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Gabai A, Zeppieri M, Finocchio L, Salati C. Innovative Strategies for Drug Delivery to the Ocular Posterior Segment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1862. [PMID: 37514050 PMCID: PMC10385847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative and new drug delivery systems (DDSs) have recently been developed to vehicle treatments and drugs to the ocular posterior segment and the retina. New formulations and technological developments, such as nanotechnology, novel matrices, and non-traditional treatment strategies, open new perspectives in this field. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight promising strategies reported in the current literature based on innovative routes to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers of the vitreoretinal structures. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments that provide safety and efficacy and the problems related to patient compliance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustained drug delivery. The clinical application of these experimental approaches can help pave the way for standardizing the use of DDSs in developing enhanced treatment strategies and personalized therapeutic options for ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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2
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Tawfik M, Chen F, Goldberg JL, Sabel BA. Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1477-1507. [PMID: 36107200 PMCID: PMC9630211 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Blindness affects more than 60 million people worldwide. Retinal disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma, are the leading causes of blindness. Finding means to optimize local and sustained delivery of drugs or genes to the eye and retina is one goal to advance the development of new therapeutics. Despite the ease of accessibility of delivering drugs via the ocular surface, the delivery of drugs to the retina is still challenging due to anatomic and physiologic barriers. Designing a suitable delivery platform to overcome these barriers should enhance drug bioavailability and provide a safe, controlled, and sustained release. Current inventions for posterior segment treatments include intravitreal implants and subretinal viral gene delivery that satisfy these criteria. Several other novel drug delivery technologies, including nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, microneedles, liposomes, and nanowires, are now being widely studied for posterior segment drug delivery, and extensive research on gene delivery using siRNA, mRNA, or aptamers is also on the rise. This review discusses the current state of retinal drug/gene delivery and highlights future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tawfik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fang Chen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Red Upconverter Nanocrystals Functionalized with Verteporfin for Photodynamic Therapy Triggered by Upconversion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136951. [PMID: 35805956 PMCID: PMC9266923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upconversion (UC) nanoparticles characterized by red upconversion emission, particularly interesting for biological applications, have been prepared and subsequently modified by the covalent anchoring of Verteporfin (Ver), an FDA approved photosensitizer (PS) which usually exerts its photodynamic activity upon excitation with red light. ZrO2 was chosen as the platform where Yb3+ and Er3+ were inserted as the sensitizer and activator ions, respectively. Careful control of the doping ratio, along with a detailed physico-chemical characterization, was carried out. Upon functionalization with a silica shell to covalently anchor the photosensitizer, a theranostic nanoparticle was obtained whose architecture, thanks to a favorable energy level match and a uniform distribution of the PS, allowed us to trigger the photodynamic activity of Ver by upconversion, thus paving the way to the use of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in deep tissues, thanks to the higher penetrating power of NIR light.
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Silverstein SM, Choi JJ, Green KM, Bowles-Johnson KE, Ramchandran RS. Schizophrenia in Translation: Why the Eye? Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:728-737. [PMID: 35640030 PMCID: PMC9212100 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease, characterized by dysregulation in multiple physiological systems (eg, neural, cardiovascular, endocrine). Many of these changes are observed as early as the first psychotic episode, and in people at high risk for the disorder. Expanding the search for biomarkers of schizophrenia beyond genes, blood, and brain may allow for inexpensive, noninvasive, and objective markers of diagnosis, phenotype, treatment response, and prognosis. Several anatomic and physiologic aspects of the eye have shown promise as biomarkers of brain health in a range of neurological disorders, and of heart, kidney, endocrine, and other impairments in other medical conditions. In schizophrenia, thinning and volume loss in retinal neural layers have been observed, and are associated with illness progression, brain volume loss, and cognitive impairment. Retinal microvascular changes have also been observed. Abnormal pupil responses and corneal nerve disintegration are related to aspects of brain function and structure in schizophrenia. In addition, studying the eye can inform about emerging cardiovascular, neuroinflammatory, and metabolic diseases in people with early psychosis, and about the causes of several of the visual changes observed in the disorder. Application of the methods of oculomics, or eye-based biomarkers of non-ophthalmological pathology, to the treatment and study of schizophrenia has the potential to provide tools for patient monitoring and data-driven prediction, as well as for clarifying pathophysiology and course of illness. Given their demonstrated utility in neuropsychiatry, we recommend greater adoption of these tools for schizophrenia research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; tel: +1 585-275-6742, e-mail:
| | - Joy J Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kyle M Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Rajeev S Ramchandran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Exploring the systemic delivery of a poorly water-soluble model drug to the retina using PLGA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105905. [PMID: 34116175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the drug development process, many pharmacologically active compounds are discarded because of poor water solubility, but nanoparticle-based formulations are increasingly proposed as a solution for this problem. We therefore studied the distribution of nanoparticulate carriers and the delivery of their poorly water-soluble cargo to a structure of the central nervous system, the retina, under naive and pathological conditions. The lipophilic fluorescent dye coumarin 6 (Cou6) was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). After intravenous administration in rats, we analyzed the distribution of cargo Cou6 and of the NP carrier covalently labeled with Cy5.5 in healthy animals and animals with optic nerve crush (ONC). In vivo real-time retina imaging revealed that Cou6 was rapidly released from PLGA NPs and penetrated the inner blood-retina barrier (BRB) within 15 min and PLGA NPs were gradually eliminated from the retinal blood circulation. Ex vivo microscopy of retinal flat mounts indicated that the Cou6 accumulated predominantly in the extracellular space and to a lesser extent in neurons. While the distribution of Cou6 in healthy animals and post ONC was comparable at early time point post-operation, the elimination of the NPs from the vessels was faster on day 7 post ONC. These results demonstrate the importance of considering different kinetics of nano-carrier and poorly water-soluble cargo, emphasizing the critical role of their parenchymal distribution, i.e. cellular/extracellular, and function of different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Fluorescently Labeled PLGA Nanoparticles for Visualization In Vitro and In Vivo: The Importance of Dye Properties. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081145. [PMID: 34452106 PMCID: PMC8399891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled nanoparticles are widely used for evaluating their distribution in the biological environment. However, dye leakage can lead to misinterpretations of the nanoparticles' biodistribution. To better understand the interactions of dyes and nanoparticles and their biological environment, we explored PLGA nanoparticles labeled with four widely used dyes encapsulated (coumarin 6, rhodamine 123, DiI) or bound covalently to the polymer (Cy5.5.). The DiI label was stable in both aqueous and lipophilic environments, whereas the quick release of coumarin 6 was observed in model media containing albumin (42%) or liposomes (62%), which could be explained by the different affinity of these dyes to the polymer and lipophilic structures and which we also confirmed by computational modeling (log PDPPC/PLGA: DiI-2.3, Cou6-0.7). The importance of these factors was demonstrated by in vivo neuroimaging (ICON) of the rat retina using double-labeled Cy5.5/Cou6-nanoparticles: encapsulated Cou6 quickly leaked into the tissue, whereas the stably bound Cy.5.5 label remained associated with the vessels. This observation is a good example of the possible misinterpretation of imaging results because the coumarin 6 distribution creates the impression that nanoparticles effectively crossed the blood-retina barrier, whereas in fact no signal from the core material was found beyond the blood vessels.
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Wu HJ, Chang CC. Fabrication of Double Emission Enhancement Fluorescent Nanoparticles with Combined PET and AIEE Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235732. [PMID: 33291763 PMCID: PMC7731327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the fabrication of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNs) based on dye-doped silica nanoparticles (DDSNs) is aggregation-caused fluorescence quenching. Here, we constructed an FSN based on a double emission enhancement (DEE) platform. A thio-reactive fluorescence turn-on molecule, N-butyl-4-(4-maleimidostyryl)-1,8-naphthalimide (CS), was bound to a silane coupling agent, (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), and the product N-butyl-4-(3-(trimethoxysilyl-propylthio)styryl)-1,8-naphthalimide (CSP) was further used to fabricate a core–shell nanoparticle through the Stöber method. We concluded that the turn-on emission by CSP originated from the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the maleimide moiety and the CSP core scaffold, and the second emission enhancement was attributed to the aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in CSP when encapsulated inside a core–shell nanoparticle. Thus, FSNs could be obtained through DEE based on a combination of PET and AIEE effects. Systematic investigations verified that the resulting FSNs showed the traditional solvent-independent and photostable optical properties. The results implied that the novel FSNs are suitable as biomarkers in living cells and function as fluorescent visualizing agents for intracellular imaging and drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wu
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No.145, Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Intelligent Minimally-Invasive Device Center, National Chung Hsing University, No.145, Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840734
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Zhang E, Zhukova V, Semyonkin A, Osipova N, Malinovskaya Y, Maksimenko O, Chernikov V, Sokolov M, Grigartzik L, Sabel BA, Gelperina S, Henrich-Noack P. Release kinetics of fluorescent dyes from PLGA nanoparticles in retinal blood vessels: In vivo monitoring and ex vivo localization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:131-142. [PMID: 32151727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid))-based nanoparticles (NPs) are promising drug carrier systems because of their excellent biocompatibility and ability for sustained drug release. However, it is not well understood how the kinetics of such drug delivery system perform in the retinal blood circulation as imaged in vivo and in real time. To answer this question, PLGA NPs were loaded either with lipophilic carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) or hydrophilic Rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and coated with poloxamer 188 (P188): PLGA-DiI/P188 and PLGA-Rho123/P188. All particles had narrow size distributions around 130 nm, spherical shape and negative potential. Subsequently, we performed in vivo real-time imaging of retinal blood vessels, combined with ex vivo microscopy to monitor the kinetics and to detect location of those two fluorescent markers. We found that DiI signals were long lasting, detectable >90 min in blood vessels after intravenous injection as visible by homogeneous labelling of the vessel wall as well as by spots in the lumen of blood vessels. In contrast, Rho123 signals mostly disappeared after 15 min post intravenous injection in such compartment. To explore how PLGA NP-loaded cargoes are released in the retina in vivo, we thereafter monitored the Cyanine5.5 amine (Cy5.5) covalently linked PLGA polymer (Cy5.5-PLGA) in parallel to DiI and Rho123. The Cy5.5 signal from PLGA polymer was detectable in the retina vessels >90 min for both, the Cy5.5-PLGA-DiI/P188 and Cy5.5-PLGA-Rho123/P188 groups. Microscopy of the ex vivo retina tissue revealed partial level of colocalization of PLGA with DiI but no colocalization between PLGA and Rho123 at 2 h post injection. This indicates that at least a fraction of the lipophilic DiI was preserved within NPs, whereas no hydrophilic Rho123 was associated with NPs at that time point. In conclusion, the properties of PLGA carrier-cargo system in the blood circulation of the retina might be strongly influenced by the combination of factors, including the individual properties of loaded compounds and blood milieu. Thus, it is unlikely that a single nanoparticle formulation will be identified that is universally effective for the delivery of different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Zhang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vasilisa Zhukova
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia
| | - Aleksey Semyonkin
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Osipova
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia
| | - Yulia Malinovskaya
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga Maksimenko
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia
| | | | - Maxim Sokolov
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Grigartzik
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Svetlana Gelperina
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Drugs Technology LLC, Moscow Region, Khimki, Russia
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Clinic Muenster, Mendel Str. 7, 49148 Muenster, Germany
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9
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You Q, Sokolov M, Grigartzik L, Hintz W, van Wachem BGM, Henrich-Noack P, Sabel BA. How Nanoparticle Physicochemical Parameters Affect Drug Delivery to Cells in the Retina via Systemic Interactions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:5068-5075. [PMID: 31609624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Minor changes in the composition of poloxamer 188-modified, DEAE-dextran-stabilized (PDD) polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs), by altering the physicochemical parameters (such as size or surface charge), can substantially influence their delivery kinetics across the blood-retina barrier (BRB) in vivo. We now investigated the physicochemical mechanisms underlying these different behaviors of NP variations at biological barriers and their influence on the cellular and body distribution. Retinal whole mounts from rats injected in vivo with fluorescent PBCA NPs were processed for retina imaging ex vivo to obtain a detailed distribution of NPs with cellular resolution in retinal tissue. In line with previous in vivo imaging results, NPs with a larger size and medium surface charge accumulated more readily in brain tissue, and they could be more easily detected in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), demonstrating the potential of these NPs for drug delivery into neurons. The biodistribution of the NPs revealed a higher accumulation of small-sized NPs in peripheral organs, which may reduce the passage of these particles into brain tissue via a "steal effect" mechanism. Thus, systemic interactions significantly determine the potential of NPs to deliver markers or drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). In this way, minor changes of NPs' physicochemical parameters can significantly impact their rate of brain/body biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Institute of Medical Psychology , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany
| | - Maxim Sokolov
- Institute of Medical Psychology , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany
| | - Lisa Grigartzik
- Institute of Medical Psychology , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany
| | - Werner Hintz
- Institute of Process Engineering , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39106 , Germany
| | - Berend G M van Wachem
- Institute of Process Engineering , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39106 , Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany.,Clinic of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology , University Clinic Münster , Münster 48149 , Germany
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology , Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany.,InEye Hospital , Chengdu University of TCM , Chengdu 610084 , PR China
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You Q, Hopf T, Hintz W, Rannabauer S, Voigt N, van Wachem B, Henrich-Noack P, Sabel BA. Major effects on blood-retina barrier passage by minor alterations in design of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2018; 27:338-346. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1531416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Talea Hopf
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hintz
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rannabauer
- Institute of Materials and Joining Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Voigt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - B. van Wachem
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhang X, Zhang E, Grigartzik L, Henrich-Noack P, Hintz W, Sabel BA. Anti-apoptosis Function of PBCA Nanoparticles Containing Caspase-3 siRNA for Neuronal Protection. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zhang
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Verfahrenstechnik; Universitätsplatz 2 39126 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Enqi Zhang
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Medizinische Psychologie; Leipziger Straße 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Lisa Grigartzik
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Medizinische Psychologie; Leipziger Straße 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Medizinische Psychologie; Leipziger Straße 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Werner Hintz
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Verfahrenstechnik; Universitätsplatz 2 39126 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg; Institut für Medizinische Psychologie; Leipziger Straße 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany
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Electrical brain stimulation induces dendritic stripping but improves survival of silent neurons after optic nerve damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:627. [PMID: 28377608 PMCID: PMC5428431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS) improves vision in patients with chronic visual impairments and an acute treatment increased survival of retinal neurons after optic nerve crush (ONC) in rodent models of visual system injury. However, despite this protection no functional recovery could be detected in rats, which was interpreted as evidence of “silent survivor” cells. We now analysed the mechanisms underlying this “silent survival” effect. Using in vivo microscopy of the retina we investigated the survival and morphology of fluorescent neurons before and after ONC in animals receiving rtACS or sham treatment. One week after the crush, more neurons survived in the rtACS-treated group compared to sham-treated controls. In vivo imaging further revealed that in the initial post-ONC period, rtACS induced dendritic pruning in surviving neurons. In contrast, dendrites in untreated retinae degenerated slowly after the axonal trauma and neurons died. The complete loss of visual evoked potentials supports the hypothesis that cell signalling is abolished in the surviving neurons. Despite this evidence of “silencing”, intracellular free calcium imaging showed that the cells were still viable. We propose that early after trauma, complete dendritic stripping following rtACS protects neurons from excitotoxic cell death by silencing them.
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Fortune B. In vivo imaging methods to assess glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:139-53. [PMID: 26048475 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize the most common imaging methods currently applied for in vivo assessment of ocular structure in animal models of experimental glaucoma with an emphasis on translational relevance to clinical studies of the human disease. The most common techniques in current use include optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. In reviewing the application of these and other imaging modalities to study glaucomatous optic neuropathy, this article is organized into three major sections: 1) imaging the optic nerve head, 2) imaging the retinal nerve fiber layer and 3) imaging retinal ganglion cell soma and dendrites. The article concludes with a brief section on possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, 1225 NE Second Avenue, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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Choe TE, Abbott CJ, Piper C, Wang L, Fortune B. Comparison of longitudinal in vivo measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal ganglion cell density after optic nerve transection in rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113011. [PMID: 25393294 PMCID: PMC4231142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the relationship between longitudinal in vivo measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density after unilateral optic nerve transection (ONT). Methods Nineteen adult Brown-Norway rats were studied; N = 10 ONT plus RGC label, N = 3 ONT plus vehicle only (sans label), N = 6 sham ONT plus RGC label. RNFLT was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline then weekly for 1 month. RGCs were labeled by retrograde transport of fluorescently conjugated cholera toxin B (CTB) from the superior colliculus 48 hours prior to ONT or sham surgery. RGC density measurements were obtained by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) at baseline and weekly for 1 month. RGC density and reactivity of microglia (anti-Iba1) and astrocytes (anti-GFAP) were determined from post mortem fluorescence microscopy of whole-mount retinae. Results RNFLT decreased after ONT by 17% (p<0.05), 30% (p<0.0001) and 36% (p<0.0001) at weeks 2, 3 and 4. RGC density decreased after ONT by 18%, 69%, 85% and 92% at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.0001 each). RGC density measured in vivo at week 4 and post mortem by microscopy were strongly correlated (R = 0.91, p<0.0001). In vivo measures of RNFLT and RGC density were strongly correlated (R = 0.81, p<0.0001). In ONT- CTB labeled fellow eyes, RNFLT increased by 18%, 52% and 36% at weeks 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.0001), but did not change in fellow ONT-eyes sans CTB. Microgliosis was evident in the RNFL of the ONT-CTB fellow eyes, exceeding that observed in other fellow eyes. Conclusions In vivo measurements of RNFLT and RGC density are strongly correlated and can be used to monitor longitudinal changes after optic nerve injury. The strong fellow eye effect observed in eyes contralateral to ONT, only in the presence of CTB label, consisted of a dramatic increase in RNFLT associated with retinal microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany E. Choe
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carla J. Abbott
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Piper
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Voigt N, Henrich-Noack P, Kockentiedt S, Hintz W, Tomas J, Sabel BA. Toxicity of polymeric nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 16:2379. [PMID: 26420981 PMCID: PMC4584143 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (PBCA NPs) are candidates for a drug delivery system, which can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because little is known about their toxicity, we exposed cells to PBCA NPs in vitro and in vivo and monitored their life and death assays. PBCA NPs were fabricated with different surfactants according to the mini-emulsion technique. Viabilities of HeLa and HEK293 cells after NP incubation were quantified by analysing cellular metabolic activity (MTT-test). We then repetitively injected i.v. rhodamine-labelled PBCA NP variations into rats and monitored the survival and morphology of retrogradely labelled neurons by in vivo confocal neuroimaging (ICON) for five weeks. To test for carrier-efficacy and safety, PBCA NPs loaded with Kyotorphin were injected in rats, and a hot plate test was used to quantify analgesic effects. In vitro, we found dose-dependent cell death which was, however, only detectable at very high doses and mainly seen in the cultures incubated with NPs fabricated with the tensids SDS and Tween. However, the in vivo experiments did not show any NP-induced neuronal death, even with particles which were toxic at high dose in vitro, i.e. NPs with Tween and SDS. The increased pain threshold at the hot plate test demonstrated that PBCA NPs are able to cross the BBB and thus comprise a useful tool for drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). Our findings showing that different nanoparticle formulations are non-toxic have important implications for the value of NP engineering approaches in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Voigt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kockentiedt
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hintz
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomas
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Voigt N, Henrich-Noack P, Kockentiedt S, Hintz W, Tomas J, Sabel BA. Surfactants, not size or zeta-potential influence blood–brain barrier passage of polymeric nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Montalti M, Prodi L, Rampazzo E, Zaccheroni N. Dye-doped silica nanoparticles as luminescent organized systems for nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4243-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes developments and applications of luminescent dye doped silica nanoparticles as versatile organized systems for nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Prodi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Rampazzo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Ramos de Carvalho JE, Verbraak FD, Aalders MC, van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Recent advances in ophthalmic molecular imaging. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:393-413. [PMID: 24529711 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of molecular imaging techniques is the visualization of molecular processes and functional changes in living animals and human patients before morphological changes occur at the cellular and tissue level. Ophthalmic molecular imaging is still in its infancy and has mainly been used in small animals for pre-clinical research. The goal of most of these pre-clinical studies is their translation into ophthalmic molecular imaging techniques in clinical care. We discuss various molecular imaging techniques and their applications in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emanuel Ramos de Carvalho
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank D Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C Aalders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Rampazzo E, Voltan R, Petrizza L, Zaccheroni N, Prodi L, Casciano F, Zauli G, Secchiero P. Proper design of silica nanoparticles combines high brightness, lack of cytotoxicity and efficient cell endocytosis. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7897-905. [PMID: 23851463 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Silica-based luminescent nanoparticles (SiNPs) show promising prospects in nanomedicine in light of their chemical properties and versatility. In this study, we have characterized silica core-PEG shell SiNPs derivatized with PEG moieties (NP-PEG), with external amino- (NP-PEG-amino) or carboxy-groups (NP-PEG-carbo), both in cell cultures as well as in animal models. By using different techniques, we could demonstrate that these SiNPs were safe and did not exhibit appreciable cytotoxicity in different relevant cell models, of normal or cancer cell types, growing either in suspension (JVM-2 leukemic cell line and primary normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or in adherence (human hepatocarcinoma Huh7 and umbilical vein endothelial cells). Moreover, by multiparametric flow cytometry, we could demonstrate that the highest efficiency of cell uptake and entry was observed with NP-PEG-amino, with a stable persistence of the fluorescence signal associated with SiNPs in the loaded cell populations both in vitro and in vivo settings suggesting this as an innovative method for cell traceability and detection in whole organisms. Finally, experiments performed with the endocytosis inhibitor Genistein clearly suggested the involvement of a caveolae-mediated pathway in SiNP endocytosis. Overall, these data support the safe use of these SiNPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rampazzo
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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20
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Henrich-Noack P, Voigt N, Prilloff S, Fedorov A, Sabel BA. Transcorneal electrical stimulation alters morphology and survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve damage. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:1-6. [PMID: 23523651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic optic nerve injury leads to retrograde death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) can increase the cell survival rate. To understand the mechanisms and to further define the TES-induced effects we monitored in living animals RGC morphology and survival after optic nerve crush (ONC) in real time by using in vivo confocal neuroimaging (ICON) of the retina. ONC was performed in rats and ICON was performed before crush and on post-lesion days 3, 7 and 15 which allowed us to repeatedly record RGC number and size. TES or sham-stimulation were performed immediately after the crush and on post-injury day 11. Three days after ONC we detected a higher percentage of surviving RGCs in the TES group as compared to sham-treated controls. However, the difference was below significance level on day 7 and disappeared completely by day 15. The death rate was more variable amongst the TES-treated rats than in the control group. Morphological analysis revealed that average cell size changed significantly in the control group but not in stimulated animals and the morphological alterations of surviving neurons were smaller in TES-treated compared to control cells. In conclusion, TES delays post-traumatic cell death significantly. Moreover, we found "responder animals" which also benefited in the long-term from the treatment. Our in vivo cellular imaging results provide evidence that TES reduces ONC-associated neuronal swelling and shrinkage especially in RGCs which survived long-term. Further studies are now needed to determine the differences of responders vs. non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henrich-Noack
- Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Psychology, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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21
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Yin L, Geng Y, Osakada F, Sharma R, Cetin AH, Callaway EM, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Imaging light responses of retinal ganglion cells in the living mouse eye. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2415-21. [PMID: 23407356 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01043.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports development of a novel method for high-resolution in vivo imaging of the function of individual mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that overcomes many limitations of available methods for recording RGC physiology. The technique combines insertion of a genetically encoded calcium indicator into RGCs with imaging of calcium responses over many days with FACILE (functional adaptive optics cellular imaging in the living eye). FACILE extends the most common method for RGC physiology, in vitro physiology, by allowing repeated imaging of the function of each cell over many sessions and by avoiding damage to the retina during removal from the eye. This makes it possible to track changes in the response of individual cells during morphological development or degeneration. FACILE also overcomes limitations of existing in vivo imaging methods, providing fine spatial and temporal detail, structure-function comparison, and simultaneous analysis of multiple cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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22
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Arap W, Pasqualini R, Montalti M, Petrizza L, Prodi L, Rampazzo E, Zaccheroni N, Marchiò S. Luminescent silica nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:2195-211. [PMID: 23458621 PMCID: PMC4309985 DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques are becoming essential for preclinical investigations, necessitating the development of suitable tools for in vivo measurements. Nanotechnology entered this field to help overcome many of the current technical limitations, and luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most promising materials proposed for future diagnostic implementation. NPs also constitute a versatile platform that can allow facile multi-functionalization to perform multimodal imaging or theranostics (simultaneous diagnosis and therapy). In this contribution we have mainly focused on dye doped silica or silica-based NPs conjugated with targeting moieties to enable imaging of specific cancer cells. We also cite and briefly discuss a few non-targeted systems for completeness. We summarize common synthetic approaches to these materials, and then survey the most recent imaging applications of silica-based nanoparticles in cancer. The field of theranostics is particularly important and stimulating, so, even though it is not the central topic of this paper, we have included some significant examples. We conclude with a short section on NP-based systems already in clinical trials and examples of specific applications in childhood tumors. This review aims to describe and discuss, through focused examples, the great potential of these materials in the medical field, with the aim to encourage further research to implement applications, which today are still rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Arap
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
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23
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Henrich-Noack P, Prilloff S, Voigt N, Jin J, Hintz W, Tomas J, Sabel BA. In vivo visualisation of nanoparticle entry into central nervous system tissue. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1099-105. [PMID: 22422342 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Because the potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles is a significant issue, characterisation of nanoparticle entry into the brain is essential. Here, we describe an in vivo confocal neuroimaging method (ICON) of visualising the entry of fluorescent particles into the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) in live animals using the retina as a model. Rats received intravenous injections of fluorescence-labelled polybutyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles that had been synthesised by a standard miniemulsion polymerisation process. We performed live recording with ICON from before and up to 9 days after particle injection and took photomicrographs of the retina. In addition, selective retrograde labelling of the retinal ganglion cells was achieved by stereotaxic injection of a fluorescent dye into the superior colliculus. Using ICON, we observed vascular kinetics of nanoparticles (wash-in within seconds), their passage to the retina parenchyma (within minutes) and their distribution (mainly cellular) under in vivo conditions. For the detection of cell loss--which is important for the evaluation of toxic effects--in another experiment, we semi-quantitatively analysed the selectively labelled retinal neurons. Our results suggest that the dye per se does not lead to neuronal death. With ICON, it is possible to study nanoparticle kinetics in the retina as a model of the blood-brain barrier. Imaging data can be acquired within seconds after the injection, and the long-term fate of cellular uptake can be followed for many days to study the cellular/extracellular distribution of the nanoparticles. ICON is thus an effective and meaningful tool to investigate nanoparticle/CNS interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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24
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Wells J, Kilburn MR, Shaw JA, Bartlett CA, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA, Fitzgerald M. Early in vivo changes in calcium ions, oxidative stress markers, and ion channel immunoreactivity following partial injury to the optic nerve. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:606-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Bonacchi S, Genovese D, Juris R, Montalti M, Prodi L, Rampazzo E, Zaccheroni N. Glänzende Aussichten für lumineszierende Siliciumdioxidnanopartikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Bonacchi S, Genovese D, Juris R, Montalti M, Prodi L, Rampazzo E, Zaccheroni N. Luminescent Silica Nanoparticles: Extending the Frontiers of Brightness. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4056-66. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Malik B, Nirmalananthan N, Bilsland LG, La Spada AR, Hanna MG, Schiavo G, Gallo JM, Greensmith L. Absence of disturbed axonal transport in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1776-86. [PMID: 21317158 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), or Kennedy's disease, is a late-onset motor neuron disease (MND) caused by an abnormal expansion of the CAG repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene on the X-chromosome, encoding a polyglutamine (poly-Q) sequence in the protein product. Mutant poly-Q-expanded AR protein is widely expressed but leads to selective lower motoneuron death. Although the mechanisms that underlie SBMA remain unclear, defective axonal transport has been implicated in MND and other forms of poly-Q disease. Transcriptional dysregulation may also be involved in poly-Q repeat pathology. We therefore examined axonal transport in a mouse model of SBMA recapitulating many aspects of the human disease. We found no difference in the expression levels of motor and the microtubule-associated protein tau, in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of wild-type (WT) and SBMA mice at various stages of disease progression. Furthermore, we found no alteration in binding properties of motor proteins and tau to microtubules. Moreover, analysis of axonal transport rates both in cultured primary motoneurons in vitro and in vivo in the sciatic nerve of adult WT and mutant SBMA mice demonstrated no overt axonal transport deficits in these systems. Our results therefore indicate that unlike other motoneuron and poly-Q diseases, axonal transport deficits do not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Malik
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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28
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Prilloff S, Henrich-Noack P, Kropf S, Sabel BA. Experience-Dependent Plasticity and Vision Restoration in Rats after Optic Nerve Crush. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2295-307. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Prilloff
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Kropf
- Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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NIR-labeled nanoparticles engineered for brain targeting: in vivo optical imaging application and fluorescent microscopy evidences. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:145-53. [PMID: 20931242 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes extremely difficult to develop efficacious strategies for targeting contrast agents and delivering drugs inside the Central Nervous System (CNS). To overcome this drawback, several kinds of CNS-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed. In particular, we proposed poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) NPs engineered with a simil-opioid glycopeptide (g7), which have already proved to be a promising tool for achieving a successful brain targeting after i.v. administration in rats. In order to obtain CNS-targeted NPs to use for in vivo imaging, we synthesized and administrated in mice PLGA NPs with double coverage: near-infrared (NIR) probe (DY-675) and g7. The optical imaging clearly showed a brain localization of these novel NPs. Thus, a novel kind of NIR-labeled NPs were obtained, providing a new, in vivo detectable nanotechnology tool. Besides, the confocal and fluorescence microscopy evidences allowed to further confirm the ability of g7 to promote not only the rat, but also the mouse BBB crossing.
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