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King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
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Uchida D, Inenaga C, Tanaka T. What Part of the Brain Controls Contralateral Fine Finger Movement in a Normally Developed Patient With a Deficit of Primary Motor Cortices? World Neurosurg 2020; 140:303-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ohne H, Takahashi M, Satomi K, Hasegawa A, Takeuchi T, Sato S, Ichimura S. Mechanism of forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical spinal cord hemisection-neuroanatomical validation. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:10-25. [PMID: 31431931 PMCID: PMC6581651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is neuroanatomical validation of forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical spinal cord injury. Materials and methods We used eight cervical hemisected rats and eight normal rats. We cut in half the C3/4 cervical spinal cord of 18-weeks-old normal rats. We used 24-weeks-old rats that had reached a nearly steady state of forelimb motor function after the hemisection (Hemisection group). Normal 24-week-old rats were used as Control group. To evaluate the corticospinal tracts, neuro-tracing by biotynirated dextran-amine (BDA) was used. BDA was injected into the damaged side of the cerebral primary motor cortex. In order to quantitatively analyze the specimen, we recorded a site where nerve fibers appear in each specimen in the image analysis (1) and defined the increase rate of immunostaining area using ImageJ in the image analysis (2). Based on the evaluation in the image analysis (1) and the image analysis (2), the Hemisection group and the Control group were compared. Results In the image analysis (1), a region with robust appearance of aberrant nerve fibers was observed in the cephalad side of the Hemisection site in Hemisection group than Control group. In the spinal cord caudal to the hemisection, such region was generally more in Hemisection group, however, disappeared or reduced appearance was observed in some regions. In the image analysis (2), no statistical significant difference was noted in each level. Conclusion There is a high probability that these aberrant nerve fibers beyond the midline could be involved in forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical cord hemisection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ohne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masahito Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Satomi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Kugayama Hospital, 2-14-20 Kitakarasuyama Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-0061, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takumi Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ichimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
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Mohammed H, Hollis ER. Cortical Reorganization of Sensorimotor Systems and the Role of Intracortical Circuits After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:588-603. [PMID: 29882081 PMCID: PMC6095783 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of sensorimotor systems in mammals underlies the capacity for motor learning as well as the ability to relearn following injury. Spinal cord injury, which both deprives afferent input and interrupts efferent output, results in a disruption of cortical somatotopy. While changes in corticospinal axons proximal to the lesion are proposed to support the reorganization of cortical motor maps after spinal cord injury, intracortical horizontal connections are also likely to be critical substrates for rehabilitation-mediated recovery. Intrinsic connections have been shown to dictate the reorganization of cortical maps that occurs in response to skilled motor learning as well as after peripheral injury. Cortical networks incorporate changes in motor and sensory circuits at subcortical or spinal levels to induce map remodeling in the neocortex. This review focuses on the reorganization of cortical networks observed after injury and posits a role of intracortical circuits in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Edmund R Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Matias I, Elias-Filho DH, Garcia CAB, Silva GH, Mejia J, Cabral FR, Miranda ACC, Gomes da Silva S, da Silva Lopes L, Coimbra NC, Machado HR. A new model of experimental hemispherotomy in young adult Rattus norvegicus: a neural tract tracing and SPECT in vivo study. J Neurosurg 2018:1-14. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.12.jns171150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to describe a new experimental model of hemispherotomy performed on laboratory animals.METHODSTwenty-six male young adult Wistar rats were distributed into two groups (surgery and control). The nonfluorescent anterograde neurotracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA; 10,000 MW) was microinjected into the motor cortex area (M1) according to The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates atlas to identify pathways and fibers disconnected after the experimental hemispherectomy. SPECT tomographic images of 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime were obtained to verify perfusion in functioning areas of the disconnected and intact brain. A reproducible and validated surgical procedure is described in detail, including exact measurements and anatomical relationships. An additional 30 rodents (n = 10 rats per group) were divided into naïve, sham, and hemispherotomy groups and underwent the rotarod test.RESULTSCortico-cortical neural pathways were identified crossing the midline and contacting neuronal perikarya in the contralateral brain hemisphere in controls, but not in animals undergoing hemispherotomy. There was an absence of perfusion in the left side of the brain of the animals undergoing hemispherotomy. Motor performance was significantly affected by brain injuries, increasing the number of attempts to maintain balance on the moving cylinder in the rotarod test at 10 and 30 days after the hemispherotomy, with a tendency to minimize the motor performance deficit over time.CONCLUSIONSThe present findings show that the technique reproduced neural disconnection with minimal resection of brain parenchyma in young adult rats, thereby duplicating the hemispherotomy procedures in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivair Matias
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy,
- 2Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, and
| | | | | | - Guilherme Henrique Silva
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy,
| | | | | | | | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- 3Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; and
- 5Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (NPT), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza da Silva Lopes
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy,
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- 2Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, and
- 4Neuroelectrophysiology Multiuser Centre and Neurobiology of Pain and Emotions Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy,
- 4Neuroelectrophysiology Multiuser Centre and Neurobiology of Pain and Emotions Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo
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Mechanism of Restoration of Forelimb Motor Function after Cervical Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats: Electrophysiological Verification. Behav Neurol 2017; 2017:7514681. [PMID: 29259352 PMCID: PMC5702418 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7514681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to electrophysiologically assess the corticospinal tracts of adult rats and the recovery of motor function of their forelimbs after cervical cord hemisection. Of 39 adult rats used, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the forelimbs of 15 rats were evaluated, before they received left C5 segmental hemisection of the spinal cord, by stimulating the pyramid of the medulla oblongata on one side using an exciting microelectrode. All 15 rats exhibited contralateral electrical activity, but their CMAPs disappeared after hemisection. The remaining 24 rats received hemisection first, and CMAPs of 12 rats were assessed over time to study their recovery time. All of them exhibited electrical activity of the forelimbs in 4 weeks after surgery. The remaining 12 rats received additional right C2 segmental hemisection, and variation of CMAPs between before and after surgery was examined. The right side of the 12 rats that received the additional hemisection exhibited no electrical activity in response to the stimulation of the pyramids on both sides. These results suggest that changes in path between the resected and healthy sides, activation of the ventral corticospinal tracts, and propriospinal neurons were involved in the recovery of motor function after cervical cord injury.
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Sebastianelli L, Saltuari L, Nardone R. How the brain can rewire itself after an injury: the lesson from hemispherectomy. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1426-1427. [PMID: 29089981 PMCID: PMC5649456 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.215247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Sterzing, Sterzing, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bozen, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Sterzing, Sterzing, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bozen, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Meran, Italy; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Riquier AJ, Sollars SI. Microglia density decreases in the rat rostral nucleus of the solitary tract across development and increases in an age-dependent manner following denervation. Neuroscience 2017; 355:36-48. [PMID: 28478126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are critical for developmental pruning and immune response to injury, and are implicated in facilitating neural plasticity. The rodent gustatory system is highly plastic, particularly during development, and outcomes following nerve injury are more severe in developing animals. The mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity in the taste system are largely unknown, making microglia an attractive candidate. To better elucidate microglia's role in the taste system, we examined these cells in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS) during normal development and following transection of the chorda tympani taste nerve (CTX). Rats aged 5, 10, 25, or 50days received unilateral CTX or no surgery and were sacrificed four days later. Brain tissue was stained for Iba1 or CD68, and both the density and morphology of microglia were assessed on the intact and transected sides of the rNTS. We found that the intact rNTS of neonatal rats (9-14days) shows a high density of microglia, most of which appear reactive. By 29days of age, microglia density significantly decreased to levels not significantly different from adults and microglia morphology had matured, with most cells appearing ramified. CD68-negative microglia density increased following CTX and was most pronounced for juvenile and adult rats. Our results show that microglia density is highest during times of normal gustatory afferent pruning. Furthermore, the quantity of the microglia response is higher in the mature system than in neonates. These findings link increased microglia presence with instances of normal developmental and injury induced alterations in the rNTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Riquier
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Suzanne I Sollars
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.
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Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Taylor A, Brigo F, Nothdurfter W, Saltuari L, Trinka E, Nardone R. Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain's resilience to extensive unilateral lesions? Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:156-167. [PMID: 28414105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemispherectomy (HS) is an effective surgical procedure aimed at managing otherwise intractable epilepsy in cases of diffuse unihemispheric pathologies. Neurological recovery in subjects treated with HS is not limited to seizure reduction, rather, sensory-motor and behavioral improvement is often observed. This outcome highlights the considerable capability of the brain to react to such an extensive lesion, by functionally reorganizing and rewiring the cerebral cortex, especially early in life. In this narrative review, we summarize the animal studies as well as the human neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies dealing with the reorganizational processes that occur after HS. These topics are of particular interest in understanding mechanisms of functional recovery after brain injury. HS offers the chance to investigate contralesional hemisphere activity in controlling ipsilateral limb movements, and the role of transcallosal interactions, before and after the surgical procedure. These post-injury neuroplastic phenomena actually differ from those observed after less extensive brain damage. Therefore, they illustrate how different lesions could lead the contralesional hemisphere to play the "good" or "bad" role in functional recovery. These issues may have clinical implications and could inform rehabilitation strategies aiming to improve functional recovery following unilateral hemispheric lesions. Future studies, involving large cohorts of hemispherectomized patients, will be necessary in order to obtain a greater understanding of how cerebral reorganization can contribute to residual sensorimotor, visual and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandra Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Nothdurfter
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
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Mechanism of Forelimb Motor Function Restoration after Cervical Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats: A Comparison of Juveniles and Adults. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:1035473. [PMID: 27065569 PMCID: PMC4808747 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1035473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate forelimb motor function after cervical spinal cord injury in juvenile and adult rats. Both rats received a left segmental hemisection of the spinal cord after C3-C4 laminectomy. Behavioral evaluation of motor function was monitored and assessed using the New Rating Scale (NRS) and Forelimb Locomotor Scale (FLS) and by measuring the range of motion (ROM) of both the elbow and wrist. Complete left forelimb motor paralysis was observed in both rats. The NRS showed motor function recovery restored to 50.2 ± 24.7% in juvenile rats and 34.0 ± 19.8% in adult rats. FLS was 60.4 ± 26.8% in juvenile rats and 46.5 ± 26.9% in adult rats. ROM of the elbow and wrist were 88.9 ± 20.6% and 44.4 ± 24.1% in juvenile rats and 70.0 ± 29.2% and 40.0 ± 21.1% in adult rats. Thus, the NRS and ROM of the elbow showed a significant difference between age groups. These results indicate that left hemisection of the cervical spinal cord was not related to right-sided motor functions. Moreover, while motor paralysis of the left forelimb gradually recovered in both groups, the improvement was greater in juvenile rats.
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Smith AL, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Effects of Sex and Mild Intrainsult Hypothermia on Neuropathology and Neural Reorganization following Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2585230. [PMID: 27042359 PMCID: PMC4794561 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2585230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a recognized risk factor among late-preterm infants, with HI events leading to varied neuropathology and cognitive/behavioral deficits. Studies suggest a sex difference in the incidence of HI and in the severity of subsequent behavioral deficits (with better outcomes in females). Mechanisms of a female advantage remain unknown but could involve sex-specific patterns of compensation to injury. Neuroprotective hypothermia is also used to ameliorate HI damage and attenuate behavioral deficits. Though currently prescribed only for HI in term infants, cooling has potential intrainsult applications to high-risk late-preterm infants as well. To address this important clinical issue, we conducted a study using male and female rats with a postnatal (P) day 7 HI injury induced under normothermic and hypothermic conditions. The current study reports patterns of neuropathology evident in postmortem tissue. Results showed a potent benefit of intrainsult hypothermia that was comparable for both sexes. Findings also show surprisingly different patterns of compensation in the contralateral hemisphere, with increases in hippocampal thickness in HI females contrasting reduced thickness in HI males. Findings provide a framework for future research to compare and contrast mechanisms of neuroprotection and postinjury plasticity in both sexes following a late-preterm HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ted S. Rosenkrantz
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - R. Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Division, The University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Yoshikawa A, Nakamachi T, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Shioda S. Comprehensive analysis of neonatal versus adult unilateral decortication in a mouse model using behavioral, neuroanatomical, and DNA microarray approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22492-517. [PMID: 25490135 PMCID: PMC4284721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, studying the development, especially of corticospinal neurons, it was concluded that the main compensatory mechanism after unilateral brain injury in rat at the neonatal stage was due in part to non-lesioned ipsilateral corticospinal neurons that escaped selection by axonal elimination or neuronal apoptosis. However, previous results suggesting compensatory mechanism in neonate brain were not correlated with high functional recovery. Therefore, what is the difference among neonate and adult in the context of functional recovery and potential mechanism(s) therein? Here, we utilized a brain unilateral decortication mouse model and compared motor functional recovery mechanism post-neonatal brain hemisuction (NBH) with adult brain hemisuction (ABH). Three analyses were performed: (1) Quantitative behavioral analysis of forelimb movements using ladder walking test; (2) neuroanatomical retrograde tracing analysis of unlesioned side corticospinal neurons; and (3) differential global gene expressions profiling in unlesioned-side neocortex (rostral from bregma) in NBH and ABH on a 8 × 60 K mouse whole genome Agilent DNA chip. Behavioral data confirmed higher recovery ability in NBH over ABH is related to non-lesional frontal neocortex including rostral caudal forelimb area. A first inventory of differentially expressed genes genome-wide in the NBH and ABH mouse model is provided as a resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Clowry GJ, Basuodan R, Chan F. What are the Best Animal Models for Testing Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 25538677 PMCID: PMC4255621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One drawback to this approach is that interventions have to undergo exceptionally rigorous assessment for both safety and efficacy prior to use in infants. Part of this process should involve research using animals but how good are our animal models? Part of the problem is that cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers a number of conditions. There are also many causal pathways to cerebral palsy, such as periventricular white matter injury in premature babies, perinatal infarcts of the middle cerebral artery, or generalized anoxia at the time of birth, indeed multiple causes, including intra-uterine infection or a genetic predisposition to infarction, may need to interact to produce a clinically significant injury. In this review, we consider which animal models best reproduce certain aspects of the condition, and the extent to which the multifactorial nature of cerebral palsy has been modeled. The degree to which the corticospinal system of various animal models human corticospinal system function and development is also explored. Where attempts have already been made to test early intervention in animal models, the outcomes are evaluated in light of the suitability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin John Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Chédotal A. Development and plasticity of commissural circuits: from locomotion to brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:551-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Umeda T, Funakoshi K. Reorganization of motor circuits after neonatal hemidecortication. Neurosci Res 2014; 78:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wanakhachornkrai O, Umeda T, Isa K, Tantisira MH, Tantisira B, Isa T. Reorganization of sensory pathways after neonatal hemidecortication in rats. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:94-8. [PMID: 24252619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated ascending somatosensory pathways in neonatally hemidecorticated rats. Injection of an anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), into the contralesional dorsal root ganglions revealed ipsilateral projections to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in hemidecorticated rats as well as in normal rats. Injection of BDA into the DCN on the same side revealed that while most axons projected to the contralateral thalamus, some axons were detected in the ipsilateral thalamus in hemidecorticated rats while such projections were rarely detected in normal rats. The results suggest that aberrant ipsilateral projections of DCN neurons contralateral to the lesion developed after the hemidecortication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Wanakhachornkrai
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; Physiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Rangsit University, Pathumthani, Thailand; Inter-disciplinary Program of Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mayuree H Tantisira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Boonyong Tantisira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
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Suppression of SHP-1 promotes corticospinal tract sprouting and functional recovery after brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e567. [PMID: 23559001 PMCID: PMC3641325 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reorganization of spared neural network connections is one of the most important processes for restoring impaired function after brain injury. However, plasticity is quite limited in the adult brain due to the presence of inhibitory molecules and a lack of intrinsic neuronal signals for axonal growth. Src homology 2-containing phosphatase (SHP)-1 has been shown to have a role in axon growth inhibition. Here, we tested the hypothesis that SHP-1 negatively affects axonal reorganization. We observed that unilateral motor cortex injury led to increased expression and activity of SHP-1 in the contralesional cortex. In this model, corticospinal axons originating from the contralesional cortex sprouted into the denervated side of the cervical spinal cord after injury. We observed that the number of sprouting fibers was increased in SHP-1-deficient heterozygous viable motheaten (+/mev) mice, which show reduced SHP-1 activity, and in wild-type mice treated with an SHP inhibitor. Motor function recovery of impaired forelimb was enhanced in +/mev mice. Collectively, our results indicate that downregulation of SHP-1 activity promotes corticospinal tract sprouting and functional recovery after brain injury.
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Umeda T, Isa T. Differential contributions of rostral and caudal frontal forelimb areas to compensatory process after neonatal hemidecortication in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 34:1453-60. [PMID: 22034976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following brain damage, especially in juvenile animals, large-scale reorganization is known to occur in the remaining brain structures to compensate for functional deficits. In rats with neonatal hemidecortication, corticospinal fibers originating from the undamaged side of the sensorimotor cortex issue collateral sprouts to the ipsilateral spinal gray matter that mediate cortical excitation to ipsilateral forelimb motoneurons and compensate for the deficit in forelimb movements. The present study was designed to investigate the origins of the ipsilateral corticospinal projection in neonatally hemidecorticated rats. Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) were labeled in adults by injecting retrograde neural tracers, cholera toxin subunit B with different fluorescent probes, into either side of the cervical spinal gray matter. In the undamaged cortex, double-labeled neurons were rarely found. CSNs with contralateral projections (contra-CSNs) and those with ipsilateral projections (ipsi-CSNs) were distributed both in the rostral forelimb motor area (RFA) and the caudal forelimb motor area (CFA). However, there was a difference in the distributions of the ipsi-CSNs between the two forelimb areas. Whereas the distribution of the ipsi-CSNs largely overlapped with that of the contra-CSNs in the RFA, the ipsi-CSNs tended to be segregated from the contra-CSNs in the CFA. The results suggested that the RFA and the CFA contribute to the compensatory process in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
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Starkey ML, Schwab ME. Anti-Nogo-A and training: can one plus one equal three? Exp Neurol 2011; 235:53-61. [PMID: 21530508 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI) the adult central nervous system (CNS) has a limited but substantial capacity for repair and plastic reorganisation. The degree of reorganisation is determined by a number of factors such as the extent and location of the lesion, the remaining circuit activity within the CNS and the age at injury. However, even in the best cases this spontaneous reorganisation does not lead to full recovery of the affected behaviour but instead often results in a functionally successful but compensatory strategy. Current SCI research focuses on enhancing fibre tract (re-)growth and recovery processes. Two currently promising approaches are the neutralisation of CNS growth inhibitory factors, and rehabilitative training of remaining networks. Independently, both approaches can lead to substantial functional recovery and anatomical reorganisation. In this review we focus on Nogo-A, a neurite growth inhibitory protein present in the adult CNS, and its role in regenerative and plastic growth following SCI. We then discuss the efforts of rehabilitative training and the potential combination of the two therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Starkey
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yoshikawa A, Atobe Y, Takeda A, Kamiya Y, Takiguchi M, Funakoshi K. A Retrograde Tracing Study of Compensatory Corticospinal Projections in Rats with Neonatal Hemidecortication. Dev Neurosci 2011; 33:539-47. [DOI: 10.1159/000335526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Omoto S, Ueno M, Mochio S, Yamashita T. Corticospinal tract fibers cross the ephrin-B3-negative part of the midline of the spinal cord after brain injury. Neurosci Res 2010; 69:187-95. [PMID: 21147179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibers of corticospinal tract (CST), which control fine motor function, predominantly project to the contralateral spinal cord, not recross to the ipsilateral side. Ephrin-B3, which is expressed in the midline of the spinal cord, and its receptor, EphA4, are crucial for preventing CST fibers from recrossing the midline in the developing spinal cord. However, these fibers can cross the midline to the denervated side after a unilateral CST or cortical injury. We determined the reason CST fibers can cross the midline after a cortical injury and the changes in ephrin-B3-EphA4 signaling associated with such a crossing. We first examined axonal sprouting from CST fibers after unilateral ablation of the motor cortex in postnatal and adult mice. CST fibers crossed the midline of the spinal cord after cortical ablation, especially when conducted during the early postnatal period. These fibers were well associated with functional recovery after the injury. We next assessed the mRNA expression of ephrin-B3 and EphA4 before and after the ablation. Surprisingly, no changes were detected in the expression patterns. We found, however, that ephrin-B3 expression in the ventral part of the midline disappeared after postnatal day 9 (P9), but was pronounced along the entire midline before P6. Most of the CST fibers crossed the midline through the ventral region, where ephrin-B3 expression was absent. Our results suggest that ephrin-B3 is not expressed along the entire midline of the spinal cord, and sprouting axons can cross the midline at ephrin-B3-negative areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Omoto
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Genetic deletion of paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B does not promote axonal plasticity or functional recovery after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13045-52. [PMID: 20881122 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3228-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rewiring of neural networks is a fundamental step in recovering behavioral functions after brain injury. However, there is limited potential for axonal plasticity in the adult CNS. The myelin-associated proteins Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) are known to inhibit axonal plasticity, and thus targeting the inhibitory pathways they participate in is a potential means of promoting plasticity and functional recovery. Each of Nogo, MAG, and OMgp interacts with both the Nogo receptor (NgR) and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB). Here, we determined whether blocking PirB activity enhances axonal reorganization and functional recovery after cortical injury. We found that axons of the contralesional corticospinal tract sprouted into the denervated side of the cervical spinal cord after unilateral injury of the motor cortex. The extent to which this axonal reorganization occurred was far greater in mice lesioned during early postnatal days than in mice lesioned at an age when myelin had begun to form. This suggests that myelin-associated proteins might limit axonal remodeling in vivo. However, the number of sprouting fibers within either the corticospinal or corticorubral tract was not enhanced in PirB(-/-) mice. Blocking PirB signaling also failed to enhance functional recovery with three motor tests. Our results suggest that blocking the function of PirB is not sufficient to promote axonal reorganization or functional recovery after cortical injury.
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Umeda T, Takahashi M, Isa K, Isa T. Formation of descending pathways mediating cortical command to forelimb motoneurons in neonatally hemidecorticated rats. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:1707-16. [PMID: 20660415 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00968.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatally hemidecorticated rats show fairly normal reaching and grasping behaviors of the forelimb contralateral to the lesion at the adult stage. Previous experiments using an anterograde tracer showed that the corticospinal fibers originating from the sensorimotor cortex of the intact side projected aberrant collaterals to the spinal gray matter on the ipsilateral side. The present study used electrophysiological methods to investigate whether the aberrant projections of the corticospinal tract mediated the pyramidal excitation to the ipsilateral forelimb motoneurons and, if so, which pathways mediate the effect in the hemidecorticated rats. Electrical stimulation to the intact medullary pyramid elicited bilateral negative field potentials in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In intracellular recordings of forelimb motoneurons, oligosynaptic pyramidal excitation was detected on both sides of the spinal cord in the hemidecorticated rats, whereas pyramidal excitation of motoneurons on the side ipsilateral to the stimulation was much smaller in normal rats. By lesioning the dorsal funiculus at the upper cervical level, we clarified that the excitation was transmitted to the ipsilateral motoneurons by at least two pathways: one via the corticospinal tract and spinal interneurons and the other via the cortico-reticulo-spinal pathways. These results suggested that in the neonatally hemidecorticated rats, the forelimb movements on the side contralateral to the lesion were modulated by motor commands through the indirect ipsilateral descending pathways from the sensorimotor cortex of the intact side either via the spinal interneurons or reticulospinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Department of Developmental Physiology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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