibers Are Required for Cerebellar Organization. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2939-2954.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Peng J, Sheng AL, Xiao Q, Shen L, Ju XC, Zhang M, He ST, Wu C, Luo ZG. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal molecular specializations of neuronal cell types in the developing cerebellum. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:636-648. [PMID: 30690467 PMCID: PMC6788728 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is critical for controlling motor and non-motor functions via cerebellar circuit that is composed of defined cell types, which approximately account for more than half of neurons in mammals. The molecular mechanisms controlling developmental progression and maturation processes of various cerebellar cell types need systematic investigation. Here, we analyzed transcriptome profiles of 21119 single cells of the postnatal mouse cerebellum and identified eight main cell clusters. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes revealed trajectory hierarchies of granule cells (GCs) at various states and implied roles of mitochondrion and ATPases in the maturation of Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output cells of the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, we analyzed gene expression patterns and co-expression networks of 28 ataxia risk genes, and found that most of them are related with biological process of mitochondrion and around half of them are enriched in PCs. Our results also suggested core transcription factors that are correlated with interneuron differentiation and characteristics for the expression of secretory proteins in glia cells, which may participate in neuronal modulation. Thus, this study presents a systematic landscape of cerebellar gene expression in defined cell types and a general gene expression framework for cerebellar development and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-li Sheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libing Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Ju
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Ting He
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Naughton M, McMahon J, Healy S, FitzGerald U. Profile of the unfolded protein response in rat cerebellar cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2910-2924. [PMID: 31132146 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been reported during normal development of cortical neurons and cerebellar white matter and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, such as Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome and Borna virus infection, which result in cerebellar defects. The UPR is initiated when the processing capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is overwhelmed. Misfolded proteins accumulate and can activate ER stress sensors; PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and their downstream targets glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In order to provide a fuller appreciation of the possible importance of ER stress-associated proteins in the context of cerebellar disease, we have profiled the expression of ER stress sensors and their downstream targets in the developing cerebellar cortex in postnatal rat. Activation of PERK and IRE1 stress sensors was observed for the first time in normally developing granule cell precursors. A second proliferative pPERK-positive population was also detected in the internal granular layer (IGL). In general, the density of UPR protein-positive cells was found to decrease significantly when profiles in early and late postnatal ages were compared. These data may be relevant to studies of medulloblastoma and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Naughton
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jill McMahon
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Healy
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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19
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Cha HL, Choi JM, Oh HH, Bashyal N, Kim SS, Birnbaumer L, Suh-Kim H. Deletion of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric Go protein impairs cerebellar cortical development in mice. Mol Brain 2019; 12:57. [PMID: 31221179 PMCID: PMC6585000 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Go is a member of the pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o family. Despite its abundance in the central nervous system, the precise role of Go remains largely unknown compared to other G proteins. In the present study, we explored the functions of Go in the developing cerebellar cortex by deleting its gene, Gnao. We performed a histological analysis with cerebellar sections of adult mice by cresyl violet- and immunostaining. Global deletion of Gnao induced cerebellar hypoplasia, reduced arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites, and atrophied Purkinje cell dendritic spines and the terminal boutons of climbing fibers from the inferior olivary nucleus. These results indicate that Go-mediated signaling pathway regulates maturation of presynaptic parallel fibers from granule cells and climbing fibers during the cerebellar cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lim Cha
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Choi
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Huy-Hyen Oh
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Narayan Bashyal
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, 27709 NC USA
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1300, Edificio San Jose Piso 3, C1107AAZ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Departments of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Woldcup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
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20
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Brown AM, Arancillo M, Lin T, Catt DR, Zhou J, Lackey EP, Stay TL, Zuo Z, White JJ, Sillitoe RV. Molecular layer interneurons shape the spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1742. [PMID: 30742002 PMCID: PMC6370775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells receive synaptic input from several classes of interneurons. Here, we address the roles of inhibitory molecular layer interneurons in establishing Purkinje cell function in vivo. Using conditional genetics approaches in mice, we compare how the lack of stellate cell versus basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission sculpts the firing properties of Purkinje cells. We take advantage of an inducible Ascl1CreER allele to spatially and temporally target the deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter, Vgat, in developing neurons. Selective depletion of basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission increases the frequency of Purkinje cell simple spike firing and decreases the frequency of complex spike firing in adult behaving mice. In contrast, lack of stellate cell communication increases the regularity of Purkinje cell simple spike firing while increasing the frequency of complex spike firing. Our data uncover complementary roles for molecular layer interneurons in shaping the rate and pattern of Purkinje cell activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel R Catt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joy Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Trace L Stay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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21
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NeuroD2 controls inhibitory circuit formation in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1448. [PMID: 30723302 PMCID: PMC6363755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is involved in the control of diverse motor and non-motor functions. Its principal circuit elements are the Purkinje cells that integrate incoming excitatory and local inhibitory inputs and provide the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. However, the transcriptional control of circuit assembly in the cerebellar cortex is not well understood. Here, we show that NeuroD2, a neuronal basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, promotes the postnatal survival of both granule cells and molecular layer interneurons (basket and stellate cells). However, while NeuroD2 is not essential for the integration of surviving granule cells into the excitatory circuit, it is required for the terminal differentiation of basket cells. Axons of surviving NeuroD2-deficient basket cells follow irregular trajectories and their inhibitory terminals are virtually absent from Purkinje cells in Neurod2 mutants. As a result inhibitory, but not excitatory, input to Purkinje cells is strongly reduced in the absence of NeuroD2. Together, we conclude that NeuroD2 is necessary to instruct a terminal differentiation program in basket cells that regulates targeted axon growth and inhibitory synapse formation. An imbalance of excitation and inhibition in the cerebellar cortex affecting Purkinje cell output may underlay impaired adaptive motor learning observed in Neurod2 mutants.
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22
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Bergen H, Kong J, Marzban H. Neuronal Migration During Development of the Cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:484. [PMID: 30618631 PMCID: PMC6304365 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process in central nervous system (CNS) development. The assembly of functioning neuronal circuits relies on neuronal migration occurring in the appropriate spatio-temporal pattern. A defect in the neuronal migration may result in a neurological disorder. The cerebellum, as a part of the CNS, plays a pivotal role in motor coordination and non-motor functions such as emotion, cognition and language. The excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the cerebellum originate from different distinct germinal zones and migrate through complex routes to assemble in a well-defined neuronal organization in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. In this review article, the neuronal migration modes and pathways from germinal zones to the final position in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei will be described. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cerebellar neuronal migration during development will also be reviewed. Finally, some diseases and animal models associated with defects in neuronal migration will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hugo Bergen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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23
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Guidi S, Giacomini A, Stagni F, Emili M, Uguagliati B, Bonasoni MP, Bartesaghi R. Abnormal development of the inferior temporal region in fetuses with Down syndrome. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:986-998. [PMID: 29509279 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition associated with impairment in several cognitive domains. Previous evidence showed a notable neurogenesis reduction in the hippocampal region of DS fetuses, which may account for the impairment of declarative memory that characterizes DS starting from early life stages. The fusiform gyrus (FG) and the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) play a key role in visual recognition memory, a function that is impaired in children and adults with DS. The goal of the current study was to establish whether fetuses with DS (17-21 weeks of gestation) exhibit neuroanatomical alterations in the FG and ITG that may underlie recognition memory impairment. We found that the FG and ITG of fetuses with DS had a reduced thickness and fewer cells in comparison with euploid fetuses. Moreover, DS fetuses had fewer cells expressing the neuronal marker NeuN than euploid fetuses, but a similar number of cells expressing the astrocytic marker GFAP and, consequently, a higher percentage of astrocytes. Immunohistochemistry for calretinin (CR), a marker of GABAergic interneurons, showed that in DS fetuses the ratio of CR-positive vs. CR-negative cells was greater than in euploid fetuses, both in the FG (177%) and ITG (161%). An increased ratio of CR-positive vs. CR-negative cells was also found in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Results provide novel evidence that the FG and ITG of DS fetuses exhibit numerous developmental defects. These defects may underlie the functional alterations in visual recognition memory observed in children with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Stagni
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Uguagliati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Schilling K. Moving into shape: cell migration during the development and histogenesis of the cerebellum. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:13-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Obana EA, Zhou Q, Furmanski O, Doughty ML. Conditional deletion of Neurog1 in the cerebellum of postnatal mice delays inhibitory interneuron maturation. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1560-1575. [PMID: 29665106 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional programs that drive the generation of diverse GABAergic neuron populations from their common progenitor pools in the developing cerebellum remain unclear. Neurog1 is a pro-neural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in GABAergic progenitor cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) of embryos and subsequently in the presumptive white matter (pWM) tracts of developing postnatal mice. Genetic inducible fate-mapping labels Purkinje cells and all inhibitory interneuron cell types of the cerebellar cortex. As conventional Neurog1Neo knockout (KO) mice are neonatal lethal, we generated Neurog1loxP mutant mice to examine the effects of conditional Neurog1 deletion on the postnatal development of the cerebellum. Targeted Neurog1 loss-of-function in the developing cerebellum does not result in significant differences in cerebellar morphology or in the number of GABAergic neurons in the cerebellar cortex of mice at postnatal day 21 (P21). To determine the effects of Neurog1 deletion on GABAergic progenitors, we quantified rates of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression or re-entry in embryonic Neurog1Neo and postnatal Neurog1loxP mutants. The data revealed no significant effect of Neurog1 loss-of-function on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) VZ progenitors or on P5 and P6 progenitors in the pWM at P7. However, 4-5 day pulse-labeling of P5 and P6 progenitors revealed reductions in inhibitory interneuron dispersal from the pWM to the cerebellar cortex in P10 conditional Neurog1loxP/loxP KO mice. Thus, our conditional Neurog1 KO approach reveals a requirement for Neurog1 activity in inhibitory interneuron cell dispersal from pWM tracts in the developing cerebellum of postnatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Obana
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Orion Furmanski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin L Doughty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Rosenberg AB, Roco CM, Muscat RA, Kuchina A, Sample P, Yao Z, Graybuck LT, Peeler DJ, Mukherjee S, Chen W, Pun SH, Sellers DL, Tasic B, Seelig G. Single-cell profiling of the developing mouse brain and spinal cord with split-pool barcoding. Science 2018; 360:176-182. [PMID: 29545511 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate scalable profiling of single cells, we developed split-pool ligation-based transcriptome sequencing (SPLiT-seq), a single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) method that labels the cellular origin of RNA through combinatorial barcoding. SPLiT-seq is compatible with fixed cells or nuclei, allows efficient sample multiplexing, and requires no customized equipment. We used SPLiT-seq to analyze 156,049 single-nucleus transcriptomes from postnatal day 2 and 11 mouse brains and spinal cords. More than 100 cell types were identified, with gene expression patterns corresponding to cellular function, regional specificity, and stage of differentiation. Pseudotime analysis revealed transcriptional programs driving four developmental lineages, providing a snapshot of early postnatal development in the murine central nervous system. SPLiT-seq provides a path toward comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic analysis of other similarly complex multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M Roco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A Muscat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Kuchina
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Sample
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David J Peeler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Drew L Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Georg Seelig
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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27
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Sergaki MC, López-Ramos JC, Stagkourakis S, Gruart A, Broberger C, Delgado-García JM, Ibáñez CF. Compromised Survival of Cerebellar Molecular Layer Interneurons Lacking GDNF Receptors GFRα1 or RET Impairs Normal Cerebellar Motor Learning. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1977-1986. [PMID: 28591570 PMCID: PMC5469938 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of neurotrophic factors as endogenous survival proteins for brain neurons remains contentious. In the cerebellum, the signals controlling survival of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) are unknown, and direct evidence for the requirement of a full complement of MLIs for normal cerebellar function and motor learning has been lacking. Here, we show that Purkinje cells (PCs), the target of MLIs, express the neurotrophic factor GDNF during MLI development and survival of MLIs depends on GDNF receptors GFRα1 and RET. Conditional mutant mice lacking either receptor lose a quarter of their MLIs, resulting in compromised synaptic inhibition of PCs, increased PC firing frequency, and abnormal acquisition of eyeblink conditioning and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance, but not overall motor activity or coordination. These results identify an endogenous survival mechanism for MLIs and reveal the unexpected vulnerability and selective requirement of MLIs in the control of cerebellar-dependent motor learning. The signals controlling survival of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) are unclear Whether MLIs are involved in normal cerebellar function was unclear Purkinje cells express GDNF, and survival of MLIs depends on GDNF receptors GFRα1 and RET Requirement of MLIs for cerebellar-dependent motor learning
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville 41013, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm S-17177, Sweden; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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28
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Migration of Interneuron Precursors in the Nascent Cerebellar Cortex. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 17:62-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Wefers AK, Haberlandt C, Tekin NB, Fedorov DA, Timmermann A, van der Want JJL, Chaudhry FA, Steinhäuser C, Schilling K, Jabs R. Synaptic input as a directional cue for migrating interneuron precursors. Development 2017; 144:4125-4136. [PMID: 29061636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During CNS development, interneuron precursors have to migrate extensively before they integrate in specific microcircuits. Known regulators of neuronal motility include classical neurotransmitters, yet the mechanisms that assure interneuron dispersal and interneuron/projection neuron matching during histogenesis remain largely elusive. We combined time-lapse video microscopy and electrophysiological analysis of the nascent cerebellum of transgenic Pax2-EGFP mice to address this issue. We found that cerebellar interneuronal precursors regularly show spontaneous postsynaptic currents, indicative of synaptic innervation, well before settling in the molecular layer. In keeping with the sensitivity of these cells to neurotransmitters, ablation of synaptic communication by blocking vesicular release in acute slices of developing cerebella slows migration. Significantly, abrogation of exocytosis primarily impedes the directional persistence of migratory interneuronal precursors. These results establish an unprecedented function of the early synaptic innervation of migrating neuronal precursors and demonstrate a role for synapses in the regulation of migration and pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Wefers
- Anatomisches Institut, Anatomie & Zellbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Haberlandt
- Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nuriye B Tekin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dmitry A Fedorov
- Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aline Timmermann
- Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes J L van der Want
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Farrukh A Chaudhry
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomisches Institut, Anatomie & Zellbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald Jabs
- Institut für Zelluläre Neurowissenschaften, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Wefers AK, Lindner S, Schulte JH, Schüller U. Overexpression of Lin28b in Neural Stem Cells is Insufficient for Brain Tumor Formation, but Induces Pathological Lobulation of the Developing Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:122-131. [PMID: 27039094 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LIN28B is a homologue of the RNA-binding protein LIN28A and regulates gene expression during development and carcinogenesis. It is strongly upregulated in a variety of brain tumors, such as medulloblastoma, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), or glioblastoma, but the effect of an in vivo overexpression of LIN28B on the developing central nervous system is unknown. We generated transgenic mice that either overexpressed Lin28b in Math1-positive cerebellar granule neuron precursors or in a broad range of Nestin-positive neural precursors. Sections of the cerebellar vermis from adult Math1-Cre::lsl-Lin28b mice had an additional subfissure in lobule IV. Vermes from p0 and p7 Nestin-Cre::lsl-Lin28b mice appeared normal, but we found a pronounced vermal hypersublobulation at p15 and p21 in these mice. Also, the external granule cell layer (EGL) was thicker at p15 than in controls, contained more proliferating cells, and persisted up to p21. Consistently, some Pax6- and NeuN-positive cells were present in the EGL of Nestin-Cre::lsl-Lin28b mice even at p21, and we detected more NeuN-positive granule neuron precursors in the molecular layer (ML) as compared to control. Finally, we found some residual Pax2-positive precursors of inhibitory interneurons in the ML of Nestin-Cre::lsl-Lin28b mice at p21, which have already disappeared in controls. We conclude that while overexpression of LIN28B in Nestin-positive cells does not lead to tumor formation, it results in a protracted development of granule cells and inhibitory interneurons and leads to a hypersublobulation of the cerebellar vermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
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31
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Casoni F, Croci L, Bosone C, D'Ambrosio R, Badaloni A, Gaudesi D, Barili V, Sarna JR, Tessarollo L, Cremona O, Hawkes R, Warming S, Consalez GG. Zfp423/ZNF423 regulates cell cycle progression, the mode of cell division and the DNA-damage response in Purkinje neuron progenitors. Development 2017; 144:3686-3697. [PMID: 28893945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Zfp423/ZNF423 gene encodes a 30-zinc-finger transcription factor involved in key developmental pathways. Although null Zfp423 mutants develop cerebellar malformations, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. ZNF423 mutations are associated with Joubert Syndrome, a ciliopathy causing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and ataxia. ZNF423 participates in the DNA-damage response (DDR), raising questions regarding its role as a regulator of neural progenitor cell cycle progression in cerebellar development. To characterize in vivo the function of ZFP423 in neurogenesis, we analyzed allelic murine mutants in which distinct functional domains are deleted. One deletion impairs mitotic spindle orientation, leading to premature cell cycle exit and Purkinje cell (PC) progenitor pool deletion. The other deletion impairs PC differentiation. In both mutants, cell cycle progression is remarkably delayed and DDR markers are upregulated in cerebellar ventricular zone progenitors. Our in vivo evidence sheds light on the domain-specific roles played by ZFP423 in different aspects of PC progenitor development, and at the same time strengthens the emerging notion that an impaired DDR may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of JS and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Camilla Bosone
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Gaudesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Justyna R Sarna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Søren Warming
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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32
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Zainolabidin N, Kamath SP, Thanawalla AR, Chen AI. Distinct Activities of Tfap2A and Tfap2B in the Specification of GABAergic Interneurons in the Developing Cerebellum. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:281. [PMID: 28912684 PMCID: PMC5583517 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the cerebellum are subdivided into Purkinje cells and distinct subtypes of interneurons from the same pool of progenitors, but the determinants of this diversification process are not well defined. To explore the transcriptional regulation of the development of cerebellar inhibitory neurons, we examined the role of Tfap2A and Tfap2B in the specification of GABAergic neuronal subtypes in mice. We show that Tfap2A and Tfap2B are expressed in inhibitory precursors during embryonic development and that their expression persists into adulthood. The onset of their expression follows Ptf1a and Olig2, key determinants of GABAergic neuronal fate in the cerebellum; and, their expression precedes Pax2, an interneuron-specific factor. Tfap2A is expressed by all GABAergic neurons, whereas Tfap2B is selectively expressed by interneurons. Genetic manipulation via in utero electroporation (IUE) reveals that Tfap2B is necessary for interneuron specification and is capable of suppressing the generation of excitatory cells. Tfap2A, but not Tfap2B, is capable of inducing the generation of interneurons when misexpressed in the ventricular neuroepithelium. Together, our results demonstrate that the differential expression of Tfap2A and Tfap2B defines subtypes of GABAergic neurons and plays specific, but complementary roles in the specification of interneurons in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norliyana Zainolabidin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya P Kamath
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha R Thanawalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Albert I Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, United Kingdom.,ASTAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologySingapore, Singapore
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33
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Galas L, Bénard M, Lebon A, Komuro Y, Schapman D, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Komuro H. Postnatal Migration of Cerebellar Interneurons. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060062. [PMID: 28587295 PMCID: PMC5483635 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its continuing development after birth, the cerebellum represents a unique model for studying the postnatal orchestration of interneuron migration. The combination of fluorescent labeling and ex/in vivo imaging revealed a cellular highway network within cerebellar cortical layers (the external granular layer, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer, and the internal granular layer). During the first two postnatal weeks, saltatory movements, transient stop phases, cell-cell interaction/contact, and degradation of the extracellular matrix mark out the route of cerebellar interneurons, notably granule cells and basket/stellate cells, to their final location. In addition, cortical-layer specific regulatory factors such as neuropeptides (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), somatostatin) or proteins (tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) have been shown to inhibit or stimulate the migratory process of interneurons. These factors show further complexity because somatostatin, PACAP, or tPA have opposite or no effect on interneuron migration depending on which layer or cell type they act upon. External factors originating from environmental conditions (light stimuli, pollutants), nutrients or drug of abuse (alcohol) also alter normal cell migration, leading to cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Galas
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Yutaro Komuro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Damien Schapman
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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34
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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Feng X, Juan AH, Wang HA, Ko KD, Zare H, Sartorelli V. Polycomb Ezh2 controls the fate of GABAergic neurons in the embryonic cerebellum. Development 2016; 143:1971-80. [PMID: 27068104 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic interactions between signaling pathways and transcription factors have been largely decoded, much remains to be learned about the epigenetic regulation of cerebellar development. Here, we report that cerebellar deletion of Ezh2, the methyltransferase subunit of the PRC2 complex, results in reduced H3K27me3 and profound transcriptional dysregulation, including that of a set of transcription factors directly involved in cerebellar neuronal cell-type specification and differentiation. Such transcriptional changes lead to increased GABAergic interneurons and decreased Purkinje cells. Transcriptional changes also inhibit the proliferation of granule precursor cells derived from the rhombic lip. The loss of both cell types ultimately results in cerebellar hypoplasia. These findings indicate Ezh2/PRC2 plays crucial roles in regulating neurogenesis from both cerebellar germinal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Feng
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aster H Juan
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongjun A Wang
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyung Dae Ko
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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De Luca A, Cerrato V, Fucà E, Parmigiani E, Buffo A, Leto K. Sonic hedgehog patterning during cerebellar development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:291-303. [PMID: 26499980 PMCID: PMC11108499 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenic factor sonic hedgehog (Shh) actively orchestrates many aspects of cerebellar development and maturation. During embryogenesis, Shh signaling is active in the ventricular germinal zone (VZ) and represents an essential signal for proliferation of VZ-derived progenitors. Later, Shh secreted by Purkinje cells sustains the amplification of postnatal neurogenic niches: the external granular layer and the prospective white matter, where excitatory granule cells and inhibitory interneurons are produced, respectively. Moreover, Shh signaling affects Bergmann glial differentiation and promotes cerebellar foliation during development. Here we review the most relevant functions of Shh during cerebellar ontogenesis, underlying its role in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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De Luca A, Parmigiani E, Tosatto G, Martire S, Hoshino M, Buffo A, Leto K, Rossi F. Exogenous Sonic hedgehog modulates the pool of GABAergic interneurons during cerebellar development. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 14:72-85. [PMID: 25245619 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
All cerebellar GABAergic interneurons were derived from a common pool of precursor cells residing in the embryonic ventricular zone (VZ) and migrating in the prospective white matter (PWM) after birth, where both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to regulate their amplification. Among the environmental factors, we focused on Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a morphogen well known to regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation. We asked if and how exogenous Shh treatment affects the lineage of cerebellar GABAergic interneurons. To address these issues, exogenous Shh was administered to embryonic and postnatal organotypic slices. We found that Shh is able to expand the pool of interneuron progenitors residing in the embryonic epithelium and in the postnatal PWM. In particular, Shh signalling pathway was highly mitogenic at early developmental stages of interneuron production, whereas its effect decreased after the first postnatal week. Gene expression analysis of sorted cells and in situ hybridization further showed that immature interneurons express both the Shh receptor patched and the Shh target gene Gli1. Thus, within the interneuron lineage, Shh might exert regulatory functions also in postmitotic cells. On the whole, our data enlighten the role of Shh during cerebellar maturation and further broaden our knowledge on the amplification mechanisms of the interneuron progenitor pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
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Fleming J, Chiang C. The Purkinje neuron: A central orchestrator of cerebellar neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2015; 2:e1025940. [PMID: 27604220 PMCID: PMC4973588 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2015.1025940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Within the cyto-architecture of the brain is an often complex, but balanced, neuronal circuitry, the successful construction of which relies on the coordinated generation of functionally opposed neurons. Indeed, deregulated production of excitatory/inhibitory interneurons can greatly disrupt the integrity of excitatory/inhibitory neuronal transmission, which is a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. Recent work has demonstrated that the Purkinje neuron, the central integrator of signaling within the cerebellar system, acts during development to ensure that neurogenesis occurring in spatially opposed domains reaches completion by transmitting the Sonic hedgehog ligand bi-directionally. In addition to a classic role in driving granule cell precursor proliferation, we now know that Purkinje neuron-derived Sonic hedgehog is simultaneously disseminated to the neonatal white matter. Within this neurogenic niche a lineage of Shh-responding stem and progenitor cells expand pools of GABAergic interneuron and astrocyte precursors. These recent findings advance our understanding of how Purkinje neurons function dynamically to oversee completion of a balanced cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University ; Nashville TN USA
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University ; Nashville TN USA
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Selective transgene expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells and granule cells using adeno-associated viruses together with specific promoters. Brain Res 2015; 1620:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Heterogeneity and Bipotency of Astroglial-Like Cerebellar Progenitors along the Interneuron and Glial Lineages. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7388-402. [PMID: 25972168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5255-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar GABAergic interneurons in mouse comprise multiple subsets of morphologically and neurochemically distinct phenotypes located at strategic nodes of cerebellar local circuits. These cells are produced by common progenitors deriving from the ventricular epithelium during embryogenesis and from the prospective white matter (PWM) during postnatal development. However, it is not clear whether these progenitors are also shared by other cerebellar lineages and whether germinative sites different from the PWM originate inhibitory interneurons. Indeed, the postnatal cerebellum hosts another germinal site along the Purkinje cell layer (PCL), in which Bergmann glia are generated up to first the postnatal weeks, which was proposed to be neurogenic. Both PCL and PWM comprise precursors displaying traits of juvenile astroglia and neural stem cell markers. First, we examine the proliferative and fate potential of these niches, showing that different proliferative dynamics regulate progenitor amplification at these sites. In addition, PCL and PWM differ in the generated progeny. GABAergic interneurons are produced exclusively by PWM astroglial-like progenitors, whereas PCL precursors produce only astrocytes. Finally, through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo clonal analyses we provide evidence that the postnatal PWM hosts a bipotent progenitor that gives rise to both interneurons and white matter astrocytes.
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Raoult E, Bénard M, Komuro H, Lebon A, Vivien D, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Vaudry D, Galas L. Cortical-layer-specific effects of PACAP and tPA on interneuron migration during post-natal development of the cerebellum. J Neurochem 2014; 130:241-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Raoult
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
| | - Hitoshi Komuro
- Department of Neuroscience/NC30; Lerner Research Institute; The Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | | | - Alain Fournier
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Institut Armand-Frappier; Université du Québec; Laval Canada
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - David Vaudry
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
- Inserm, U982, DC2N; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated laboratory Samuel de Champlain; Inserm-INRS; France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Inserm; PRIMACEN; Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- University of Rouen; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB); Rouen France
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Fleming JT, He W, Hao C, Ketova T, Pan FC, Wright CCV, Litingtung Y, Chiang C. The Purkinje neuron acts as a central regulator of spatially and functionally distinct cerebellar precursors. Dev Cell 2014; 27:278-92. [PMID: 24229643 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prospective white matter (PWM) in the nascent cerebellum contains a transient germinal compartment that produces all postnatally born GABAergic inhibitory interneurons and astrocytes. However, little is known about the molecular identity and developmental potential of resident progenitors or key regulatory niche signals. Here, we show that neural stem-cell-like primary progenitors (Tnc(YFP-low) CD133(+)) generate intermediate astrocyte (Tnc(YFP-low) CD15(+)) precursors and GABAergic transient amplifying (Ptf1a(+)) cells. Interestingly, these lineally related but functionally divergent progenitors commonly respond to Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and blockade of reception in TNC(YFP-low) cells attenuates proliferation in the PWM, reducing both intermediate progenitor classes. Furthermore, we show that Shh produced from distant Purkinje neurons maintains the PWM niche independently of its classical role in regulating granule cell precursor proliferation. Our results indicate that Purkinje neurons maintain a bidirectional signaling axis, driving the production of spatially and functionally opposed inhibitory and excitatory interneurons important for motor learning and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Di Giovannantonio LG, Di Salvio M, Omodei D, Prakash N, Wurst W, Pierani A, Acampora D, Simeone A. Otx2 cell-autonomously determines dorsal mesencephalon versus cerebellum fate independently of isthmic organizing activity. Development 2013; 141:377-88. [PMID: 24335253 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the rostral neuroectoderm is regionalized into broad areas that are subsequently subdivided into progenitor compartments with specialized identity and fate. These events are controlled by signals emitted by organizing centers and interpreted by target progenitors, which activate superimposing waves of intrinsic factors restricting their identity and fate. The transcription factor Otx2 plays a crucial role in mesencephalic development by positioning the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and its organizing activity. Here, we investigated whether Otx2 is cell-autonomously required to control identity and fate of dorsal mesencephalic progenitors. With this aim, we have inactivated Otx2 in the Pax7(+) dorsal mesencephalic domain, previously named m1, without affecting MHB integrity. We found that the Pax7(+) m1 domain can be further subdivided into a dorsal Zic1(+) m1a and a ventral Zic1(-) m1b sub-domain. Loss of Otx2 in the m1a (Pax7(+) Zic1(+)) sub-domain impairs the identity and fate of progenitors, which undergo a full switch into a coordinated cerebellum differentiation program. By contrast, in the m1b sub-domain (Pax7(+) Zic1(-)) Otx2 is prevalently required for post-mitotic transition of mesencephalic GABAergic precursors. Moreover, genetic cell fate, BrdU cell labeling and Otx2 conditional inactivation experiments indicate that in Otx2 mutants all ectopic cerebellar cell types, including external granule cell layer (EGL) precursors, originate from the m1a progenitor sub-domain and that reprogramming of mesencephalic precursors into EGL or cerebellar GABAergic progenitors depends on temporal sensitivity to Otx2 ablation. Together, these findings indicate that Otx2 intrinsically controls different aspects of dorsal mesencephalic neurogenesis. In this context, Otx2 is cell-autonomously required in the m1a sub-domain to suppress cerebellar fate and promote mesencephalic differentiation independently of the MHB organizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Di Giovannantonio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
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Buffo A, Rossi F. Origin, lineage and function of cerebellar glia. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:42-63. [PMID: 23981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glial cells of the cerebellum, and particularly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are characterized by a remarkable phenotypic variety, in which highly peculiar morphological features are associated with specific functional features, unique among the glial cells of the entire CNS. Here, we provide a critical report about the present knowledge of the development of cerebellar glia, including lineage relationships between cerebellar neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the origins and the genesis of the repertoire of glial types, and the processes underlying their acquisition of mature morphological and functional traits. In parallel, we describe and discuss some fundamental roles played by specific categories of glial cells during cerebellar development. In particular, we propose that Bergmann glia exerts a crucial scaffolding activity that, together with the organizing function of Purkinje cells, is necessary to achieve the normal pattern of foliation and layering of the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, we discuss some of the functional tasks of cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that are distinctive of cerebellar glia throughout the CNS. Notably, we report about the regulation of synaptic signalling in the molecular and granular layer mediated by Bergmann glia and parenchymal astrocytes, and the functional interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons. On the whole, this review provides an extensive overview of the available literature and some novel insights about the origin and differentiation of the variety of cerebellar glial cells and their function in the developing and mature cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Buffo
- Rita Levi-Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Kaslin J, Kroehne V, Benato F, Argenton F, Brand M. Development and specification of cerebellar stem and progenitor cells in zebrafish: from embryo to adult. Neural Dev 2013; 8:9. [PMID: 23641971 PMCID: PMC3685596 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teleost fish display widespread post-embryonic neurogenesis originating from many different proliferative niches that are distributed along the brain axis. During the development of the central nervous system (CNS) different cell types are produced in a strict temporal order from increasingly committed progenitors. However, it is not known whether diverse neural stem and progenitor cell types with restricted potential or stem cells with broad potential are maintained in the teleost fish brain. RESULTS To study the diversity and output of neural stem and progenitor cell populations in the zebrafish brain the cerebellum was used as a model brain region, because of its well-known architecture and development. Transgenic zebrafish lines, in vivo imaging and molecular markers were used to follow and quantify how the proliferative activity and output of cerebellar progenitor populations progress. This analysis revealed that the proliferative activity and progenitor marker expression declines in juvenile zebrafish before they reach sexual maturity. Furthermore, this correlated with the diminished repertoire of cell types produced in the adult. The stem and progenitor cells derived from the upper rhombic lip were maintained into adulthood and they actively produced granule cells. Ventricular zone derived progenitor cells were largely quiescent in the adult cerebellum and produced a very limited number of glia and inhibitory inter-neurons. No Purkinje or Eurydendroid cells were produced in fish older than 3 months. This suggests that cerebellar cell types are produced in a strict temporal order from distinct pools of increasingly committed stem and progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results in the zebrafish cerebellum show that neural stem and progenitor cell types are specified and they produce distinct cell lineages and sub-types of brain cells. We propose that only specific subtypes of brain cells are continuously produced throughout life in the teleost fish brain. This implies that the post-embryonic neurogenesis in fish is linked to the production of particular neurons involved in specific brain functions, rather than to general, indeterminate growth of the CNS and all of its cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kaslin
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr, 105, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
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Aguado C, Fernández-Alacid L, Cabañero MJ, Yanagawa Y, Schilling K, Watanabe M, Fritschy JM, Luján R. Differential maturation of GIRK2-expressing neurons in the mouse cerebellum. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 47:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The cerebellum controls smooth and skillful movements and it is also involved in higher cognitive and emotional functions. The cerebellum is derived from the dorsal part of the anterior hindbrain and contains two groups of cerebellar neurons: glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Purkinje cells are GABAergic and granule cells are glutamatergic. Granule and Purkinje cells receive input from outside of the cerebellum from mossy and climbing fibers. Genetic analysis of mice and zebrafish has revealed genetic cascades that control the development of the cerebellum and cerebellar neural circuits. During early neurogenesis, rostrocaudal patterning by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as Otx2, Gbx2 and Fgf8, plays an important role in the positioning and formation of the cerebellar primordium. The cerebellar glutamatergic neurons are derived from progenitors in the cerebellar rhombic lip, which express the proneural gene Atoh1. The GABAergic neurons are derived from progenitors in the ventricular zone, which express the proneural gene Ptf1a. The mossy and climbing fiber neurons originate from progenitors in the hindbrain rhombic lip that express Atoh1 or Ptf1a. Purkinje cells exhibit mediolateral compartmentalization determined on the birthdate of Purkinje cells, and linked to the precise neural circuitry formation. Recent studies have shown that anatomy and development of the cerebellum is conserved between mammals and bony fish (teleost species). In this review, we describe the development of cerebellar neurons and neural circuitry, and discuss their evolution by comparing developmental processes of mammalian and teleost cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling affects differentiation of cells arising from the cerebellar ventricular zone. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42572. [PMID: 22880037 PMCID: PMC3411831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the cerebellum proceeds under the precise spatio-temporal control of several key developmental signalling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We recently reported the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the perinatal cerebellar ventricular zone (VZ), a germinal centre in the developing cerebellum that gives rise to GABAergic and glial cells. In order to investigate the normal function of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the VZ and the cell lineages it gives rise to, we used a combination of ex vivo cerebellar slice culture and in vivo genetic manipulation to dysregulate its activity during late embryonic development. Activation of the pathway at the cerebellar ventricular zone led to a reduction in the number of cells expressing the glial lineage markers Sox9 and GFAP and the interneuron marker Pax2, but had no consistent effect on either proliferation or apoptosis. Our findings suggest that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the cerebellar ventricular zone causes a shift in the cell types produced, most likely due to disruption of normal differentiation. Thus, we propose that regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling levels are required for normal development of cells arising from the cerebellar ventricular zone during late embryogenesis.
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50
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GABAergic neuron specification in the spinal cord, the cerebellum, and the cochlear nucleus. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:921732. [PMID: 22830054 PMCID: PMC3395262 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, there are a wide variety of neuronal cell types that have morphologically, physiologically, and histochemically different characteristics. These various types of neurons can be classified into two groups: excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The elaborate balance of the activities of the two types is very important to elicit higher brain function, because its imbalance may cause neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and hyperalgesia. In the central nervous system, inhibitory neurons are mainly represented by GABAergic ones with some exceptions such as glycinergic. Although the machinery to specify GABAergic neurons was first studied in the telencephalon, identification of key molecules, such as pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a), as well as recently developed genetic lineage-tracing methods led to the better understanding of GABAergic specification in other brain regions, such as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, and the cochlear nucleus.
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