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Edwards AJ, Beltz BS. Longitudinal tracking of hemocyte populations in vivo indicates lineage relationships and supports neural progenitor identity in adult neurogenesis. Neural Dev 2024; 19:7. [PMID: 38902780 PMCID: PMC11191286 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, which takes place in both vertebrate and invertebrate species, is the process by which new neurons are born and integrated into existing functional neural circuits, long after embryonic development. Most studies in mammals suggest that self-renewing stem cells are the source of the new neurons, although the extent of self-renewal is a matter of debate. In contrast, research in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii has demonstrated that the neural progenitors producing adult-born neurons are capable of both self-renewing and consuming (non-self-renewing) divisions. However, self-renewing divisions are relatively rare, and therefore the production of adult-born neurons depends heavily on progenitors that are not replenishing themselves. Because the small pool of neural progenitors in the neurogenic niche is never exhausted throughout the long lives of these animals, we hypothesized that there must also be an extrinsic source of these cells. It was subsequently demonstrated that the neural progenitors originate in hemocytes (blood cells) produced by the immune system that travel in the circulation before ultimately integrating into niches where the neural lineage begins. The current study examines the developmental lineage of the three hemocyte types - hyaline (HC), semigranular (SGC) and granular (GC) cells - with the goal of understanding the origins of the progenitor cells that produce adult-born neurons. Longstanding qualitative metrics for hemocyte classification were validated quantitatively. Then, in a longitudinal study, proliferation markers were used to label the hemocytes in vivo, followed by sampling the circulating hemocyte population over the course of two months. Hemolymph samples were taken at intervals to track the frequencies of the different hemocyte types. These data reveal sequential peaks in the relative frequencies of HCs, SGCs and GCs, which were identified using qualitative and quantitative measures. These findings suggest that the three hemocyte types comprise a single cellular lineage that occurs in the circulation, with each type as a sequential progressive stage in hemocyte maturation beginning with HCs and ending with GCs. When combined with previously published data, this timeline provides additional evidence that HCs serve as the primary neural progenitor during adult neurogenesis in P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Edwards
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Barbara S Beltz
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
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Musgrove L, Russell FD, Ventura T. Considerations for cultivated crustacean meat: potential cell sources, potential differentiation and immortalization strategies, and lessons from crustacean and other animal models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38733287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2342480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated crustacean meat (CCM) is a means to create highly valued shrimp, lobster, and crab products directly from stem cells, thus removing the need to farm or fish live animals. Conventional crustacean enterprises face increasing pressures in managing overfishing, pollution, and the warming climate, so CCM may provide a way to ensure sufficient supply as global demand for these products grows. To support the development of CCM, this review briefly details crustacean cell culture work to date, before addressing what is presently known about crustacean muscle development, particularly the molecular mechanisms involved, and how this might relate to recent work on cultivated meat production in vertebrate species. Recognizing the current lack of cell lines available to establish CCM cultures, we also consider primary stem cell sources that can be obtained non-lethally including tissues from limbs which are readily released and regrown, and putative stem cells in circulating hemolymph. Molecular approaches to inducing myogenic differentiation and immortalization of putative stem cells are also reviewed. Finally, we assess the current status of tools available to CCM researchers, particularly antibodies, and propose avenues to address existing shortfalls in order to see the field progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musgrove
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Monell KJ, Roncalli V, Hopcroft RR, Hartline DK, Lenz PH. Post-Diapause DNA Replication during Oogenesis in a Capital-Breeding Copepod. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad020. [PMID: 37361914 PMCID: PMC10290532 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In high-latitude environments where seasonal changes include periods of harsh conditions, many arthropods enter diapause, a period of dormancy that is hormonally regulated. Diapause is characterized by very low metabolism, resistance to environmental stress, and developmental arrest. It allows an organism to optimize the timing of reproduction by synchronizing offspring growth and development with periods of high food availability. In species that enter dormancy as pre-adults or adults, termination of diapause is marked by the resumption of physiological processes, an increase in metabolic rates and once transitioned into adulthood for females, the initiation of oogenesis. In many cases, individuals start feeding again and newly acquired resources become available to fuel egg production. However, in the subarctic capital-breeding copepod Neocalanus flemingeri, feeding is decoupled from oogenesis. Thus, optimizing reproduction limited by fixed resources such that all eggs are of high quality and fully-provisioned, requires regulation of the number of oocytes. However, it is unknown if and how this copepod limits oocyte formation. In this study, the phase in oocyte production by post-diapause females that involved DNA replication in the ovary and oviducts was examined using incubation in 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Both oogonia and oocytes incorporated EdU, with the number of EdU-labeled cells peaking at 72 hours following diapause termination. Cell labeling with EdU remained high for two weeks, decreasing thereafter with no labeling detected by four weeks post diapause, and three to four weeks before spawning of the first clutch of eggs. The results suggest that oogenesis is sequential in N. flemingeri with formation of new oocytes starting within 24 hours of diapause termination and limited to the first few weeks. Lipid consumption during diapause was minimal and relatively modest initially. This early phase in the reproductive program precedes mid-oogenesis and vitellogenesis 2, when oocytes increase in size and accumulate yolk and lipid reserves. By limiting DNA replication to the initial phase, the females effectively separate oocyte production from oocyte provisioning. A sequential oogenesis is unlike the income-breeder strategy of most copepods in which oocytes at all stages of maturation are found concurrently in the reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Roncalli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Integrative Marine Ecology, Campania 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - R R Hopcroft
- Department of Oceanography, University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7220, USA
| | - D K Hartline
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
| | - P H Lenz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
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Martinez P, Ballarin L, Ereskovsky AV, Gazave E, Hobmayer B, Manni L, Rottinger E, Sprecher SG, Tiozzo S, Varela-Coelho A, Rinkevich B. Articulating the "stem cell niche" paradigm through the lens of non-model aquatic invertebrates. BMC Biol 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35057814 PMCID: PMC8781081 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) in vertebrates typically reside in "stem cell niches" (SCNs), morphologically restricted tissue microenvironments that are important for SC survival and proliferation. SCNs are broadly defined by properties including physical location, but in contrast to vertebrates and other "model" organisms, aquatic invertebrate SCs do not have clearly documented niche outlines or properties. Life strategies such as regeneration or asexual reproduction may have conditioned the niche architectural variability in aquatic or marine animal groups. By both establishing the invertebrates SCNs as independent types, yet allowing inclusiveness among them, the comparative analysis will allow the future functional characterization of SCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - A V Ereskovsky
- Aix Marseille University, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- St. Petersburg State University, Biological Faculty, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - E Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - B Hobmayer
- Department of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - E Rottinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), Nice, France
| | - S G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Paris, France
| | - A Varela-Coelho
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - B Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 8030, 31080, Haifa, Israel.
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Vogt G. Cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in decapod crustaceans. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:817-850. [PMID: 34914163 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells play key roles in development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, ageing and diseases. Comprehensive reviews on stem cells are available for the determinately growing mammals and insects and some lower invertebrates like hydra but are rare for larger, indeterminately growing invertebrates that can live for many decades. This paper reviews the cytology, function and dynamics of stem and progenitor cells in the decapod crustaceans, a species-rich and ecologically and economically important animal group that includes mainly indeterminate growers but also some determinate growers. Further advantages of decapods for stem cell research are almost 1000-fold differences in body size and longevity, the regeneration of damaged appendages and the virtual absence of age-related diseases and tumours in the indeterminately growing species. The available data demonstrate that the Decapoda possess a remarkable variety of structurally and functionally different stem cells in embryos and larvae, and in the epidermis, musculature, haematopoietic tissue, heart, brain, hepatopancreas, olfactory sense organs and gonads of adults. Some of these seem to be rather continuously active over a lifetime but others are cyclically activated and silenced in periods of days, weeks and years, depending on the specific organ and function. Stem cell proliferation is triggered by signals related to development, moulting, feeding, reproduction, injury, infection, environmental enrichment and social status. Some regulatory pathways have already been identified, including the evolutionarily conserved GATA-binding and runt-domain transcription factors, the widespread neurotransmitter serotonin, the arthropod-specific hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and the novel astakine growth factors. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods primarily refines our picture on the development, growth and maintenance of tissues and organs in this animal group. Cultured decapod stem cells have good potential for toxicity testing and virus research with practical relevance for aquaculture. Knowledge of stem cells in decapods also broadens our understanding of the evolution of stem cells and regeneration in the animal kingdom. The stem cells of long-lived, indeterminately growing decapods may hold the key to understanding how stem and progenitor cells function into old age without adverse side effects, possibly evoking new ideas for the development of anti-ageing and anti-cancer treatments in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ballarin L, Karahan A, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Manni L, Rinkevich B, Rosner A, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B, Canesi L, Anselmi C, Pinsino A, Tohumcu BE, Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Novak S, Sugni M, Corsi I, Drobne D. Stem Cells and Innate Immunity in Aquatic Invertebrates: Bridging Two Seemingly Disparate Disciplines for New Discoveries in Biology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688106. [PMID: 34276677 PMCID: PMC8278520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to translational studies, further contributing to (eco)toxicology, biotechnology, and medicine as well as regulatory and ethical aspects. Stem cells originate immune cells through hematopoiesis, and the interplay between the two cell types is required in processes like regeneration. In addition, stem and immune cell anomalies directly affect the organism's functions, its ability to cope with environmental changes and, indirectly, its role in ecosystem services. However, stem cells and immune cells continue to be considered parts of two branches of biological research with few interconnections between them. This review aims to bridge these two seemingly disparate disciplines towards much more integrative and transformative approaches with examples deriving mainly from aquatic invertebrates. We discuss the current understanding of cross-disciplinary collaborative and emerging issues, raising novel hypotheses and comments. We also discuss the problems and perspectives of the two disciplines and how to integrate their conceptual frameworks to address basic equations in biology in a new, innovative way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Begüm Ece Tohumcu
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bouallegui Y. A Comprehensive Review on Crustaceans' Immune System With a Focus on Freshwater Crayfish in Relation to Crayfish Plague Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667787. [PMID: 34054837 PMCID: PMC8155518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish immunity has received great attention due to the need for urgent conservation. This concern has increased the understanding of the cellular and humoral defense systems, although the regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes need updating. There are, however, aspects of the immune response that require clarification and integration. The particular issues addressed in this review include an overall description of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of the pandemic plague disease, which affects freshwater crayfish, and an overview of crustaceans' immunity with a focus on freshwater crayfish. It includes a classification system of hemocyte sub-types, the molecular factors involved in hematopoiesis and the differential role of the hemocyte subpopulations in cell-mediated responses, including hemocyte infiltration, inflammation, encapsulation and the link with the extracellular trap cell death pathway (ETosis). In addition, other topics discussed include the identity and functions of hyaline cells, the generation of neoplasia, and the emerging topic of the role of sessile hemocytes in peripheral immunity. Finally, attention is paid to the molecular execution of the immune response, from recognition by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the role of the signaling network in propagating and maintaining the immune signals, to the effector elements such as the putative function of the Down syndrome adhesion molecules (Dscam) in innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Bouallegui
- LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
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Katow H, Abe K, Katow T, Yoshida H, Kiyomoto M. Involvement of Netrin/Unc-5 Interaction in Ciliary Beating and in Pattern Formation of the Ciliary Band-Associated Strand (CBAS) in the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6587. [PMID: 32916859 PMCID: PMC7555569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic neural circuit is involved in the motile activities of both larval and juvenile sea urchins. Therefore, its function is inherited beyond metamorphosis, despite large scale remodeling of larval organs during that period. However, the initial neural circuit formation mechanism is not well understood, including how glutamate decarboxylase-expressing blastocoelar cells (GADCs) construct the neural circuit along the circumoral ciliary band (a ciliary band-associated strand, CBAS) on the larval body surface. In this study, using whole-mount immunohistochemistry and 3D reconstructed imaging, the ontogenic process of CBAS patterning was studied by focusing on Netrin and the interaction with its receptor, Unc-5. During the early 2-arm pluteus stage, a small number of GADCs egress onto the apical surface of the larval ectoderm. Then, they line up on the circumoral side of the ciliary band, and by being inserted by a further number of GADCs, form longer multicellular strands along the Netrin stripe. Application of a synthetic peptide, CRFNMELYKLSGRKSGGVC of Hp-Netrin, that binds to the immunoglobulin domain of Unc-5 during the prism stage, causes stunted CBAS formation due to inhibition of GADC egression. This also results in reduced ciliary beating. Thus, the Netrin/Unc-5 interaction is involved in the construction and function of the CBAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Katow
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan; (K.A.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Kouki Abe
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan; (K.A.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomoko Katow
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan; (K.A.); (T.K.)
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Masato Kiyomoto
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.K.)
- Marine and Coastal Research Center, Ochanomizu University, Tateyama, Chiba 294-0301, Japan
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Beltz BS, Benton JL. From Blood to Brain: Adult-Born Neurons in the Crayfish Brain Are the Progeny of Cells Generated by the Immune System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:662. [PMID: 29270102 PMCID: PMC5725445 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons continue to be born and integrated into the brains of adult decapod crustaceans. Evidence in crayfish indicates that the 1st-generation neural precursors that generate these adult-born neurons originate in the immune system and travel to the neurogenic niche via the circulatory system. These precursors are attracted to the niche, become integrated amongst niche cells, and undergo mitosis within a few days; both daughters of this division migrate away from the niche toward the brain clusters where they will divide again and differentiate into neurons. In the crustacean brain, the rate of neuronal production is highly sensitive to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels. These effects are lineage-dependent, as serotonin's influence is limited to late 2nd-generation neural precursors and their progeny. Experiments indicate that serotonin regulates adult neurogenesis in the crustacean brain by multiple mechanisms: via direct effects of serotonin released from brain neurons into the hemolymph or by local release onto target cells, or by indirect influences via a serotonin-mediated release of agents from other regions, such as hormones from the sinus gland and cytokines from hematopoietic tissues. Evidence in crayfish also indicates that serotonin mediates the attraction of neural precursors generated by the immune system to the neurogenic niche. Thus, studies in the crustacean brain have revealed multiple roles for this monoamine in adult neurogenesis, and identified several pathways by which serotonin influences the generation of new neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Beltz
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Jeanne L Benton
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, United States
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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Wajsenzon IJR, de Carvalho LA, Biancalana A, da Silva WAB, dos Santos Mermelstein C, de Araujo EG, Allodi S. Culture of neural cells of the eyestalk of a mangrove crab is optimized on poly-L-ornithine substrate. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2193-206. [PMID: 26779908 PMCID: PMC5023563 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a considerable demand for cell culture protocols from invertebrates for both basic and applied research, few attempts have been made to culture neural cells of crustaceans. We describe an in vitro method that permits the proliferation, growth and characterization of neural cells from the visual system of an adult decapod crustacean. We explain the coating of the culture plates with different adhesive substrates, and the adaptation of the medium to maintain viable neural cells for up to 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy allowed us to monitor the conditioned culture medium to assess cell morphology and cell damage. We quantified cells in the different substrates and performed statistical analyses. Of the most commonly used substrates, poly-L-ornithine was found to be the best for maintaining neural cells for 7 days. We characterized glial cells and neurons, and observed cell proliferation using immunocytochemical reactions with specific markers. This protocol was designed to aid in conducting investigations of adult crustacean neural cells in culture. We believe that an advantage of this method is the potential for adaptation to neural cells from other arthropods and even other groups of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Júlia Ribas Wajsenzon
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco G2-001, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
| | - Litia Alves de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco G2-001, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
- Neurology Department of Masssachusetts General Hospital, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Adriano Biancalana
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário do Marajó/Soure, Ilha de Marajó, PA Brazil
| | - Wagner Antönio Barbosa da Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco G2-001, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana Allodi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco G2-001, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-902 Brazil
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12
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Beltz BS, Brenneis G, Benton JL. Adult Neurogenesis: Lessons from Crayfish and the Elephant in the Room. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:146-155. [DOI: 10.1159/000447084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 1st-generation neural precursors in the crustacean brain are functionally analogous to neural stem cells in mammals. Their slow cycling, migration of their progeny, and differentiation of their descendants into neurons over several weeks are features of the neural precursor lineage in crayfish that also characterize adult neurogenesis in mammals. However, the 1st-generation precursors in crayfish do not self-renew, contrasting with conventional wisdom that proposes the long-term self-renewal of adult neural stem cells. Nevertheless, the crayfish neurogenic niche, which contains a total of 200-300 cells, is never exhausted and neurons continue to be produced in the brain throughout the animal's life. The pool of neural precursors in the niche therefore cannot be a closed system, and must be replenished from an extrinsic source. Our in vitro and in vivo data show that cells originating in the innate immune system (but not other cell types) are attracted to and incorporated into the neurogenic niche, and that they express a niche-specific marker, glutamine synthetase. Further, labeled hemocytes that undergo adoptive transfer to recipient crayfish generate cells in neuronal clusters in the olfactory pathway of the adult brain. These hemocyte descendants express appropriate neurotransmitters and project to target areas typical of neurons in these regions. These studies indicate that under natural conditions, the immune system provides neural precursors supporting adult neurogenesis in the crayfish brain, challenging the canonical view that ectodermal tissues generating the embryonic nervous system are the sole source of neurons in the adult brain. However, these are not the first studies that directly implicate the immune system as a source of neural precursor cells. Several types of data in mammals, including adoptive transfers of bone marrow or stem cells as well as the presence of fetal microchimerism, suggest that there must be a population of cells that are able to access the brain and generate new neurons in these species.
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Söderhäll I. Crustacean hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:129-141. [PMID: 26721583 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune reactions, and the regulation of hemocyte homeostasis is of utmost importance for the health of these animals. This review discusses the current knowledge on the lineages, synthesis and differentiation of hemocytes in crustaceans. Hematopoietic tissues, their origins, and the regulation of hematopoiesis during molting, seasonal variation and infection are discussed. Furthermore, studies concerning the molecular regulation of hemocyte formation in crustaceans are also described, and the different lineages and their molecular markers are discussed and compared with several insect species. Signaling pathways and the regulation of hematopoiesis by transcription factors are typically conserved among these arthropods, whereas cytokines and growth factors are more variable and species specific. However, considering the great diversity among the crustaceans, one should be cautious in drawing general conclusions from studies of only a few species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Harzsch S, von Bohlen und Halbach O. A possible role for the immune system in adult neurogenesis: new insights from an invertebrate model. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:153-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Beltz BS, Cockey EL, Li J, Platto JF, Ramos KA, Benton JL. Adult neural stem cells: Long-term self-renewal, replenishment by the immune system, or both? Bioessays 2015; 37:495-501. [PMID: 25761245 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current model of adult neurogenesis in mammals suggests that adult-born neurons are generated by stem cells that undergo long-term self-renewal, and that a lifetime supply of stem cells resides in the brain. In contrast, it has recently been demonstrated that adult-born neurons in crayfish are generated by precursors originating in the immune system. This is particularly interesting because studies done many years ago suggest that a similar mechanism might exist in rodents and humans, with bone marrow providing stem cells that can generate neurons. However, the relevance of these findings for natural mechanisms underlying adult neurogenesis in mammals is not clear, because of uncertainties at many levels. We argue here that the recent findings in crayfish send a strong signal to re-examine existing data from rodents and humans, and to design new experiments that will directly test the contributions of the immune system to adult neurogenesis in mammals.
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16
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Khornchatri K, Kornthong N, Saetan J, Tinikul Y, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Cummins SF, Hanna PJ, Sobhon P. Distribution of serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system of the female mud crab, Scylla olivacea (Herbst). Acta Histochem 2015; 117:196-204. [PMID: 25618422 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In crustaceans serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) are neurotransmitters that play roles in the modulation of numerous physiological functions, including reproduction. However, in the mud crab, Scylla olivacea, the distributions of 5-HT and DA in the CNS have not yet been investigated. The aim of our study was to map the distributions of these two neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) of the female of this crab during the late stage of ovarian development. We found 5-HT immunoreactivity (-ir) and DA-ir in many parts of the CNS, including the eyestalk, brain, and thoracic ganglia. In the eyestalk, 5-HT-ir was localized in the medulla terminalis (MT), hemi-ellipsoid body (HB), and protocerebral tract (PT), whereas DA-ir was present in neuronal cluster 1, the LG neuropils, and PT. In the brain, 5-HT-ir and DA-ir were detected in cells and fibers of neuronal clusters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15. In the ventral nerve cord, 5-HT-ir was present in neurons of the abdominal ganglia, whereas DA was only present in fibers. These spatial distributions of 5-HT and DA suggest that they may be involved in the neuromodulation of important physiological functions, including ovarian maturation, as shown in other non-crab decapods.
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Benton JL, Kery R, Li J, Noonin C, Söderhäll I, Beltz BS. Cells from the immune system generate adult-born neurons in crayfish. Dev Cell 2014; 30:322-33. [PMID: 25117683 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an ongoing process in the brains of adult decapod crustaceans. However, the first-generation precursors that produce adult-born neurons, which reside in a neurogenic niche, are not self-renewing in crayfish and must be replenished. The source of these neuronal precursors is unknown. Here, we report that adult-born neurons in crayfish can be derived from hemocytes. Following adoptive transfer of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled hemocytes, labeled cells populate the neurogenic niche containing the first-generation neuronal precursors. Seven weeks after adoptive transfer, EdU-labeled cells are located in brain clusters 9 and 10 (where adult-born neurons differentiate) and express appropriate neurotransmitters. Moreover, the number of cells composing the neurogenic niche in crayfish is tightly correlated with total hemocyte counts (THCs) and can be manipulated by raising or lowering THC. These studies identify hemocytes as a source of adult-born neurons in crayfish and demonstrate that the immune system is a key contributor to adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Benton
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Rachel Kery
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Barbara S Beltz
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.
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Brenneis G, Scholtz G. The 'ventral organs' of Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) are neurogenic niches of late embryonic and post-embryonic nervous system development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95435. [PMID: 24736377 PMCID: PMC3988247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early neurogenesis in arthropods has been in the focus of numerous studies, its cellular basis, spatio-temporal dynamics and underlying genetic network being by now comparably well characterized for representatives of chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods and crustaceans. By contrast, neurogenesis during late embryonic and/or post-embryonic development has received less attention, especially in myriapods and chelicerates. Here, we apply (i) immunolabeling, (ii) histology and (iii) scanning electron microscopy to study post-embryonic ventral nerve cord development in Pseudopallene sp., a representative of the sea spiders (Pycnogonida), the presumable sister group of the remaining chelicerates. During early post-embryonic development, large neural stem cells give rise to additional ganglion cell material in segmentally paired invaginations in the ventral ectoderm. These ectodermal cell regions - traditionally designated as 'ventral organs' - detach from the surface into the interior and persist as apical cell clusters on the ventral ganglion side. Each cluster is a post-embryonic neurogenic niche that features a tiny central cavity and initially still houses larger neural stem cells. The cluster stays connected to the underlying ganglionic somata cortex via an anterior and a posterior cell stream. Cell proliferation remains restricted to the cluster and streams, and migration of newly produced cells along the streams seems to account for increasing ganglion cell numbers in the cortex. The pycnogonid cluster-stream-systems show striking similarities to the life-long neurogenic system of decapod crustaceans, and due to their close vicinity to glomerulus-like neuropils, we consider their possible involvement in post-embryonic (perhaps even adult) replenishment of olfactory neurons - as in decapods. An instance of a potentially similar post-embryonic/adult neurogenic system in the arthropod outgroup Onychophora is discussed. Additionally, we document two transient posterior ganglia in the ventral nerve cord of Pseudopallene sp. and evaluate this finding in light of the often discussed reduction of a segmented 'opisthosoma' during pycnogonid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brenneis
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Berlin, Germany
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Kim YF, Sandeman DC, Benton JL, Beltz BS. Birth, survival and differentiation of neurons in an adult crustacean brain. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:602-15. [PMID: 24339155 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Life-long neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. In decapod crustaceans, new neurons are added throughout life to two cell clusters containing local (cluster 9) and projection (cluster 10) interneurons in the olfactory pathway. Adult-born neurons in clusters 9 and 10 in crayfish have the anatomical properties and chemistry of mature neurons by 6 months after birth. Here we use 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to pulse label mitotically active cells in these cell clusters, followed by a survival time of up to 8 months, during which crayfish (Cherax destructor) were sacrificed at intervals and the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells quantified. We find a decrease in the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in cell cluster 10 between the first and second weeks following BrdU exposure, suggesting a period of cell death shortly after proliferation. Additional delayed cell divisions in both cell clusters are indicated by increases in labeled cells long after the BrdU clearing time. The differentiation time of these cells into neurons was defined by detection of the first immunoreactivity for the transmitter SIFamide in cluster 10 BrdU-labeled cells, which begins at 4 weeks after BrdU labeling; the numbers of SIFamide-labeled cells continues to increase over the following month. Experiments testing whether proliferation and survival of Cluster 10 cells are influenced by locomotor activity provided no evidence of a correlation between activity levels and cell proliferation, but suggest a strong influence of locomotor activity on cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Faith Kim
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 02481
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20
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Noonin C, Watthanasurorot A, Winberg S, Söderhäll I. Circadian regulation of melanization and prokineticin homologues is conserved in the brain of freshwater crayfish and zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:218-226. [PMID: 23500514 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clock is important to living organisms to adjust to the external environment. This clock has been extensively studied in mammals, and prokineticin 2 (Prok2) acts as one of the messenger between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. In this study, expression profiles of Prok1 and Prok2 were investigated in a non-mammalian vertebrate brain, zebrafish, and the expression was compared to the Prok homologues, astakines (Ast1 and Ast2) in crayfish. These transcripts exhibited circadian oscillation in the brain, and Ast1 had similar pattern to Prok2. In addition, the expression of tyrosinase, an enzyme which expression is regulated by E-box elements like in Prok2, was also examined in zebrafish brain and was compared with the expression of prophenoloxidase (proPO), the melanization enzyme, in crayfish brain. Interestingly, the expressions of both Tyr and proPO displayed circadian rhythm in a similar pattern to Prok2 and Ast1, respectively. Therefore, this study shows that circadian oscillation of prokineticin homologues and enzymes involved in melanization are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE. Radial glial cells play a key role in echinoderm neural regeneration. BMC Biol 2013; 11:49. [PMID: 23597108 PMCID: PMC3652774 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the CNS of echinoderms is capable of fast and efficient regeneration following injury and constitutes one of the most promising model systems that can provide important insights into evolution of the cellular and molecular events involved in neural repair in deuterostomes. So far, the cellular mechanisms of neural regeneration in echinoderm remained obscure. In this study we show that radial glial cells are the main source of new cells in the regenerating radial nerve cord in these animals. Results We demonstrate that radial glial cells of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima react to injury by dedifferentiation. Both glia and neurons undergo programmed cell death in the lesioned CNS, but it is the dedifferentiated glial subpopulation in the vicinity of the injury that accounts for the vast majority of cell divisions. Glial outgrowth leads to formation of a tubular scaffold at the growing tip, which is later populated by neural elements. Most importantly, radial glial cells themselves give rise to new neurons. At least some of the newly produced neurons survive for more than 4 months and express neuronal markers typical of the mature echinoderm CNS. Conclusions A hypothesis is formulated that CNS regeneration via activation of radial glial cells may represent a common capacity of the Deuterostomia, which is not invoked spontaneously in higher vertebrates, whose adult CNS does not retain radial glial cells. Potential implications for biomedical research aimed at finding the cure for human CNS injuries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA.
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Chaves da Silva PG, Benton JL, Sandeman DC, Beltz BS. Adult Neurogenesis in the Crayfish Brain: The Hematopoietic Anterior Proliferation Center Has Direct Access to the Brain and Stem Cell Niche. Stem Cells Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grazielle Chaves da Silva
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeanne L. Benton
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
| | | | - Barbara S. Beltz
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
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23
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First-generation neuronal precursors in the crayfish brain are not self-renewing. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:657-66. [PMID: 23219763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-born neurons in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are the progeny of 1st-generation precursor cells (functionally analogous to neuronal stem cells in vertebrates) that are located in a neurogenic niche on the ventral surface of the brain. The daughters of these precursor cells migrate along the processes of bipolar niche cells to proliferation zones in the cell clusters where the somata of the olfactory interneurons reside. Here they divide again, producing offspring that differentiate into olfactory local and projection neurons. The features of this neuronal assembly line, and the fact that it continues to function when the brain is isolated and perfused or maintained in organotypic culture, provide opportunities unavailable in other organisms to explore the sequence of cellular and molecular events leading to the production of new neurons in adult brains. Further, we have determined that the 1st-generation precursor cells are not a self-renewing population, and that the niche is, nevertheless, not depleted as the animals grow and age. We conclude, therefore, that the niche is not a closed system and that there must be an extrinsic source of neuronal stem cells. Based on in vitro studies demonstrating that cells extracted from the hemolymph are attracted to the niche, as well as the intimate relationship between the niche and vasculature, we hypothesize that the hematopoietic system is a likely source of these cells.
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Adult neurogenesis: ultrastructure of a neurogenic niche and neurovascular relationships. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39267. [PMID: 22723980 PMCID: PMC3378523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-generation precursors producing adult-born neurons in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) brain reside in a specialized niche located on the ventral surface of the brain. In the present work, we have explored the organization and ultrastructure of this neurogenic niche, using light-level, confocal and electron microscopic approaches. Our goals were to define characteristics of the niche microenvironment, examine the morphological relationships between the niche and the vasculature and observe specializations at the boundary between the vascular cavity located centrally in the niche. Our results show that the niche is almost fully encapsulated by blood vessels, and that cells in the vasculature come into contact with the niche. This analysis also characterizes the ultrastructure of the cell types in the niche. The Type I niche cells are by far the most numerous, and are the only cell type present superficially in the most ventral cell layers of the niche. More dorsally, Type I cells are intermingled with Types II, III and IV cells, which are observed far less frequently. Type I cells have microvilli on their apical cell surfaces facing the vascular cavity, as well as junctional complexes between adjacent cells, suggesting a role in regulating transport from the blood into the niche cells. These studies demonstrate a close relationship between the neurogenic niche and vascular system in P. clarkii. Furthermore, the specializations of niche cells contacting the vascular cavity are also typical of the interface between the blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-brain barriers of vertebrates, including cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) producing new olfactory interneurons in mammals. These data indicate that tissues involved in producing adult-born neurons in the crayfish brain use strategies that may reflect fundamental mechanisms preserved in an evolutionarily broad range of species, as proposed previously. The studies described here extend our understanding of neurovascular relationships in the brain of P. clarkii by characterizing the organization and ultrastructure of the neurogenic niche and associated vascular tissues.
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25
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Noonin C, Lin X, Jiravanichpaisal P, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Invertebrate hematopoiesis: an anterior proliferation center as a link between the hematopoietic tissue and the brain. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3173-86. [PMID: 22564088 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution, the innate and adaptive immune systems were developed to protect organisms from non-self substances. The innate immune system is phylogenetically more ancient and is present in most multicellular organisms, whereas adaptive responses are restricted to vertebrates. Arthropods lack the blood cells of the lymphoid lineage and oxygen-carrying erythrocytes, making them suitable model animals for studying the regulation of the blood cells of the innate immune system. Many crustaceans have a long life span and need to continuously synthesize blood cells, in contrast to many insects. The hematopoietic tissue (HPT) of Pacifastacus leniusculus provides a simple model for studying hematopoiesis, because the tissue can be isolated, and the proliferation of stem cells and their differentiation can be studied both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we demonstrate new findings of a physical link between the HPT and the brain. Actively proliferating cells were localized to an anterior proliferation center (APC) in the anterior part of the tissue near the area linking the HPT to the brain, whereas more differentiated cells were detected in the posterior part. The central areas of HPT expand in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced blood loss. Cells isolated from the APC divide rapidly and form cell clusters in vitro; conversely, the cells from the remaining HPT form monolayers, and they can be induced to differentiate in vitro. Our findings offer an opportunity to learn more about invertebrate hematopoiesis and its connection to the central nervous system, thereby obtaining new information about the evolution of different blood and nerve cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Sintoni S, Benton JL, Beltz BS, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of adult decapod crustaceans: development of the neurogenic niche in the brains of procambarid crayfish. Neural Dev 2012; 7:1. [PMID: 22225949 PMCID: PMC3266201 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the decapod crustacean brain, neurogenesis persists throughout the animal's life. After embryogenesis, the central olfactory pathway integrates newborn olfactory local and projection interneurons that replace old neurons or expand the existing population. In crayfish, these neurons are the descendants of precursor cells residing in a neurogenic niche. In this paper, the development of the niche was documented by monitoring proliferating cells with S-phase-specific markers combined with immunohistochemical, dye-injection and pulse-chase experiments. Results Between the end of embryogenesis and throughout the first post-embryonic stage (POI), a defined transverse band of mitotically active cells (which we will term 'the deutocerebral proliferative system' (DPS) appears. Just prior to hatching and in parallel with the formation of the DPS, the anlagen of the niche appears, closely associated with the vasculature. When the hatchling molts to the second post-embryonic stage (POII), the DPS differentiates into the lateral (LPZ) and medial (MPZ) proliferative zones. The LPZ and MPZ are characterized by a high number of mitotically active cells from the beginning of post-embryonic life; in contrast, the developing niche contains only very few dividing cells, a characteristic that persists in the adult organism. Conclusions Our data suggest that the LPZ and MPZ are largely responsible for the production of new neurons in the early post-embryonic stages, and that the neurogenic niche in the beginning plays a subordinate role. However, as the neuroblasts in the proliferation zones disappear during early post-embryonic life, the neuronal precursors in the niche gradually become the dominant and only mechanism for the generation of new neurons in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sintoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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27
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Bonfanti L, Rossi F, Zupanc GKH. Towards a comparative understanding of adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:845-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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