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Japarin RA, Harun N, Hassan Z, Müller CP. The dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 blocks the acquisition, but not expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 453:114638. [PMID: 37619769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine (MG) is the primary active constituent of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom), a psychoactive Southeast Asian plant with potential therapeutic use. Numerous studies support roles of dopaminergic system in drug reward. However, the involvement of the dopaminergic system in mediating MG reward and drug-seeking is poorly understood. Using conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, the present study aims to evaluate the roles of the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor in the acquisition and expression of MG-induced CPP in rats. The effects of SCH-23390, a selective DA D1 receptor antagonist, on the acquisition of MG-induced CPP were first investigated. Rats were pre-treated systemically with SCH-23390 (0, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to MG (10 mg/kg) conditioning sessions. Next, we tested the effects of the DA D1 receptor antagonist on the expression of MG-induced CPP. Furthermore, the effects of a MG-priming dose (5 mg/kg) on the reinstatement of extinguished CPP were tested. The results showed that SCH-23390 dose-dependently suppressed the acquisition of a MG-induced CPP. In contrast, SCH-23390 had no effect on the expression of a MG-induced CPP. The findings of this study suggested a crucial role of the DA D1 receptor in the acquisition, but not the expression of the rewarding effects of MG in a CPP test. Furthermore, blockade of the D1-like receptor during conditioning did not prevent MG priming effects on CPP reinstatement test, suggesting no role for the DA D1 receptor in reinstatement sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Atria Japarin
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norsyifa Harun
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christian P Müller
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Brice-Tutt AC, Montgomery DS, Kramer CM, Novotny PM, Malphurs WL, Sharma A, Caudle RM, Bruijnzeel AW, Setlow B, Neubert JK, Murphy NP. An ethogram analysis of cutaneous thermal pain sensitivity and oxycodone reward-related behaviors in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10482. [PMID: 37380739 PMCID: PMC10307779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-relationships between pain sensitivity, drug reward, and drug misuse are of considerable interest given that many analgesics exhibit misuse potential. Here we studied rats as they underwent a series of pain- and reward-related tests: cutaneous thermal reflex pain, induction and extinction of conditioned place preference to oxycodone (0.56 mg/kg), and finally the impact of neuropathic pain on reflex pain and reinstatement of conditioned place preference. Oxycodone induced a significant conditioned place preference that extinguished throughout repeated testing. Correlations identified of particular interest included an association between reflex pain and oxycodone-induced behavioral sensitization, and between rates of behavioral sensitization and extinction of conditioned place preference. Multidimensional scaling analysis followed by k-clustering identified three clusters: (1) reflex pain, rate of behavioral sensitization and rate of extinction of conditioned place preference (2) basal locomotion, locomotor habituation, acute oxycodone-stimulated locomotion and rate of change in reflex pain during repeated testing, and (3) magnitude of conditioned place preference. Nerve constriction injury markedly enhanced reflex pain but did not reinstate conditioned place preference. These results suggest that high rates of behavioral sensitization predicts faster rates of extinction of oxycodone seeking/reward, and suggest that cutaneous thermal reflex pain may be predictive of both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassidy M Kramer
- Departments of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter M Novotny
- Departments of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wendi L Malphurs
- Departments of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert M Caudle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John K Neubert
- Departments of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Departments of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Chen Z, Lin Y, Zhou Q, Xiao S, Li C, Lin R, Li J, Chen Y, Luo C, Mo Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 mitigates morphine dependence via regulation of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolism, and serotonergic system function. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112935. [PMID: 35447543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine dependence, a devastating neuropsychiatric condition, may be closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), an active ingredient extracted from the roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has potential health-promoting effects on the nervous system. However, its role in substance use disorders remains unclear. Here, we explored the potential modulatory roles of Rg1 in protection against morphine dependence. METHODS Conditioned place preference (CPP) was used for establishing a murine model of morphine dependence. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were performed for microbial and metabolite analysis. Molecular analysis was tested for evaluating the host serum and brain responses. RESULTS Rg1 prevented morphine-induced CPP in mice. The 16S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis demonstrated that Rg1 ameliorated morphine-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, specifically for Bacteroidetes. Moreover, Rg1 also inhibited gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism and reduced the serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HTR1B), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 A (5-HTR2A) levels. However, the Rg1-induced amelioration of CPP was not observed in mice when their gut microbiome was depleted by non-absorbable antibiotics. Subsequently, gavage with Bacteroides vulgatus increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes. B. vulgatus supplementation synergistically enhanced Rg1-alleviated morphine-induced CPP in mice with microbiome knockdown. Co-treatment with B. vulgatus and Rg1 produced suppressive effects against morphine dependency by inhibiting tryptophan metabolism and reducing the serotonin and 5-HTR1B/5-HTR2A levels. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism-serotonin plays an important role in gut-brain signaling in morphine disorders, which may represent a novel approach for drug dependence treatment via manipulation of the gut microbial composition and tryptophan metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Qichun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilin Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rukun Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chaohua Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhixian Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen Z, Zhijie C, Yuting Z, Chan L, Shilin X, Qichun Z, Jinying O, Jing L, Chaohua L, Zhixian M. The Ameliorative Effects of Isorhynchophylline on Morphine Dependence Are Mediated Through the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:526923. [PMID: 34168553 PMCID: PMC8218633 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.526923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine abuse is a global public health problem. Increasing evidence has shown that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in several central nervous system diseases. However, whether there is an association between gut microbiota and morphine dependence remains unclear. In this study, the effects of isorhynchophylline on morphine dependence were evaluated based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The results showed that isorhynchophylline could reverse the changes in alpha and beta diversity, composition, and richness of the intestinal flora occurring in morphine-dependent zebrafish, as well as the morphine-induced changes in the expression of MGBA-related genes in BV2 cells and the brain and intestine of zebrafish. Based on the results, we then used antibiotics to evaluate whether disrupting the gut microbiota would affect morphine addiction in zebrafish. The results showed that the antibiotic-induced intestinal floral imbalance changed the behavior of morphine-dependent zebrafish, the characteristics of the zebrafish intestinal flora, and the expression of MGBA-related genes in the zebrafish brain and intestine. Importantly, we also show that, following antibiotic administration, the ameliorative effects of isorhynchophylline on morphine addiction were lost. Together, our results indicate that the gut microbiota interacts with the brain, and dysbiosis of the intestinal flora may affect the efficacy of isorhynchophylline in the body. Our findings provide a novel framework for understanding the mechanisms of morphine addiction through the MGBA and may provide new therapeutic strategies for the use of Chinese medicines in the prevention of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhijie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yuting
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Shilin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Qichun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Jinying
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Jing
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luo Chaohua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo Zhixian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Effects of the monoamine stabilizer, (-)-OSU6162, on cocaine-induced locomotion and conditioned place preference in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1143-1152. [PMID: 33471153 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a severe mental disorder for which few treatment options are available. The underlying mechanisms include facilitation of monoamine-neurotransmission, particularly dopamine. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the monoamine stabilizers, (-)-OSU6162 ((3S)-3-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1-propylpiperidine) and aripiprazole (7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one), prevent cocaine-induced behaviors. Male Swiss mice received injections of (-)-OSU6162 or aripiprazole and cocaine and were tested for cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, locomotor sensitization, and acquisition and expression of conditioned place preference (CPP). The increase in the distance traveled induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg) was prevented by pretreatment with aripiprazole (1 and 10 mg/kg), whereas (-)-OSU6162 (3 mg/kg) exerted a minor effect. Aripiprazole, however, also impaired spontaneous locomotion. Neither (-)-OSU6162 nor aripiprazole interfered with the locomotor sensitization and expression of CPP induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg). (-)-OSU6162 (3 mg/kg), but not aripiprazole, prevented the acquisition of CPP induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg). (-)-OSU6162 exerts a minor effect in reducing cocaine-induced stimulatory activity and context-related memories, which are responsible for triggering drug seeking. Further studies are required to establish whether (-)-OSU6162 could be a candidate drug for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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6
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Chen Z, Zhijie C, Yuting Z, Shilin X, Qichun Z, Jinying O, Chaohua L, Jing L, Zhixian M. Antibiotic-Driven Gut Microbiome Disorder Alters the Effects of Sinomenine on Morphine-Dependent Zebrafish. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 32670209 PMCID: PMC7326116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most severely abused drugs in the world. Previous research on morphine addiction has focused on the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that a two-way regulation of the brain and gut microbiota (GM), suggesting a link between GM and CNS disease. However, the functional mechanism underlying the relationship between intestinal flora and morphine dependence is unclear. In this study, the effect of sinomenine on morphine addiction was evaluated based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). The results show that the GM plays an important role in morphine dependence. Morphine treatment induced zebrafish conditional position preference (CPP), and significantly changed zebrafish GM characteristics and the expression of MGBA-related genes in the zebrafish brain and intestine. Importantly, sinomenine, an alkaloid with a similar structure to morphine, can reverse these morphine-induced changes. Subsequently, morphine-dependent CPP training was performed after antibiotic administration. After antibiotic treatment, zebrafish CPP behavior, the composition and proportions of the zebrafish GM, and the expression of MGBA-related genes in zebrafish were changed. More interestingly, sinomenine was no longer effective in treating morphine dependence, indicating that antibiotic-driven intestinal flora imbalance alters the efficacy of sinomenine on morphine-dependent zebrafish. This study confirms that the MGBA is bidirectionally regulated, highlighting the key role of the GM in the formation and treatment of morphine dependence, and may provide new treatment strategies for using traditional Chinese medicine to treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhijie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yuting
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Shilin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Qichun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Jinying
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luo Chaohua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Jing
- Central Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo Zhixian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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García‐Pérez D, Milanés MV. Role of glucocorticoids on noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission within the basolateral amygdala and dentate gyrus during morphine withdrawal place aversion. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12728. [PMID: 30784175 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aversive memories related to drug withdrawal can generate a motivational state leading to compulsive drug taking. However, the mechanisms underlying the generation of these withdrawal memories remain unclear. Limbic structures, such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, play a crucial role in the negative affective component of morphine withdrawal. Given the prominent role of glucocorticoids (GCs), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) in memory-related processes, in the present study, we employed the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm to uncover the role of GCs on NA and DA neurotransmission within the BLA and NA neurotransmission within the DG during opiate-withdrawal conditioning (memory formation consolidation), and after reexposure to the conditioned environment (memory retrieval). We observed that adrenalectomy impaired naloxone-induced CPA. Memory retrieval was associated with an increase in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the BLA in morphine-addicted animals in a GC-independent manner. Importantly, NA turnover was related with the expression of withdrawal physical signs during the conditioning phase and with locomotor activity during the test phase. On the other hand, reduced DA concentration in the BLA was correlated with the CPA score. Our results indicate that while noradrenergic system is more associated with the somatic consequences of withdrawal, dopaminergic neurotransmission modulates the affective state. Nevertheless, it seems necessary that both systems work together with GCs to enable aversive-memory formation and recall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Victoria Milanés
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Farmacología Celular y MolecularMurcia Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB) Murcia Spain
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8
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Kobrin KL, Moody O, Arena DT, Moore CF, Heinrichs SC, Kaplan GB. Acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference increases the dendritic complexity of nucleus accumbens core neurons. Addict Biol 2016; 21:1086-1096. [PMID: 26096355 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Contexts associated with opioid reward trigger craving and relapse in opioid addiction. Effects of reward-context associative learning on nucleus accumbens (NAc) dendritic morphology were studied using morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). Morphine-conditioned mice received saline and morphine 10 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) on alternate days. Saline-conditioned mice received saline s.c. each day. Morphine-conditioned and saline-conditioned groups received injections immediately before each of eight daily conditioning sessions. Morphine homecage controls had no CPP training, but received saline and morphine in the homecage concomitantly with the morphine-conditioned group. Morphine conditioning produced greater place preference than saline conditioning. Mice were sacrificed 1 day after CPP expression. Dendritic changes were studied using Golgi-Cox staining and digital tracing of NAc core and shell neurons. In the NAc core, morphine homecage administration increased spine density, while morphine conditioning increased dendritic complexity, as defined by increased dendritic count, length and intersections. Place preference positively correlated with dendritic length and intersections in the NAc core. The core may mediate reward consolidation and determine how context-related signals from the shell lead to motor behavior. The combination of drug and conditioning in the morphine-conditioned group produced unique morphological effects different from the effects of drug or conditioning procedures by themselves. An additional study found no differences in neuron morphology between saline-conditioned mice, trained as described earlier, and mice that were not conditioned, but received saline in the homecage. The unique effect of morphine reward learning on NAc core dendrites reflects a brain substrate that could be targeted for therapeutic intervention in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Kobrin
- Research Service VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | - Olivia Moody
- Research Service VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston MA USA
| | | | - Catherine F. Moore
- Research Service VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
| | | | - Gary B. Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA USA
- Mental Health Service; VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston MA USA
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJL. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine functioning in primary psychopathy: A source of within-group heterogeneity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:633-77. [PMID: 26277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite similar emotional deficiencies, primary psychopathic individuals can be situated on a continuum that spans from controlled to disinhibited. The constructs on which primary psychopaths are found to diverge, such as self-control, cognitive flexibility, and executive functioning, are crucially regulated by dopamine (DA). As such, the goal of this review is to examine which specific alterations in the meso-cortico-limbic DA system and corresponding genes (e.g., TH, DAT, COMT, DRD2, DRD4) might bias development towards a more controlled or disinhibited expression of primary psychopathy. Based on empirical data, it is argued that primary psychopathy is generally related to a higher tonic and population activity of striatal DA neurons and lower levels of D2-type DA receptors in meso-cortico-limbic projections, which may boost motivational drive towards incentive-laden goals, dampen punishment sensitivity, and increase future reward-expectancy. However, increasingly higher levels of DA activity in the striatum (moderate versus pathological elevations), lower levels of DA functionality in the prefrontal cortex, and higher D1-to-D2-type receptor ratios in meso-cortico-limbic projections may lead to increasingly disinhibited and impetuous phenotypes of primary psychopathy. Finally, in order to provide a more coherent view on etiological mechanisms, we discuss interactions between DA and serotonin that are relevant for primary psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş O Yildirim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, De Kluyskamp 1002, 6545 JD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan J L Derksen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Room: A.07.04B, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Doherty JM, Gonzales RA. Lack of effect of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptor blockade on consumption during the first two days of operant self-administration of sweetened ethanol in adult Long-Evans rats. Alcohol 2015; 49:543-51. [PMID: 26142563 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying ethanol self-administration are not fully understood; however, it is clear that ethanol self-administration stimulates nucleus accumbens dopamine release in well-trained animals. During operant sweetened ethanol self-administration behavior, an adaptation in the nucleus accumbens dopamine system occurs between the first and second exposure, paralleling a dramatic increase in sweetened ethanol intake, which suggests a single exposure to sweetened ethanol may be sufficient to learn the association between sweetened ethanol cues and its reinforcing properties. In the present experiment, we test the effects of blockade of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptors on operant sweetened ethanol self-administration behavior during the first 2 days of exposure. Adult male Long-Evans rats were first trained to self-administer 10% sucrose (10S) across 6 days in an appetitive and consummatory operant model (appetitive interval: 10-min pre-drinking wait period and a lever response requirement of 4; consummatory interval: 20-min access to the drinking solution). After training on 10S, the drinking solution was switched to 10% sucrose plus 10% ethanol (10S10E); control rats continued drinking 10S throughout the experiment. Bilateral nucleus accumbens microinjections of the dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH-23390 (0, 1.0, or 3.0 μg/side), immediately preceded the first two sessions of drinking 10S10E. Results show that blocking nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptors has little or no influence on consumption during the first 2 days of exposure to the sweetened ethanol solution or maintenance of sucrose-only drinking. Furthermore, the high dose of SCH-23390, 3.0 μg/side, reduced open-field locomotor activity. In conclusion, we found no evidence to suggest that nucleus accumbens D1 receptor activation is involved in consumption of a sweetened ethanol solution during the first 2 days of exposure or maintenance of sucrose drinking, but rather D1 receptors seem necessary for general locomotor activity that contributes to initiation of appetitive behavior.
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11
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A proposed resolution to the paradox of drug reward: Dopamine's evolution from an aversive signal to a facilitator of drug reward via negative reinforcement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:50-61. [PMID: 26116542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mystery surrounding how plant neurotoxins came to possess reinforcing properties is termed the paradox of drug reward. Here we propose a resolution to this paradox whereby dopamine - which has traditionally been viewed as a signal of reward - initially signaled aversion and encouraged escape. We suggest that after being consumed, plant neurotoxins such as nicotine activated an aversive dopaminergic pathway, thereby deterring predatory herbivores. Later evolutionary events - including the development of a GABAergic system capable of modulating dopaminergic activity - led to the ability to down-regulate and 'control' this dopamine-based aversion. We speculate that this negative reinforcement system evolved so that animals could suppress aversive states such as hunger in order to attend to other internal drives (such as mating and shelter) that would result in improved organismal fitness.
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12
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Skin β-endorphin mediates addiction to UV light. Cell 2014; 157:1527-34. [PMID: 24949966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
UV light is an established carcinogen, yet evidence suggests that UV-seeking behavior has addictive features. Following UV exposure, epidermal keratinocytes synthesize proopiomelanocortin (POMC) that is processed to melanocyte-stimulating hormone, inducing tanning. We show that, in rodents, another POMC-derived peptide, β-endorphin, is coordinately synthesized in skin, elevating plasma levels after low-dose UV. Increases in pain-related thresholds are observed and reversed by pharmacologic opioid antagonism. Opioid blockade also elicits withdrawal signs after chronic UV exposure. This effect was sufficient to guide operant behavioral choices to avoidance of opioid withdrawal (conditioned place aversion). These UV-induced nociceptive and behavioral effects were absent in β-endorphin knockout mice and in mice lacking p53-mediated POMC induction in epidermal keratinocytes. Although primordial UV addiction, mediated by the hedonic action of β-endorphin and anhedonic effects of withdrawal, may theoretically have enhanced evolutionary vitamin D biosynthesis, it now may contribute to the relentless rise in skin cancer incidence in humans.
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Phasic mesolimbic dopamine signaling encodes the facilitation of incentive motivation produced by repeated cocaine exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2441-9. [PMID: 24804846 PMCID: PMC4138756 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is marked by pathological drug seeking and intense drug craving, particularly in response to drug-related stimuli. Repeated psychostimulant administration is known to induce long-term alterations in mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signaling that are hypothesized to mediate this heightened sensitivity to environmental stimuli. However, there is little direct evidence that drug-induced alteration in mesolimbic DA function underlies this hypersensitivity to motivational cues. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor phasic DA signaling in the nucleus accumbens core of cocaine-pretreated (6 once-daily injections of 15 mg/kg, i.p.) and drug-naive rats during a test of cue-evoked incentive motivation for food-the Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task. We found that prior cocaine exposure augmented both reward seeking and DA release triggered by the presentation of a reward-paired cue. Furthermore, cue-evoked DA signaling positively correlated with cue-evoked food seeking and was found to be a statistical mediator of this behavioral effect of cocaine. Taken together, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that repeated cocaine exposure enhances cue-evoked incentive motivation through augmented phasic mesolimbic DA signaling. This work sheds new light on a fundamental neurobiological mechanism underlying motivated behavior and its role in the expression of compulsive reward seeking.
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Taracha E, Kaniuga E, Chrapusta SJ, Maciejak P, Śliwa L, Hamed A, Krząścik P. Diverging frequency-modulated 50-kHz vocalization, locomotor activity and conditioned place preference effects in rats given repeated amphetamine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2014; 83:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Taylor AMW, Murphy NP, Evans CJ, Cahill CM. Correlation between ventral striatal catecholamine content and nociceptive thresholds in neuropathic mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:878-85. [PMID: 25052072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neuropathic pain is characterized by persistent, intractable pain following damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Analgesics that include central, rather than purely peripheral, targets are more effective when treating neuropathic pain, highlighting the spinal and/or supraspinal mechanisms that contribute to this aberrant pain condition. The striatum represents one of the brain regions that have been implicated in pain processing. Release of dopamine in the ventral striatum is normally associated with analgesia. Clinical and human imaging studies suggest that dopamine is disrupted in neuropathic pain patients, although the conclusions drawn from these studies are limited by their noninvasive imaging or pharmacologic approaches. In this study, we used a C57Bl/6 mouse model of neuropathic pain to describe the changes in neurotransmitter content in the striatum and their relationship to evoked pain thresholds. Striatal dopamine content negatively correlated with mechanical thresholds in sham animals. Neuropathic pain animals had reduced dopamine content that was not correlated with mechanical thresholds. In contrast, norepinephrine content was significantly increased and correlated with mechanical thresholds in neuropathic, but not sham, animals. These results describe changes in striatal signaling in neuropathic pain animals and contribute to the literature defining the role of dopamine and norepinephrine in mediating sensory thresholds in healthy and neuropathic pain states. PERSPECTIVE Results show significant loss of ventral striatal dopamine in neuropathic pain conditions, and the relationship of ventral striatal catecholamines to pain thresholds is changed in neuropathic pain. These results complement human imaging studies and provide evidence that chronic pain alters the function of reward systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M W Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher J Evans
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.
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Yang H, Thompson A, McIntosh BJ, Altieri SC, Andrews AM. Physiologically relevant changes in serotonin resolved by fast microdialysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:790-8. [PMID: 23614776 PMCID: PMC3656759 DOI: 10.1021/cn400072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Online microdialysis is a sampling and detection method that enables continuous interrogation of extracellular molecules in freely moving subjects under behaviorally relevant conditions. A majority of recent publications using brain microdialysis in rodents report sample collection times of 20-30 min. These long sampling times are due, in part, to limitations in the detection sensitivity of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By optimizing separation and detection conditions, we decreased the retention time of serotonin to 2.5 min and the detection threshold to 0.8 fmol. Sampling times were consequently reduced from 20 to 3 min per sample for online detection of serotonin (and dopamine) in brain dialysates using a commercial HPLC system. We developed a strategy to collect and to analyze dialysate samples continuously from two animals in tandem using the same instrument. Improvements in temporal resolution enabled elucidation of rapid changes in extracellular serotonin levels associated with mild stress and circadian rhythms. These dynamics would be difficult or impossible to differentiate using conventional microdialysis sampling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | - Andrew
B. Thompson
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | | | - Stefanie C. Altieri
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
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Affective taste responses in the presence of reward- and aversion-conditioned stimuli and their relationship to psychomotor sensitization and place conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2012; 236:289-294. [PMID: 22940019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal experience and empirical evidence suggest animals approach or avoid conditioned stimuli based on the ability of those stimuli to elicit affective responses or interfere with affective assessments of ongoing stimuli. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between the ability of drug-conditioned environments to induce conditioned place preference or aversion and their ability to influence palatability responses to sucrose and quinine in those same environments. Mice were conditioned to methamphetamine (2mg/kg), morphine (10mg/kg) or naloxone (10mg/kg). Following testing for the expression of place conditioning, palatability responses to sucrose and quinine in the conditioned contexts were assessed. In general, virtually no effects of exposure to drug-conditioned contexts on overall positive or aversive palatability responses were observed. However, in naloxone-conditioned mice, the strength of conditioned place aversion to the naloxone-paired context correlated with aversive taste reactivity responses to quinine in that context. In morphine-conditioned mice, positive reactions to sucrose in the morphine-paired context negatively correlated with positive reactions to sucrose in the vehicle-paired context. Interestingly, the rate of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization during conditioning and positive taste responses to sucrose in the methamphetamine-paired context positively correlated. These studies suggest that conditioned stimuli interact with or modulate the affective experience of ongoing unconditioned stimuli such as tastants, and these may reflect behavioral processes that guide behavior optimally.
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Vidal-Infer A, Roger-Sánchez C, Daza-Losada M, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Role of the dopaminergic system in the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference in adolescent mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43107. [PMID: 22916213 PMCID: PMC3420895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rewarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxy-metamphetamine (MDMA) have been demonstrated in conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures, but the involvement of the dopaminergic system in MDMA-induced CPP and reinstatement is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the effects of the DA D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.125 and 0.250 mg/kg), the DA D2 antagonist Haloperidol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), the D2 antagonist Raclopride (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) and the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B (3 and 10 mg/kg) on the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of a CPP induced by 10 mg/kg of MDMA were evaluated in adolescent mice. As expected, MDMA significantly increased the time spent in the drug-paired compartment during the post-conditioning (Post-C) test, and a priming dose of 5 mg/kg reinstated the extinguished preference. The higher doses of Haloperidol, Raclopride and CGS 10746B and both doses of SCH 23390 blocked acquisition of the MDMA-induced CPP. However, only Haloperidol blocked expression of the CPP. Reinstatement of the extinguished preference was not affected by any of the drugs studied. Analysis of brain monoamines revealed that the blockade of CPP acquisition was accompanied by an increase in DA concentration in the striatum, with a concomitant decrease in DOPAC and HVA levels. Administration of haloperidol during the Post-C test produced increases in striatal serotonin, DOPAC and HVA concentrations. In mice treated with the higher doses of haloperidol and CGS an increase in SERT concentration in the striatum was detected during acquisition of the CPP, but no changes in DAT were observed. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrate that, in adolescent mice, the dopaminergic system is involved in the acquisition and expression of MDMA-induced CPP, but not in its reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vidal-Infer
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Daza-Losada
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María A. Aguilar
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Unit of Research on Psychobiology of Drug Dependence, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Nolan TA, Price DD, Caudle RM, Murphy NP, Neubert JK. Placebo-induced analgesia in an operant pain model in rats. Pain 2012; 153:2009-2016. [PMID: 22871471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analgesia is particularly susceptible to placebo responses. Recent studies in humans have provided important insights into the neurobiology underlying placebo-induced analgesia. However, human studies provide incomplete mechanistic explanations of placebo analgesia because of limited capacity to use cellular, molecular, and genetic manipulations. To address this shortcoming, this article describes the development of a rat model of conditioned analgesia in an operant pain assay. Specifically, rats were conditioned to associate a placebo manipulation with the analgesic effect of 1mg/kg morphine (subcutaneously) on facial thermal pain. We found that conditioned (placebo) responding bore 3 of the hallmarks of placebo-induced analgesia: (1) strong interanimal variability in the response, (2) suppression by the opiate antagonist naloxone (5mg/kg subcutaneously), and (3) a positive predictive relationship between the unconditioned analgesic effect and the conditioned (placebo) effect. Because of the operant nature of the assay and the use of only a mild noxious thermal stimulus, we suggest that these results provide evidence of placebo-induced analgesia in a preclinical model that utilizes an affective behavioral end point. This finding may provide opportunities for invasive preclinical studies allowing greater understanding of placebo-induced analgesia, thus paving the way for avenues to harness its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Nolan
- College of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Oral Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gómez-Milanés I, Almela P, García-Carmona JA, Salud García-Gutiérrez M, Aracil-Fernández A, Manzanares J, Victoria Milanés Maquilón M, Luisa Laorden M. Accumbal dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin activity after naloxone-conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:433-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yeh TL, Chen KC, Lin SH, Lee IH, Chen PS, Yao WJ, Lee SY, Yang YK, Lu RB, Liao MH, Chiu NT. Availability of dopamine and serotonin transporters in opioid-dependent users--a two-isotope SPECT study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:55-64. [PMID: 21881874 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to examine the differences between 32 opioid-dependent users treated with a very low dose of methadone or undergoing methadone-free abstinence and 32 controls. METHODS SPECT analysis using [(99m)Tc] TRODAT-1 to assess striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability and [(123)I] ADAM to assess midbrain serotonin transporter (SERT) availability were performed. RESULTS Lower striatal DAT and midbrain SERT availabilities were noted in low-dose methadone users. History of metamphatamine use was associated with the lower striatal DAT. The striatal DAT of methadone-free abstainers was also lower than controls. The midbrain SERT availability tended to be higher in the methadone-free abstainers than the low-dose methadone users. The severity of depressive symptoms was negatively correlated with midbrain SERT availability in the opioid users. CONCLUSION The availability of striatal DAT tended to be, and the availability of midbrain SERT was, lower in the opioid users. History of metamphatamine use may confound the difference in straital DAT between controls and opioid users, as midbrain SERT and depressive symptoms are also associated with opioid use and abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung Lieh Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Villégier AS, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Serotonergic mechanism underlying tranylcypromine enhancement of nicotine self-administration. Synapse 2010; 65:479-89. [PMID: 20936688 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although nicotine is generally considered to be the main psychoactive component of tobacco, growing evidence highlights the importance of nonnicotine compounds in smoking reinforcement. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition is a major consequence of smoking and MAO inhibitors, such as tranylcypromine, increase nicotine reinforcement. Tranylcypromine has multiple pharmacological effects, increasing monoamine release for a few hours immediately after its administration and blocking MAO activity for several days. To assess the relative role of these two actions, adult male rats were tested in consecutive daily 3-h sessions for self-administration of nicotine (3 μg kg⁻¹) inj⁻¹, i.v.) either 20 or 1 h following administration of tranylcypromine (3 mg kg⁻¹). Both paradigms were shown to produce highly significant inhibition of MAO activity. However, whereas animals readily acquired self-administration when pretreated with tranylcypromine 1 h prior to testing, they did not with the longer pretreatment interval. Such animals did immediately acquire nicotine self-administration when the tranylcypromine pretreatment interval was switched to 1 h prior to testing on Day 4, indicating that an acute effect of the MAO inhibitor was responsible for enhanced nicotine reinforcement. Several lines of evidence implicate serotonin (5-HT) as the mediator of this enhancement: (1) Tranyclypromine-enhanced nicotine reinforcement was blocked by the 5-HT₂ receptor antagonists, ritanserin and ketanserin; (2) parachloroamphetamine (PCA), a 5-HT releaser, also enhanced nicotine self-administration in animals in which MAO activity was inhibited; (3) pretreatment with tranylcypromine increased PCA-induced 5-HT overflow in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest that MAO inhibition enhances serotonergic transmission, which serves a critical role in the reinforcing effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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González-Cuello A, Mora L, Hidalgo JM, Meca N, Lasheras C, Milanés MV, Laorden ML. Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the nucleus accumbens and nucleus tractus solitarius-A2 cell group after morphine-conditioned place preference. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 382:525-34. [PMID: 20924561 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although dopamine (DA) has been extensively implicated in the morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP; a measure of reward), noradrenaline (NA) and other systems may play a larger role than previously suspected. The mesolimbic DA system, comprised of projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), receives noradrenergic innervations from the nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS)-A2 cell group and is modulated by NA. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the turnover of DA and NA in the NAc and the site-specific phosphorylation of TH in the NAc, VTA, and NTS on the CPP mice conditioned by morphine. A dose-effect curve for morphine-induced CPP (0.5-8 mg/kg, s.c.) was obtained using 6-day conditioning sessions followed by a CPP test. TH phosphorylation was determined by quantitative blot immunolabeling and immunohistochemistry using phosphorylation state-specific antibodies; NA and DA turnover was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Morphine-induced CPP phosphorylates TH at serine (Ser)40 but not Ser31 in NAc, which is associated with an enhanced of DA and NA turnover. We also found that morphine-induced CPP increased levels of TH phosphorylated at Ser31 and Ser40 in the NTS. The present study demonstrates that morphine-induced CPP might stimulate TH activity and accelerate DA and NA turnover in the NAc via a mechanism involving phosphorylation of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Cuello
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Nishiyori M, Nagai J, Nakazawa T, Ueda H. Absence of morphine analgesia and its underlying descending serotonergic activation in an experimental mouse model of fibromyalgia. Neurosci Lett 2010; 472:184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Attenuation by dextromethorphan on the higher liability to morphine-induced reward, caused by prenatal exposure of morphine in rat offspring. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:106. [PMID: 19930722 PMCID: PMC2793255 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-administration of dextromethorphan (DM) with morphine during pregnancy and throughout lactation has been found to reduce morphine physical dependence and tolerance in rat offspring. No evidence was presented, however, for the effect of DM co-administered with morphine during pregnancy on morphine-induced reward and behavioral sensitization (possibly related to the potential to induce morphine addiction) in morphine-exposed offspring. Conditioned place preference and locomotor activity tests revealed that the p60 male offspring of chronic morphine-treated female rats were more vulnerable to morphine-induced reward and behavioral sensitization. The administration of a low dose of morphine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in these male offspring also increased the dopamine and serotonin turnover rates in the nucleus accumbens, which implied that they were more sensitive to morphine. Co-administration of DM with morphine in the dams prevented this adverse effect of morphine in the offspring rats. Thus, DM may possibly have a great potential in the prevention of higher vulnerability to psychological dependence of morphine in the offspring of morphine-addicted mothers.
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