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Pérez Millán MI, Cheung LYM, Mercogliano F, Camilletti MA, Chirino Felker GT, Moro LN, Miriuka S, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Pituitary stem cells: past, present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:77-92. [PMID: 38102391 PMCID: PMC10964491 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary cells that express the transcription factor SOX2 are stem cells because they can self-renew and differentiate into multiple pituitary hormone-producing cell types as organoids. Wounding and physiological challenges can activate pituitary stem cells, but cell numbers are not fully restored, and the ability to mobilize stem cells decreases with increasing age. The basis of these limitations is still unknown. The regulation of stem cell quiescence and activation involves many different signalling pathways, including those mediated by WNT, Hippo and several cytokines; more research is needed to understand the interactions between these pathways. Pituitary organoids can be formed from human or mouse embryonic stem cells, or from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human pituitary organoid transplantation is sufficient to induce corticosterone release in hypophysectomized mice, raising the possibility of therapeutic applications. Today, pituitary organoids have the potential to assess the role of individual genes and genetic variants on hormone production ex vivo, providing an important tool for the advancement of exciting frontiers in pituitary stem cell biology and pituitary organogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of notable discoveries in pituitary stem cell function and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Pérez Millán
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Florencia Mercogliano
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo T Chirino Felker
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia N Moro
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Weis KE, Thompson LM, Streifer M, Guardado I, Flaws JA, Gore AC, Raetzman LT. Pre- and postnatal developmental exposure to the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture aroclor 1221 alters female rat pituitary gonadotropins and estrogen receptor alpha levels. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108388. [PMID: 37127253 PMCID: PMC10228234 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial compounds, which were widely used in manufacturing of electrical parts and transformers. Despite being banned in 1979 due to human health concerns, they persist in the environment. In humans and experimental model systems, PCBs elicit toxicity in part by acting as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Aroclor 1221 (A1221) is a weakly estrogenic PCB mixture known to alter reproductive function in rodents. EDCs can impact hormone signaling at any level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and we investigated the effects of A1221 exposure during the prenatal and postnatal developmental periods on pituitary hormone and steroid receptor expression in female rats. Examining offspring at 3 ages, postnatal day 8 (P8), P32 and P60, we found that prenatal exposure to A1221 increased P8 neonate pituitary luteinizing hormone beta (Lhb) mRNA and LHβ gonadotrope cell number while decreasing LH serum hormone concentration. No changes in pituitary hormone or hormone receptor gene expression were observed peri-puberty at P32. In reproductively mature rats at P60, we found pituitary follicle stimulating hormone beta (Fshb) mRNA levels increased by prenatal A1221 exposure with no corresponding alterations in FSH hormone or FSHβ expressing cell number. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA and protein levels were also increased at P60, but only following postnatal A1221 dosing. Together, these data illustrate that exposure to the PCB A1221, during critical developmental windows, alters pituitary gonadotropin hormone subunits and ERα levels in offspring at different phases of maturation, potentially impacting reproductive function in concert with other components of the HPG axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Weis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Lindsay M Thompson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Madeline Streifer
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Isabella Guardado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, United States.
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3
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Vamvoukaki R, Chrysoulaki M, Betsi G, Xekouki P. Pituitary Tumorigenesis-Implications for Management. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040812. [PMID: 37109772 PMCID: PMC10145673 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the third most common intracranial tumor, are mostly benign. However, some of them may display a more aggressive behavior, invading into the surrounding structures. While they may rarely metastasize, they may resist different treatment modalities. Several major advances in molecular biology in the past few years led to the discovery of the possible mechanisms involved in pituitary tumorigenesis with a possible therapeutic implication. The mutations in the different proteins involved in the Gsa/protein kinase A/c AMP signaling pathway are well-known and are responsible for many PitNETS, such as somatotropinomas and, in the context of syndromes, as the McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familiar isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA), and X-linked acrogigantism (XLAG). The other pathways involved are the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and the most recently studied HIPPO pathways. Moreover, the mutations in several other tumor suppressor genes, such as menin and CDKN1B, are responsible for the MEN1 and MEN4 syndromes and succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) in the context of the 3PAs syndrome. Furthermore, the pituitary stem cells and miRNAs hold an essential role in pituitary tumorigenesis and may represent new molecular targets for their diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to summarize the different cell signaling pathways and genes involved in pituitary tumorigenesis in an attempt to clarify their implications for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Vamvoukaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chrysoulaki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Grigoria Betsi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic, University Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
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4
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Sabatino ME, Grondona E, De Paul AL. Architects of Pituitary Tumour Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:924942. [PMID: 35837315 PMCID: PMC9273718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.924942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a master gland responsible for the modulation of critical endocrine functions. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) display a considerable prevalence of 1/1106, frequently observed as benign solid tumours. PitNETs still represent a cause of important morbidity, due to hormonal systemic deregulation, with surgical, radiological or chronic treatment required for illness management. The apparent scarceness, uncommon behaviour and molecular features of PitNETs have resulted in a relatively slow progress in depicting their pathogenesis. An appropriate interpretation of different phenotypes or cellular outcomes during tumour growth is desirable, since histopathological characterization still remains the main option for prognosis elucidation. Improved knowledge obtained in recent decades about pituitary tumorigenesis has revealed that this process involves several cellular routes in addition to proliferation and death, with its modulation depending on many signalling pathways rather than being the result of abnormalities of a unique proliferation pathway, as sometimes presented. PitNETs can display intrinsic heterogeneity and cell subpopulations with diverse biological, genetic and epigenetic particularities, including tumorigenic potential. Hence, to obtain a better understanding of PitNET growth new approaches are required and the systematization of the available data, with the role of cell death programs, autophagy, stem cells, cellular senescence, mitochondrial function, metabolic reprogramming still being emerging fields in pituitary research. We envisage that through the combination of molecular, genetic and epigenetic data, together with the improved morphological, biochemical, physiological and metabolically knowledge on pituitary neoplastic potential accumulated in recent decades, tumour classification schemes will become more accurate regarding tumour origin, behaviour and plausible clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sabatino
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Grondona
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía De Paul
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ana Lucía De Paul,
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Guido CB, Sosa LDV, Perez PA, Zlocoswki N, Velazquez FN, Gutierrez S, Petiti JP, Mukdsi JH, Torres AI. Changes of stem cell niche during experimental pituitary tumor development. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13051. [PMID: 34708474 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the putative stem cell/tumor stem cell (SC/TSC) niche contribution to hyperplasic/adenomatous pituitary lesions, we analyzed variation in the pituitary stem cell population during the development of experimental pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors were induced in female F344 rats with estradiol benzoate for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days. Cells positive for GFRa2, Sox2, Sox9, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were identified in the marginal zone and in the adenoparenchyma in both control and 30D groups, with predominant adenoparenchyma localization of GRFa2 and SOX9 found in tumoral pituitaries. GFRa2, Nestin, CD133 and CD44 were upregulated at the initial stages of tumor growth, whereas Sox9 significantly decreased at 5D, with Sox2 remaining invariable during the hyperplasic/adenomatous development. In addition, isolated pituispheres from normal and tumoral pituitary glands enriched in SC/TSC were characterized. Pituispheres from the 30D glands were positive for the above-mentioned markers and showed a significant increase in the proliferation. In conclusion, our data revealed pituitary SC pool fluctuations during hyperplastic/adenomatous development, with differential localization of the SC/TSC niche in this process. These findings may help to provide a better understanding of these cell populations, which is crucial for achieving advancements in the field of pituitary tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beatriz Guido
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aníbal Perez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natacha Zlocoswki
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabiola Noelia Velazquez
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutierrez
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Humberto Mukdsi
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Torres
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Zhang J, Lv C, Mo C, Liu M, Wan Y, Li J, Wang Y. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis of Chicken Anterior Pituitary: A Bird's-Eye View on Vertebrate Pituitary. Front Physiol 2021; 12:562817. [PMID: 34267669 PMCID: PMC8276247 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.562817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that anterior pituitary contains multiple endocrine cell populations, and each of them can secrete one/two hormone(s) to regulate vital physiological processes of vertebrates. However, the gene expression profiles of each pituitary cell population remains poorly characterized in most vertebrate groups. Here we analyzed the transcriptome of each cell population in adult chicken anterior pituitaries using single-cell RNA sequencing technology. The results showed that: (1) four out of five known endocrine cell clusters have been identified and designated as the lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, corticotrophs, and gonadotrophs, respectively. Somatotrophs were not analyzed in the current study. Each cell cluster can express at least one known endocrine hormone, and novel marker genes (e.g., CD24 and HSPB1 in lactotrophs, NPBWR2 and NDRG1 in corticotrophs; DIO2 and SOUL in thyrotrophs, C5H11ORF96 and HPGDS in gonadotrophs) are identified. Interestingly, gonadotrophs were shown to abundantly express five peptide hormones: FSH, LH, GRP, CART and RLN3; (2) four non-endocrine/secretory cell types, including endothelial cells (expressing IGFBP7 and CFD) and folliculo-stellate cells (FS-cells, expressing S100A6 and S100A10), were identified in chicken anterior pituitaries. Among them, FS-cells can express many growth factors, peptides (e.g., WNT5A, HBEGF, Activins, VEGFC, NPY, and BMP4), and progenitor/stem cell-associated genes (e.g., Notch signaling components, CDH1), implying that the FS-cell cluster may act as a paracrine/autocrine signaling center and enrich pituitary progenitor/stem cells; (3) sexually dimorphic expression of many genes were identified in most cell clusters, including gonadotrophs and lactotrophs. Taken together, our data provides a bird's-eye view on the diverse aspects of anterior pituitaries, including cell composition, heterogeneity, cell-to-cell communication, and gene expression profiles, which facilitates our comprehensive understanding of vertebrate pituitary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Botermann DS, Brandes N, Frommhold A, Heß I, Wolff A, Zibat A, Hahn H, Buslei R, Uhmann A. Hedgehog signaling in endocrine and folliculo-stellate cells of the adult pituitary. J Endocrinol 2021; 248:303-316. [PMID: 33480359 PMCID: PMC7983331 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous overactivation of Hedgehog signaling in adult pituitaries results in increased expression of proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl), elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth) production and proliferation of Sox2+ cells. Moreover, ACTH, GH and PRL-expressing human pituitary adenomas strongly express the Hedgehog target GLI1. Accordingly, Hedgehog signaling seems to play an important role in pathology and probably also in homeostasis of the adult hypophysis. However, the specific Hedgehog-responsive pituitary cell type has not yet been identified. We here investigated the Hedgehog pathway activation status and the effects of deregulated Hedgehog signaling cell-specifically in endocrine and non-endocrine pituitary cells. We demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling is unimportant for the homeostasis of corticotrophs, whereas it is active in subpopulations of somatotrophs and folliculo-stellate cells in vivo. Reinforcement of Hedgehog signaling activity in folliculo-stellate cells stimulates growth hormone production/release from somatotrophs in a paracrine manner, which most likely is mediated by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide. Overall, our data show that Hedgehog signaling affects the homeostasis of pituitary hormone production via folliculo-stellate cell-mediated regulation of growth hormone production/secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Simon Botermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Brandes
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Frommhold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Heß
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolff
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne Zibat
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Anja Uhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Molecular Developmental Genetics and Tumor Genetics Group, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Uhmann:
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Allensworth-James M, Banik J, Odle A, Hardy L, Lagasse A, Moreira ARS, Bird J, Thomas CL, Avaritt N, Kharas MG, Lengner CJ, Byrum SD, MacNicol MC, Childs GV, MacNicol AM. Control of the Anterior Pituitary Cell Lineage Regulator POU1F1 by the Stem Cell Determinant Musashi. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6054984. [PMID: 33373440 PMCID: PMC7814296 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine leptin regulates energy homeostasis through ubiquitously expressed leptin receptors. Leptin has a number of major signaling targets in the brain, including cells of the anterior pituitary (AP). We have previously reported that mice lacking leptin receptors in AP somatotropes display growth hormone (GH) deficiency, metabolic dysfunction, and adult-onset obesity. Among other targets, leptin signaling promotes increased levels of the pituitary transcription factor POU1F1, which in turn regulates the specification of somatotrope, lactotrope, and thyrotrope cell lineages within the AP. Leptin's mechanism of action on somatotropes is sex dependent, with females demonstrating posttranscriptional control of Pou1f1 messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Here, we report that the stem cell marker and mRNA translational control protein, Musashi1, exerts repression of the Pou1f1 mRNA. In female somatotropes, Msi1 mRNA and protein levels are increased in the mouse model that lacks leptin signaling (Gh-CRE Lepr-null), coincident with lack of POU1f1 protein, despite normal levels of Pou1f1 mRNA. Single-cell RNA sequencing of pituitary cells from control female animals indicates that both Msi1 and Pou1f1 mRNAs are expressed in Gh-expressing somatotropes, and immunocytochemistry confirms that Musashi1 protein is present in the somatotrope cell population. We demonstrate that Musashi interacts directly with the Pou1f1 mRNA 3' untranslated region and exerts translational repression of a Pou1f1 mRNA translation reporter in a leptin-sensitive manner. Musashi immunoprecipitation from whole pituitary reveals coassociated Pou1f1 mRNA. These findings suggest a mechanism in which leptin stimulation is required to reverse Musashi-mediated Pou1f1 mRNA translational control to coordinate AP somatotrope function with metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Allensworth-James
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jewel Banik
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Angela Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Linda Hardy
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alex Lagasse
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ana Rita Silva Moreira
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jordan Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Nathan Avaritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Correspondence: Angus M. MacNicol, PhD, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Santiago-Andres Y, Golan M, Fiordelisio T. Functional Pituitary Networks in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:619352. [PMID: 33584547 PMCID: PMC7873642 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.619352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a master endocrine gland that developed early in vertebrate evolution and therefore exists in all modern vertebrate classes. The last decade has transformed our view of this key organ. Traditionally, the pituitary has been viewed as a randomly organized collection of cells that respond to hypothalamic stimuli by secreting their content. However, recent studies have established that pituitary cells are organized in tightly wired large-scale networks that communicate with each other in both homo and heterotypic manners, allowing the gland to quickly adapt to changing physiological demands. These networks functionally decode and integrate the hypothalamic and systemic stimuli and serve to optimize the pituitary output into the generation of physiologically meaningful hormone pulses. The development of 3D imaging methods and transgenic models have allowed us to expand the research of functional pituitary networks into several vertebrate classes. Here we review the establishment of pituitary cell networks throughout vertebrate evolution and highlight the main perspectives and future directions needed to decipher the way by which pituitary networks serve to generate hormone pulses in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorgui Santiago-Andres
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Matan Golan
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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10
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Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications of Pituitary Adenoma Stem Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32153500 PMCID: PMC7044184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, accounting for 15% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms, are usually benign and pharmacologically and surgically treatable; however, the critical location, mass effects and hormone hypersecretion sustain their significant morbidity. Approximately 35% of pituitary tumors show a less benign course since they are highly proliferative and invasive, poorly resectable, and likely recurring. The latest WHO classification of pituitary tumors includes pituitary transcription factor assessment to determine adenohypophysis cell lineages and accurate designation of adenomas, nevertheless little is known about molecular and cellular pathways which contribute to pituitary tumorigenesis. In malignant tumors the identification of cancer stem cells radically changed the concepts of both tumorigenesis and pharmacological approaches. Cancer stem cells are defined as a subset of undifferentiated transformed cells from which the bulk of cancer cells populating a tumor mass is generated. These cells are able to self-renew, promoting tumor progression and recurrence of malignant tumors, also conferring cytotoxic drug resistance. On the other hand, the existence of stem cells within benign tumors is still debated. The presence of adult stem cells in human and murine pituitaries where they sustain the high plasticity of hormone-producing cells, allowed the hypothesis that putative tumor stem cells might exist in pituitary adenomas, reinforcing the concept that the cancer stem cell model could also be applied to pituitary tumorigenesis. In the last few years, the isolation and phenotypic characterization of putative pituitary adenoma stem-like cells was performed using a wide and heterogeneous variety of experimental models and techniques, although the role of these cells in adenoma initiation and progression is still not completely definite. The assessment of possible pituitary adenoma-initiating cell population would be of extreme relevance to better understand pituitary tumor biology and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers and pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the most updated studies focused on the definition of pituitary adenoma stem cell phenotype and functional features, highlighting the biological processes and intracellular pathways potentially involved in driving tumor growth, relapse, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Mariniello K, Ruiz-Babot G, McGaugh EC, Nicholson JG, Gualtieri A, Gaston-Massuet C, Nostro MC, Guasti L. Stem Cells, Self-Renewal, and Lineage Commitment in the Endocrine System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 31781041 PMCID: PMC6856655 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system coordinates a wide array of body functions mainly through secretion of hormones and their actions on target tissues. Over the last decades, a collective effort between developmental biologists, geneticists, and stem cell biologists has generated a wealth of knowledge related to the contribution of stem/progenitor cells to both organogenesis and self-renewal of endocrine organs. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the role of tissue stem cells in the development and self-renewal of endocrine organs. Pathways governing crucial steps in both development and stemness maintenance, and that are known to be frequently altered in a wide array of endocrine disorders, including cancer, are also described. Crucially, this plethora of information is being channeled into the development of potential new cell-based treatment modalities for endocrine-related illnesses, some of which have made it through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Emily C. McGaugh
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James G. Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Cox B, Laporte E, Vennekens A, Kobayashi H, Nys C, Van Zundert I, Uji-I H, Vercauteren Drubbel A, Beck B, Roose H, Boretto M, Vankelecom H. Organoids from pituitary as a novel research model toward pituitary stem cell exploration. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:287-308. [PMID: 30475227 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary is the master endocrine gland, harboring stem cells of which the phenotype and role remain poorly characterized. Here, we established organoids from mouse pituitary with the aim to generate a novel research model to study pituitary stem cell biology. The organoids originated from the pituitary cells expressing the stem cell marker SOX2 were long-term expandable, displayed a stemness phenotype during expansive culture and showed specific hormonal differentiation ability, although limited, after subrenal transplantation. Application of the protocol to transgenically injured pituitary harboring an activated stem cell population, resulted in more numerous organoids. Intriguingly, these organoids presented with a cystic morphology, whereas the organoids from undamaged gland were predominantly dense and appeared more limited in expandability. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct epithelial phenotypes and showed that cystic organoids more resembled the pituitary phenotype, at least to an immature state, and displayed in vitro differentiation, although yet moderate. Organoid characterization further exposed facets of regulatory pathways of the putative stem cells of the pituitary and advanced new injury-activated markers. Taken together, we established a novel organoid research model revealing new insights into the identity and regulation of the putative pituitary stem cells. This organoid model may eventually lead to an interesting tool to decipher pituitary stem cell biology in both healthy and diseased gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Laporte
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Vennekens
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroto Kobayashi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Charlotte Nys
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Indra Van Zundert
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Benjamin Beck
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Boretto
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
The adenohypophysis, which mainly consists of anterior pituitary, plays important roles for endocrine systems by secreting several hormones indispensable for maintaining homeostasis. During early mouse development, the pituitary primordium (called Rathke's pouch) develops from oral ectoderm adjacent to ventral hypothalamus by interaction between these two tissues. By using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we recapitulated this in vivo micro-environment of the pituitary development and demonstrated that Rathke's pouch-like structures were self-formed from three-dimensional (3D) floating culture. The mouse ESC-derived Rathke's pouch-like structures subsequently differentiated into hormone-producing cells such as corticotrophs and somatotrophs. We have modified this technique for human pluripotent stem cells and recently reported that pituitary placodes can also be generated from human ESCs through a similar process. Here, we describe a protocol for human ESC culture for in vitro generation of 3D pituitary tissue.
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14
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Haston S, Manshaei S, Martinez-Barbera JP. Stem/progenitor cells in pituitary organ homeostasis and tumourigenesis. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R1-R13. [PMID: 28855316 PMCID: PMC5744558 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the presence of pituitary gland stem cells has been provided over the last decade using a combination of approaches including in vitro clonogenicity assays, flow cytometric side population analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and genetic approaches. These cells have been demonstrated to be able to self-renew and undergo multipotent differentiation to give rise to all hormonal lineages of the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, evidence exists for their contribution to regeneration of the organ and plastic responses to changing physiological demand. Recently, stem-like cells have been isolated from pituitary neoplasms raising the possibility that a cytological hierarchy exists, in keeping with the cancer stem cell paradigm. In this manuscript, we review the evidence for the existence of pituitary stem cells, their role in maintaining organ homeostasis and the regulation of their differentiation. Furthermore, we explore the emerging concept of stem cells in pituitary tumours and their potential roles in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Saba Manshaei
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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15
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Cocks Eschler D, Javanmard P, Cox K, Geer EB. Prolactinoma through the female life cycle. Endocrine 2018; 59:16-29. [PMID: 29177641 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common secretory pituitary adenoma. They typically occur in women in the 3rd-6th decade of life and rarely in the pediatric population or after menopause. Most women present with irregular menses and/or infertility. Dopamine (DA) agonists, used in their treatment, are safe during pregnancy, but in most cases are discontinued at conception with close monitoring for signs or symptoms of tumor growth. Breastfeeding is safe postpartum, provided there was no significant growth during pregnancy. Some women will experience normalization of prolactin levels postpartum. Menopause may also decrease prolactin levels and even those with macroprolactinomas may consider discontinuing their DA agonist with close follow-up. Prolactinomas may be associated with decreased quality of life scores in women, and play a role in bone health and cardiovascular risk factors. This review discusses the current literature and clinical understanding of prolactinomas throughout the entirety of the female life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cocks Eschler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, SUNY Stony Brook School of Medicine, 26 Research Way, East Setauket, New York, NY, 11733, USA
| | - Pedram Javanmard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrine, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at The Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L Levy Place box 1055, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Katherine Cox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrine, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at The Mount Sinai Hospital, 1 Gustave L Levy Place box 1055, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, Box 419, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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16
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Cox B, Roose H, Vennekens A, Vankelecom H. Pituitary stem cell regulation: who is pulling the strings? J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R135-R158. [PMID: 28615294 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland plays a pivotal role in the endocrine system, steering fundamental processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction and coping with stress. The adult pituitary contains resident stem cells, which are highly quiescent in homeostatic conditions. However, the cells show marked signs of activation during processes of increased cell remodeling in the gland, including maturation at neonatal age, adaptation to physiological demands, regeneration upon injury and growth of local tumors. Although functions of pituitary stem cells are slowly but gradually uncovered, their regulation largely remains virgin territory. Since postnatal stem cells in general reiterate embryonic developmental pathways, attention is first being given to regulatory networks involved in pituitary embryogenesis. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the NOTCH, WNT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, SHH and Hippo pathways in the pituitary stem/progenitor cell compartment during various (activation) conditions from embryonic over neonatal to adult age. Most information comes from expression analyses of molecular components belonging to these networks, whereas functional extrapolation is still very limited. From this overview, it emerges that the 'big five' embryonic pathways are indeed reiterated in the stem cells of the 'lazy' homeostatic postnatal pituitary, further magnified en route to activation in more energetic, physiological and pathological remodeling conditions. Increasing the knowledge on the molecular players that pull the regulatory strings of the pituitary stem cells will not only provide further fundamental insight in postnatal pituitary homeostasis and activation, but also clues toward the development of regenerative ideas for improving treatment of pituitary deficiency and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Vennekens
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Carreno G, Apps JR, Lodge EJ, Panousopoulos L, Haston S, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Hahn H, Andoniadou CL, Martinez-Barbera JP. Hypothalamic sonic hedgehog is required for cell specification and proliferation of LHX3/LHX4 pituitary embryonic precursors. Development 2017; 144:3289-3302. [PMID: 28807898 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is an essential morphogenetic signal that dictates cell fate decisions in several developing organs in mammals. In vitro data suggest that SHH is required to specify LHX3+/LHX4+ Rathke's pouch (RP) progenitor identity. However, in vivo studies have failed to reveal such a function, supporting instead a crucial role for SHH in promoting proliferation of these RP progenitors and for differentiation of pituitary cell types. Here, we have used a genetic approach to demonstrate that activation of the SHH pathway is necessary to induce LHX3+/LHX4+ RP identity in mouse embryos. First, we show that conditional deletion of Shh in the anterior hypothalamus results in a fully penetrant phenotype characterised by a complete arrest of RP development, with lack of Lhx3/Lhx4 expression in RP epithelium at 9.0 days post coitum (dpc) and total loss of pituitary tissue by 12.5 dpc. Conversely, overactivation of the SHH pathway by conditional deletion of Ptch1 in RP progenitors leads to severe hyperplasia and enlargement of the Sox2+ stem cell compartment by the end of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John R Apps
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Leonidas Panousopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jose Mario Gonzalez-Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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18
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Lara-Velazquez M, Akinduro OO, Reimer R, Woodmansee WW, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Stem cell therapy and its potential role in pituitary disorders. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:292-300. [PMID: 28520591 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pituitary gland is one of the key components of the endocrine system. Congenital or acquired alterations can mediate destruction of cells in the gland leading to hormonal dysfunction. Even though pharmacological treatment for pituitary disorders is available, exogenous hormone replacement is neither curative nor sustainable. Thus, alternative therapies to optimize management and improve quality of life are desired. RECENT FINDINGS An alternative modality to re-establish pituitary function is to promote endocrine cell regeneration through stem cells that can be obtained from the pituitary parenchyma or pluripotent cells. Stem cell therapy has been successfully applied to a plethora of other disorders, and is a promising alternative to hormonal supplementation for resumption of normal hormone homeostasis. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the common causes for pituitary deficiencies and the advances in cellular therapy to restore the physiological pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Lara-Velazquez
- aDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Florida bNational Autonomous University of Mexico, PECEM, Mexico cDepartment of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Florida, USA
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19
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Cheung LYM, Davis SW, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA, Pérez-Millán MI. Regulation of pituitary stem cells by epithelial to mesenchymal transition events and signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:14-26. [PMID: 27650955 PMCID: PMC5590650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of specialized cell-types that produce and secrete polypeptide hormones in response to hypothalamic input and feedback from target organs. These specialized cells arise from stem cells that express SOX2 and the pituitary transcription factor PROP1, which is necessary to establish the stem cell pool and promote an epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition, releasing progenitors from the niche. The adult anterior pituitary responds to physiological challenge by mobilizing the SOX2-expressing progenitor pool and producing additional hormone-producing cells. Knowledge of the role of signaling pathways and extracellular matrix components in these processes may lead to improvements in the efficiency of differentiation of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells into hormone producing cells in vitro. Advances in our basic understanding of pituitary stem cell regulation and differentiation may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment for patients with hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208-0001, USA.
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - María Inés Pérez-Millán
- Institute of Biomedical Investgations (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Carreno G, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Haston S, Martinez-Barbera JP. Stem cells and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:27-34. [PMID: 27720895 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of adult pituitary stem cells (PSCs) has been described in murine systems by comprehensive cellular profiling and genetic lineage tracing experiments. PSCs are thought to maintain multipotent capacity throughout life and give rise to all hormone-producing cell lineages, playing a role in pituitary gland homeostasis. Additionally, PSCs have been proposed to play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis, in both adenomas and adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. In this manuscript, we discuss the different approaches used to demonstrate the presence of PSCs in the murine adult pituitary, from marker analyses to genetic tracing. In addition, we review the published literature suggesting the existence of tumor stem cells in mouse and human pituitary tumors. Finally, we discuss the potential role of PSCs in pituitary tumorigenesis in the context of current models of carcinogenesis and present evidence showing that in contrast to pituitary adenoma, which follows a classical cancer stem cell paradigm, a novel mechanism has been revealed for paracrine, non-cell autonomous tumor initiation in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a benign but clinically aggressive pediatric tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Mario Gonzalez-Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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21
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Clump formation in mouse pituitary-derived non-endocrine cell line Tpit/F1 promotes differentiation into growth-hormone-producing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:353-368. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Vaira V, Corbetta S, Verdelli C, Verrua E, Serban AL, Locatelli M, Carrabba G, Gaudenzi G, Malchiodi E, Cassinelli L, Lania AG, Ferrero S, Bosari S, Vitale G, Torrente Y, Spada A, Mantovani G. Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists are effective in inhibiting proliferation of progenitor/stem-like cells isolated from nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1870-1880. [PMID: 28120505 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of progenitor/stem cells in pituitary tumorigenesis, resistance to pharmacological treatments and tumor recurrence is still unclear. This study investigated the presence of progenitor/stem cells in non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) and tested the efficacy of dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists to inhibit in vitro proliferation. They found that 70% of 46 NFPTs formed spheres co-expressing stem cell markers, transcription factors (DAX1, SF1, ERG1) and gonadotropins. Analysis of tumor behavior showed that spheres formation was associated with tumor invasiveness (OR = 3,96; IC: 1.05-14.88, p = 0.036). The in vitro reduction of cell proliferation by DRD2 and SSTR2 agonists (31 ± 17% and 35 ± 13% inhibition, respectively, p < 0.01 vs. basal) occurring in about a half of NFPTs cells was conserved in the corresponding spheres. Accordingly, these drugs increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and decreased cyclin D3 expression in spheres. In conclusion, they provided further evidence for the existence of cells with a progenitor/stem cells-like phenotype in the majority of NFPTs, particularly in those with invasive behavior, and demonstrated that the antiproliferative effects of dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs were maintained in progenitor/stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - M Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - V Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - S Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - E Verrua
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Serban
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Carrabba
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Malchiodi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Cassinelli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School
| | - S Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.,Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Y Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Vankelecom H, Roose H. The Stem Cell Connection of Pituitary Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:339. [PMID: 29255445 PMCID: PMC5722833 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors in the pituitary gland are typically benign but cause serious morbidity due to compression of neighboring structures and hormonal disruptions. Overall, therapy efficiency remains suboptimal with negative impact on health and comfort of life, including considerable risk of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. To date, little is known on the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Stem cells may represent important forces in this process. The pituitary tumors may contain a driving tumor stem cell population while the resident tissue stem cells may be directly or indirectly linked to tumor development and growth. Here, we will briefly summarize recent studies that afforded a glance behind the scenes of this stem cell connection. A better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis is essential to identify more efficacious treatment modalities and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hugo Vankelecom,
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Chang CV, Araujo RV, Cirqueira CS, Cani CMG, Matushita H, Cescato VAS, Fragoso MCBV, Bronstein MD, Zerbini MCN, Mendonca BB, Carvalho LR. Differential Expression of Stem Cell Markers in Human Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma and Pituitary Adenoma. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:183-193. [PMID: 27161333 DOI: 10.1159/000446072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although craniopharyngioma (CP) is histologically benign, it is a pituitary tumour that grows rapidly and often recurs. Adamantinomatous CP (ACP) was associated with an activating mutation in β-catenin, and it has been postulated that pituitary stem cells might play a role in oncogenesis in human ACP. Stem cells have also been identified in pituitary adenoma. Our aim was to characterize the expression pattern of ABCG2, CD44, DLL4, NANOG, NOTCH2, POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2, and SOX9 stem cell markers in human ACP and pituitary adenoma. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 33 patients (9 ACP and 24 adenoma) using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. SOX9 was up-regulated in ACP, exhibiting positive immunostaining in the epithelium and stroma, with the highest expression in patients with recurrence. CD44 was overexpressed in ACP as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. SOX2 did not significantly differ among the tumour types. The RT-qPCR array showed an increased expression of MKI67,OCT4/POU5F1, and DLL4 in all tumours. NANOG was decreased in ACP. ABCG2 was down-regulated in most of the tumours. NOTCH2 was significantly decreased in the adenomas. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the presence of stem cell markers in human pituitary tumours as well as the different expression patterns of ACP and adenoma. These findings suggest that ACP may originate from a more undifferentiated cell cluster. Additionally, SOX9 immunodetection in the stroma and the highest expression levels related to the relapse of patients suggest a contribution to the aggressive behaviour and high recurrence of this tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Veiga Chang
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular - LIM/42, Divisão de Endocrinologia, FMUSP, Brasília, Brazil
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25
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Bradshaw A, Wickremsekera A, Tan ST, Peng L, Davis PF, Itinteang T. Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Surg 2016; 3:21. [PMID: 27148537 PMCID: PMC4831983 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive tumor that typically exhibits treatment failure with high mortality rates, is associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor. CSCs possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation, producing downstream progenitor cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple GBM and glioblastoma cancer stem cell subtypes, making investigation and establishment of a universal treatment difficult. This review examines the current knowledge on the CSC markers SALL4, OCT-4, SOX2, STAT3, NANOG, c-Myc, KLF4, CD133, CD44, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, specifically focusing on their use and validity in GBM research and how they may be utilized for investigations into GBM's cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bradshaw
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Agadha Wickremsekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Tinte Itinteang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute , Wellington , New Zealand
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26
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. EMT Involved in Migration of Stem/Progenitor Cells for Pituitary Development and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040043. [PMID: 27058562 PMCID: PMC4850466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration are important processes in embryonic development of many tissues as well as oncogenesis. The pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue and recent studies indicate that Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells actively migrate and develop this tissue during embryogenesis. Notably, although migration activity of stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal period seems to be reduced compared to that in the embryonic period, it is hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells in the adult pituitary re-migrate from their microenvironment niche to contribute to the regeneration system. Therefore, elucidation of EMT in the pituitary stem/progenitor cells will promote understanding of pituitary development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as pituitary adenoma. In this review, so as to gain more insights into the mechanisms of pituitary development and regeneration, we summarize the EMT in the pituitary by focusing on the migration of pituitary stem/progenitor cells during both embryonic and postnatal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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27
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Willems C, Fu Q, Roose H, Mertens F, Cox B, Chen J, Vankelecom H. Regeneration in the Pituitary After Cell-Ablation Injury: Time-Related Aspects and Molecular Analysis. Endocrinology 2016; 157:705-21. [PMID: 26653762 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that the mouse pituitary holds regenerative competence. Young-adult GHCre/iDTR mice, expressing diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in GH-producing cells, regenerate the GH(+) cells, as ablated by 3-day DT treatment (3DT), up to 60% after 5 months. The pituitary's stem cells participate in this restoration process. Here, we characterized this regenerative capacity in relation to age and recovery period and started to search for underlying molecular mechanisms. Extending the recovery period (up to 19 mo) does not result in higher regeneration levels. In addition, the regenerative competence disappears at older age, coinciding with a reduction in pituitary stem cell number and fitness. Surprisingly, prolonging DT treatment of young-adult mice to 10 days (10DT) completely blocks the regeneration, although the stem cell compartment still reacts by promptly expanding, and retains in vitro stem cell functionality. To obtain a first broad view on molecular grounds underlying reparative capacity and/or failure, the stem cell-clustering side population was analyzed by whole-genome expression analysis. A number of stemness factors and components of embryonic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, growth factor and Hippo pathways are higher expressed in the stem cell-clustering side population of the regenerating pituitary (after 3DT) when compared with the basal gland and to the nonregenerating pituitary (after 10DT). Together, the regenerative capacity of the pituitary is limited both in age-related terms and final efficacy, and appears to rely on stem cell-associated pathway activation. Dissection of the molecular profiles may eventually identify targets to induce or boost regeneration in situations of (injury-related) pituitary deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Willems
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Freya Mertens
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Benoit Cox
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration (C.W., Q.F., H.R., F.M., B.C., J.C., H.V.), Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium; Eye Center (Q.F.), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China; and Department of Hand Surgery (J.C.), Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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28
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Functional anterior pituitary generated in self-organizing culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10351. [PMID: 26762480 PMCID: PMC4735598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior pituitary is critical for endocrine systems. Its hormonal responses to positive and negative regulators are indispensable for homeostasis. For this reason, generating human anterior pituitary tissue that retains regulatory hormonal control in vitro is an important step for the development of cell transplantation therapy for pituitary diseases. Here we achieve this by recapitulating mouse pituitary development using human embryonic stem cells. We find that anterior pituitary self-forms in vitro following the co-induction of hypothalamic and oral ectoderm. The juxtaposition of these tissues facilitated the formation of pituitary placode, which subsequently differentiated into pituitary hormone-producing cells. They responded normally to both releasing and feedback signals. In addition, after transplantation into hypopituitary mice, the in vitro-generated corticotrophs rescued physical activity levels and survival of the hosts. Thus, we report a useful methodology for the production of regulator-responsive human pituitary tissue that may benefit future studies in regenerative medicine.
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29
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Martinez-Barbera JP, Andoniadou CL. Concise Review: Paracrine Role of Stem Cells in Pituitary Tumors: A Focus on Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma. Stem Cells 2016; 34:268-76. [PMID: 26763580 PMCID: PMC4864894 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The existence of tissue‐specific progenitor/stem cells in the adult pituitary gland of the mouse has been demonstrated recently using genetic tracing experiments. These cells have the capacity to differentiate into all of the different cell lineages of the anterior pituitary and self‐propagate in vitro and can therefore contribute to normal homeostasis of the gland. In addition, they play a critical role in tumor formation, specifically in the etiology of human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a clinically relevant tumor that is associated with mutations in CTNNB1 (gene encoding β‐catenin). Mouse studies have shown that only pituitary embryonic precursors or adult stem cells are able to generate tumors when targeted with oncogenic β‐catenin, suggesting that the cell context is critical for mutant β‐catenin to exert its oncogenic effect. Surprisingly, the bulk of the tumor cells are not derived from the mutant progenitor/stem cells, suggesting that tumors are induced in a paracrine manner. Therefore, the cell sustaining the mutation in β‐catenin and the cell‐of‐origin of the tumors are different. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrating the presence of stem cells in the adult pituitary and analyze the evidence showing a potential role of these stem cells in pituitary tumors. Stem Cells2016;34:268–276
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. Regulatory System for Stem/Progenitor Cell Niches in the Adult Rodent Pituitary. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010075. [PMID: 26761002 PMCID: PMC4730319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue composed of five types of endocrine cells. Although the turnover rate of pituitary endocrine cells is as low as about 1.6% per day, recent studies have demonstrated that Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2)⁺-cells exist as pituitary stem/progenitor cells in the adult anterior lobe and contribute to cell regeneration. Notably, SOX2⁺-pituitary stem/progenitor cells form two types of niches in this tissue: the marginal cell layer (MCL-niche) and the dense cell clusters scattering in the parenchyma (parenchymal-niche). However, little is known about the mechanisms and factors for regulating the pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as the functional differences between the two types of niches. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms in the niches might enable us to understand the cell regeneration system that acts in accordance with physiological demands in the adult pituitary. In this review, so as to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of the two types of niche, we summarize the regulatory factors and their roles in the adult rodent pituitary niches by focusing on three components: soluble factors, cell surface proteins and extracellular matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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31
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Vankelecom H. Pituitary Stem Cells: Quest for Hidden Functions. STEM CELLS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41603-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Willems C, Vankelecom H. Pituitary cell differentiation from stem cells and other cells: toward restorative therapy for hypopituitarism? Regen Med 2015; 9:513-34. [PMID: 25159067 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland, key regulator of our endocrine system, produces multiple hormones that steer essential physiological processes. Hence, deficient pituitary function (hypopituitarism) leads to severe disorders. Hypopituitarism can be caused by defective embryonic development, or by damage through tumor growth/resection and traumatic brain injury. Lifelong hormone replacement is needed but associated with significant side effects. It would be more desirable to restore pituitary tissue and function. Recently, we showed that the adult (mouse) pituitary holds regenerative capacity in which local stem cells are involved. Repair of deficient pituitary may therefore be achieved by activating these resident stem cells. Alternatively, pituitary dysfunction may be mended by cell (replacement) therapy. The hormonal cells to be transplanted could be obtained by (trans-)differentiating various kinds of stem cells or other cells. Here, we summarize the studies on pituitary cell regeneration and on (trans-)differentiation toward hormonal cells, and speculate on restorative therapies for pituitary deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Willems
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Mertens F, Gremeaux L, Chen J, Fu Q, Willems C, Roose H, Govaere O, Roskams T, Cristina C, Becú-Villalobos D, Jorissen M, Poorten VV, Bex M, van Loon J, Vankelecom H. Pituitary tumors contain a side population with tumor stem cell-associated characteristics. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:481-504. [PMID: 25921430 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas cause significant endocrine and mass-related morbidity. Little is known about the mechanisms that underlie pituitary tumor pathogenesis. In the present study, we searched for a side population (SP) in pituitary tumors representing cells with high efflux capacity and potentially enriched for tumor stem cells (TSCs). Human pituitary adenomas contain a SP irrespective of hormonal phenotype. This adenoma SP, as well as the purified SP (pSP) that is depleted from endothelial and immune cells, is enriched for cells that express 'tumor stemness' markers and signaling pathways, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-linked factors. Pituitary adenomas were found to contain self-renewing sphere-forming cells, considered to be a property of TSCs. These sphere-initiating cells were recovered in the pSP. Because benign pituitary adenomas do not grow in vitro and have failed to expand in immunodeficient mice, the pituitary tumor cell line AtT20 was further used. We identified a SP in this cell line and found it to be more tumorigenic than the non-SP 'main population'. Of the two EMT regulatory pathways tested, the inhibition of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling reduced EMT-associated cell motility in vitro as well as xenograft tumor growth, whereas the activation of TGFβ had no effect. The human adenoma pSP also showed upregulated expression of the pituitary stem cell marker SOX2. Pituitaries from dopamine receptor D2 knockout (Drd2(-/-)) mice that bear prolactinomas contain more pSP, Sox2(+), and colony-forming cells than WT glands. In conclusion, we detected a SP in pituitary tumors and identified TSC-associated characteristics. The present study adds new elements to the unraveling of pituitary tumor pathogenesis and may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Mertens
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Gremeaux
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaborator
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaborator
| | - Christophe Willems
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolina Cristina
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damasia Becú-Villalobos
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Bex
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes van Loon
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumDepartment of Hand SurgeryTongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Jiefang Avenue #1277, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, ChinaZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyHangzhou, ChinaEye Center of the 2nd Affiliated HospitalMedical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Imaging and PathologyKU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumCITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina)National University of the Northwest of Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLaboratory of Pituitary RegulationInstituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUnit Head and Neck OncologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-LaryngologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumUnit Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumResearch Group Experimental Neurosurgery and NeuroanatomyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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PRRX1- and PRRX2-positive mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are involved in vasculogenesis during rat embryonic pituitary development. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:557-65. [PMID: 25795141 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that cells positive for the paired-related homeobox transcription factors PRRX1 and PRRX2 occur in the rat pituitary, and that they are derived from two different origins: pituitary-derived cells positive for stem cell marker SOX2 and extra-pituitary-derived cells negative for SOX2. In this study, we have further characterized the PRRX1- and PRRX2-positive cells that originate from extra-pituitary cells. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with specific antibodies against PRRX1 and PRRX2 in order to clarify their roles in pituitary vasculogenesis. PRRX1- and PRRX2-positive cells were found in Atwell's recess and at the periphery of the pituitary on embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5). Several PRRX1-positive cells then invaded the anterior lobe, together with a few PRRX2-positive cells, on E16.5. Some PRRX1-positive cells were also positive for mesenchymal stem cell marker NESTIN. Moreover, some PRRX1/NESTIN double-positive cells showed characteristics of vascular endothelial cells with an Isolectin-B4-binding capacity. PRRX1 co-localized with vascular smooth muscle cell/pericyte marker α-smooth muscle actin in the deep area of Atwell's recess. We confirmed the presence of PRRX2/NESTIN double-positive cells at an entry area in Atwell's recess and at the periphery of the pituitary, but PRRX2 did not co-localize with Isolectin B4 or α-smooth muscle actin. These data suggest that PRRX1- and PRRX2-positive mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are present at the periphery of the embryonic pituitary and at the entry from Atwell's recess and participate in pituitary vasculogenesis by differentiation into vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, whereas the presence of PRRX2 indicates much higher stemness than PRRX1.
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Ellestad LE, Puckett SA, Porter TE. Mechanisms involved in glucocorticoid induction of pituitary GH expression during embryonic development. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1066-79. [PMID: 25560830 PMCID: PMC4330307 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are involved in functional differentiation of GH-producing somatotrophs. Glucocorticoid treatment prematurely induces GH expression in mammals and birds in a process requiring protein synthesis and Rat sarcoma (Ras) signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms through which glucocorticoids initiate GH expression during embryogenesis, taking advantage of the unique properties of chicken embryos as a developmental model. We determined that stimulation of GH expression occurred through transcriptional activation of GH, rather than enhancement of mRNA stability, and this process requires histone deacetylase activity. Through pharmacological inhibition, we identified the ERK1/2 pathway as a likely downstream Ras effector necessary for glucocorticoid stimulation of GH. However, we also found that chronic activation of ERK1/2 activity with a constitutively active mutant or stimulatory ligand reduced initiation of GH expression by glucocorticoid treatment. Corticosterone treatment of cultured embryonic pituitary cells increased ERK1/2 activity in an apparent cyclical manner, with a rapid increase within 5 minutes, followed by a reduction to near-basal levels at 3 hours, and a subsequent increase again at 6 hours. Therefore, we conclude that ERK1/2 signaling must be strictly controlled for maximal glucocorticoid induction of GH to occur. These results are the first in any species to demonstrate that Ras- and ERK1/2-mediated transcriptional events requiring histone deacetylase activity are involved in glucocorticoid induction of pituitary GH during embryonic development. This report increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid recruitment of somatotrophs during embryogenesis and should provide insight into glucocorticoid-induced developmental changes in other tissues and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ellestad
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program (L.E.E, T.E.P.) and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.E.E., S.A.P., T.E.P.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Booth AK, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Signaling pathways regulating pituitary lactotrope homeostasis and tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:37-59. [PMID: 25472533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the signaling pathways that govern lactotrope biology contributes to tumorigenesis of prolactin (PRL)-secreting adenomas, or prolactinomas, leading to a state of pathological hyperprolactinemia. Prolactinomas cause hypogonadism, infertility, osteoporosis, and tumor mass effects, and are the most common type of neuroendocrine tumor. In this review, we highlight signaling pathways involved in lactotrope development, homeostasis, and physiology of pregnancy, as well as implications for signaling pathways in pathophysiology of prolactinoma. We also review mutations found in human prolactinoma and briefly discuss animal models that are useful in studying pituitary adenoma, many of which emphasize the fact that alterations in signaling pathways are common in prolactinomas. Although individual mutations have been proposed as possible driving forces for prolactinoma tumorigenesis in humans, no single mutation has been clinically identified as a causative factor for the majority of prolactinomas. A better understanding of lactotrope-specific responses to intracellular signaling pathways is needed to explain the mechanism of tumorigenesis in prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Booth
- Program in Reproductive Sciences and Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Expression of the heparin-binding growth factor midkine and its receptor, Ptprz1, in adult rat pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:909-14. [PMID: 25519047 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) belongs to a family of secreted heparin-binding growth factors and is highly expressed in various tissues during development. MK has multiple functions, such as regulation of cell proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation. We recently reported that MK mRNA is strongly expressed in the developing rat pituitary gland. In the adult pituitary, however, expression of MK and its receptor and the characteristics of the cells that produce them, have not been determined. Therefore, in this study, we investigate whether MK and its receptor, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type Z (Ptprz1), are present in the adult rat pituitary. In situ hybridization, real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting were performed to assess MK and Ptprz1 expression. We also characterize MK- and Ptprz1-expressing cells by double-staining with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques for each pituitary hormone or S100 protein [a marker of folliculostellate (FS) cells]. MK-expressing cells were located in the anterior and posterior lobes but not in the intermediate lobe. Double-staining and immunoblotting revealed that MK mRNA and protein were only expressed in FS cells in the anterior pituitary. Regarding Ptprz1 expression, Ptprz1 mRNA was detected in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cells and growth hormone (GH) cells but not in prolactin cells, thyroid-stimulating hormone cells, luteinizing hormone cells, or FS cells. These findings suggest that MK produced in FS cells acts locally on ACTH cells and GH cells via Ptprz1 in the adult rat anterior pituitary.
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Higuchi M, Chen M, Ueharu H, Nishimura N, Kato Y. Localization of juxtacrine factor ephrin-B2 in pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches throughout life. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:755-66. [PMID: 25480420 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that Sox2-expressing pituitary stem/progenitor cells contact each other via a tight-junction protein CAR to form stem/progenitor cell niches in the marginal cell layer facing the lumen and in the clusters scattered in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. However, the microenvironment of the niche for the maintenance of stem cell function in the pituitary remains obscure. In this study of pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, we have attempted to identify the expression of juxtacrine factor ephrin and its receptor. We have found that ephrin-B2 is expressed in the pituitary throughout development but changes its localization pattern. Notably, in the adult pituitary, ephrin-B2 immuno-signals occur in SOX2-, E-cadherin-, and CAR-triple-positive stem/progenitor cells in the niches. Our data suggest that ephrin-B2 signaling has an important role in the formation of pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches and in pituitary organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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Ueharu H, Higuchi M, Nishimura N, Yoshida S, Shibuya S, Sensui K, Kato T, Kato Y. Expression of Krüppel-like factor 6, KLF6, in rat pituitary stem/progenitor cells and its regulation of the PRRX2 gene. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:304-11. [PMID: 24881871 PMCID: PMC4139505 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired-related transcription factors, PRRX1 and PRRX2, which are present in mesenchymal tissues and participate in mesenchymal
cell differentiation, were recently found in the stem/progenitor cells of the pituitary gland of ectodermal origin. To clarify the
role of PRRX1 and PRRX2 in the pituitary gland, the present study first aimed to identify transcription factors that regulate
Prrx1 and Prrx2 expression. A promoter assay for the upstream regions of both genes was
performed by co-transfection of the expression vector of several transcription factors, many of which are frequently found in the
pituitary stem/progenitor cells. The results for the promoter activity of both genes showed expression in a cell type-dependent
manner. Comprehensive comparison of transcriptional activity of several transcription factors was performed with CHO cells, which
do not show Prrx1 and Prrx2 expression, and the results revealed the presence of common and
distinct factors for both genes. Among them, KLF6 showed specific and remarkable stimulation of Prrx2 expression.
In vitro experiments using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and siRNA interference revealed a potential
ability for regulation of Prrx2 expression by KLF6. Finally, immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of KLF6
in the SOX2/PRRX2 double-positive stem/progenitor cells of the postnatal pituitary gland. Thus, the finding of KLF6 might provide
a novel clue to clarify the maintenance of stem/progenitor cells of the postnatal pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ueharu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Regulation, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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40
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PRRX1 and PRRX2 distinctively participate in pituitary organogenesis and a cell-supply system. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:323-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Vankelecom H, Chen J. Pituitary stem cells: where do we stand? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:2-17. [PMID: 23994027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Some 5 years ago, the stem cells of the adult pituitary gland were discovered. Subsequent in-depth characterization revealed expression of several stemness markers and embryo-typical factors. Now, the quest is open to decipher their role in the gland. When and how pituitary stem cells differentiate to contribute to the mature hormone-producing cell populations is not known. New research models support their involvement in cell regeneration after injury in the gland, and suggest a possible role in pituitary tumor formation. From their expression phenotype, pituitary stem cells seem to re-use embryonic developmental programs during the creation of new hormonal cells. Here, we will review the latest progression in the domain of pituitary stem cells, including the uncovering of some new molecular flavors and of the first potential functions. Eventually, we will speculate on their differentiation programs towards hormonal cells, with a particular focus on gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.
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van Rijn SJ, Tryfonidou MA, Hanson JM, Penning LC, Meij BP. Stem cells in the canine pituitary gland and in pituitary adenomas. Vet Q 2014; 33:217-24. [PMID: 24320563 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.873961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) or pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism is a common endocrinopathy in dogs, with an estimated prevalence of 1 or 2 in 1000 dogs per year. It is caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting adenoma in the pars distalis or pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland located in the pituitary fossa. In the postnatal individual, the hypothalamus-pituitary axis plays a central role in maintaining homeostatic functions, like control of metabolism, reproduction, and growth. Stem cells are suggested to play a role in the homeostatic adaptations of the adult pituitary gland, such as the rapid specific cell-type expansion in response to pregnancy or lactation. Several cell populations have been suggested as pituitary stem cells, such as Side Population cells and cells expressing Sox2 or Nestin. These cell populations are discussed in this review. Also, stem and progenitor cells are thought to play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis, such as the development of pituitary adenomas in dogs. There are limited reports on the role of stem cells in pituitary adenomas, especially in dogs. Further studies are needed to identify and characterize this cell population and to develop specific cell targeting therapeutic strategies as a new way of treating canine CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J van Rijn
- a Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , PO Box 80154, 3508 TD , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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Chen M, Kato T, Higuchi M, Yoshida S, Yako H, Kanno N, Kato Y. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-positive cells compose the putative stem/progenitor cell niches in the marginal cell layer and parenchyma of the rat anterior pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:823-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Three-dimensional studies of Prop1-expressing cells in the rat pituitary just before birth. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:837-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Characterization of a pituitary-tumor-derived cell line, TtT/GF, that expresses Hoechst efflux ABC transporter subfamily G2 and stem cell antigen 1. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Araujo RV, Chang CV, Cescato VAS, Fragoso MCBV, Bronstein MD, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJP, Carvalho LRS. PROP1 overexpression in corticotrophinomas: evidence for the role of PROP1 in the maintenance of cells committed to corticotrophic differentiation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:887-91. [PMID: 23778486 PMCID: PMC3674306 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(06)26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression of transcription factors involved in early pituitary development, such as PROP1 and POU1F1, has been detected in pituitary adenoma tissues. In this study, we sought to characterize the transcriptional profiles of PROP1, POU1F1, and TBX19 in functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in an attempt to identify their roles in tumorigenesis and hormone hypersecretion. METHODS RT-qPCR analyses were performed to assess the transcriptional pattern of PROP1, POU1F1, TBX19, and hormone-producing genes in tissue samples of corticotrophinomas (n=10), somatotrophinomas (n=8), and nonfunctioning adenomas (n=6). RESULTS Compared with normal pituitary tissue, POU1F1 was overexpressed in somatotrophinomas by 3-fold. PROP1 expression was 18-fold higher in corticotrophinomas, 10-fold higher in somatotrophinomas, and 3-fold higher in nonfunctioning adenomas. TBX19 expression was 27-fold higher in corticotrophinomas. Additionally, the level of TBX19 mRNA positively correlated with that of pro-opiomelanocortin (r=0.49, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PROP1 is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas, mainly in corticotrophinomas. Together with previously published data showing that patients who harbor PROP1 loss-of-function mutations present a progressive decline in corticotrope function, our results support a role for PROP1 in pituitary tumor development and in the maintenance of cell lineages committed to corticotrophic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Araujo
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular - LIM/42, Divisão de Endocrinologia, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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47
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Tando Y, Fujiwara K, Yashiro T, Kikuchi M. Localization of Notch signaling molecules and their effect on cellular proliferation in adult rat pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:511-9. [PMID: 23232913 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a cell-to-cell signaling system involved in the maintenance of precursor cells in many tissues. Although Notch signaling has been reported in the pituitary gland, the histological characteristics of Notch receptors and ligands in the gland are unknown. Here, we report the histological gene expression pattern of Notch receptors and ligands and the role of Notch signaling in cellular proliferation in adult rat pituitary gland. In situ hybridization detected transcripts of Notch1 and 2 and Jagged1 and 2. Double-staining with a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that their mRNAs were localized in almost half of the S100-protein-positive cells, which are generally regarded as marginal layer cells and folliculo-stellate cells. In primary culture of anterior pituitary cells, proliferation of S100-protein-positive cells was modulated by Notch signaling inhibitor and solubilized Notch ligand. Furthermore, quantitative analysis revealed that the inhibition of Notch signaling led to the down-regulation of mRNA for the Notch target gene Hes1 and the up-regulation of p57 gene expression. These findings suggest that Notch signaling is involved in the proliferation of S100-protein-positive cells, presumably precursor cells, in adult rat pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tando
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Yakushiji 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Fu Q, Vankelecom H. Regenerative Capacity of the Adult Pituitary: Multiple Mechanisms of Lactotrope Restoration After Transgenic Ablation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3245-57. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity, Research Unit of Embryo and Stem Cells, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity, Research Unit of Embryo and Stem Cells, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Susa T, Kato T, Yoshida S, Yako H, Higuchi M, Kato Y. Paired-related homeodomain proteins Prx1 and Prx2 are expressed in embryonic pituitary stem/progenitor cells and may be involved in the early stage of pituitary differentiation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1201-12. [PMID: 22577874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently cloned a paired-related homeodomain protein Prx2 as a novel factor in the pituitary. In the present study, we investigated the ontogenic profiles of Prx2 and another cognate Prx1 in the rat embryonic pituitary. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed low expression of Prx2 and a marked increase of Prx1 on rat embryonic day (E)20.5. Immunohistochemical analyses using an antibody that recognises both proteins, with the aim of investigating their roles in pituitary organogenesis, demonstrated that PRXs first appear in the Rathke's pouch on E13.5 in the pituitary stem/progenitor cells expressing Prop1 and Sox2. After E16.5, the number of Prx-expressing cells was increased in both anterior and intermediate lobes. SOX2(+) stem/progenitor cells in the intermediate lobe started to produce PRXs, and PRX(+) /SOX2(+) /PROP1(+) -cells were present on the anterior side of the marginal cell layer and were scattered in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. On the other hand, PRX(+) -cells negative for PROP1 and SOX2 were located in the anterior lobe. Analysis of the relationship with pituitary endocrine cells revealed that a part of PRX(+) /PROP1(-) /SOX2(-) -cells in the anterior lobe co-expressed all types of hormones. The proportion of co-localisation of PRXs and hormones was highest on the day each hormone first appeared. These data indicate that PRXs are produced in the pituitary progenitor cells and may play roles in the process of terminal differentiation during early pituitary organogenesis. An in vitro small interfering RNA-knockdown experiment in the pituitary-derived cell line, TtT/GF, revealed that PRX1 and PRX2 play roles in proliferation by different mechanisms because knockdown of Prx2, but not Prx1, induced the p21 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that 76% of PRXs(+) cells were positive for a cell proliferation marker Ki67 in the E18.5 pituitary. This is the first report of the involvement of PRX1 and PRX2 in organogenesis of tissue originating from the ectoderm other than the mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Susa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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50
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Fu Q, Gremeaux L, Luque RM, Liekens D, Chen J, Buch T, Waisman A, Kineman R, Vankelecom H. The adult pituitary shows stem/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3224-35. [PMID: 22518061 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland constitutes, together with the hypothalamus, the regulatory core of the endocrine system. Whether the gland is capable of cell regeneration after injury, in particular when suffered at adult age, is unknown. To investigate the adult pituitary's regenerative capacity and the response of its stem/progenitor cell compartment to damage, we constructed a transgenic mouse model to conditionally destroy pituitary cells. GHCre/iDTR mice express diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor after transcriptional activation by Cre recombinase, which is driven by the GH promoter. Treatment with DT for 3 d leads to gradual GH(+) (somatotrope) cell obliteration with a final ablation grade of 80-90% 1 wk later. The stem/progenitor cell-clustering side population promptly expands after injury, concordant with the immediate increase in Sox2(+) stem/progenitor cells. In addition, folliculo-stellate cells, previously designated as pituitary stem/progenitor cells and significantly overlapping with Sox2(+) cells, also increase in abundance. In situ examination reveals expansion of the Sox2(+) marginal-zone niche and appearance of remarkable Sox2(+) cells that contain GH. When mice are left after the DT-provoked lesion, GH(+) cells considerably regenerate during the following months. Double Sox2(+)/GH(+) cells are observed throughout the regenerative period, suggesting recovery of somatotropes from stem/progenitor cells, as further supported by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) pulse-chase lineage tracing. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the adult pituitary gland holds regenerative competence and that tissue repair follows prompt activation and plausible involvement of the stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity, Research Unit of Embryo and Stem Cells, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg (O&N1), Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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