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Luo J, Feng Y, Hong Z, Yin M, Zheng H, Zhang L, Hu X. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes neural stem cell proliferation after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1772-1780. [PMID: 38103244 PMCID: PMC10960276 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00031/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Proliferation of neural stem cells is crucial for promoting neuronal regeneration and repairing cerebral infarction damage. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has recently emerged as a tool for inducing endogenous neural stem cell regeneration, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that repetitive TMS effectively promotes the proliferation of oxygen-glucose deprived neural stem cells. Additionally, repetitive TMS reduced the volume of cerebral infarction in a rat model of ischemic stroke caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved rat cognitive function, and promoted the proliferation of neural stem cells in the ischemic penumbra. RNA-sequencing found that repetitive TMS activated the Wnt signaling pathway in the ischemic penumbra of rats with cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, PCR analysis revealed that repetitive TMS promoted AKT phosphorylation, leading to an increase in mRNA levels of cell cycle-related proteins such as Cdk2 and Cdk4. This effect was also associated with activation of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, which ultimately promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells. Subsequently, we validated the effect of repetitive TMS on AKT phosphorylation. We found that repetitive TMS promoted Ca2+ influx into neural stem cells by activating the P2 calcium channel/calmodulin pathway, thereby promoting AKT phosphorylation and activating the glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway. These findings indicate that repetitive TMS can promote the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells through a Ca2+ influx-dependent phosphorylated AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study has produced pioneering results on the intrinsic mechanism of repetitive TMS to promote neural function recovery after ischemic stroke. These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the clinical application of repetitive TMS. Moreover, repetitive TMS treatment may not only be an efficient and potential approach to support neurogenesis for further therapeutic applications, but also provide an effective platform for the expansion of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongqiu Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyu Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Fadoul G, Ikonomovic M, Zhang F, Yang T. The cell-specific roles of Nrf2 in acute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14462. [PMID: 37715557 PMCID: PMC10916447 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the sudden loss of blood flow in a specific area of the brain. It is the fifth leading cause of mortality and the leading cause of permanent disability. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the production of several antioxidants and protective proteins and it has been investigated as a possible pharmaceutical target for reducing harmful oxidative events in brain ischemia. Each cell type exhibits different roles and behaviors in different phases post-stroke, which is comprehensive yet important to understand to optimize management strategies and goals for care for stroke patients. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the protective effects of Nrf2 in experimental ischemic stroke, emphasizing the role of Nrf2 in different cell types including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells during acute and chronic phases of stroke and providing insights on the neuroprotective role of Nrf2 on each cell type throughout the long term of stroke care. We also highlight the importance of targeting Nrf2 in clinical settings while considering a variety of important factors such as age, drug dosage, delivery route, and time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fadoul
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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3
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Alavi MS, Al-Asady AM, Fanoudi S, Sadeghnia HR. Differential effects of antiseizure medications on neurogenesis: Evidence from cells to animals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26650. [PMID: 38420427 PMCID: PMC10901100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the process of generating functionally integrated neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells, is involved in brain development during embryonic stages but continues throughout life. Adult neurogenesis plays essential roles in many brain functions such as cognition, brain plasticity, and repair. Abnormalities in neurogenesis have been described in many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. While sharing a common property of suppressing seizures, accumulating evidence has shown that some antiseizure medications (ASM) exhibit neuroprotective potential in the non-epileptic models including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, or traumatic brain injury. ASM are a heterogeneous group of medications with different mechanisms of actions. Therefore, it remains to be revealed whether neurogenesis is a class effect or related to them all. In this comprehensive literature study, we reviewed the literature data on the influence of ASM on the neurogenesis process during brain development and also in the adult brain under physiological or pathological conditions. Meanwhile, we discussed the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurogenic effects of ASM by linking the reported in vivo and in vitro studies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until the end of February 2023. A total of 83 studies were used finally. ASM can modulate neurogenesis through the increase or decrease of proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the quiescent NSC pool. The present article indicated that the neurogenic potential of ASM depends on the administered dose, treatment period, temporal administration of the drug, and normal or disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdulridha Mohammed Al-Asady
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Passarelli JP, Nimjee SM, Townsend KL. Stroke and Neurogenesis: Bridging Clinical Observations to New Mechanistic Insights from Animal Models. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:53-68. [PMID: 36462099 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stroke was the 2nd leading cause of death and a major cause of morbidity. Unfortunately, there are limited means to promote neurological recovery post-stroke, but research has unearthed potential targets for therapies to encourage post-stroke neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The occurrence of neurogenesis in adult mammalian brains, including humans, was not widely accepted until the 1990s. Now, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in human and mouse neurogenic brain niches, of which the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus are best studied. Numerous other niches are under investigation for neurogenic potential. This review offers a basic overview to stroke in the clinical setting, a focused summary of recent and foundational research literature on cortical neurogenesis and post-stroke brain plasticity, and insights regarding how the meninges and choroid plexus have emerged as key players in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in the context of focal cerebral ischemia disrupting the anterior circulation. The choroid plexus and meninges are vital as they are integral sites for neuroimmune interactions, glymphatic perfusion, and niche signaling pertinent to neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Modulating neuroimmune interactions with a focus on astrocyte activity, potentially through manipulation of the choroid plexus and meningeal niches, may reduce the exacerbation of stroke by inflammatory mediators and create an environment conducive to neurorecovery. Furthermore, addressing impaired glymphatic perfusion after ischemic stroke likely supports a neurogenic environment by clearing out inflammatory mediators, neurotoxic metabolites, and other accumulated waste. The meninges and choroid plexus also contribute more directly to promoting neurogenesis: the meninges are thought to harbor neural stem cells and are a niche amenable to neural stem/progenitor cell migration. Additionally, the choroid plexus has secretory functions that directly influences stem cells through signaling mechanisms and growth factor actions. More research to better understand the functions of the meninges and choroid plexus may lead to novel approaches for stimulating neuronal recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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5
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Goodman GW, Do TH, Tan C, Ritzel RM. Drivers of Chronic Pathology Following Ischemic Stroke: A Descriptive Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 44:7. [PMID: 38112809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and long-term disability in the world. Considered largely a disease of aging, its global economic and healthcare burden is expected to rise as more people survive into advanced age. With recent advances in acute stroke management, including the expansion of time windows for treatment with intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, we are likely to see an increase in survival rates. It is therefore critically important to understand the complete pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, both in the acute and subacute stages and during the chronic phase in the months and years following an ischemic event. One of the most clinically relevant aspects of the chronic sequelae of stroke is its extended negative effect on cognition. Cognitive impairment may be related to the deterioration and dysfunctional reorganization of white matter seen at later timepoints after stroke, as well as ongoing progressive neurodegeneration. The vasculature of the brain also undergoes significant insult and remodeling following stroke, undergoing changes which may further contribute to chronic stroke pathology. While inflammation and the immune response are well established drivers of acute stroke pathology, the chronicity and functional role of innate and adaptive immune responses in the post-ischemic brain and in the peripheral environment remain largely uncharacterized. In this review, we summarize the current literature on post-stroke injury progression, its chronic pathological features, and the putative secondary injury mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. We present findings from clinical and experimental studies and discuss the long-term effects of ischemic stroke on both brain anatomy and functional outcome. Identifying mechanisms that occur months to years after injury could lead to treatment strategies in the chronic phase of stroke to help mitigate stroke-associated cognitive decline in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Goodman
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trang H Do
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Li L, Li X, Han R, Wu M, Ma Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Li Y. Therapeutic Potential of Chinese Medicine for Endogenous Neurogenesis: A Promising Candidate for Stroke Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050706. [PMID: 37242489 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults worldwide. Extensive preclinical studies have shown that neural-stem-cell-based treatments have great therapeutic potential for stroke. Several studies have confirmed that the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine can protect and maintain the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells through different targets and mechanisms. Therefore, the use of Chinese medicines to activate and promote endogenous nerve regeneration and repair is a potential treatment option for stroke patients. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding neural stem cell strategies for ischemic strokes and the potential effects of these Chinese medicines on neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meirong Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yaolei Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuzhao Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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7
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Yu H, Commander CW, Stavas JM. Stem Cell-Based Therapies: What Interventional Radiologists Need to Know. Semin Intervent Radiol 2021; 38:523-534. [PMID: 34853498 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As the basic units of biological organization, stem cells and their progenitors are essential for developing and regenerating organs and tissue systems using their unique self-renewal capability and differentiation potential into multiple cell lineages. Stem cells are consistently present throughout the entire human development, from the zygote to adulthood. Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made in biology, genetics, and biotechnology to develop stem cell-based therapies using embryonic and adult autologous or allogeneic stem cells for diseases without therapies or difficult to treat. Stem cell-based therapies require optimum administration of stem cells into damaged organs to promote structural regeneration and improve function. Maximum clinical efficacy is highly dependent on the successful delivery of stem cells to the target tissue. Direct image-guided locoregional injections into target tissues offer an option to increase therapeutic outcomes. Interventional radiologists have the opportunity to perform a key role in delivering stem cells more efficiently using minimally invasive techniques. This review discusses the types and sources of stem cells and the current clinical applications of stem cell-based therapies. In addition, the regulatory considerations, logistics, and potential roles of interventional Radiology are also discussed with the review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Yu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,ProKidney LLC, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Clayton W Commander
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph M Stavas
- Department of Radiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
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Zhou G, Wang Y, Gao S, Fu X, Cao Y, Peng Y, Zhuang J, Hu J, Shao A, Wang L. Potential Mechanisms and Perspectives in Ischemic Stroke Treatment Using Stem Cell Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:646927. [PMID: 33869200 PMCID: PMC8047216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.646927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains one of the major causes of death and disability due to the limited ability of central nervous system cells to regenerate and differentiate. Although several advances have been made in stroke therapies in the last decades, there are only a few approaches available to improve IS outcome. In the acute phase of IS, mechanical thrombectomy and the administration of tissue plasminogen activator have been widely used, while aspirin or clopidogrel represents the main therapy used in the subacute or chronic phase. However, in most cases, stroke patients fail to achieve satisfactory functional recovery under the treatments mentioned above. Recently, cell therapy, especially stem cell therapy, has been considered as a novel and potential therapeutic strategy to improve stroke outcome through mechanisms, including cell differentiation, cell replacement, immunomodulation, neural circuit reconstruction, and protective factor release. Different stem cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells, marrow mononuclear cells, and neural stem cells, have also been considered for stroke therapy. In recent years, many clinical and preclinical studies on cell therapy have been carried out, and numerous results have shown that cell therapy has bright prospects in the treatment of stroke. However, some cell therapy issues are not yet fully understood, such as its optimal parameters including cell type choice, cell doses, and injection routes; therefore, a closer relationship between basic and clinical research is needed. In this review, the role of cell therapy in stroke treatment and its mechanisms was summarized, as well as the function of different stem cell types in stroke treatment and the clinical trials using stem cell therapy to cure stroke, to reveal future insights on stroke-related cell therapy, and to guide further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Hsu TW, Lu YJ, Lin YJ, Huang YT, Hsieh LH, Wu BH, Lin YC, Chen LC, Wang HW, Chuang JC, Fang YQ, Huang CC. Transplantation of 3D MSC/HUVEC spheroids with neuroprotective and proangiogenic potentials ameliorates ischemic stroke brain injury. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120765. [PMID: 33780686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, and the consequent brain cell death, is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments that primarily aim to relieve symptoms are relatively inefficient in achieving brain tissue regeneration and functional recovery, and thus novel therapeutic options are urgently needed. Although cell-based therapies have shown promise for treating the infarcted brain, a recurring challenge is the inadequate retention and engraftment of transplanted cells at the target tissue, thereby limiting the ultimate therapeutic efficacy. Here, we show that transplantation of preassembled three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and vascular endothelial cells (ECs) results in significantly improved cell retention and survival compared with conventional mixed-cell suspensions. The transplanted 3D spheroids exhibit notable neuroprotective, proneurogenic, proangiogenic and anti-scarring potential as evidenced by clear extracellular matrix structure formation and paracrine factor expression and secretion; this ultimately results in increased structural and motor function recovery in the brain of an ischemic stroke mouse model. Therefore, transplantation of MSCs and ECs using the 3D cell spheroid configuration not only reduces cell loss during cell harvesting/administration but also enhances the resultant therapeutic benefit, thus providing important proof-of-concept for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan; Centre for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Centre for Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Huan Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qiao Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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10
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Gao L, Song Z, Mi J, Hou P, Xie C, Shi J, Li Y, Manaenko A. The Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Cell Therapy on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity After Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1213-1226. [PMID: 32928089 PMCID: PMC7770640 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200914162013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, efficient therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Stem/progenitor cell-based therapy, with its vigorous advantages, has emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The mechanisms involve new neural cells and neuronal circuitry formation, antioxidation, inflammation alleviation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis promotion. In the past decades, in-depth studies have suggested that cell therapy could promote vascular stabilization and decrease blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage after ischemic stroke. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms on BBB integrity induced by the engrafted cells in ischemic stroke have not been reviewed yet. Herein, we will update the progress in research on the effects of cell therapy on BBB integrity after ischemic stroke and review the underlying mechanisms. First, we will present an overview of BBB dysfunction under the ischemic condition and cells engraftment for ischemic treatment. Then, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge about the effects and underlying mechanisms of cell therapy on BBB integrity after ischemic stroke. In particular, we will review the most recent studies in regard to the relationship between cell therapy and BBB in tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)-mediated therapy and diabetic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Zhenghong Song
- Department of Neurology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Jianhua Mi
- Department of Neurology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Pinpin Hou
- Central Laboratory, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Departmeng of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- Departmeng of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- Department of Neurology, South Campus, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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11
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Jurkowski MP, Bettio L, K Woo E, Patten A, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576444. [PMID: 33132848 PMCID: PMC7550688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Jurkowski
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emma K Woo
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Patten
- Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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12
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Ottoboni L, von Wunster B, Martino G. Therapeutic Plasticity of Neural Stem Cells. Front Neurol 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32265815 PMCID: PMC7100551 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have garnered significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to develop into different phenotypes inside and outside of the nervous system, with a capacity of almost unlimited self-renewal, of releasing trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and of exploiting temporal and spatial dynamics, NSCs have been proposed for (i) neurotoxicity testing; (ii) cellular therapies to treat CNS diseases; (iii) neural tissue engineering and repair; (iv) drug target validation and testing; (v) personalized medicine. Moreover, given the growing interest in developing cell-based therapies to target neurodegenerative diseases, recent progress in developing NSCs from human-induced pluripotent stem cells has produced an analog of endogenous NSCs. Herein, we will review the current understanding on emerging conceptual and technological topics in the neural stem cell field, such as deep characterization of the human compartment, single-cell spatial-temporal dynamics, reprogramming from somatic cells, and NSC manipulation and monitoring. Together, these aspects contribute to further disentangling NSC plasticity to better exploit the potential of those cells, which, in the future, might offer new strategies for brain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ottoboni
- Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianvito Martino
- Neurology and Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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13
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Xie F, Liu H, Liu Y. Adult Neurogenesis Following Ischemic Stroke and Implications for Cell-Based Therapeutic Approaches. World Neurosurg 2020; 138:474-480. [PMID: 32147554 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most intractable diseases of the central nervous system and is also a major cause of mortality and disability in adult humans. Unfortunately, current therapies target vessel recanalization, which has a narrow treatment window, and the potential adverse effects lead to a low rate of clinical employment; in addition, neuroprotective strategies are not effective for stroke treatment. It is necessary to discover new approaches to develop neuroprotective, neuroregenerative treatment strategies for stroke. At present, accumulating evidence suggests that adult neurogenesis is a novel topic with extensive research on its potential to be harnessed for therapy in various neurologic disorders, and the neurogenesis capacity in the subventricular zone was shown to be increased in response to brain ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying potential adult neurogenesis and review current preclinical and clinical cell-based therapies for enhancing neural regeneration after adult ischemic stroke. Although stroke-induced neurogenesis in humans does not seem to translate to neurofunctional recovery, we also summarize factors of potential treatment strategies with transplanted cells, including transplantation time, cell dosage, and administration route, to achieve optimum and effective cell-based therapy, thereby harnessing this neuroregenerative response to improve neurofunctional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Nakafuku M, Del Águila Á. Developmental dynamics of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the postnatal mammalian brain in health and disease: Historical and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e369. [PMID: 31825170 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mature mammalian brain has long been thought to be a structurally rigid, static organ since the era of Ramón y Cajal in the early 20th century. Evidence accumulated over the past three decades, however, has completely overturned this long-held view. We now know that new neurons and glia are continuously added to the brain at postnatal stages, even in mature adults of various mammalian species, including humans. Moreover, these newly added cells contribute to structural plasticity and play important roles in higher order brain function, as well as repair after damage. A major source of these new neurons and glia is neural stem cells (NSCs) that persist in specialized niches in the brain throughout life. With this new view, our understanding of normal brain physiology and interventional approaches to various brain disorders has changed markedly in recent years. This article provides a brief overview on the historical changes in our understanding of the developmental dynamics of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the postnatal and adult mammalian brain and discusses the roles of NSCs and other progenitor populations in such cellular dynamics in health and disease of the postnatal mammalian brain. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakafuku
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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15
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Riew TR, Jin X, Kim HL, Kim S, Lee MY. Ultrastructural and Molecular Characterization of Platelet-derived growth factor Beta-Positive Leptomeningeal Cells in the Adult Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1484-1501. [PMID: 31773411 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The leptomeninges, referring to the arachnoid and pia mater and their projections into the perivascular compartments in the central nervous system, actively participate in diverse biological processes including fluid homeostasis, immune cell infiltrations, and neurogenesis, yet their detailed cellular and molecular identities remain elusive. This study aimed to characterize platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFR-β)-expressing cells in the leptomeninges in the adult rat brain using light and electron microscopy. PDGFR-β+ cells were observed in the inner arachnoid, arachnoid trabeculae, pia mater, and leptomeningeal sheath of the subarachnoid vessels, thereby forming a cellular network throughout the leptomeninges. Leptomeningeal PDGFR-β+ cells were commonly characterized by large euchromatic nuclei, thin branching processes forming web-like network, and the expression of the intermediate filaments nestin and vimentin. These cells were typical of active fibroblasts with a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and close spatial correlation with collagen fibrils. Leptomeningeal PDGFR-β+ cells ensheathing the vasculature in the subarachnoid space joined with pial PDGFR-β+ cells upon entering the cortical parenchyma, yet perivascular PDGFR-β+ cells in these penetrating vessels underwent abrupt changes in their morphological and molecular characteristics: they became more flattened with loss of immunoreactivity for nestin and vimentin and deficient collagen deposition, which was indicative of inactive fibroblasts termed fibrocytes. In the cortical parenchyma, PDGFR-β immunoreactivity was almost exclusively localized to larger caliber vessels, and significantly decreased in capillary-like microvessels. Collectively, our data identify PDGFR-β as a novel cellular marker for leptomeningeal fibroblasts comprising the leptomeninges and perivascular adventitial cells of the subarachnoid and penetrating large-sized cortical vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, Laboratory of Electron Microscope, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea.
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16
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Altered microglia and neurovasculature in the Alzheimer's disease cerebellum. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104589. [PMID: 31454549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally regarded to coordinate movement, the cerebellum also exerts non-motor functions including the regulation of cognitive and behavioral processing, suggesting a potential role in neurodegenerative conditions affecting cognition, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to investigate neuropathology and AD-related molecular changes within the neocerebellum using post-mortem human brain tissue microarrays (TMAs). Immunohistochemistry was conducted on neocerebellar paraffin-embedded TMAs from 24 AD and 24 matched control cases, and free-floating neocerebellar sections from 6 AD and 6 controls. Immunoreactivity was compared between control and AD groups for neuropathological hallmarks (amyloid-β, tau, ubiquitin), Purkinje cells (calbindin), microglia (IBA1, HLA-DR), astrocytes (GFAP) basement-membrane associated molecules (fibronectin, collagen IV), endothelial cells (CD31/PECAM-1) and mural cells (PDGFRβ, αSMA). Amyloid-β expression (total immunolabel intensity) and load (area of immunolabel) was increased by >4-fold within the AD cerebellum. Purkinje cell counts, ubiquitin and tau immunoreactivity were unchanged in AD. IBA1 expression and load was increased by 91% and 69%, respectively, in AD, with no change in IBA1-positive cell number. IBA1-positive cell process length and branching was reduced by 22% and 41%, respectively, in AD. HLA-DR and GFAP immunoreactivity was unchanged in AD. HLA-DR-positive cell process length and branching was reduced by 33% and 49%, respectively, in AD. Fibronectin expression was increased by 27% in AD. Collagen IV, PDGFRβ and αSMA immunoreactivity was unchanged in AD. The number of CD31-positive vessels was increased by 98% in AD, suggesting the increase in CD31 expression and load in AD is due to greater vessel number. The PDGFRβ/CD31 load ratio was reduced by 59% in AD. These findings provide evidence of molecular changes affecting microglia and the neurovasculature within the AD neocerebellum. These changes, occurring without overt neuropathology, support the hypothesis of microglial and neurovascular dysfunction as drivers of AD, which has implications on the neocerebellar contribution to AD symptomatology and pathophysiology.
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17
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Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone and Its Regulation After Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Therapeutic Approaches. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:60-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Tuazon JP, Castelli V, Lee JY, Desideri GB, Stuppia L, Cimini AM, Borlongan CV. Neural Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1201:79-91. [PMID: 31898782 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has provided the basis for the development of potentially powerful new therapeutic cell-based strategies for a broad spectrum of clinical diseases, including stroke, psychiatric illnesses such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and cancer. Here, we discuss pertinent preclinical investigations involving NSCs, including how NSCs can ameliorate these diseases, the current barriers hindering NSC-based treatments, and future directions for NSC research. There are still many translational requirements to overcome before clinical therapeutic applications, such as establishing optimal dosing, route of delivery, and timing regimens and understanding the exact mechanism by which transplanted NSCs lead to enhanced recovery. Such critical lab-to-clinic investigations will be necessary in order to refine NSC-based therapies for debilitating human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Tuazon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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19
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Zuo Y, Wang J, Liao F, Yan X, Li J, Huang L, Liu F. Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90 by 17-AAG Reduces Inflammation via P2X7 Receptor/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway and Increases Neurogenesis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:401. [PMID: 30459553 PMCID: PMC6232389 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening cerebrovascular disease that usually has a poor prognosis. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been implicated in the mechanisms of SAH-associated damage, including increased inflammation and reduced neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HSP90 inhibition on inflammation and neurogenesis in a mouse model of experimental SAH induced by endovascular surgery. Western blotting showed HSP90 levels to be decreased, while neurogenesis, evaluated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry, was decreased in the hippocampuses of SAH mice. SAH also induced pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), capase-1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, intraperitoneal administration of the specific HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) reduced the levels of HSP90, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and IL-1β, while increasing the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and doublecortin (DCX), as well as the number of BrdU-positive cells in SAH mice. In addition, 17-AGG improved short- and long-term neurobehavioral outcomes. The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17-AGG were reversed by recombinant HSP90 (rHSP90); this detrimental effect of HSP90 was inhibited by the specific P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) inhibitor A438079, indicating that SAH-induced inflammation and inhibition of neurogenesis were likely mediated by HSP90 and the P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. HSP90 inhibition by 17-AAG may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy, XiangYa Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Neural stem cell therapies and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:1-17. [PMID: 29758244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult as well as in the neonate. Extensive pre-clinical studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of neural stem cell-based treatments for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. There are two major strategies of neural stem cell-based therapies: transplanting exogenous neural stem cells and boosting self-repair of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural stem cell transplantation has been proved to improve functional recovery after brain injury through multiple by-stander mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection, immunomodulation), rather than simple cell-replacement. Endogenous neural stem cells reside in certain neurogenic niches of the brain and response to brain injury. Many molecules (e.g., neurotrophic factors) can stimulate or enhance proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells after injury. In this review, we first present an overview of neural stem cells during normal brain development and the effect of hypoxic-ischemic injury on the activation and function of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain. We then summarize and discuss the current knowledge of strategies and mechanisms for neural stem cell-based therapies on brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and adult ischemic stroke.
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21
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Zhu SZ, Szeto V, Bao MH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Pharmacological approaches promoting stem cell-based therapy following ischemic stroke insults. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:695-712. [PMID: 29671416 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke can lead to long-term neurological deficits. Adult neurogenesis, the continuous generation of newborn neurons in distinct regions of the brain throughout life, has been considered as one of the appoaches to restore the neurological function following ischemic stroke. However, ischemia-induced spontaneous neurogenesis is not suffcient, thus cell-based therapy, including infusing exogenous stem cells or stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair of injured brain, has been studied in numerous animal experiments and some pilot clinical trials. While the effects of cell-based therapy on neurological function during recovery remains unproven in randomized controlled trials, pharmacological agents have been administrated to assist the cell-based therapy. In this review, we summarized the limitations of ischemia-induced neurogenesis and stem-cell transplantation, as well as the potential proneuroregenerative effects of drugs that may enhance efficacy of cell-based therapies. Specifically, we discussed drugs that enhance proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and function connectivity of newborn neurons, which may restore neurobehavioral function and improve outcomes in stroke patients.
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22
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Yang S, Jin H, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Opoku EN, Zhu L, Hu B. Diverse Functions and Mechanisms of Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:892-905. [PMID: 28088914 PMCID: PMC5652032 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170112170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Every year, strokes take millions of lives and leave millions of individuals living with permanent disabilities. Recently more researchers embrace the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which encompasses neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocyte, microglia, and the extracellular matrix. It has been well-documented that NVU emerged as a new paradigm for the exploration of mechanisms and therapies in ischemic stroke. To better understand the complex NVU and broaden therapeutic targets, we must probe the roles of multiple cell types in ischemic stroke. The aims of this paper are to introduce the biological characteristics of brain pericytes and the available evidence on the diverse functions and mechanisms involving the pericytes in the context of ischemic stroke. Methods: Research and online content related to the biological characteristics and pathophysiological roles of pericytes is review. The new research direction on the Pericytes in ischemic stroke, and the potential therapeutic targets are provided. Results: During the different stages of ischemic stroke, pericytes play different roles: 1) On the hyperacute phase of stroke, pericytes constriction and death may be a cause of the no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries; 2) During the acute phase, pericytes detach from microvessels and participate in inflammatory-immunological response, resulting in the BBB damage and brain edema. Pericytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection by protecting endothelium, stabilizing BBB and releasing neurotrophins; 3) Similarly, during the later recovery phase of stroke, pericytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Conclusion: This emphasis on the NVU concept has shifted the focus of ischemic stroke research from neuro-centric views to the complex interactions within NVU. With this new perspective, pericytes that are centrally positioned in the NVU have been widely studied in ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the beneficial and detrimental roles of brain pericytes in ischemic stroke that may serve as a basis for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Elvis Nana Opoku
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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23
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Ferenczi EA, Saadi A, Bhattacharyya S, Berkowitz AL. Glioblastoma arising within sites of encephalomalacia from cerebrovascular insult: two cases and a review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 50:110-115. [PMID: 29422364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary parenchymal brain malignancy, with median survival of less than one year. While there are likely multiple predisposing genetic and environmental factors in glioblastoma formation, chronic inflammation resulting from non-traumatic vascular brain injury is one proposed risk factor for oncogenesis. Here, we report two instances of glioblastoma arising within areas of encephalomalacia caused by remote vascular insults (one following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and one following ischemic infarction), review the literature associating glioblastoma with prior brain injury, and discuss potential mechanisms for malignant transformation in injured brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Ferenczi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Altaf Saadi
- National Clinical Scholars Program, University of California Los Angeles, 10940 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Shamik Bhattacharyya
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron L Berkowitz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Lippert T, Gelineau L, Napoli E, Borlongan CV. Harnessing neural stem cells for treating psychiatric symptoms associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:10-22. [PMID: 28365374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain insults with progressive neurodegeneration are inherent in pathological symptoms that represent many psychiatric illnesses. Neural network disruptions characterized by impaired neurogenesis have been recognized to precede, accompany, and possibly even exacerbate the evolution and progression of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Here, we focus on the neurodegeneration and the resulting psychiatric symptoms observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy, in an effort to show that these two diseases are candidate targets for stem cell therapy. In particular, we provide preclinical evidence in the transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in both conditions, highlighting the potential of this cell-based treatment for correcting the psychiatric symptoms that plague these two disorders. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of NSC transplantation and offer insights into the mechanisms that may mediate the therapeutic benefits and can be exploited to overcome the hurdles of translating this therapy from the laboratory to the clinic. Our ultimate goal is to advance stem cell therapy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton Lippert
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lindsey Gelineau
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 3011 VM3B 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA..
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of disability. It takes place when the brain does not receive sufficient blood supply due to the blood clot in the vessels or narrowing of vessels' inner space due to accumulation of fat products. Apart from thrombolysis (dissolving of blood clot) and thrombectomy (surgical removal of blood clot or widening of vessel inner area) during the first hours after an ischemic stroke, no effective treatment to improve functional recovery exists in the post-ischemic phase. Due to their narrow therapeutic time window, thrombolysis and thrombectomy are unavailable to more than 80% of stroke patients.Many experimental studies carried out in animal models of stroke have demonstrated that stem cell transplantation may become a new therapeutic strategy in stroke. Transplantation of stem cells of different origin and stage of development has been shown to lead to improvement in experimental models of stroke through several mechanisms including neuronal replacement, modulation of cellular and synaptic plasticity and inflammation, neuroprotection and stimulation of angiogenesis. Several clinical studies and trials based on stem cell delivery in stroke patients are in progress with goal of improvements of functional recovery through mechanisms other than neuronal replacement. These approaches may provide therapeutic benefit, but generation of specific neurons for reconstruction of stroke-injured neural circuitry remains ultimate challenge. For this purpose, neural stem cells could be developed from multiple sources and fated to adopt required neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Qi C, Zhang J, Chen X, Wan J, Wang J, Zhang P, Liu Y. Hypoxia stimulates neural stem cell proliferation by increasing HIF‑1α expression and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:12-19. [PMID: 28838333 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that after brain injury, neurogenesis is enhanced in regions such as hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. To study the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF‑1α) and Wnt signaling in cerebral ischemia/hypoxia-induced proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), we investigated the proliferation of NSCs, expression of HIF‑1α, and activation of Wnt signaling under conditions of pathologic hypoxia in vitro. NSCs were isolated from 30-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and subjected to 0.3% oxygen in a microaerophilic incubation system. Cell proliferation was evaluated by measuring the diameter of neurospheres and by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 in the NSCs. The results showed that hypoxia increased NSC proliferation and the levels of HIF-1α, β‑catenin, and cyclin D1 (p < 0.05). Blockade of the Wnt signaling pathway decreased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation, whereas activation of this pathway increased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation (p < 0.05). Knockdown of HIF-1α with HIF-1α siRNA decreased β‑catenin nuclear translocation and cyclin D1 expression, and inhibited proliferation of NSCs (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that pathologic hypoxia stimulates NSC proliferation by increasing expression of HIF-1α and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The data suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may play a key role in NSC proliferation under conditions of pathologic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - X Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
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27
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Novel Regenerative Therapies Based on Regionally Induced Multipotent Stem Cells in Post-Stroke Brains: Their Origin, Characterization, and Perspective. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:515-528. [PMID: 28744717 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain injuries such as ischemic stroke cause severe neural loss. Until recently, it was believed that post-ischemic areas mainly contain necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. However, using a mouse model of cerebral infarction, we demonstrated that stem cells develop within ischemic areas. Ischemia-induced stem cells can function as neural progenitors; thus, we initially named them injury/ischemia-induced neural stem/progenitor cells (iNSPCs). However, because they differentiate into more than neural lineages, we now refer to them as ischemia-induced multipotent stem cells (iSCs). Very recently, we showed that putative iNSPCs/iSCs are present within post-stroke areas in human brains. Because iNSPCs/iSCs isolated from mouse and human ischemic tissues can differentiate into neuronal lineages in vitro, it is possible that a clearer understanding of iNSPC/iSC profiles and the molecules that regulate iNSPC/iSC fate (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, and survival) would make it possible to perform neural regeneration/repair in patients following stroke. In this article, we introduce the origin and traits of iNSPCs/iSCs based on our reports and recent viewpoints. We also discuss their possible contribution to neurogenesis through endogenous and exogenous iNSPC/iSC therapies following ischemic stroke.
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28
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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29
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Tian X, Sun L, Feng D, Sun Q, Dou Y, Liu C, Zhou F, Li H, Shen H, Wang Z, Chen G. HMGB1 promotes neurovascular remodeling via Rage in the late phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2017; 1670:135-145. [PMID: 28606778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein widely expressed in the central nervous system. Extracellular HMGB1 serves as a proinflammatory cytokine and contributes to brain injury during the acute stage post-stroke. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated beneficial effects of HMGB1 in some types of brain injury, but little is known about its effects during the late phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study was designed to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of HMGB1 and its receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end-products (Rage), on brain recovery in the late stage of experimental SAH. Two inhibitors of HMGB1, ethyl pyruvate and glycyrrhizin (EP and GA), and Rage antagonist FPS-ZM1 were used to determine whether HMGB1 promotes brain recovery after SAH. The administration of EP, GA, and FPS-ZM1 effectively reduced HMGB1 and Rage expression. Correspondingly, protein levels of beneficial growth factors (NGF, BDNF, and VEGF) and numbers of BrdU and DCX positive neurons in the cortex were also decreased. The biphasic roles of HMGB1 may be based on the different redox modifications of cysteine residues. In this research, rats injected with two different redox status HMGB1 showed different prognosises at 7-14day after SAH. Recombinant HMGB1 can promote cytokine stimulating activity and aggravate brain injury. However, oxidized HMGB1 was unable to stimulate TNF production but can promote brain recovery by promoting neurotrophin expression. In conclusion, our investigation identified that HMGB1 promotes neurovascular recovery via Rage and may act in the oxidized state in the late stage of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongxia Feng
- Scott & White Clinic-Temple, 2401 S.31st Street, Temple TX 76508, USA
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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30
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Tatebayashi K, Tanaka Y, Nakano-Doi A, Sakuma R, Kamachi S, Shirakawa M, Uchida K, Kageyama H, Takagi T, Yoshimura S, Matsuyama T, Nakagomi T. Identification of Multipotent Stem Cells in Human Brain Tissue Following Stroke. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:787-797. [PMID: 28323540 PMCID: PMC5466056 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular regions of the brain harbor multipotent stem cells. We previously demonstrated that brain pericytes near blood vessels also develop multipotency following experimental ischemia in mice and these ischemia-induced multipotent stem cells (iSCs) can contribute to neurogenesis. However, it is essential to understand the traits of iSCs in the poststroke human brain for possible applications in stem cell-based therapies for stroke patients. In this study, we report for the first time that iSCs can be isolated from the poststroke human brain. Putative iSCs were derived from poststroke brain tissue obtained from elderly stroke patients requiring decompressive craniectomy and partial lobectomy for diffuse cerebral infarction. Immunohistochemistry showed that these iSCs were localized near blood vessels within poststroke areas containing apoptotic/necrotic neurons and expressed both the stem cell marker nestin and several pericytic markers. Isolated iSCs expressed these same markers and demonstrated high proliferative potential without loss of stemness. Furthermore, isolated iSCs expressed other stem cell markers, such as Sox2, c-myc, and Klf4, and differentiated into multiple cells in vitro, including neurons. These results show that iSCs, which are likely brain pericyte derivatives, are present within the poststroke human brain. This study suggests that iSCs can contribute to neural repair in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tatebayashi
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yasue Tanaka
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan .,2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- 2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Rika Sakuma
- 2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Saeko Kamachi
- 2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirakawa
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Uchida
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kageyama
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- 2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- 2 Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences , Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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31
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Wang F, Baba N, Shen Y, Yamashita T, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Maeda N, Sagara Y. CCL11 promotes migration and proliferation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28173860 PMCID: PMC5297016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induces massive brain damage during the perinatal period, resulting in long-term consequences to central nervous system structural and functional maturation. Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate through the parenchyma and home in to injury sites in the rodent brain, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. We examined the role of chemokines in mediating NPC migration after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. METHODS Nine-day-old mice were exposed to a 120-minute hypoxia following unilateral carotid occlusion. Chemokine levels were quantified in mouse brain extract. Migration and proliferation assays were performed using embryonic and infant mouse NPCs. RESULTS The neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury resulted in an ipsilateral lesion, which was extended to the cortical and striatal areas. NPCs migrated toward an injured area, where a marked increase of CC chemokines was detected. In vitro studies showed that incubation of NPCs with recombinant mouse CCL11 promoted migration and proliferation. These effects were partly inhibited by a CCR3 antagonist, SB297006. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate an important effect of CCL11 for mouse NPCs. The effective activation of NPCs may offer a promising strategy for neuroregeneration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yuan Shen
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yamashita
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nagamasa Maeda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sagara
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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32
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Law HCH, Szeto SSW, Quan Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Krakovska O, Lui LT, Zheng C, Lee SMY, Siu KWM, Wang Y, Chu IK. Characterization of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Chronic Phase of Stroke in a Cynomolgus Monkey Model of Induced Cerebral Ischemia. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1150-1166. [PMID: 28102082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disease are not well understood, particularly in the chronic phase after the initial ischemic episode. In this study, a Macaca fascicularis stroke model consisting of two sample groups, as determined by MRI-quantified infarct volumes as a measure of the stroke severity 28 days after the ischemic episode, was evaluated using qualitative and quantitative proteomics analyses. By using multiple online multidimensional liquid chromatography platforms, 8790 nonredundant proteins were identified that condensed to 5223 protein groups at 1% global false discovery rate (FDR). After the application of a conservative criterion (5% local FDR), 4906 protein groups were identified from the analysis of cerebral cortex. Of the 2068 quantified proteins, differential proteomic analyses revealed that 31 and 23 were dysregulated in the elevated- and low-infarct-volume groups, respectively. Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and inflammation featured prominently as the cellular processes associated with these dysregulated proteins. Protein interaction network analysis revealed that the dysregulated proteins for inflammation and neurogenesis were highly connected, suggesting potential cross-talk between these processes in modulating the cytoskeletal structure and dynamics in the chronic phase poststroke. Elucidating the long-term consequences of brain tissue injuries from a cellular prospective, as well as the molecular mechanisms that are involved, would provide a basis for the development of new potentially neurorestorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C H Law
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel S W Szeto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan Quan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Olga Krakovska
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Leong Ting Lui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Simon M-Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Avenue Padre Tomás Pereira S.J., Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - K W Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor , Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ivan K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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33
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Current Opinion on the Role of Neurogenesis in the Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease, and Ischemic Stroke; Considering Neuronal Voiding Function. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:276-287. [PMID: 28043116 PMCID: PMC5209581 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632776.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and ischemic stroke have increased in occurrence and become important health issues throughout the world. There is currently no effective therapeutic strategy for addressing neurological deficits after the development of these major neurological disorders. In recent years, it has become accepted that adult neural stem cells located in the subventricular and subgranular zones have the ability to proliferate and differentiate in order to replace lost or damaged neural cells. There have been many limitations in the clinical application of both endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis for neurological disorders. However, many studies have investigated novel mechanisms in neurogenesis and have shown that these limitations can potentially be overcome with appropriate stimulation and various approaches. We will review concepts related to possible therapeutic strategies focused on the perspective of neurogenesis for the treatment of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and ischemic stroke based on current reports.
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34
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Kasahara Y, Yamahara K, Soma T, Stern DM, Nakagomi T, Matsuyama T, Taguchi A. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells: intra-arterial versus intravenous administration impacts stroke outcomes in a murine model. Transl Res 2016; 176:69-80. [PMID: 27164406 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on results of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in animal models of stroke, clinical trials with hematopoietic stem cells administered intra-arterially or intravenously have been initiated in patients. Although intra-arterial injection is expected to deliver transplanted cells more directly to the ischemic tissue, the optimal route for enhancing clinical outcomes has not been identified in the setting of stroke. In this study, we compared the therapeutic potential of intra-arterial versus intravenous injection of bone marrow derived-mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) and CD133-positive (CD133(+)) cells in a murine stroke model. We have found that intra-arterial injection of BM-MNCs exaggerates inflammation with accompanying loss of microvascular structures in poststroke brain and no improvement in cortical function. In contrast, intravenous injection of BM-MNCs did not similarly enhance inflammation and improved cortical function. Our results indicate that the optimal route of cell transplantation can vary with different cell populations and highlight possible issues that might arise with intra-arterial cell administration for acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kasahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Soma
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - David M Stern
- Executive Dean's office, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Department of Neurogenesis and CNS repair, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Department of Neurogenesis and CNS repair, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan.
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35
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Induction of Perivascular Neural Stem Cells and Possible Contribution to Neurogenesis Following Transient Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:131-143. [PMID: 27352866 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advances have increased the likelihood of recanalizing the obstructed brain arteries in patients with stroke. Therefore, it is important to understand the fate of neural cells under transient ischemia/reperfusion injury. Accumulating evidence shows that neurogenesis occurs in perivascular regions following brain injury, although the precise mechanism and origin of these newborn neurons under transient ischemia/reperfusion injury remain unclear. Using a mouse model of transient brain ischemia/reperfusion injury, we found that neural stem cells (NSCs) develop within injured areas. This induction of NSCs following ischemia/reperfusion injury was observed even in response to nonlethal ischemia, although massive numbers of NSCs were induced by lethal ischemia. Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic studies indicated that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-positive (PDGFRβ+) pericytes within injured areas following nonlethal ischemia began to express the NSC marker nestin as early as 3 days after transient ischemia/reperfusion. Some PDGFRβ+ pericytes expressed the immature neuronal marker doublecortin at day 7. These findings indicate that brain pericytes are a potential source of the perivascular NSCs that generate neuronal cells under lethal and nonlethal ischemic conditions following transient ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, brain pericytes might be a target for neurogenesis mediation in patients with nonlethal and lethal ischemia following transient ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Li YC, Tsai LK, Young TH. Intraventricular infusion of a low fraction of serum enhances neurogenesis and improves recovery in a rodent stroke model. Neurosci Lett 2015; 611:14-20. [PMID: 26598023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing endogenous neurogenesis is a potential therapeutic strategy in stroke treatment. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with a fraction of serum with molecular weight of less than 100 kDa (100K) combined with bFGF promoted neurogenesis of cultured stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). In this study, we further evaluated the efficacy of intraventricular administration of 100K with bFGF (100K/bFGF) in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats administered 100K/bFGF on post-stroke day 1 exhibited a higher number of Ki67 and Nestin immunoreactive cells at the subventricular zone (SVZ) area and in the infarcted brain, indicating promotion of NSPCs proliferation. The 100K/bFGF treatment also predominantly increased the number of MAP-2 immunoreactive cells rather than GFAP immunoreactive cells at the SVZ area and in the infarcted regions, implying that 100K/bFGF dominated NSPCs differentiating into neurons rather than astrocytes. Importantly, treatment with 100K/bFGF significantly improved the animals' motor coordination. These findings demonstrated that treatment with a low serum fraction and bFGF benefited ischemic stroke likely through promotion of the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of endogenous NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Shin YJ, Riew TR, Park JH, Pak HJ, Lee MY. Expression of SOCS2 mRNA and protein in the ischemic core and penumbra after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 364:67-81. [PMID: 26563457 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) has been reported to be involved in astroglial reactions and adult neurogenesis in the ischemic hippocampus. To elucidate whether SOCS2 is implicated in the pathophysiology of stroke, we investigate spatiotemporal regulation and identification of cell phenotypes expressing SOCS2 after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Weak hybridization signals for SOCS2 mRNA were constitutively observed in striatal neurons and upregulation of SOCS2 mRNA was induced in association with nestin-positive cells in stroke-lesioned rats. Analysis of the characteristics and phenotypes of SOCS2/nestin double-labeled cells revealed spatial differences between infarct and peri-infarct areas. SOCS2/nestin double-labeled cells in the infarct area were associated with the vasculature and were highly proliferative. In contrast, the double-labeled cells in the peri-infarct area were indeed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive reactive astrocytes forming the glial scar, although nestin-negative reactive astrocytes also exhibited weak SOCS2 expression. In addition, induction of SOCS2 expression was observed in Iba1-positive cells showing a macrophage-like phenotype with amoeboid morphology; these cells were predominantly localized in the infarct area. In the peri-infarct area, only a small proportion of Iba1-positive cells with the morphology of brain macrophages expressed SOCS2 and most activated stellate microglial cells with thick and short processes exhibited weak or negligible SOCS2 expression. Thus, our results revealed the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of SOCS2-expressing cells within infarct and peri-infarct areas, suggesting the involvement of SOCS2 in astroglial reactions and activation/recruitment of brain macrophages and its potential role in perivascular progenitors/stem cells after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Jin Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Park
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Ha-Jin Pak
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.
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Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Neurogenesis following Stroke Affecting the Adult Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/11/a019034. [PMID: 26525150 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A bulk of experimental evidence supports the idea that the stroke-damaged adult brain makes an attempt to repair itself by producing new neurons also in areas where neurogenesis does not normally occur (e.g., the striatum and cerebral cortex). Knowledge about mechanisms regulating the different steps of neurogenesis after stroke is rapidly increasing but still incomplete. The functional consequences of stroke-induced neurogenesis and the level of integration of the new neurons into existing neural circuitries are poorly understood. To have a substantial impact on the recovery after stroke, this potential mechanism for self-repair needs to be enhanced, primarily by increasing the survival and differentiation of the generated neuroblasts. Moreover, for efficient repair, optimization of neurogenesis most likely needs to be combined with promotion of other endogenous neuroregenerative responses (e.g., protection and sprouting of remaining mature neurons, transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells [NSPC]-derived neurons and glia cells, and modulation of inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Cawsey T, Duflou J, Weickert CS, Gorrie CA. Nestin-Positive Ependymal Cells Are Increased in the Human Spinal Cord after Traumatic Central Nervous System Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1393-402. [PMID: 25599268 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neural progenitor cell niches have been identified in adult mammalian brain and spinal cord. Few studies have examined human spinal cord tissue for a neural progenitor cell response in disease or after injury. Here, we have compared cervical spinal cord sections from 14 individuals who died as a result of nontraumatic causes (controls) with 27 who died from injury with evidence of trauma to the central nervous system. Nestin immunoreactivity was used as a marker of neural progenitor cell response. There were significant increases in the percentage of ependymal cells that were nestin positive between controls and trauma cases. When sections from lumbar and thoracic spinal cord were available, nestin positivity was seen at all three spinal levels, suggesting that nestin reactivity is not simply a localized reaction to injury. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of ependymal cells that were nestin positive and post-injury survival time but not for age, postmortem delay, or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. No double-labelled nestin and GFAP cells were identified in the ependymal, subependymal, or parenchymal regions of the spinal cord. We need to further characterize this subset of ependymal cells to determine their role after injury, whether they are a population of neural progenitor cells with the potential for proliferation, migration, and differentiation for spinal cord repair, or whether they have other roles more in line with hypothalamic tanycytes, which they closely resemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cawsey
- 1 School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology , Sydney, Australia
| | - Johan Duflou
- 2 Department of Forensic Medicine, NSW Health Pathology , Sydney, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- 3 Neuroscience Research Australia , Sydney, Australia .,4 Schizophrenia Research Institute , Sydney, Australia .,5 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Anne Gorrie
- 1 School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology , Sydney, Australia
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Finding Order in Human Neurological Disorder Using a Tadpole. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Suenaga J, Gao Y, Zheng P, Chen J. Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 11:56-64. [PMID: 25385337 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of the adult brain as a static organ has changed in the past three decades, with the emergence of evidence that it remains plastic and has some regenerative capacity after injury. In the injured brain, microglia and macrophages clear cellular debris and orchestrate neuronal restorative processes. However, activation of these cells can also hinder CNS repair and expand tissue damage. Polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages of injury might account for this dual role. This Perspectives article highlights the specific roles of polarized microglial and macrophage populations in CNS repair after acute injury, and argues that therapeutic approaches targeting cerebral inflammation should shift from broad suppression of microglia and macrophages towards subtle adjustment of the balance between their phenotypes. Breakthroughs in the identification of regulatory molecules that control these phenotypic shifts could ultimately accelerate research towards curing brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, 220 Handan Road, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Centre of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Poulos SG, Richie WD, Bailey RK, Lee A, Dela Peña I, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. The potential of neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:149-56. [PMID: 24943998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is caused by intrauterine exposure to alcohol and can cause a full range of abnormalities to brain development, as well as long-term sequelae of cognitive, sensory and motor impairments. The incidence is estimated to be as high as 2% to 5% in children born within the US, however the prevalence is even higher in low socioeconomic populations. Despite the various mechanisms thought to explain the etiology of FASD, molecular targets of ethanol toxicity during development are not completely understood. More recent findings explore the role of GABA-A and GABA-B mechanisms, as well as cell death, cell signaling and gene expression malfunctions. Stem cell based therapies have grown exponentially over the last decade, which have lead to novel clinical interventions across many disciplines. Thus, early detailed understanding of the therapeutic potential of stem cell research has provided promising applications across a wide range of illnesses. Consequently, these potential benefits may ultimately lead to a reduced incidence and severity of this highly preventable and prevalent birth defect. It is recognized that stem cell derivations provide unique difficulties and limitations of therapeutic applications. This review will outline the current knowledge, along with the benefits and challenges of stem cell therapy for FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Poulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr Db Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville TN 37208 USA.
| | - William D Richie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr Db Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville TN 37208 USA
| | - Rahn K Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr Db Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville TN 37208 USA
| | - Arthur Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr Db Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville TN 37208 USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 78, Tampa FL 33612 USA
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Merson TD, Bourne JA. Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: insights for therapeutic strategies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:4-19. [PMID: 25128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is among the most common yet most intractable types of central nervous system (CNS) injury in the adult human population. In the acute stages of disease, neurons in the ischaemic lesion rapidly die and other neuronal populations in the ischaemic penumbra are vulnerable to secondary injury. Multiple parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischaemia initiates an endogenous regenerative response within the adult brain that potentiates adult neurogenesis from populations of neural stem and progenitor cells. A major research focus has been to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the potentiation of adult neurogenesis and to appreciate how interventions designed to modulate these processes could enhance neural regeneration in the post-ischaemic brain. In this review, we highlight recent advances over the last 5 years that help unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that potentiate endogenous neurogenesis following cerebral ischaemia and are dissecting the functional importance of this regenerative mechanism following brain injury. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Level 1 North STRIP 1, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Shinozuka K, Dailey T, Tajiri N, Ishikawa H, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Stem cell transplantation for neuroprotection in stroke. Brain Sci 2014; 3:239-61. [PMID: 24147217 PMCID: PMC3800120 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for stroke have expanded substantially over the last decade. The diversity of embryonic and adult tissue sources provides researchers with the ability to harvest an ample supply of stem cells. However, the optimal conditions of stem cell use are still being determined. Along this line of the need for optimization studies, we discuss studies that demonstrate effective dose, timing, and route of stem cells. We recognize that stem cell derivations also provide uniquely individual difficulties and limitations in their therapeutic applications. This review will outline the current knowledge, including benefits and challenges, of the many current sources of stem cells for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-3988; Fax: +1-813-974-3078
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Goc J, Liu JYW, Sisodiya SM, Thom M. A spatiotemporal study of gliosis in relation to depth electrode tracks in drug-resistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:2151-62. [PMID: 24666402 PMCID: PMC4211361 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Key questions remain regarding the processes governing gliogenesis following central nervous system injury that are critical to understanding both beneficial brain repair mechanisms and any long-term detrimental effects, including increased risk of seizures. We have used cortical injury produced by intracranial electrodes (ICEs) to study the time-course and localization of gliosis and gliogenesis in surgically resected human brain tissue. Seventeen cases with ICE injuries of 4–301 days age were selected. Double-labelled immunolabelling using a proliferative cell marker (MCM2), markers of fate-specific transcriptional factors (PAX6, SOX2), a microglial marker (IBA1) and glial markers (nestin, GFAP) was quantified in three regions: zone 1 (immediate vicinity: 0–350 μm), zone 2 (350–700 μm) and zone 3 (remote ≥2000 μm) in relation to the ICE injury site. Microglial/macrophage cell densities peaked at 28–30 days post-injury (dpi) with a significant decline in proliferating microglia with dpi in all zones. Nestin-expressing cells (NECs) were concentrated in zones 1 and 2, showed the highest regenerative capacity (MCM2 and PAX6 co-expression) and were intimately associated with capillaries within the organizing injury cavity. There was a significant decline in nestin/MCM2 co-expressing cells with dpi in zones 1 and 2. Nestin-positive fibres remained in the chronic scar, and NECs with neuronal morphology were noted in older injuries. GFAP-expressing glia were more evenly distributed between zones, with no significant decline in density or proliferative capacity with dpi. Colocalization between nestin and GFAP in zone 1 glial cells decreased with increasing dpi. In conclusion, NECs at acute injury sites are a proliferative, transient cell population with capacity for maturation into astrocytes with possible neuronal differentiation observed in older injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Goc
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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46
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Zhao W, Xu W, Yang WW. Neuroregeneration in the nucleus ambiguus after recurrent laryngeal nerve avulsion in rats. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 123:490-9. [PMID: 24627406 DOI: 10.1177/0003489414524170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate neuroregeneration, the origins of newborn cells and the proliferation of neuronal and glial cells in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) after ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) avulsion. METHODS All of the animals received a CM-Dil injection in the left lateral ventricle. Forty-five adult rats were subjected to a left RLN avulsion injury, while 9 rats were used as controls. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally. Neuron quantification and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in the brain stems at different time points after RLN injury. RESULTS After RLN avulsion, CM-Dil labeled neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrated to the ipsilateral NA and differentiated into astrocytes but not into neurons. In the NA, the neuronal cells re-expressed nestin. Only a small number of neuronal and glial cells in the NA showed BrdU immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS After RLN avulsion, the NPCs in the ependymal layer of the fourth ventricle or central canal are activated, migrate to the lesion in the NA and differentiate exclusively into astrocytes. The newborn neural stem cells in the NA may arise from the mature region neurons. The presence of both cell types in the NA may play a role in repairing RLN injuries.
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Sanin V, Heeß C, Kretzschmar HA, Schüller U. Recruitment of neural precursor cells from circumventricular organs of patients with cerebral ischaemia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:510-8. [PMID: 22985410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adult neurogenesis is well described in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle walls and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, recent studies indicate that self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs) is not restricted to these niches, but that diverse areas of the adult brain are capable of generating new neurones and responding to various pathological alterations. In particular, NSCs have been identified in circumventricular organs (CVOs) of the adult mouse brain. METHODS In order to detect possible neural stem or progenitor cells in CVOs of the human brain, we analysed post mortem human brain tissue from patients without neuropathological changes (n = 16) and brains from patients with ischaemic stroke (n = 16). RESULTS In all analysed CVOs (area postrema, median eminence, pineal gland and neurohypophysis) we observed cells with expression of early NSC markers, such as GFAP, nestin, vimentin, OLIG2 and PSA-NCAM, with some of them coexpressing Ki67 as a marker of cell proliferation. Importantly, stroke patients displayed an up to fivefold increase with respect to the relative number of Ki67- and OLIG2-expressing cells within their CVOs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are compatible with a scenario where CVOs may serve as a further source of NSCs in the adult human brain and may contribute to neurogenesis and brain plasticity in the context of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanin
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Choi NY, Choi H, Park HH, Lee EH, Yu HJ, Lee KY, Joo Lee Y, Koh SH. Neuroprotective effects of amlodipine besylate and benidipine hydrochloride on oxidative stress-injured neural stem cells. Brain Res 2014; 1551:1-12. [PMID: 24440775 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with oxidative stress. Amlodipine besylate (AB) and benidipine hydrochloride (BH), which are Ca(2+) antagonists, have been reported to reduce oxidative stress. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of AB and BH on oxidative stress-injured neural stem cells (NSCs), with a focus on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. After treatment with H2O2, the viability of NSCs decreased in a concentration-dependent manner; however, co-treatment with AB or BH restored the viability of H2O2-injured NSCs. H2O2 increased free radical production and apoptosis in NSCs, whereas co-treatment with AB or BH attenuated these effects. To evaluate the effects of AB or BH on the H2O2-inhibited proliferation of NSCs, we performed BrdU labeling and colony formation assays and found that NSC proliferation decreased upon H2O2 treatment but that combined treatment with AB or BH restored this proliferation. Western blot analysis showed that AB and BH increased the expression of cell survival-related proteins that were linked with the PI3K and ERK pathways but decreased the expression of cell death-related proteins. To investigate whether the PI3K and ERK pathways were directly involved in the neuroprotective effects of AB and BH on H2O2-treated NSCs, NSCs were pretreated with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, or the ERK inhibitor, FR180204, which significantly blocked the effects of AB and BH. Together, our results suggest that AB and BH restore the H2O2-inhibited viability and proliferation of NSCs by inhibiting oxidative stress and by activating the PI3K and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeung Yu
- Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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50
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De novo glioblastoma in the territory of a prior middle cerebral artery infarct. Case Rep Neurol Med 2013; 2013:356526. [PMID: 24222871 PMCID: PMC3810319 DOI: 10.1155/2013/356526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a patient who developed glioblastoma in the territory of a previous infarction. Two years after an ischemic stroke, the patient presented with a cystic, necrotic, and heterogeneously enhancing mass. Open biopsy and debulking of the mass with histological analysis revealed the mass to be glioblastoma. Though several cases of posttraumatic GBM have been reported, this is the first proposed case of GBM after an ischemic stroke. From this case, we suggest that the ischemic stroke, like other forms of cortical injury, may predispose to glioblastoma formation.
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